LlfONG DUYEN BINH (Chu bien) - NGUYEN HUTU HO

LE VAN NGHIA - NGUYEN TUNG

TRU’CJNG TRUNG HOC Ctf D[£N VA

K.Y TKL’AT NONG NGfflfiPNAM

TEFTLf Yj!i£N
Bai tap
VAT
•
LIDAI
•
Cl/ONG
Tap mot : CO - NHIET
BIEN SOAN THEO CHUONG TRINH CUA BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO
BANHANHNAM 1990
DONG CHO CAC TRUONG DAI HOC CAC KHOI CONG NGHlgP,
CONG TRINH, THU* LCJl, GIAO THONG VAN TAI

(Tdi ban Ian thuc mudi bon)

NHAXUAT BANGIAO DUC

 Ban quy£n thu6c Nha xuat ban Giao due.

11 - 2007/CXB/183 - 2119/GD Ma s6 : 7K007T7 - DAI

 Lfll NOI DAU

Bo sach "Bdi tap vat li dai cuong" Id phan bdi tap p'huc vu cho bo
sach "Vat li dai cuong" dung cho sinh vien cue fritting Dai hoc kT
thudt ede khoi edng nghiip, edng trinh, thuy loi, giao thdng van tdi...
nen co ndi dung vd bo cue phu hop voi bo sach tren.
Trong Ian xudt ban nay hd sach da duqc P.G.S. Ltiong Duyen Binh
siia chua, ho sung vd sap xep lai theo chifomg trinh vat li dai cuong
do Bo Giao due vd Dao tao ban hdnh nam 1990.
Bo sach nay di/oc chia thanh ha tdp :
Tap mdt : Co - Nhiet ;
Tap hai : Dien - Dao dong - Song ; .
Tap ba : Quang - Vat li vi mo - Vat li kT thuat
M6i tap gom hai phan :
PhanIgdm ede chitong tifong Ting voi cac chifong trong bo sach
"Vat li dai ctfong". Mdi chuong gdm cac muc :
-Tom tat cac edng thuc vd djnh luqt ;
- Cdc bdi tap vi du ;
- Cdc de bdi tap tit gidi.
Phan II 1a hitctng dan gidi vd dap so cua cdc bdi tap tu gidi.
Cdc don vi do htdng dung trong sach nay la cdc don vj SI.
Chung tdi rat mong vd hoan nghenh cdc y kien phe binh vd gop y
cho bo sach. Thu tit xin gifi ve : Nhd xudt ban Giao due, 81 pho
Tran Hung Dao, Hd Noi.
CAC TAC GlA

3
 HUftNG DAN PHUONG PHAP GlAl BAI TAP
VAT LI DAI CUDNG

Bai tap v|t if dai cuong cung la mot bp phftn qiian trong. cua giao trinh VSt If
dai cuong. No giup cho sinh vien :
a) Nam dupe phSn If thuyet vfing vang hon, lha'u dio hon, s3u sac hon.
b) Ren luyen phuong phap van dung H thuyet de phan ti'ch, suy luan, tinh loan,
de khao sat, nghien cthi nhSng hiSn'tirqng va nhirng van d6 vat K cu the va thucrng
g3p ; tren co so do co the van dung nhirng kieh thuc vat If de giai quyet cac bai
toan trong kl thuat.

c) Ren luyen phuong phap suy luan khoa hoc, Ur duy logic, kha nang dpc lap
suy nghT, sang tao, kT nang tinh toan...
Mudn lam t6't cac bai tap, ngutri hoc phai :
1. Trade he't hoc kT phSn If thuyet, nhd mdt so diem co ban trong If thuyet
(nhirng khai niem, hien tugng, djnh nghTa, dinh luat, c6ng thutc... co ban). Khdng
nfen.lao vao lam bai tap khi chua hoc kT If thuyet, dÿ roi vira lam bai tap vira me
sach If thuyet “tra" cac edng thurc.
2. C6 mdt trinh dd kT nang tinh toan nha't dinh ve cac phep tfnh vi phan, ti'ch
phan, cac phep tfnh veetd, cac phep tinh dai sd' va dac biet la cac phep tinh bang s6'.
Cu the la sinh vien phai biet tinh thudn thuc cac sd lhap phan, tinh gan dung, sir
dung cic bang sd..., chang han nhu phai bie't tinh loan cac dai lupng :
_ (2,5.103)1-4.2,15.9,8.10* y
_
"
(2,4)2.sinl5°coslS°
(4.3.103)1,4 • 2.9,8

v.v...
Cic bai tap vat li c6 the chia lam hai loai :
1. Cac bii tap dinh lupng, trong d6 doi hoi phai tinh mdt hay nhi£u dai lupng
chua bie't.
2. C&c bai tap djnh tinh trong do doi hoi phai giai quye't mdt van d6 vat li hay
giai thich mdt hien tupng vat li chi bang li luan ma khdng dung tinh toan.
Dudi day trinh bay cac bude can tie'n hanh de giai quye't mdt bai toan vat li
dinh lupng.

4
 Budc I : Doc dan hdi.
Trudc het ph;ii doc kT dau bai toan de hieu ro noi dung bai toan, ghi ra nhilng
dai iLTcrng da cho.tca kf hieu, trj so va don vi) nhung hang so vat if cdn dung va
nhifng dai luqng can phai tfnh.

Cho Hoi

Sau day lien hanh ve hinh cua bai toan, phai ve rd rang, chi'nh xac va dSy du.
Nb'u bai loan khong co san hinh ve thi, neu edn thiet, phai can cur vao dau bai de tu
ve lay hinh, tren hinh ve do co the tu dal nhfrng kf hieu c5n ihid’l.

Budc II : Phan rich hieu titan# ata hdi loan.

Day la budc co tfnh chat quyet dinh trong vide giai bai loan. Ngudi hoc phai
lim hidu hien luqng cho trong dau bai, xem hien tuqng do thuoc loai nao, hinh
dung hien tuqng do dien bien nhu the nao. Lien he hien tuqng do vdi nhung hien
tuqng da hoc trong If thuyet. Can chu y rSng vdi mbi loai hien tuqng co, nhiet,
dien... each ph&n ti'ch co nhung dac dic’m khac nhau. Chang ban nhu vdi mot tai
toan co, didm can ban la phai phftn t fch duqc vat chuy£n dong dudi tac dung era
nhung ngoai lire nao, vdi mot bai toan nhiet, phai xem he bien doi theo qua trinh gi ;
vdi mot bai toan tTnh dien phai xem nhirng vat nao gay ra didn trudng ; vdi mot bai
toan didn tir phai xem vat nao gay ra tir trudng va tir trudng tac dung Idn vat nao...

Trong khi phan tfch hidn tuqng, dbdC hinh dung co the tu ve them mot so hinh
hoac so do mb ta qua trinh didn bien cua hien tuqng trong bai loan. Neu ta phan
tfch duqc cac hien tuqng cua bai toan mdt each dung dan thi edng viec co the coi
nhu xong mot nua. 6 day cin cho’ng khuynh hudng khong chiu kho phan tfch hoac
phan itch khong ki cac hien tuqng cua bai loan, cd lao vao tfnh loan ngay.
Budc III : Van dun# ede dinh nghTa, dinh luat,... de tilth loan cac ket qua ban# cluf.
Sau khi da nam virng hien tuqng cua bai loan, ngudi hoc biet duqc nhung quy
luat cua hien tuqng (da hoc trong li thuybt). Tir do cd the van dung nhung . dinh
nghia, dinh luat, cong ihuc... hoc trong ii thuyet de thiet lap nhdng phuctng trinh
cho phep ta tim ra nhung dai luqng hdi trong dau bai. Noi chung dd cho vide tfnh
toan do nham lfin, trude het edn vict cac phuong trinh do vdi cac dai luqng da duqc
kf hieu bang chu, roi giai cac phuong trinh ay ra k6t qua bang chd. Khdng nen lhay
ngay cac tri so bang so vao cac phuong trinh de giai (trir trudng hop cac bai toan
dong dien van dung cac dinh luit Kifickhop) - Co nhirng trudng hop cimg mdt hidn
tuqng cd the vdn dung nhidu dinh luat khac nhau dd giai. Khi do nen chon xem
each giai nao ngin hon - Thi du : trong mot so bai loan co, dung dinh luat bao
toan co nang se tim ra ket qua nhanh hon la ditng dinh luat Niuton ; trong mot so

5
bai loan dong dien dung djnh Iu9t bao toan nang luong Ihuan tifin han la dung dinh
1 uAt Om... Trong nhurng trudng hop dai lircmg phai tim dirge bidu dien bang mol
cong thurc kha phde lap, thi la nen thu lai xem hai vc c6 ciing thir nguydn hay
kh6ng ; ncu Ihur nguyin khac nhau Ihl chic chan co sai 19m khi tfnh loan.
Biroc IV : Tinh cue kei qua hang so.
Sau khi da tim dirge kdt qua cuoi ciing bang chu, ta thay cac dai lirgng bang tri
sd cua chung de tfnh ra cac ka't qua bang s6 : Trirdc khi thay nhd doi irj sd cua cac
dai hfong tinh sang ciing mdt'he dan vi, thudng la he don vj SI. Khi tfnh kdl qua
cudi ciing co sd le th9p phan, c4n chu y de'n su c an doi vt sai sd' ntcmg ddi cua cac
tri sd da cho trong dku bai. Thi du khi tinh mdt dai luong x, ta tim dugc x =
15,32X4 ma cac tri sd trong d9u bai ch? cho vdi sai sd tuong ddi khdng qua 1%, thi
chi can tfnh x den hai sd Id thap phan, nghla la vitft x = 15,33. Khi Iky tri sd cac
hang sd vat If, cung chi c9n tfnh d dd chfnh xac cao hon dd chfnh xac cua cac trj sd
cho trong d4u bai mdt ca'p.
Budc V : Nhqn xit kei qua.
Sau khi tim dugc kdt qua, ndn rut ra mot sd nhkn xet vd
- gia tri thuc ttf cua kdl qua,
- phuong phap giai,
- kha nang ind rang bai toan,
- kha n9ng umg dung bai tokn...
C6 trudng hgp ta tim dugc nhihig tri sd khdng phh hgp vdi thuc td, chang han
nhu van toe chuyen ddng cua mdt vat v = 350000 km/s (ldn hon van td'c anh sang
trong chan khdng), gia tdc cua trong tracing qua dkt g = 12,8 m/s2 v.v... khi dd phai
xdt lai each giai xem cd chd nao khdng hgp If.
Tren day 19 trlnh tu thdng thucrng cua vide giai mdt bai toan v4t If. Tuy nhidn
c6 nhung trading hgp khdng nhftt thidt phai thco dung trinh tu do. 1311 du : ddi vdi
eke bai tap don gian, hidn tuong da ro rang, co thd tfnh ngay kdt qua ; vdi cac bai
tap ddng dien van dung cac dinh luat Kidekhdp cd thd thay ngay tri sd cua cac dai
luong da cho vao cac phuong trinh dd tim ra ngay cac kdt qua bkng sd...
Ddi vdi cac bki tap dinh tfnh thi chu ydu 14 tidn hanh theo budc I, budc II vk
budc V.«‘>

(*) Tuy nhidn trong mdt sd bki tap co muc dfch chu ydu la luydn tap van dung eke
cong thtic vkt If thi ckch vidt gik tri cua cac dai lugng cd thd chkm chudc.

6
PhanI
TOM TAT CONG THlTC VA DE BAI TAP

A - CO HOC

Chlfdng 1
DONG HOC CHAT DIEM

1. Chuyen dong cong

df
- Vecta vein toe : v dt
, (1-1)

r la ban ktnh v6cto cua cha't diem chuyen d6ng.

Van td'e :

If dx 'l2 +!
ds
v“dT~VldrJ :D2+ dzf
dt J ’
(1-2)

trong do s la hoanh d6 cong ; x, y, z la cac toa d6 cua chSt diÿm

dang chuyen dong trong he toa d6 D£ cac vu6ng goc.
— Vectct gia toe loan phdn :
dv
(1-3)
S=
dT = S‘+S";
Gia toe tiep tuyen : a, , 0-4)

Gia toe phdp tuyen : an = — ;

v2 0-5)

7
 Gia toe loan plic'in :

+ (1~6)
dt2 dt2
R la ban kfnh cong cua quy dao.

2. Chuyen dong thang deu

s
v = - = const,
t
a = 0, (1-7)
s = vt,
trong do s la quang dudng di cua chat di£m chuyen dOng.

3. Chuyen dong thang thay doi deu

• v = at + v0, (1-8)

. s=|at2 + v0t, (1-9)

v2 — vy = 2as, (1-10)

trong do v0 la van toe ban diu cua chat diem chuyen d6ng.

4. Chuyen dong tron

d#
Van toe gov co = d-11)
dt ’

Gia toe goe

d<y d20 (1-12)
dt dt2 *
trong do 0 la goc quay.

8
 - Trifting hop chnyen dong trdn den :
e 2/T
co - y = const, <y = — = 2nv, (1-13)

T la chu ki, v* la t5n s6' cua chuy£n dong.

- Tn(dng hop chnyen dong trdn thay doi den :
a) = fli + eoy, (1-14)

0= (1-15)

co2 — cof) = 2(3d, (1-16)

trong do COQ la van toe ban d<iu.

- Lien lie giffa van ttic, gia toe doi vtii van tdc, gia toe goc :
v = R<y, (1-17)
a, = R A (1-18)

an = R co2. d-19)

Bai tap thi du 1.1

TCr m6t dinh thap cao h = 25 m ta nem mot hon da theo phitong
nam ngang v6i vfln t6'c v0 = 15m/s. Xac djnh :
a) Quy dao cua hon da.
b) Thori gian chuyen dpng cua hon da (tit luc nem den luc cham
da't).
c) Khoang each tit chan thap d£n diem hon da cham da't (con goi
la tdm xa).
d) Van t6'c, gia t6'c toan phSn, gia toe tiG'p tuyd'n va gia t6'c phap
tuyfe'n cua hon da tai di£m no cham da't.
e) Ban kmh cong cua quy dao tai diÿm bat diu nem v& diem
cham da't. Bo qua sure can kh6ng khf.

9
 Bdi nidi.
fQuy dao ?
h = 25m,
Hoi r?v,at,an,a?
v0 = 15m/s. L? R?
Hon da tham gia dong thcri hai
chuyen d$ng : chuyen dong thing O
% x

d£u theo phucmg nam ngang vdi N

van tdc v0 va chuyen d6ng roi tu 9
do vdi gia toe g. Chuyen dong h
t6ng hop cua hon da se la chuyen
d6ng cong trong mat phlng thing
H
diing chiia v0. De giai bai toan, ’
y
cln xac djnh phucmg trinh chuyen
d6ng cua hon da.
Chon he true toa do Oxy : g6'c
O trung vdfi di£m hon da bit dlu Hinh 1*1
chuye’n d6ng, true Ox nlm ngang, true Oy thing diing hudmg xud'ng
phi'a dudi (hinh 1-1). Chon g£>c thcri gian 11 luc bit dlu nem da.
Goi x, y la toa d6 cua hon da tai thcri di£m t.
Theo phucmg nlm ngang Ox, hon da chuye’n dong deu vdi van tdc
v0, do do theo ( 1-7) :

x = v0t. (0
Theo phucmg thing diing Oy, hon da chuyen ddng roi tu do vdi
gia tdc g, do d6 theo (1-9) :

yÿgt2- (2)

(1) va (2) chfnh la cac phucmg trinh chuyen dong cua hon da.
a) Khijr t trong cac phucmg trinh (1) va (2) ta duoc phucmg trinh
quy dao.

10
 X
Mu6'n vAy thay 1 = —
vO
tur (1) vao (2), ta co :

y=-\*2.
2v(S
(3)

Vi x > 0, y < h n£n quy dao ctia hon da chi la nhanh parabol OM
(hinh 1-1).
b) Khi hon da cham dA't : y = h. Goi x la thcri gian chuyÿn d6ng
cua hon da. Tir (2) ta suy ra :
[2h
x= = 2,26s.
g V 9,81
c) Khoang each L tir chan thap den di&n hon da cham d£t (t£m xa)
chfnh la hoanh d6 cua hon da thtg vdi thcri gian chuy&i ddng t = t.
Do do tir (1) ta suy ra :
L = V0.T = 15 . 2,26 = 33,9 m.
d) Theo (1-2) v&n t6c hon da luc cham dat (tire la t = x) la :

VT

= >/l52 +(9,8 .2,26)2 = 26,7 m/s.

Goc or hop beri vT (phirong ti£p tuyen vdi quy dao) v& vX(t=T)
diroc xac djnh beri :
(vy)t=T gT 9,8. 2,26
sin a 0,827.
VT VT 26,7
(acting la goc hop beri gia tdc phap tuy£n v2i gia t6'c toan phln).
Theo (l-6), gia td'c toan phdn cua hon da :

a~

ll
 No khong d6i trong su6't thcfi gian chuyen d6ng va bang gia toe
roi.tirdo.
Tai di£m hon da chain da't, gia tde tie'p tuyd'n va gia t6'c phap
tuySn ldn lirot bang :
a, = asina = gsinor = 8, 1 m/s2,
an = acosa = geos a = 5,6 m/s2.
e) Theo (1-5) ban kmh cong cua quy dao bang : R = —.
v2 '

;ln

Tai diem bat dau nem da v = v0, an = g nen :

R»=luÿr23n’'
Tai diÿm hdn da chain dat v = vT, an = 5,6 m/s“ n6n :

R.<ÿ = 127m.
5,6
Bai tap thi du 1.2 :
Mot oto chuyd’n d6ng thang nhanh dSn d£u, di qua hai diem A, B
each nhau 20m trong thcri gian x = 2 giay. Van toe cua oto khi di qua
di£m B la 12 m/s. Tim :
a) Gia toe ciia chuyen d6ng va van t6'c cua 6to khi di qua di£m A.
b) Quang diremg ma 6to da di diroc tir diem khoi hanh d6'n diem A.
Bai giai :
f AB = 20m a?
Cho <i = 2 giay Hoi s vA ?
[vB = 12m/s
a) Theo (1-8) :

VB — VA hay
a=
x vA = vB - ax. (1).

12
 Theo (1-9), neu ja'y g6'c thcfi gian la luc oto qua diem A ta co :

AB “ÿat2 + VAT. (2)

Tir (1) va (2) ta co :

aÿB.-AB) = 2(112-20) =2m/s2_

T2 22
vA = vB - a.T = 12-2.2 = 8 m/s.
b) Vi vStn t6'c 6to luc khcfi hanh vQ = 0 n6n ta co :

VA = »tA,

sA = Id
2 a

1 82 = 16m.
SA ~2'~2
Bai tap thl du 1.3 :
Mot v6 lang dang quay v6i van t6'c 300 vong/phut thi bj ham lai.
Sau m6t phut ham, van t6'c cua v6 lang con la 180 vong/phut. Tfnh :
a) Gia toe goc cua vo lang khi bi ham ;
b) So vong ma vo lang da quay dirge trong thcfi gian 1 phut ham do ;
Coi v6 lang chuytm dong cham din deu trong sud't thcfi gian ham.
Bai giai :
fnj = 300 vong/phut = 5 vdng/s,
[p?
j
Cho n2 = 180 vong/phut = 3 vong/s, Hoi
IN?
[x
= 1 phut = 60 giay.

a) Theo (1-14) gia t6c goc cua V6 lang trong thcfi gian ham la :

p=(02-<0lÿ
At

13
 vdfi : CO] la v|n td'c goc cua v6 lang trade khi ham (0| = 27in|,

<02 la van toe g6c cua v6 lang sau 1 phut ham C02 = 2nn2,

t 60
p co da'u am vl vo lang quay cham d3n.
b) So vong ma vo lang quay diroc trong 1 phut ham :

N= —0 , trong do 0 la goc quay cua v6 lang trong 1 phut ham.

0= |pT2+co,T,
-Pÿ+co,!
N= 2 . =
In
0,5.(-0,21).(60)2 +2.3,14.5.60
= 240 vong.
2.3,14
Bai tap tir giai
1—1. Phuong trinh chuyen d6ng cua m6t cha't did’ni trong h£ true
toa dd D6 cic :

x = a,cos(coT + cpi), 0)

y = a2cos(cox + <P2). (2)

Xac dinh dang quy dao cua chat di£m trong cac truomg hop sau
a) cpj - cp2 = 2kn, k la mot sd nguydn ;

b) <P] - q>2 = (2k + 1) 7t ;

c)<p, -cp2= (2k + 1)ÿ ;
d) q>, - q>2 co gia tri bat ki.

14
 1-2. M6t 6 t6 chay tut tinh A dd'n tlnh B voi van t6c v, =40 km/gicr,
r6i lai chay tit tinh B tret vi tinh A vdri van tdc v2 = 30 km/gid.
Tim van tdc trung binh cua 6 16 tren doan duong di vd AB, BA d6 ?

1-3. M6t ngircfi durng tai M each m6t con H

duong thing mot khoang h = 50 m d£ chcr 6 16 ;
khi tha'y 6 t6 con each minh m6t doan a = sa h
200 m thi ngudi a'y bit dlu chay ra dudmg
de gap 6 t6 (hinh 1-2). Biet 6 t6 chay v6i M
van t6'c 36 km/gidr. Hoi : Hinh 1-2
a) Ngirdti a'y phai chay theo hudtig nao de g|p dung 6 t6 ? Biet
ring ngucri chay vdri v|n ttfc v2 = 10,8 km/gidt ;
b) Ngudri phai chay vdri van t6c nho nha't blng bao nhieu d£ co tht?
gSp dirge 6 to ?

1-4. M6t vat dirge tha roi tut m6t khi clu dang bay 6 d6 cao
300m. Hoi sau bao lau vat roi tori mat da't, ndu :
a) Khi clu dang bay ldn (theo hudmg thing durng) vdri van t<5c 5 m/s ;
b) Khi clu dang ha xu6'ng (theo phuong thing dung) vdri van t6c 5 m/s.
c) Khi clu dang durng ydn.

1-5. M6t vat dirge tha roi tCr d6 cao H + h theo phtremg thing
dting DD‘ (D* la chan d6 cao H + h). Cung luc do mot vat thur hai
dirge nem ldn tir D' theo phuong thing dung vdi van t6c v0.

a) Hoi v|n t6'c v0 phai blng bao nhieu d£ hai vat g3p nhau dr d6
cao h ?
b) Tinh khoang each x giOa hai vat trude luc gap nhau theo
thdi gian ?
c) Neu khOng co vat thu nha't thi vat thur hai dat dd cao lorn nha't
blng bao nhidu ?

15
 1-6. Tha roi tu do mot vat tir dd cao h = 1 9,6 met. Tinh :
a) Quang dudng ma vat roi diroc trong 0,1 giay diu va 0,1 giay
cudi cua thdi gian roi.
b) Then gian cln thiet de vat di het lm ddu va Im cudi cua do cao h.

1-7. Tir ba diem A, B, C trdn mdt vong tron ngudi ta d6ng thdi
tha roi ba vat. Vat thur nhat theo phtfOng thang ditng AM qua tarn
vong tron (hinh 13), vat thur hai theo day BM, vat thur ba theo day
CM. H6i vat nao tori M trucrc tidn, neu bo qua ma sat ?

1-8. Phai nem mdt vat theo phircmg thang A

dung tir do cao h = 40m vdi van tdc v0 bang
bao nhieu dÿ no roi tdi mat da't :
B
a) Trudrc x = 1 giay so vdi trudng hop vat
roi tu do ? >C

b) Sau x = 1 giay so vdi trudng hop vat roi

tu do ? M

Lay g = 10m/s2. Hinh 1-3

1-9. Mdt v$t chuyÿn ddng thing thay ddi deu di het quang dudng
AB trong 6 giay. Van tdc cua vat khi qua A bang 5m/s khi di qua B
bang 15m/s. Tim chi6u daj cua quang dudng AB.

1-10. Mdt xe lira chay giua hai diem (nlm trdn mdt dudng thing)
each nhau 1,5 km. Trong nira doan dudng dlu, xe lira chuy£n ddng
nhanh din ddu, trong nua doan dudng sau xe lira chuyen dong cham din
deu. Van tdc ldn nha't cua xe lira giua hai dilm do bang 50 km/gid.
Biet ring tri so tuydt doi cua cac gia tdc trdn hai doan dudng
bang nhau. Tinh :
a) Gia tdc cua xe lira.
b) Thdi gian Ai xe lira di hdt quang dudng giua hai di£m.

16
 1-11. Mot xe lira bat dau chuyen dong nhanh dÿn ddu tren mot
dudng thang ngang qua trudc mat mot ngudi quan sat dang ddng
ngang vdi dau toa thur nhat. Biet rang toa xe thur nha't di qua trudc
mat ngudi quan sat het mot thdi gian T = 6 gifty. Hoi toa thur n se di
qua trudc mat ngudi quan sat trong bao lau ?
Ap dung cho trudng hop n = 7.

1-12. Mot hon da dirge nem theo phuong ndm ngang vdi van. toe
v0 = 15 m/s. Tilth gia td'c phap tuyc'n va gia td'c tiep tuyen cua hon
da sau luc nem 1 giay.

1-13. Ngirdi ta nem mdt qua bong vdi van td'c v0 = 10 m/s theo
phuong hop vdi mat phang nam ngang mot goc a = 40°. Gia sir qua
bong duoc nem di tir mat da't. Hoi :
a) Do cao ldn nhat ma qua bong co the dat duoc.
b) Tfim xa cua qua bong.
c) Thdi gian tir luc nem bong tdi luc bong cham da't.

1—14. Tir mdt dinh thap cao H = 25 m ngudi ta nem mdt hon da
len phia tren vdi van td'c v0 = 15 m/s theo phuong hop vdi mat phang
nim ngang mot goc a = 30°. Xac djnh :
a) Thdi gian chuyen ddng ciia hon da ;
b) Khoang each tir chan thap den chd roi ciia hon da ;
c) Van td'c cua hon da luc cham da't.

1-15. Tir mot dinh thap cao H = 30m, ngudi ta nem mot hon da
xuong da't vdi van toe v0 = lOm/s theo phuong hop vdi mat phang
nam ngang mdt goc a = 30° ; Tim :
a) Thdi gian de hon da roi tdi mat da't ke tir cu item ?
b) Khoang each tir chan thap ddn chd roi cua hon da ?
c) Dang quy dao cua hon da ?

Z-BTVI0C-T1.IB 17
 1-16. Hoi phai nem mot vat theo phuong hop vdri mat phlng nSm
ngang mot goc a bang bao nhieu d£ vdri m6t v£tn tdc ban d<Ju cho
trudc, tarn xa cua vat la cue dai.
1-17. Ki lut ddy ta cf Ha Noi la 12,67 met. Hoi neu t6 chtic o
Xanh Petecbua thl trong dieu kien tuong tu (ciing van t6'c ban d5u va
goc nghifing), ki luc trdn se la bao nhifiu ?
Cho biet g (Hk N6i) = 9,727 m/s2 ; g (Xanh Petecbua) = 9,810m/s2. .
1-18. Tim van t6'c goc :
a) cua Trai Da't quay quanh true cua n6 (Trai Dat quay m6t vong
xung quanh true cua no mtft 24 gio) ;
b) cua kim gicr va kirn phut dong h6 ;
c) cua Mat Trang quay xung quanh Trai Da't (Mat Trang quay
xung quanh Trai Dat m6t vong mat 27 ngay d£m) ;
d) cua m6t ve tinh nhan tao cua Trai Da't quay tr£n quy dao tron
vdi chu ki bang 88 phut.
1-19. Tim v|n toe dai cua chuyen dong quay cua mOt di£m trfin .
mat da't tai Ha Ndi. Bi£t rang vl d6 cua Ha Noi la a = 21°.
1-20. M6t v6 lang sau khi bat d4u quay duoc mot phut thi thu
dirge van t6'c 700 vong/phut. Tfnh gia toe goc cua v6 lang va stf vong
ma vo lang da quay duoc trong phut a'y nfi'u chuyen dOng cua v6 lang
la nhanh d4n d£u.
1—21. M6t binh xe quay cham d£n d4u, sau m6t phut van tdc cua
n6 giam tCr 300 vong/phut xuO'ng 1 80 vong/phut. Tim gia tdc goc cua
b4nh xe v4 s6 vong ma banh xe da quay duoc trong phut a'y.
1-22. M6t banh xe co ban kfnh R = 10cm luc d4u dirng yfin, sau
do quay xung quanh true cua no v6\ gia t6'c goc bang 3,14 rad/s2.
Hoi, sau giay thi'r nha't :
a) Van t6'c goc va van t6'c dai cua mot di£m tr£n vanh banh ?

18
 b) Gia tdc phap tuyd'n, gia toe tid'p tuyen va gia td'c toan phan cua
mot diem trdn vanh banh ?
c) Goc giua gia td'c toan phdn va ban kfnh cua banh xe (ung vori
curig mdt diÿm trdn vanh banh) ?
1-23. Chu ki quay cua mdt banh xe ban kfnh 50cm la 0,1 giay.
Tim :
a) Van td'c dai va van td'c goc cua mdt didrn vanh banh ;
b) Gia td'c phap tuyd'n cua didrn gifia mot ban kfnh.

1-24. Mdt doan tau bat ddu chay vao m6t doan dirong tron, ban kfnh
1 km, dai 600 m, vcri vdn td'c 54 km/gid. Doan tau chay hd't quang dirong
do trong 30 giay. Tim van toe dai, gia toe phap tuyen, gia toe tiep tuyd'n,
gia tdc toan phtin va gia td'c goc cua doan tau a cud'i quang dirong do.
Coi chuy&i ddng cua doan tau la nhanh dÿn ddu.
1-25. Van tdc cua dlectron trong nguydn tur hydro bang v =
2,2.108cm/s. Tfnh van td'c goc va gia td'c phip tuyen cua electron
ndu xem quy dao cua no la mdt vdng trdn ban kfnh 0,5.10 8cm.
1-26. Mdt ngudi muon cheo thuyen qua song co ddng nude chay
Nd'u ngudi a'y cheo thuydn theo hudng tfir vi trf A sang vj trf B (AB _L
vdi ddng sdng, hinh 1-4) thi sau thdi gian tj = 10 phut thuydn se tdi
vi trf C each B mdt khoang s = 120m. Nd'u ngudi a'y cheo thuydn vd
phfa nguoc ddng thi sau thdi gian t2 = 12,5 phut thuydn se tdi dung
vj trf B.
Coi van tdc cua thuydn doi vdi ddng nude la B C
khdng ddi. Tfnh : i
a) Be rdng 1 cua con sdng ;
\
b) Van tdc v cua thuydn doi vdi ddng nude ;
A
c) Van td'c u cua ddng nude ddi vdi bd sdng ;
d) Goc y. Hinh 1~4

19
 1-27. Ngufri ta cheo mot con thuydn qua sdng theo hudng vu6ng
goc vdi bfr song vdi van tdc 7,2 km/h. Nude chay da mang con
thuydn ve phfa xuoi dong mot khoang 150m. Tim :
a) Van td'c ciia dong nude dd'i vdi bd song ;
b) Thai gian can dd’ thuydn qua dugc s6ng. Cho biet chieu rdng
cua song bang 0,5 km.

1-28. Mdt may bay bay tir vi trf A tori vi trf B. AB nSm theo
hudng Tay D6ng va each nhau mot khoang 300 km. Xac dinh thdi
gian bay neu :
a) Khong co gio ;
b) Co gio thdi theo hudng Nam Bac ;
c) Co gio thdi theo hudng Tay Dong.
van tdc cua gid bang : v, = 20 m/s, van toe cua may bay
Cho biet
doi vdi khdng khi v2 = 600 km/h.
1—29. Hinh 1-5 md ta chuyen dong cua ba chat diÿm.
a) Cho biet tfnh cha't cua cac chuyen dong do.

b).Y.nghTa cua cac giao didm giua cac dd thj va cac true toa dd.
c) So sanh v3n tdc cua ba chat diem.
1-30. Hinh 1-6 cho d6 thj van toe cua mot chat diem chuydn
dong. Hay cho biet trang thai chuyen dong cua chat diem.trdn nidi
doan OA, AB, BC, CD.

v, v,
A B

\C
2

1 3, D
*t O
-ÿ

Hinh 1-5 Hinh 1-6

20
 Chi/cfng 2
BONG LL/C HOC CHAT DIEM

1. Phtrong trinh Niutom

dK
= F, (2-1)
dt
trong do F la lire tong horp tac dung len cha'hdiem, K = mvla vectof
dong lirqng cua chat diem co kh6'i luong m va v(tn t6'c v.
Trifdng hap khoi hfang khong doi :
ma = F, (2-2)
a la vecta gia t6'c cua chat di£m.

2. Trong lire tac dung len vat co khoi lircmg m

P = mg (2-3).
Life hifctng tarn :
v2 (2-4)
F"=mR"
R la ban kfnh cong cua quy dao.

3. Djnh li ve dong lircmg

%
AK = K2-K] = jFdt. (2-5)

Lire va cham (dan hoi) cua mot qua cdu ldn ttfcmg :
2mvcosa
F= (2-6)
At
a. la goc hop beri vectcf v|n td'c cua qua eSu va phap tuyen cua
tirfrng, At lit thofi gian va.cham.•

• 21
4. Luc ma sat truot (kho)

fms = kN, (2-7)

trong do k la hfe s6' ma sat, N la do lorn cua phan luc phap tuy£n.

5. Dinh H ve momen dong luong

Ddi vcri m6t chat ditim
dL
~ = M. (2-8)
dt
Truong hop cha't didm chuyen d6ng tron vdri v9n tdc goc <5
dL d
(2-9)
dt
vdriI= mr2 = mOmen quan tfnh cua cha't diem ddi vdri O.

6. Phuong trinh Niuton trong he quy chieu chuyen dong (tjnh tien)

ma’ = F + Fqt, (2-10)

vori Fqt = -mA, A la gia t6c tjnh tifi'n cua h£ quy chi£u chuyen dong.

Bai tap thf du 2.1

M6t v9t duoc dat tren mfit mat phang nghidng hop vdri mat phang
n9m ngang m6t goc a = 4°. Hoi :
a) Gidi han cua he sd ma sat giffa v9t va mat phang nghidng dÿ
v9l cd the truot xud'ng duoc trdn mat phing nghidng do ;
b) N£u he so ma sat bang 0,03 th> gia tdc cua vat bang bao nhieu ?
Khi do mudn truot het quang ducmg s = 100m, vat phai mat thori gian
bao 19u ?
c) Trong didu kidn cua c9u hoi (b), van tdc cua v9t b cud'i quang
ducmg 100m bang bao nhieu ?

22 ,
 Bui gidi :

a = 4°,
Cho jk =0,03, Hoi:
[s = 100m. v?

a) vat trugt tr6n mat phang nghidng

dirdfi t£c dung cua ba lire : trong luc
P = mg, phan lire phap tuyen N va lire
ma sit fms hirdfng ngugc chi£u chuyen
dong (hinh 2-1).
T6ng horp luc dat Idn vat :
F = P + N + fms. (1) Hinh 2-1

Co thl phan tich P thanh hai thanh ph£n Pt va Pn :

?=?,+?„;
P, nam doc theo mat phling nghidng ; Pn nam vu6ng goc vdi mat
phang nghi£ng. Thanh phan Pn nay triet ti6u phan luc phap tuyen
N. Do do (1) dirge vifi't lai thanh :

F = Pt+<n»-

Vi Pt va fms ciing phuong nhimg ngugc chi£u nhau nen ve tri s6

F = Pt - fms, trong do Pt = Psina = mgsina ;

fms = kPn = kPcosa = kmgeosa.

Tir do : F = mgsina - kmgeosa
Di vat co th6 trugt xudng tr6n mat phang nghifing, phai co di£u kifin;
F = mgsina - kmgeosa £ 0
hay k < tga. .

23
 Vay gioi han cua he so ma sal k (gia trj Idn nha't cua k) 6& vat co
the trugt xuong tren mat phang nghidng lh :

kgh = tgo = tg4° = 0,07.

b) Khi vat trirot xuong trdn mat phang nghidng, gia toe cua vat bang :

F _ mgsina-kmgeosa
m m

a = g(sina - kcosa),

V6i k = 0,03 ; sina * 0,07 ; cosa * 1,

a = 9,8 (0,07 - 0,03. 1) = 0,39 m/s2.

Tur phucnig trinh chuyln d6ng s = (vi v0 = 0), la tinh dugc

thori gian de vat di h£t quang diromg s = 100m :

'2s 2.100
t= 22,7 giay.
a 0,39 *
c) Van toe cua vat a cuoi quang ducmg 100 m :
v = at = 0,39 . 22,7 = 8,85 m/s.
Bai tap thl du 2.2
Ngirbfi ta g3n vao mep ban (n5m ngang) mot rong roc co khd'i
luong khdng dang ke. Hai vat A va B co khoi luong bang nhau mA =
mB = 1kg ductc noi vefi nhau bang mot sgi day vat qua rong roc. He
so ma sat giua vat B va mat ban bang k = 0, 1. Tim
a) Gia tdc cua he ; b) Luc cang cua day.
Coi ma sat cf rong roc la khOng dang ke.
Bai giai :

Cho|mA=mB=lkg’ Hoi ia
?
}k =0,1. T?

24
 a) Lire t6ng hop dat len he (hmh 2-2a) :
F = PA+PB + N + f1Tls, . (0

PA, PB la cac trong luc dat I6n A va B ;

N - phan luc phap tuy£n cua mat ban I6n vat B ;

fms la lire ma sat dat len vat B.

Chieu (I) tren phirong chuyen dong (tfng voi cac vat) va chon
chieu dirong la chieu chuyen dong, ta dupe :

F = PA - fms = mAg - kmBS = (mA " kmB)g.

Khoi lupng cua toan he : m = mA + mB. Theo djnh luat Niuton
thur hai, gia t6'c cua he bang

a= F=(n,/v-kmB)8s(l-0,ll)9.8=44ro/s2
m mA + mB 1+ 1

b) De tfnh luc cang cua day tai M, ta tuong tupng cat day tai do.
Mu6'n cho hai vat A, B vSn chuyen dong vori gia toe a nhu cu, ta
phai tac dung len hai nhanh cua day cr M nhfing luc cang T va T'.
Xet ri£ng vat A : luc tac dung lfin no gom PA va T (hlnh 2-2b).

Ap dung djnh luat Niuton thur hai cho vat A, ta dupe :

™Aa = PA+T,
hay v£ tri sd :

mAa = PA - T
Tir do ta suy ra :
mAmg(1+ k)g
T = PA -mAa=mA(g-a)
mA +mB

25
 C ...
4-.-ÿ
N

1A
mA
Tj
i
T

A
Hinh 2-2a Hinh 2-2b
Tircmg tu neu xet rieng vat B ta co :
T1 - fms = mBa>

T' = mB(kg + a) = mB kg + mA ~kmB g =

mA +mB
_ mAmB(l + k)g
mA +mB
Vay :T’ = T=5,4 N.
Bai tap thf du 2.3
M6t vat truat til dinh mot mat phang nghidng hop vdri mat phang
nam ngang m6t goc a = 30°. Chi6u dai cua mat phang nghidng bang
/ = 167cm, hd s6 ma sat giua vat va mat phang nghidng k = 0,2, van
t6'c ban ddu cua vat bang khong.
Hoi sau bao lau vat tract h£t mat phang nghidng ?
Bai giai :

Cho a = 30°, / = 167cm, Hoi { t ?

k = 0,2, v0 =0.

Goi F la t6ng hop lire dat ldn vat, m la khdi lircmg cua vat, via
van toe cua vat 6 cuoi mat phang nghidng. Theo djnh H v4 d6ng
luefng (sau khi chieu trdn mat phang nghieng) :

F,.t = mv - mv0 = mv ; (1)

26 •
 nhirng theo cac bai tap mAu o trfen
F, = mg (sina - kcosa),
21
mat khac 1= hay v=

Thay gia tri cua v va Ft vao (1), ta duoc

21 2.1,67
t -
g(sina - kcosa) 9,8(sin 30° -0,2cos30°)
Chu y : Bai toan nay co the giai bang djnh luAt Niu-ton thir 2.
Bai tap thi du 2.4
Tu dinh doc A (cao OA = h, doc nghi£ng goc a vdi mat phAng
ngang) mot chA't di£m khoi luong m bat dAu truot xuotig kh&ng ma
sat. Xac djnh tai then di£m t vA dtfi vdi O (xem hinh ve)
1 ) Momen t6ng hop cac luc tac dung l£n chA't diem ;
2) Mdmen dong lircrng cua chA't diem.
Bai giai
h, a, (M = ? A
Cho Hoi iS
khong ma sat L=? H
R
Tai thoi di£m t chat diem d vi tri m h /''N y
tdng hop cac ngoai lire tac dung len chA't a/'t /
dilm (xem bai tap thf du 1) la / a
B
O
F = P + N = P,+P2+N = P,

F = P, = mgsina (vi P2 - N = 0). Hinh 2-3

Khoang each tur O den phuong cua F la
r = hcosa
VAy M = rF = hcosa.mgsina = hmgeosasina
VAn to'c chA't diem tai thori diem t : v = at = (gsina)t
Momen d6ng luong cua chat diem doi vefi O :
L = rmv = (hmgcosasina)t

27
 Bai tap tu giai
2-1. Mot xe co khoi lugng 20000kg, chuyen dong cham dan ddu
dudi tac dung cua mot life bang 6000N, van toe ban dau cua xe bang
15m/s. Hoi:
a) Gia td'c cua xe ;
b) Sau bao lau xe ddng lai ;
c) Doan dudng xe da cliay dirge ke tu luc ham cho den khi xe
dung hdn.
2-2. Mot thanh gd nang 49N bj kep giua hai mat phang thang
durng (hinh 2-4). Luc ep thang goc tren mdi mat cua thanh la 147N.
Hoi luc nho nha't cSn de nang hoac ha thanh g6 ? He so ma sat giua
thanh gd va mat ep k = 0,2.
2-3. Hoi phai tac dung mot luc bang bao nhieu
len mot toa tau dang dung yen de no chuyen dong
nhanh dan ddu va sau thdi gian 30 giay no di dugc T:
1 lm. Cho biet luc ma sat cua toa tau bang 5% trong
luong cua toa tau.
2-4. Mdt ngudi di chuyen mot chide xe vdi van
toe khong doi. Luc d£u ngudi ay keo xe v4 phfa
trudre, sau do ngudi a'y day xe vd phfa sau. Trong ca
hai trudng hop, cang xe hop vdri mat phang nam Hinh 2-4

ngang mot goc a. Hoi trong trudng hop niko ngudi ay phai dat ldn xe
mot luc Idn hon ? Biet rang trong luong cua xe la P, he so ma sat
giua banh xe va mat dudng la k.
2—5. Mdt vat co khoi luong m = 5kg dugc dat trdn mdt mat phang
nghidng hgp vdri mat phang nam ngang mot goc a = 30°. He s6 ma
sat giua vat va mat phang nghidng bang k = 0,2. Tim gia td'c cua vat
tren mat phang nghieng.

2—6. Mot vat trugt xudng trdn mot mat phang nghieng hgp vori
mat phang nam ngang mot goc a = 45°. Khi trugt dugc quang
dudng s = 36,4cm, vat thu dugc van toe v = 2m/s. Xac dinh he so
ma sat gida vat va mat phang nghidng.

28
 2-7. Mot sqi day thorng duroc dat tren mat ban sao cho mot phan
cua no buong thong xuong dat. Soi day bat dau trirot tren mat ban
khi chidu dai cua phdn buong thong bang 25% chidu dai cua day.
Xac djnh he so nia sat k gifla soi day va mat ban.
2-8. 1 ) M6t 6 t6 khoi luqng m6t ta'n chuyen d6ng trdn m6t ducmg
bang, hd s6' ma sat giura banh 6to va mat dirong la 0,1. Tmh lire keo
cua d6ng co 6 to trong truemg hop :
a)6 to chuyen dong deu ;
b) 6 to chuyen d6ng nhanh dan ddu voi gia t6c bang 2m/s2 ;
2) Cung cau hoi tren nhirng cho truong hop oto chuyen dong deu va :
a) Len doc co do d6'c 4% ; b) Xuong doc do.
Hd so ma sat bang 0,1 trong sud't thcri gian chuyen dong.
2-9. Mot soi day duoc vat qua m6t rong roc co khoi luqng khong
dang ke, hai dau buoc hai vat co khd'i lirqng m, va m2 (m > m2). ,
Xac dinh gia t6'c cua hai vat va sure cang cua day. Coi ma sat khbng
dang ke.
Ap dung bang s6 : m, = 2m2 -- 1kg.
2-10. Mot tau didn, sau khi xuat phat, chuyen dong voi gia toe
khong doi y = 0,5 m/s“. 12 giay sau khi bat dau chuyen d6ng,
ngtroi ta tat d6ng co cua tau dien va tau chuyen d6ng cham dSn
deu cho toi khi dutng han. Tren toan bo quang du&ng, hd so ma sat
bang k = 0,01. Tim :
a) Van t6c Ion nha't cua tau ;
b) Thai gian toan bo ke tir luc tau xuat phat cho tori khi tau diimg hln ;
c) Gia t6c cua tau trong chuyen dong chain ddn ddu ;
d) Quang dtrcrng toan bo ma tau da di duoc.
2-11. Mot ban g6 A duoc dat tren mot
mat phang nam ngang. Ban A duqc noi vdri V777777777A
mdt ban g6 B khac bang m6t soi day vat qua
mot rong roc co dinh (nhu hinh ve 2-5).
Khoi luqng cua rong roc va cua day coi nhu
khong dang k£.
Hinh 2-5

29
 a) Tfnh lire cang cua day nd'u cho mA = 200g ; mB = 300g, he so
ma sat giura ban A va mat ph&ng nam ngang k = 0,25.
b) Ne'u thay d6i vi trf cua A va B thi luc cang cua day se bang bao
nhieu ? Xem he sd ma sdt vita nhu cu.
2-12. Hai vat co khdi luong m, = 1kg, m2 = 2kg diroc noi vdi
nhau bang mdt sori day va duoc dat trdn mat ban nlm ngang. Dung
mdt soi day khac vat qua mdt rong roc, mdt ddu day buoc vao m2 va
dfiu kia bude vao mdt vat thti ba co khd'i luong m3 = 3kg (hinh 2-6).
Coi ma sat khdng dang Vi. Tfnh lire cang cua hai soi day.

Hinh 2-6 Hinh 2-7

2-13. 6 dinh cua hai mat phlng nghieng hop vdi mat phlng nlm
ngang cac goc a = 30° va p = 45° (hinh 2-7), co gita mdt rong roc
khdi lirong khdng ddng kÿ. Dung mdt soi day vat qua rong roc, hai
ddu day ndi vdi hai vat A va B dat trdn cac mat phang nghieng. Khoi
lirong cua ede vat A va B d£u bitag 1kg. Bo qua ta't ca cac lire ma sat.
Tim gia tdc cua he va luc cang cua day.
2—14. Mdt doan tau gom mdt ddu may, mdt toa 10 td'n, va mdt toa
5 tan, nd'i vdi nhau theo thur tu tren bang nhftng lo xo gio'ng nhau.
Bie't ring khi chju tac dung mdt luc bang 500 N thi 16 xo gian 1cm.
Bo qua ma sdt. Tfnh dd gian cua 16 xo trong hai truemg hop :
a) Doan tau bat ddu chuy&i banh, luc keo cua ddu may khdng d6i
va sau 10 gidy vdn tdc cua doan tau dat tdi lm/s ;
b) Doan tau len ddc cd dd nghieng 5% vdi vdn tdc khdng doi.

30
 2-15. Mdt vat co khdi lugng m = 200g, dugc treo a dau mot sgi
day dai / = 40cm ; vat quay trong mat phang mini ngang vdi van td'c
khdng ddi sao cho sgi day vach mot mat non. Gia sir khi do day tao
vori phuong thSng diing mdt goc a = 36°.
Tim v|n td'c goc cua vat va luc cang cua day.
2-16. Xac djnh gia toe cua vat m] trong hinh 2-8. Bo qua ma sat,
khdi Itrgng cua rong roe va day. Ap dung cho trudng hgp nij = m2-
2-17. Qua mot rong roe A khoi lugng khdng dang ke, nguai ta
luon mot sgi day, mot diiu buoc vao qua nang M|, dfiu kia buoc vao
mot rong roe B khoi lugng khdng dang kÿ. Qua B lai vat mdt sgi day
khac. Hai ddu day nd'i vdi hai qua nang M2 va M3. Rong roe A vdi
toan bo cac trong vat dugc treo vao mdt luc kd' 16 xo (hinh 2-9).
Xac djnh gia td'c cua qua nang M3 va sd' chi T trdn luc k£, ndu
M2 =£ M3, M| > M2 + M3.

7n IT
T T T
A

M, HbB
mij

PI
1
Hinh 2-8 Hinh 2-9

2-18. Mot chid'c xe khoi lugng 20kg co the chuyen ddng khdng ma
sat trdn mdt mat phang n3m ngang. Tren xe co dat mdt hon da khdi

31
luong 2kg (hinh 2-10), h£ sd ma sat giua hon da va xe la 0,25. Lin thu
nhat ngudi ta tac dung len hon da mot lire bring 2N, lan thu 2 - bang
20N. Luc c6 phirong mini ngang va hudng doc theo xe. Xac dinh :

a) Luc ma sat giua hon da va xe ;

'
b) Gia toe cua lion da va xe trong hai truong hop tren.

F
A

[ ] (/
h
(v) 0
Hinh 2-10 Hlnh 2-11

2-19. Ngudi ta keo mot khuc g6 trong luong P vdi van toe khong
ddi bang mot sqfi day dai 1. Khoang each tir diu day tdi mat dat bring
h (hinh 2-11).
a) Tim hfe sd ma sat giua khuc gd va mat dA't (dAy duoc buoc vao
trong tarn cua khuc g6) ;
b) Neu day duoc bude vao ddu khuc gd thi do ldti cua luc ma sat
co thay ddi khong ?
2-20. Viet phuong trinh chuyen dong cua mot vien dan bay,
ngang trong khong khi, neu kd den luc can cua khong khi'. Cho bidt
luc can cua khong khi ty le vdi van toe cua vien dan, he so ty le la k,
khoi luorng cua vien dan bang m.
2-21. Viet phuong trinh chuyen dong cua mot vat roi neu ke den
luc can cua khong khi, biet rang luc can ty le vdi van toe cua vat roi.
2-22. Ti'nh luc dfiy trung binh cua hoi thuoc sung len dau dan 0
trong nong mot sung bo binh, biet ring dau dan co khoi luorng m = lOg,
thdi gian chuyen dong cita dan trong nong la At = 0,001 giay, van
tdc cua vidn dan d dau nong la v = 865m/s.

32
 2-23. M6t toa xe khd'i Iirong 20 ta'n chuyen dong vdi van td'c ban
diu v = 54 km/h. Xac dinh luc trung binh tac dung ldn xe, neu toa xe
dirng lai sau thcri gian :
a) 1 phut 40 giay ; b) 10 giay ; c) 1 giay.
2-24. M6t vidn dan kh6'i luong lOg chuyen ddng vdi van tdc
v0 = 200m/s dap vao mdt ttfm g6 va xuydn sau vao tarn gd mdt
doan l. Bi£t thcri gian chuyen ddng cua vifen dan trong tarn gd bang
4
t = 4.10 giay. Xac dinh lyc can trung binh cua ttfm g6 ldn vidn dan
va dd xuydn / cua vidn dan.

2-25. Met phSn tir co khd'i luong m = 4,56.10-23g chuyen dOng

vdri van toe v - 60m/s va cham dan h6i vao thanh binh vdi goc
nghidng a = 60°. Ti'nh xung luong cua lyc va cham cua phan tir ldn
thanh binh.
2-26. Mdt xe kh6'i luong 15 tin chuyen ddng cham din deu vdi gia
toe co dd Ion bang 0,49m/s2. Bid't van tdc ban diu cua xe la v0 = 27km/h.
Hoi. a) Lyc ham tac dung ldn xe ; b) Sau bao lau xe dimg lai.
2—27. Trong mat phang thang dumg chon he true toa dd Oxy vdi
Ox nam ngang, Oy thing dumg.
Mdt chit di£m duoc nem tir didm c6 toa dd (2, 0) (don vi met)
theo phuong thing dumg ldn trdn vdi van tdc diu lOm/s. Tinh dd
bidn thidn mdmen ddng luong cua chat di&n ddi vdi gdc O trong
khoang thcri gian tir luc nem ldn ddn luc roi xndng dung vj tri ban
diu. Cho khdi luong chit di£m m = 1kg.
2-28. Chit dilm kh<Si luong m duoc nem ldn tir mdt di4m O trfin
mat da't, vdi van tdc ban diu v0 theo hudng nghidng goc a vdri mat
phang ngang. Xac dinh mdmen ddng luong cua chit didm dd'i vdri O
tai thcri ditjm v$n tdc chuyen ddng cua cha't ditfm nim ngang.
2-29. Chit diem khd'i luong m duoc nem ldn tir mdt di4m O trdn
mat.ddt vdi van tdc diu v0 theo hudng nghidng goc a vdi mat phing
ngang. Xdc dinh tai thdi di£m t va ddi vdi O

3-BTVLBC-T1JH 33
 a) momen ngoai luc tac dung len cha't di£m ;
b) mdmen dong luong cua chat diSm.
Bo qua sire can khdng khf.
2—30. Tren mot mat phing nitm ngang
nhiin (hinh 2-12) co 1 chit diem khoi Iirong m
chuyen d6ng buoc vao 1 soi day khdng co dan,
dSu kia cua day duoc keo qua 1 16 nho O vdi
/
W
1
van t6c kh6ng doi. Tinh sue cang cua day theo i
khoang each r gifta chat diem va O bie't rang
khi r = r0, v|n tdc cua chat diem la coo- Hinh 2-12

2-31. Mot ngudi kho'i luong 50kg dung trong thang may dang di
xuong nhanh dan d£u vdi gia toe bang 4,9m/s2. Hoi ngudi co cam giac
the' nao va trong luong bieu kien cua ngudi do trong thang may ?
2-32. Trong m6t thang may ngucri ta treo ba chie'c 16 xo, 6 ddu
cac 16 xo co treo ba vat khdi luong 1tin luot. bang 1kg, 2kg va 3kg.
Tinh luc cang cua cac 16 xo :
a) Luc thang may dftng yen ; b) Luc thang may roi tu do.

2—33. Mot thang may duoc treo 6 ddu m6t day cap dang chuyen
ddng I6n phfa tren. Luc d£u thang may chuyen dong nhanh d<in d6u
sau do chuyen ddng deu va trude khi dftng lai chuyen d6ng cham
d3n d£u. Hoi trong qua trinh tren, luc cang cua day cap thay d& nhu
the' nao ? Cam giac cua ngudi tren thang may ra sao ?
2—34. Trfin mdt dia nam ngang dang quay, ngudi ta dat mdt v|t
co kh6'i luong m = 1kg each true quay r = 50cm. He sd ma sat gifta
vat va dia bang k = 0,25. Hoi :
a) Luc ma sat phai co do ldn bang bao nhieu d4 vat duoc gift tren
dia neu dia quay vdi van tdc n = 12 vong/phut ;
b) Vdi van tdc goc nao thi vat bat dfiu truot khoi dia ?

34
 2-35. Xac dinh Inc nen phi cdng vao gh£ may bay a cac did’m cao
nha't va th£p nha't cua vong nhao ldn nd'u khoi lugng cua phi cdng
blng 75kg, ban kmh cua vong nhao ldn bang 200m, va van l6c cua
may bay trong vong nhao Ion luon luon kh6ng d6i va bang 360km/h.
2-36. Mdt may bay phan luc bay vdi van td'c 900km/h. Gia thi£t
phi cdng co thl chiu dugc sir tang trong lirong ldn 5 l£n. Tim ban
ktnh nho nhtft cua vong luon ma may bay co the dat dugc.

Chifdng 3
OONG LL/C HOC HE CHAT DlilVI
DONG Life HOC VAT RAN

1. Khoi tam cua mot hd chat diem

£m*fi
_i_
?= (3-D
m
vdi m = = t6ng khdi lugng cua hd.
i
2. Phuong trinh chuyen dong cua khoi tam
m5 = X?i’
i
(3-2)

d2f
vdi a = —— = gia td'c chuyln ddng khdi tam.
dt2
3. Dong lugng cua mot he
K = £uijv| =mv, (3-3)
i
dr
vdi v= — = van t6'c chuyen ddng khd'i tam.

35
4. Dinh luat bao toan dong luong cua mot he co lap

=0 => = const,
i. i
nghla la v = const

5. Djnh ly ve momen dong luong cua mot he

dL — (3-4)

vdri L= Amivi)

va (M = A FJ) (tdng mOmen cac ngoai luc tac dung).

6. Djnh luat bao toan momen dong luong cua mot he

Khi 7A. = 0 ta c6
L= A mÿvj) =const, . 0-5)
i

dudi dang khac :

£(1ÿ) = const, (3-6)

i
trong do : li =miri2- (3-7)

7. Phuong trinh co ban cua chuyen dong quay cua vM ran xung
quanh mot true

(3-8)
T’
trong do p la vectcf gia tdc goc cua vat ran, *M Ft t6ng hop mdmen
cac ngoai luc ddi vdi true quay, I la mdmen quan tmh cua vat ran
dd'i vdi true quay.

36
8. Momen quan tinh.
a) Cua vat ran dd'i vdi true quay

I
i
Am;if = r2dm, J
vat
(3-9)

r la khoang c£ch tur ph£n tu khd'i lupng dm cua vat ran tdi true quay ;
b) Cua chat di£m khd'i lupng m d6'i vori true quay
I= mr2, (3-10)
r la khoang each ttr cha't di&n tori true quay ;
c) Cua mdt thanh manh* khd'i lupng m, chi£u dai /, dd'i vdi true
)

thang goc vdi thanh va di qua tam cua thanh

ml2
1= ——
12 ’
(3-11)

d) Cua dla tron hoac tru dac( ) khd'i lupng m, ban ki'nh R d6i vdi
true cua dla :

t_mR2 (3-12)
2 ’
d) Cua vanh tron hoac tru rdngÿ khdi lupng m, ban ki'nh R ddi
vdi true cua no
I -(dac)(
mR2 ; (3-13)
e) Cua khdi cdu
dudng ki'nh cua no
* khoi lupng m, bin ki'nh R, ddi vdi mdt
1=
ImR2 ; (3-14)
‘
f) Cua vat ran doi vdi mdt true A ba't ky (djnh ly Stfine -
Huyghen)

(*) ddng chat

37
B5

I = IG + md2, . (3-15)

trong do IG la momen quan ti'nh cua vat rfin ddi vdi true AG // A va di
qua kh6'i tam G cua vat ran, m la khoi luong cua vat rln, d la khoang
each giGa hai true A va AG.

Bai tap thi du 3.1

M6t xe chd day cat, d6 tr£n duemg ray nSm ngang. Toan bo xe co
khd'i luong M = 5000kg. Mdt vidn dan khd'i luong m = 5kg bay doc
duemg ray veri van toe v = 400m/s theo phuong hop vciri mat phang
nam ngang mot goc a = 36° va tori dap vao xe cat (hinh 3-1). Sau
khi gap xe, vifen dan nSm ngap trong cat. Tim van toe cua xe nd'u bo
qua ma sat giua xe va duemg ray.

Bai gidi
14
5000 kg
m = 5kg,
Cho v = 400m/s,
a = 36°.
Hoi vx ?
32 Hinh 3-1

Ngoai lire tac dung I6n hfe xe cat + dan g6m trong luc va phan lire
phap tuyfc'n cua duemg ray. Neu chiSu I6n phuemg nSm ngang thi
ngoai luc tac dung l£n hd bang khdng. Vay dong luong cua h6 theo
phuong nSm ngang duoc bao toan. Goi K la d6ng luong cua he, Kx
la hinh chifc'u cua no tren phuong ngang ta co :

Klx (trude khi dan dap vao xe) = K2x (sau khi dan dap vao xe)
hay : mvcosa = (M + m)vx.
mvcosa
Suy ra : vx = M+m
Thay s6 vao ta duoc :
5x400cos 36°
vx = 5000 + 5
= 0,32m /s.

38
 Bai tap thf du 3.2
Mol vo lang* hinh dla tron cd khoi lugng m = 500kg, ban klnh
)

r = 20cm dang quay xung quanh true cua no vdi van toe n = 480
vong/phut. Tac dung mdt momcn ham len vo lang. Tim : momcn
ham do trong hai tnrang hop :
a) Vo lang dung lai sail khi ham 50 giay ;
b) Vo lang dirng lai sau khi da quay thdm dugc N = 200 vong.
Bai gitii :
m= 500kg,
r = 0,2m
Cho co = 2nn = 50,2rad/s, Hoi { ?
At = 50 giay,
N = 200 vong —> 0 ; 2nN = 400nrad.
a) Ta biet rang mure do (hay doi trang thai chuydn dong quay phu
thude thori gian tac dung cua moinen ngoai lire, lire phu thubc xung
luqmg cua mdrnen luc. Trong can hoi nay ta biet thai gian ham At = 50s.
Vay co the dung dinb ly vd moinen dong lugng de’ giai bai toan.
Theo (3.4), neu gia thie't momen ham khong doi trong thori gian ham,
ta co :

“M At = AL = Io>2 - Iio, .
Nhung : C02 = 0 ; <B| = to ;I= — mr2,

ndn *M =
1(0
_
—M~~
mr2co
‘
2At

-500 (0,2)2. 50,2

= = -lONm.
2.50
(M co gia tri am vi day la mdmen ham.

(*) dong chSt

39
 b) TCf khi bat d<iu ham cho tdi khi dimg Lai, vd lang 'da quay them
duoc 0 = 4007i rad. . '

A = M0.
Cdng nay iam cho ddng nang cua vd lang giam t£r tori khdng.

Ap dung he thurc :

©2 -<of = 2P0, vdi ©2 = 0 ;

ta suy ra P=— 29 Va mdmen ham cho bcri

mr2©2
(M = ip = -- -i-
40
as -lONm.

Bai tap thi' du 3.3

Mdt ngucri dung a giua ghe Giucdpxki sao cho phircmg cua trong
lire tac dung l6n ngucri trung vdi true quay cua ghe'. Hai tay ngucri do
dang ra va c3m hai qua ta, m6i qua co khdi luemg 2kg. Khoang each
giua hai qua ta la 1,6m. Cho he ngucri + ghe quay vdi van tdc goc
khdng ddi 0,5 vdng/s.
Hoi van td'c goc cua ghe' va ngucri n£u ngucri do co hai tay lai Ai
khoang each giua hai qua ta chi con la 0,6m. Cho bie't mdmen quan
tinh cua ngucri + ghe' (khdng kl ta) la 2,5 kg. m2.
Bai gidi
m = 2kg.
lj = 1,6m,
Cho . ©j = 0,5vong/s = 3,14rad/s, Hoi ©2 ?
12 = 0,6m,
Io=2,5kgm2.
Dfi dang tha'y ring mdmen ngoai luc dung ldn he ngudi + ghe'
tac
Giucdpxki a day triet tidu. Do do, theo dinh luat bao toan mdmen
ddng ludng, mdmen ddng luemg cua he dang xet duoc bao toan,
nghla la :

40
 Mdmen ddng litong cua he khi ngudi dang tay = mdmen ddng
luong cua h6 khi ngudi co tay :
I,o)l = l2®2. (0
trong do I, la m6men quan tmh cua hd khi ngudi dang tay bang :

It = I0 + 2m(ÿ-} , (2)

I2 la m6men quan ttnh cua hd khi ngudi co tay bang :

h -I0 + 2m(j-) (3)

Td (1), (2) va (3), ta rut ra :

ii
0>2 = ~ CO)
Io+2m(y)
>2
I0+2m(i)
Thay bang sd', ta co :

©2 =ÿ
2,5 + 2. 2 (W— . 3,14 = 5,5rad/s.
2,5 + 2. 2 (¥)
Vay khi ngudi co tay, hd quay nhanh ldn.

Bai tap thi du 3.4

Mdt thanh manh ddng chat co chidu dai 1 = lm, trong 1uong P = 5N
quay xung quanh mdt true thang goc vdri thanh va di qua didm gifia
cua no. Tim gia tdc goc cua thanh ndu mdmen luc tac dung ldn
thanh la M = 0,lNm.
Bai gidi
f 1 = lm,
Cho |p = 5N, Hoi { p?
[ÿM = 0,lNm.

41
 Vi tlianh chi quay nen ap dung phirang trinh ca ban cua chuyen
dong quay cua vat r5n (3-8), ta co :
n
P=V
i'
Nluni'g theo (3-11), momen quan tmh cua thanh ddi vdi true quay :
m]2
I
i= ——, verj
12
A' m
= —Pg
Ta co :

p =12gg8- WII.2.25rad/sl
PI2 5.12
Bai tap thi du 3.5
Mdt tru dac(*ÿ khoi lugng m = 100kg quay xung quanh mbt true
nam ngang.trung vdi true cua tru. Trdn tru co cudn mdt scri day
khong gian trong ltrgng khdng dang k£. Diu tu do cua day co treo
mdt vai nang khoi lugng M = 20kg (hinh 3.2). vat nang tu no
chuyen dong. Tim gia toe cua vat nang va sure cang cua day.

Bui giui

Cho Hoi { a ? T ?
(M = 20kg.
Dudi tac dung cua trong luc Mg ldn vat nang, hi tru + vat nang
chuy&i ddng : tru quay, vat nang chuyen ddng tjnh tie"n (he vfira cd
phAn quay vua co phan tjnh tie'n). Vi v&y khdng th£ ap dung dinh
luat Niuton II hay phuong trinh ca ban cua chuyen ddng quay cho
loan ho he. Goi 0 la gia tdc goc cua tru, a la gia tdc dAi cua vat
nang. Vi chuyen ddng cua vat n3ng va chuyen ddng cua mdt di£m
tren mat tru co ciing gia tdc ndn ta co he thde :

(*) dong eh*!

42
 a = [3R, (1)
R la ban kfnh cua tru.
Goi T" va T la sure cang cua day tai A, ta co :
T = -T ' (tu'claT = T'). (2)

T tac dung ldn doan day noi vdi vat nang, con T tac dung len
doan day n6'i vdi tru.

Ap dung djnh luat Niuton II cho ridng vat nang, ta co :

Mg - T = Ma. (3)

Ap dung phirorng trinh ccr ban cua chuydn dong R

quay cho ridrg tru dac, ta co : T- .
RT' = IP, vdi I= —
R2 (4)
A
'
f 2 T
T£r (1), (2), (3) va (4) ta rut ra : r:

2Mg 2.20.9,81
3 = 2,8 m/s2.
2M + “2.20+100
m

T = M(g - a) = 20 (9,81 - 2,8) = 140,2N.

Bai tap tU giai Hinh 3-2

3—1. Tai ba dinh cua mdt tarn giac deu canh a co dat ba cha't
did’m, khdi lircrng lln lirot bang mj, m2, m3. Xac djnh khdi tarn cua
he ba chat diÿm do.

Ap dung cho trudng hop : m2 = m3 = m ; mj = 2m.

3—2. Tren mdt <fia tron d6ng cha't ban kfnh R co klioct mdt 16 iron
nhd ban kfnh r ; tarn cua 16 khoct nam each tarn cua dia mdt doan
bang R/2. Xac djnh vi tri khd'i tarn cua dia tren.

43
 3-3. Co mot be sung khoi luong 10 ta'n co the chuyen ddng
khdng ma sat tren ducmg ray. Tr6n be sung co gdn mdt khdu dai bac
kh6'i luong 5 ta'n. Gia sir khdu dai bac nha dan theo phuong ducmg
ray. Vidn dan co kh6'i luong 100kg va co van toe d£u nong la
500m/s. Xac djnh van toe cua be sung ngay sau khi ban, bie't rang :
a) Luc d£u be* sung dung yen ;
b) Trudc khi ban, b£ sung chuyen ddng vdi van tdc 18 km/h theo
chieu ban ;
c) Trudc khi ban, be sung chuyen ddng vdi van td'c 18km/h ngupc
chieu ban.
3-4. Mdt xe chef d£y cat chuyen ddng
khdng ma sat vdi van tdc V] = lm/s trdn jfiS
• mat ducmg n5m ngang (hinh 3-3). Toan .Sg
11
bd xe cat co khd'i luong M = 10kg. Mdt
qua cSu khd'i luong m = 2kg bay theo 1*
chieu nguoc lai vdi van td'c n3m ngang
v2 = 7m/s. Hinh 3-3
Sau khi gap xe, qua c5u nlm ngap trong cat. Hoi sau do xe
chuyen ddng theo chieu nao, vdi van td'c bang bao nhidu ?
3-5. Mdt khtiu.dai bac khdng co bd phan chd'ng giat, nha dan dudi
mdt goc a = 45° so vdi mat phang nam ngang. Vi6n dan co khd'i luong
m = 10kg va co van td'c ban d£u v0 = 200m/s. Dai bac co khd'i luong
M = 500kg. Hoi van td'c giat cua sung neu bo qua ma sat ?.
3-6. Mdt hoa tiln luc d£u ddng yen, sau do phut khi ddu dan ra
phfa sau vdi van td'c khdng ddi u = 300m/s dd'i vdi hoa tiin. Trong
mdi giay, luong khi phut ra bang p = 90g. Khd'i luong tdng edng ban
d£u cua hoa tiln bang M0 = 270g. Hoi :
a) Sau bao lau hoa ti£n dat tdi van toe v = 40m/s ;
b) Khi khd'i luong tdng edng cua hoa tidn la 90g thi van td'c cua
hoa tiln la bao nhidu ?
Bo qua sure can cua khdng khi va luc hut cua Trai Ddt.

44
 3-7. Tim momen dbng luong cua Trai Da't doi vdi true quay ridng
cua no. Xem Trai Dai la m6t hinh efiu dacÿ co ban kfnh R = 6400km,
co khdi luong ridng trung binh p = 5,5g/cm3.
3-8. Mflt dla tronÿ khdi luong m = 0,3 kg, co ban ki'nh R =
0,4m, dang quay veri van t6'c goc co = 1500 vong/phut. Tac dung I6n
dla m6t mdmen ham ; dla quay cham dan va sau then gian At = 20 giay
thi dfimg lai. Tim m6men ham do.
3-9. Mdt tru dac**ÿ khdi luong m = 100kg, ban kfnh R = 0,5m
dang quay xung quanh true cua no. Tac dung Ien tru m6t lire ham
F = 243,4N, tidp tuyd'n vdi mat tru va vu6ng g6c veri true quay. Sau
thori gian At = 31,4 giay, tru dimg lai. Ti'nh vftn tdc goc cua tru luc
bat d£u tac dung luc ham.
3-10. M6t tru r6ng co khtfi lirong 50kg, duemg kfnh lm, dang
quay vdri van t6'c 800 vong/phut. Tac dung vao tru m6t luc ham tid'p
tuyd'n vdi mat tru va vudng goc vdi true quay. Sau 2 phut 37 giay, tru
dtfng lai. Tim :
a) M6men ham ; b) Luc ham tid'p tuyd'n.

3—11. M6t thanl/** chidu dai / = 0,50m co thd quay tu do xung

quanh mdt true nam ngang di qua m6t dSu cua thanh. M6t vien dan
khdi luong m = 0,01 kg bay theo phuong nlm ngang veri van t6'c
v = 400m/s tori xuydn vao dlu kia cua thanh va mac v£o thanh. Tim '
van tdc goc cua thanh ngay sau khi vidn dan dap vao thanh. Bidt
rang mbmen quan tinh cua thanh d6'i vdi true quay blng 5kgm2.
3-12. M6t dia trdn(** khd'i luong mj = 100kg quay veri van t6'c
goc (Dj = 10 vong/phut. M6t ngucri khdi luong m2 = 60kg dung b
mep dla. Hoi van t6'c goc cua dla khi ngucri di vao dung b tarn cua
dla. Coi ngucri nhu m6t cha't didm.

(*) d6ng ch£t

45
 3-13. Xac djnh mdmen quan tmh cua m6t thanl/ dai / khoi
lupng m doi voi cac true sau day :
a) True di qua diem giira cua thanh v& tao Voi thanh m6t goc a
nao do ;
b) True song song ydi thanh v& each thanh m6t doan d ;
c) True vudng goc voi thanh vk each di6m giira thanh mot doan d.

3-14. Mot dla bang d6ng (khb'i luong riSng p = 8,9 x 103kg/m3) co
be day b = 4.10 3m, ban kfnh R = 5.10 2m. DTa bj khoet thung hai 16
tron ban kfnh R/2 nhu hinh 3-4. Tim mdmen quan ti'nh cua dla da bj
khoet doi voi true vudng goc voi dla va di qua tarn O cua dta.
3-15. Tim momen quan tmh cua Trai Da't ddi voi true quay cua
n6 neu la'y ban kfnh cua Trai Da't la R = 6400km va khdi luong rieng
trung binh cua Trai Da't bang p = 5,5.103kg/m3.

3-16. Tac dung 16n m6t banh xe ban kfnh R = 0,5m va c6

momen quan tmh 1 = 20kg.m2, mOt luc tife'p tuye'n v6i vanh banh

Ft=100N. Tim:
a) Gia t6'c cua banh xe ;
b) Van toe dai cua mdt di£m tren vanh banh sau khi tac dung luc
10 giay bife't rang luc d£u banh xe dirng yen.

_R

02

o,
<T M O
R

Hinh 3-4 Hinh 3-5

(*) dong chat

46
 3.17. Mot banh xe ban kfnh R = 50cm dang quay dudi tac dung
cua mbmen luc *M = 980Nm. Hoi phai cho m6i ma phanh tac dung
len vanh banh mdt luc blng bao nhidu de banh xe quay chlm din
vdi gia toe goc |3 = -2,5rad/s2. Biet hd sd' ma sat k = 0,25, momen
quan tfnh cua banh xe dd'i vdi true quay I= 50kg.m2 (hinh 3.5).
3—18. Mdt cudn chi co khdi luong m duoc dat trdn mdt mat
phang n|m ngang (hinh 3-6). Mdmen quan tfnh cua cuon chi dd'i vdi
true cua no bang I. Ngucri ta keo cudn chi bang mdt lire F. Hoi :

a) Goc a giBa luc F vl mat phang nlm ngang phai bang bao
nhidu d£ cudn.chi chuyen ddng cd gia tdc vd phfa luc keo ;
b) Luc F phai co dd ldn blng bao nhieu dÿ cudn chi khdng truqt ?
Cho hd sd ma sat giBa cudn chi va mat phlng bang k.
3-19. Trdn mdt tru rdng khdi luong m = 1kg, ngubi ta cuon mdt
sdi day khdng gian co khdi luong va dudng kfnh nhd khdng dang k£.
Dlu tu do cua day duoc gan trdn mdt gia cd' dinh (hinh 3-7). Dd tru
roi dudi tac dung cua trong luc. Tim gia td'c cua tru va sure cang cua
day treo.

u F
0

Hinh 3-6 Hinh 3-7

3-20. Hai vat co khdi luong lln luot blng nij va m2 (mt > m2),
duoc nd'i vdi nhau blng mdt soi day vlt qua mdt rdng roc (khdi
luong ciia rong roc blng m) (hinh 3-8). Tim :
a) Gia tdc cua cac vat ;

b) Sure cang T[ va T2 cua cac day treo. Coi rdng roc la mdt dla tron ;
ma sat khdng dang kd Ap dung blng sd : m, = 2kg, m2 = 1kg, m = 1kg.

47
 Hinh 3-8 • Hinh 3-9

3-21. m6t he g6m m6t tru dacÿ kh6'i luqng M = 2,54kg va m6t vat
*
nang khdi lirong m = 0,5kg diroc ndi vdi nhau bang m6t sqi day vat qua
rang roc (hinh 3-9). Bo qua khd'i luqng cua day, cua rong roc va khung
gan voi tru. Tim gia t6c cua vat nang va sure cang cua day.
3-22. M6t vat A khoi luqng m truqt tr£n mat phang nghidng va
lam quay mdt banh xe co ban ki'nh R (hinh 3-10). Mfimen quan tmh
cua banh xe ddi vdri true quay bang I. Khdi luqng cua day kh6ng
dang k£. Tim gia tdc goc cua banh xe ?

R
2
£
£
3
la

Hinh 3-10

(*) d6ng chat

48
 3-23. Mdt thanh co chidu dai / = lm quay xung quanh mdt true
nim ngang di qua mdt diu cua thanh. Luc diu, thanh 6 vj trf nim
ngang, sau do duqrc tha ra (hinh 3-11). Tim gia tdc goc cua thanh
luc bit diu tha roi va luc thanh di qua vi trf thing ddng.
- ----
ri

i
Vi.-'
R/2
)
R

Hinh 3-11 Hinh 3-12

3-24. Mdt dla tron ddng chit ban kfnh R] kh6'i luong m co thd
quay xung quanh 1 true nam rigang vudng goc vdi dla va each tarn
R
dla mdt doan — . Dla bat diu quay tit vj trf tiicmg dng vdi vi trf cao
nhit cua tarn dia vdi vin toe diu bang 0. Xac djnh mdmen ddng
luong cua dia ddi vdi true quay khi dla di qua vi trf thtfp nhit.
3-25. Mdt hd chit didm co tdng ddng luong bang K va mdmen
ddng luong L ddi vdri mdt didm O. Xac dinh mdmen ddng luong cua
hd ddi vdi didm O' bidt 00' = r0. Trong trudng hop nao mdmen
ddng luong cua hd khdng phu thude didm O ?
3-26. Chumg minh rang mdmen ddng luong L cua 1 hd chit
didm ddi vdi 1 diem O gin lien vdi 1 hd qui chidu K co the cho bdi
L = L0 + t AP-

trong do Lc la mdmen ddng luong ddi vdi khdi tarn, r0 la vecto

ban kfnh cua khdi tarn ddi vdi didm O trong hd K, P la tdng ddng
luong cua hd.

4-BTOlBC-TI.M 49
 Chifcfng 4
NANG LLfONG

1. Cong cua life F trong chuyen doi CD b£t ky

A =’
J F ds JFS .ds,
= (4-1)

CD CD
ds la vecto chuyen ddi nguyfin td, Fs la hlnh chidu.cua F trfin
phifomg cua ds.
Truefng hcfp luc F khdng d6i, chuyen dtri thing :
A = F.s = Fs.s = F.s.cosa, (4-2)

a la goc hop bdi luc F va phuong chuyen dcri s.

2. Cdng suA't cua luc (hay cua may)

(4-3)
dt
via vecto vSn tdc cua dU?m dat cua luc.
y
3. Dong n£ng cua chdt diem

(4-4) .

Diiih ly ddng ndng :

Wd2-Wdl=A. (4-5)

50
4. Van toe cua hai qua cau sau va Cham

- Tnfcrng hop va chaw dan hoi :

v>1 _ (ni| -m2)vj + 2m2v2 (4-6)

rri] + m2
, _ (m2 - m;)v2 +2m[V) (4-7)
2'
mj+m2
- T-ntdng hop va chant mem :

v „ mivi +ni2v2 (4-8)

ni| + m2

5. The nang cua chat diem trong trong trudng deu

W( = mgh, (4-9)
h lit d6 cao cua cha't di&n (so vdi mat dtft).
Cong cua life H ong tritdng :
A, = (Wt), - (W,)2. (4-10)

6. Dinh luat bao toan co nang trong trong truftng

mv 2
W= + mgh = const (4-11)

7. Cong cua lire trong chuyen dong quay

A=
J -Md0 (4-12)

Cdng suat

(4-13)
dt

8. Dong nang vat rdn quay

Wd=IlG)2 (4-14)

51
 Dinh ly ve dong nang trong chuyen ddng quay cua vat ran xung
quanhl true
(4-15)

9. Dong n3ng toan phan cua vat ran lan khong trueft

Wd -ÿmv2+ilo>2, (4-16)

v
voi W=
R-

Bai tap thi du 4.1. M6t 6t6 co khtfi luong m = 1000kg chay v6i
van t6'c khong d6i v = 36km/h. Tinh c6ng sutft cua d6ng co 6t6 trong
ba trilcmg hop :
a) Oto chay tr6n quang dudng nSm ngang ;
b) Ot& chay len dd'c co do d6'c 5% ;
c) Ot6 chay xudng doc co do ddc 5%.
Hfe s6' ma sat giffa 6t6 va mat du6ng trong ca ba truemg hop la k = 0,07.

Bdi gidi
m = 1000kg ;
Cho v = 36km /h = 10m /s ; Hoi P ?
sin a = 0,05 ;k = 0,07

a) Goi la luc keo cua d6ng co 6t6 N

(hinh 4-1). VI 6t6 chuyen d6ng d£u trfen
dufetng nam ngang n€n t6ng hop luc dat l£n 3
6t6 phai bang kh6ng. Tit do :

Fk-Fms = 0
hay Fk = Fms = kmg. Hinh 4-1

52
 Vay c6ng sua't cua d6ng cor 6td trong
trucmg hop nay la :
N % . .

P = Fk.v = Fms.v = kmgv,

P = 0,07.1000.9,8.10 = 6860 W.

b) Trucmg hop 6td chay len d6c (hinh 4-2).

Cung ly lufin tuong tu nhu trucmg hop a, Hinh 4-2
ta co :

Fk - (Fms + mgsina) = 0,
vdi Fms = k.mgcosa.
Dodo Fk = mg(kcosa + sina)
Vay c6ng sutft cua d6ng co 6t6 la :
P = Fk . v = mgv (kcosa + sina)

Vi a ra't nho n£n coi cosa * I :

P = 1000.9,8.10 (0,07 + 0,05) = 11760W.

c) Trucmg hop 6t6 chay xuong doc (hinh 4-3)

Fk + mgsina - Fms = 0, N

Fk = mg(kcosa - sina).
C6ng su£t cua d6ng co 6t6 la :
P = mgv (kcosa - sina)

= 1000.9,8.10(0,07 - 0,05) = 1960W. Hinh 4-3

Bai tap thl du 4.2. M6t vat duoc nem thing durng tu d6 cao h = 240m
xudng mat dit vdi van t6c ban diu v0 = 14m/s. Vat di sau vao mat
dat m6t doan s = 0,2m. Cho kh6i luong cua vat m = 1kg. Bo qua ma
sdt cua khdng khj. Tim luc can trung binh cua da't l£n vat.

53
 Bill f>iui

Cho Jh ==240m ; s = 0,2m ;

Hoi { F ?
|v() 14m ; m = 1kg.
/s
Vat di sau vao mat da't nhcf co nang cua no. Goi v la vin t6'c cua
vat tai mat da't. Theo djnh luat bao toan co nang trong trong tructng,
ta co :

Ccr nang cua vat b mat d<ft = co nang cua vat 6 d6 cao h ; (1)
Vi the' nang cua vat b mat dtft bang khdng nen tfir (I) ta co :

imy2 4mv0+mgh (2)

Khi di sAu vao mat dtft bj can lai, v$n t6'c cua no giam d£n tdi vs = 0.
Theo dinh 1)' ve d6ng nang, cfirig can bang :

A s -jmv2 = ~~mv2
=ÿmvÿ (3)
2 .2 2

Goi lire can Irung binh cua dat I6n vat la F. Tit (2) va (3) ta
th u diroc :

A = F.s =_(imv°+mgh);
Do do : F = -12250N. Luc F co gia tri am vi la lire can.
Bai tap thi du 4.3. M6t vat co kh6'i luong mj = 3kg chuyen dong
vdi van toe V] = 4m/s toi va cham vao m6t vat thti hai dang durng y6n
va co khoi luongm2 = m,. Coi va cham la xuyfen tarn va hoan toan
khdng dan hoi (va cham mem). Tim nhiet luong toa ra trong qua
trinh va cham.
Bai f>iai

Cho I'"1
Ivj
=3kS»m2 = 3kg.
- 4m /s, va cham m4m
Hoi Q = ?

54
 Nang lirong cua he trudc va cham bang dCng nang cua vat thti
nha't Wj = Vi la va cham mem nfin sau va cham hai vat

dmh vao jihau va chuy&i dCng vori citng van ttfc. Theo (4-8) :

v -ÿ +1TI2V2
ir»jV| _ mjVj +m2.0 _ mjVj
mj + m2 mj +m2 rri| + m2

Do do nang lugng (chmh la dCng nang) cua he sau va cham la :

W2=i(m1+m2)v2 = 2(mjm?v?
+ m2)
Theo djnh luat bao toan nang lircttig, nhiet hrcmg toa ra trong qua
trinh va cham la :

Q = W2 - W2 = — 1V1 m?vl
2 2(mj + m2)

V
m,vf 12J.
4 4
Bai tap thi du 4.4. Giai bai tap thf du 5 chuong 3 bang each tfng
dung dinh luat bao toan nang luerng.
Bai giai
Goi x la quang dufrng ma vat nang da roi dugc tir luc he bat
dlu chuyÿn dCng. Ta co :
DC tang dCng nang cua he = DC giam the' nang cua he.
Chu y ring dCng nang ban dlu cua he bang khCng, ta co thl vie't.

(5)

Nhung : vI = 2ax;MJ=4 = 2aX ’

R2 R2
nen (5) trex thanh :
+ ilÿ = Mgx. (6)

55
 Sau khi don gian (6) va chu y ringI = — , ta duoc :

Mg 2Mg
a=
r
M + ——
“
2M + m
R2
Trong phucmg phap nay ta kh6ng tlch he, luc cang coi la cac n6i
luc n£n kh6ng co mat trong cac phuong' trlnh. Mu6'n tlnh luc cang
cua day ta lai dung cac phuong phap th&ng thucmg da nlu trong
chuong II cua giao trinh.

Bai t$p tvr giai

4-1. Hoi dOng co may bay phai co c6ng suit bang bao nhieu, bilt
ring may bay co kh6i luong m = 3000kg, khi bay len cao 1km phai
mlt m6t phut. B6 qua sure 'can cua kh6ng khi.
4-2. Tlnh c6ng cln thilt dl keo m6t 16 xo gian ra 20cm, bilt ring .
luc keo ty le vdri d6 gian cua 16 xo va mu6n 16 xo gian 1cm phai cln
m6t luc 30N.
4-3. M6t 6t6 khd'i luong mOt ta'n, khi tit may chuyln d6ng xu6'ng
dtfc thi co vln tie kh6ng d6i v = 54km/h. D6 nghieng cua die la 4%.
Hoi d6ng co 6t6 phai co c6ng suit bao nhieu dl no lln duoc ddc trln
cung vdri vln t6'c 54km/h.
4-4. Mdt 6t6 khtfi luong 2 tin, leo len d6'c c6 d6 nghieng 4%. He
s6' ma sat la 0,08. Tim :
a) C6ng thuc hien bdi ddng co 6t6 trdn quang duemg dai 3km ;
b) Cdng suit cua d6ng co 6t6, bie't ring thcri gian di hit quang
dudng trln mlt 4 phut.
4-5. M6t doan tau kh6'i luong 50 tin chuyln d6ng tren duemg ray
nim ngang vdri van t6'c khdng d6i bing 36km/h. C6ng suit cua dlu
may la 220,8kW. Tim he s6' ma sat giGa tau va duemg ray.

56
 4-6. Nguori ta thudng xac djnh c6ng sua't cua dong ca bang m6t
thid't bi nhu hinh ve 4-4.
Thie't bj g6m hai ham kep, kep chat vao true d6ng cor. Mot ham
kep dugc gin vdri tay don, cudi tay ddn co treo trong v$t Q. Trong
vat dugc chon sao cho no can bang vdri luc ma sat va giO tay don
nim ngang. Xac dinh c6ng suit cua ddng co nd'u s6 vong quay cua
true la n = 60 vong/phut, chidu dai clnh tay don ke tit tarn cua true
l = lm, trong lugng cua vat bang Q = 490N. Trong lugng cua canh
tay ddn khdng dang k£. •
4-7. M6t d6ng co truyÿn c6ng sua't P = I5kW cho m6t puli nhet
day cuaroa AB (hinh 4-5). Ban kmh puli r = 25cm, van td'c quay cua
puli n = 120 vong/phut. Luc cang cua nhanh trdn A cua day cuaroa
lorn gap dOi luc cang cua nhanh dudi B. Tim luc cang do bid't ring
hai nhlnh day cuaroa song song vdi nhau.

/ A

4L
Puli

l ii Q
B

Hinh 4-4 Hinh 4-5

4-8. Mdt chid'c xe khdi lugng 20000 kg chuydn ddng cham din
ddu dudri tac dung cua luc ma sit bang 6000N. Sau m6t thdi gian xe
difng lai. Van t6c ban dlu cua xe la 54km/h. Tfnh :
a) C6ng cua luc ma sit ;
b) Quang duemg ma xe da di dugc kd tfif luc co luc ma sat tac
dung cho tori khi xe dimg hln.
4-9. Tfnh c6ng cln thidt dd cho mdt doan tau khoi lugng m = 8.105kg :
a) Tang tdc tit v( = 36km/h ddn v2 = 54km/h ;
b) Dimg lai ndu van td'c ban dlu la 72km/h.

57
 4-10. Mot khau phao kh6'i liromg M = 450kg nha dan theo
phuong nam ngang. Dan phao co khdi lirgng m = 5kg, van tdc
dSu nong v = 450m/s. Khi bln, be phao giat vi phfa sau mot doan s
= 45cm. Tim luc ham trung blnh tac dung !en phao.
4-11. M6t vien dan khdi lugng m = 10kg dang bay vdi van tdc
v = lOOm/s thi gap m6t ban g6 day va cam sau vao ban g6 m6t
doan s = 4cm. Tim :
a) Luc can trung binh cua ban g6 I6n vien dan ;
b) Van tdc vi6n dan sau khi ra khoi ban g6 chi day d = 2cm.
4-12. M6t xe chuyÿn d6ng tir dinh met doc phang DC co d6 cao
h (hinh 4-6) va dirng lai sau khi da di duoc doan nam ngang CB.
Cho AB = s ; AC = 1 ; he s6' ma sat giua xe va mat dirong tren cac
doan DC va CB bang nhau.
Tmh he so' ma sat va gia td'c cua xe tren cac doan duorng DC
va BC.
D

h
R
a C B
A
Hinh 4-6 Hinh 4-7

4-13. M6t vat khe'i luong m trugt khong ma sat tir dinh m6t mat
cSu xud'ng dudi (hinh 4-7). Hoi tir khoang each Ah nao (tfnh tir
dinh mat c£u) vat bat ddu roi khoi mat cdu. Cho ban kinh mat c&u
R = 90cm.
4-14. M6t vat khd'i luong m = 1kg trugt tren m6t mat phang
nghieng hgp vdi mat nam ngang met goc a sao cho sina = 0,1. Sau
khi trugt het mat phdng nghieng, vat con tid'p tuc chuyÿn d6ng tren
mat phang nlm ngang mot doan 1 = 10m mdi dirng lai. He s6 ma sat
trong su6't qua trinh chuyen d6ng k = 0,05. Tim vftn tdc cua vat 6
cudi mat phang nghieng. La'y gia t6'c trong trudng g = 10m/s2.

58
 4-15. Tir mot dinh thap cao h = 20m, ngufri ta nem mot hon da
khoi lugng 50g theo phirang nghieng vdi mat phang nlm ngang, vdi
van t6'c ban dlu v0 = 18m/s. Khi roi tdi mat da't hon da co van toe
v = 24m/s. Tfnh c6ng cua luc can cua khdng khf l£n hon da.

4-16. M6t vat khdi lugng m = 10kg truort tir dinh m6t mat phang
nghieng cao 20m xud'ng. Khi tdi chan dd'c vat co van t6'c 15m/s.
Tinh cong cua lire ma sat.
4-17. 6 dlu m6t sen day OA, dai / = 30cm B VB
co treo m6t vat nang (hinh 4-8). Hoi tai diem
thÿp nhat A phai truydn cho vat m6t van td'c
be nhat bang bao nhidu dÿ vat co the quay /
tron trong mat phang thing dumg. / O
4-18. M6t con lac dem trong lugng P \
dugc keo ra kh6i phirong thang durng m6t l
goc a = 90°, sau do con lac dirge tha roi.
Chung minh rang sure cang cua day treo A
bang 3P khi con lac di qua vi trf can bang. Hinh 4-8
4-19. M6t qua clu khoi lugng m = 0,1kg dugc gin a dlu m6t
thanh nhe dai 1 = 1,27m khd'i lugng khong dang k£. He quay trong
mat phlng thang dtfng xung quanh dau kia cua thanh. Tai diÿm cao
nhat qua clu c6 v|n tdc v0 = 4,13m/s.
a) Tim su phu thude cua the' nang va ddng nang ciia qua clu theo
goc a hop bai thanh va phuemg thang durng. Chon goc tfnh the' nang
tai vj trf tha'p nhat cua qua clu.
b) Xac djnh luc tac dung T cua qua clu len thanh theo goc a. Tim
T tai cac vi trf tha'p nha't va cao nhat cua qua clu.
4-20. De do van td'c cua vi6n dan ngucri ta dung con lie thu dan.
Do la mdt bi cat treo or dlu mdt sgi day (hinh 4-9). Khi vien dan
xuyen vao bi cat, no bi mac tai do va bi cat dugc nang len mdt dd
cao h nao do. Tim van td'c cua dan luc no sip xuyen vao bi cat. Bie't
khd'i lugng cua vien dan la m, khoi lugng cua bi cat la M.

59
 I

h
y
WA
M

Hinh 4-9 Hinh 4-10

4-21. M6t O'ng thuy tinh khO'i luong M trong c6 dung vii giot Ote
duqc day bang mOt cai nut khO'i luong m. Ong thuy tinh duqc gin or
diu mOt thanh cung dai 1 trong luong khOng ding kd (hinh 4-10).
Khi ho nong dng thuy tinh, Ote bOc hoi, nut b| bat ra dudi ap suit
cua hoi ate. Hoi van t6c bat be nhi't cua nut phai bang bao nhiOu dÿ
Ong thuy tinh co thl quay duqc ca vong xung quanh di£m treo O.
4-22. MOt hon bi khdi
luong m chuyln dOng khOng ®
ma sit trin mOt dubmg ranh c6 R
dang nhu hinh ve 4-11. Hon N.
h
bi duqc tha khOng co van ttfc
ban diu tir dq cao h = 2R, kfch •

thudc cua bi nho khOng dang

k£. Hoi : Hinh 4-11
a) d d6 cao nao hon bi rcri khoi duong ranh ?
b) DO cao ldn nhit ma hon bi se dat duqc sau khi rcri khoi
dudng ranh ?
4-23. MOt qua ciu khOi luong 2kg, chuyln dOng vdi van tO'c
3m/s, va cham xuyOn tarn vdi mOt qua ciu thur hai khO'i luong 3kg
dang chuy&i dOng cung chiiu vdi qua ciu thur nhit vdi van tOc lm/s.
Tim vin ttfc cua cic qua ciu sau va chan nOu :
a) Va cham la hoan toan din h6i.
b) Va cham la khOng dan h6i (mim).

60
 4-24. Hai qua ciu duoc treo a diu hai
sqi day song song dai bang nhau. Hai diu
kia cua cac sqi day duoc buOc vao mOt cai
gia sao cho cac qu& ciu tife'p xuc vori nhau I'
va tam cua chung cung nam trOn mOt ( <J
duOng nim ngang (Hinh 4-12). Khtfi luong |h\.
cua cac qua c5u ISn luqt bang 200g va lOOg.
Qua ciu thur nha't duoc nang I6n dO cao h = e©
1 2
4,5cm va tha xudng. Hoi sau va cham, cac
qua ciu duoc nang I6n do cao bao nhiOu nO'u : Hinh 4-12
a) Va cham la hoan toan dan h6i ; b) Va cham la m£m.
4-25. MOt vat chuyÿn dOng khO'i luong tori va cham vao vat
thur hai dang durng y£n, khdi luong m2. Coi va cham la xuyOn tam va
hoan toan dan h6i. Hoi s<5 ph£n tram dOng nang ban diu cua vat thur
nhtft da truy£n cho vat thtf hai sau va cham ?
Ap dung cho cac trucmg hop a) mj = m2 ; b) mj = 9m2.
4-26. MOt dia d6ng cha't nang 20N, lan khOng truqt tren mOt mat
phang nlm ngang v6i van tO'c v = 4m/s. Tim dOng nang cua dia.
4-27. Tfnh cOng c£n thifi't d£ lam cho mOt v6 lang hinh vanh tron
ducmg ki'nh lm, khO'i luong 500kg, dang durng y6n quay tafi van tO'c
120 vong/phut.
4-28. MOt qua c£u dac( co khO'i luong m = 1kg, lan khOng truqt
*
v6i van tOc Vj = lOm/s dO'n dap vao thanh tucmg r6i bat ra vdi vin
tO'c v2 = 8m/s. Tfnh nhiet luong toa ra trong va cham do.
4-29. MOt cOt dOng chat co chi£u cao h = 5m, dang c1 v| trf thing
durng thi bi d6 xuong. Xac djnh :
a) Van tOc dai cua dmh cOt khi no cham d<ft ;
b) Vi trf cua di£m M trOn cOt sao cho khi M cham da't thi van
tdc cua no dung bang van tO'c cham dat cua mOt vat tha roi tu do tur
vi trf M.

(*) d6ng chSt

61
 4-30. Tir dinh mot mat phang nghieng cao h = 0,5m, ngirori ta cho
cac vat( co hinh dang khac nhau lan khdng'trirot trdn mat phang
nghieng do. Tim . van td'c dai cua cac vat ct cuoi mat phing nghieng
ne'u :
a) Vat co dang m6t qua clu dac ;
b) Vat la m6t dTa tron ;
c) Vat la m6t vanh tron.
(Gia sir van tdc ban diu cua cdc vat d£u bang kh6ng).
4-31. Co hai hinh tru : mot bang nhdm (dac), m6t bang chi
(r6ng) cung duoc tha tfir dinh m6t mat phing nghieng. Chung c6
cung ban kfnh R = 6cm va cting khdi lucrng m = 0,5kg. Mat cac hinh
tru duoc qudt son gidng nhau. Hoi : a) Van ttfc tinh tiSh cua cac hinh
tru cr cu&'i mat phing nghieng co khac nhau khdng ?
b) M6men quan tinh cua m6i hinh tru ;
c) Sau bao lau cac tru lan khdng tnrot t6i chan mat phing
nghieng ? Cho biet dd cao cua dinh mat phing nghieng h = 0,5m,
goc nghidng a = 30°, khdi ltfcmg rieng cua nh6m p] = 2600kg/m3 va
cua chi p2 = 11300kg/m3.

4-32. Mdt ngucri ng6i tr6n gh£ Giucdpxki va cim trong tay hai qua
ta, mdi qua co kh£>i lircfng 10kg. Khoang cdch tir mdi qua tdi true quay
la 0,75m. Ghe' quay vdi van t6c coj = 1 vong/s. Hoi cong do nguefi thirc
hien va van tdc cua ghe n6'u ngirdi do co tay lai d£ khoang each tit mdi
qua ta den true quay chi con la 0,20m, cho bie't mdmen quan tmh cua
ngiroi va ghe' dd'i vdi true quay la I0 = 2,5kg.m2.

(*) dong cha'l

62
 ChWcfng5
TRLTdNG HAP DAN

1. Djnh luat hap din vu tru

F = F=GÿL, (5-1)
r2
trong do G la hang s6 ha'p dSn vu tru : G = 6,67. 10
1
'Nm2/kg2.
2. Gia toe trong trirdrng or tren mat dst't

M
(5-2)
8u=V
trong do M va R 15n loot la khdi Iucmg va ban kfnh cua Trai Dft't.
Gia tdc trong trubmg dr d6 cao h :

g - go (-4) (5-3)

3. Van toe vu tru capI

vi =VgoR; (5-4)

V|n tdc vu tru cap II

vn - -y/2g«R- (5-5)

Bai tap thi du

Mot soi day ban kfnh r duefe uon thanh mot vong iron ban kfnh R.
Tim luc hut cua vong day len m6t chat dilm kh6'i luomg m dat tr£n
true cya vong va each tarn cua vong m6t doan 1. Cho biet khdi luomg
rieng cua day la p.

63
 Bai giai L
x
Qio R, r, m, 1, p. Hoi F ? dF
Mu6'n van dung dinh luat ha'p .. HLI cti
«
dan vu tru d£ tinh lire hut cua vong U ®
day I6n chat di£m, ta phai chia nho '\j dF
vong thanh cac phan tit L (dai dy)
sao cho co th£ coi chung la chat
diem (hinh 5-1). Hinh 5-1

Lire hut dF cua phSn tir L len cha't diÿm m co phirong ML, co
chilu tut M tori L va co d6 1dm (djnh luat ha'p din vu tru) :
m.pjcr2dy
dF = G (1)

trong do p7ir2dy la kh6'i luong cua phan tut L, x la khoang each tfir
phln tut L t6i chat di£m : x - VR2 + l2.
Luc tac dung cua vong ldn chat di£m la :

F=
J
ca vong
dF (2)

Vi OM la true d6'i xtfng cua vong ndn bao gief ta cung co th£ tim
dupe mot phio tir L1 cua vong dd'i xutng veri phan tu L qua true OM.
D6 dang tha'y rang tong hap cac luc hut cua L va L’ ldn cha't di£m
m n3m trdn true ddi xumg OM. Do do luc tac dung cua ca vong I6n
cha't diÿm cung co phuang nam trdn OM va co chidu hudng \6 phi'a
vong day.
Chid'u dang thirc (2) I6n true OM ta se co :
F=
J
ca v6ng
dFcosa (3)

1
vdri cosa = —
x

64
 Tir (1) va (3) taco:
_ mpnr2dy 1 _ mp7tr2l
_7tR

F=
f
ca vong
Cr--- = G---
X2 x X3 Idy
0

F =G
2m.n2.pr2Rl
(4)
<R2 + I2)3'2
Bieu thurc (4) cho la sir phu thuoc cua lire hut F cua vong day I6n
chzft di£m theo khoang each 1 ; dac biet khi 1 = 0, ta co F = 0. Nghla
la nfi'u dat chat diem m tai tam vong day thi lire tac dung cua vong
len chat di£m bang khdng. Di£u nay cung dd hiÿu vi trong trircfng
hop nay, m bi hut d£u v& moi phfa.
27t2.Gmpr2R
Khi 1 » R thi F =
!2
Co the thu dirge k£t qua nay bang each coi vong la chat di&n.
Bai tap tir giai
5-1. Tim lire hut cua Mat Trbi I6n m6t vat co kh6i lirong m = lg
nam tren mat Trai Da't, bie't rang khdi lugng cua Mat Trefi M =
1 ,97.1030kg va khoang each trung binh tir mat da't den tam Mat Treri
la r= 149.106km.
5-2. Khoang each giira Trai Da't va Mat Trang la 384000km.
Khoi lirong cua Trai Da't la 5,96.1027g va cua Mat Trang la
7,35.1025g. Xac d|nh vj-trf cua di£m tai do lire hut cua Mat Trang va
Trai Da't len m6t chat di£m can bang nhau.
5-3. M6t qua cdu khd'i lirong m, dat each dau m6t thanh d6ng
chat m6t doan bang a tren phirong keo dai cua thanh. Thanh co chi£u
dai 1, khoi lirong m2. Tim lire hut cua thanh lfen qua cau.
5—4. Hai qua c£u co cung ban ki'nh khd'i lirong ri6ng ldn lirot bang
Pj va p2 dupe dat trong m6t m6i trirong long c6 khb'i lirong rr€ng
bang p0. Hoi trong dieu kien nao :

5-BTVL0C-T1.M 65
 a) Hai qua ciu hut nhau ;

b) Hai qua cau diy nhau.

Cho bid't kich thucrc cua moi trircmg long rat Icfn so vdi ki'ch thirdrc
cua cac qua ciu va pj > p2-
5-5. Trong mdt qua ciu bang chi ban ki'nh R ngircri ta khoet m6t
16 hinh ciu. Mat cua 16 ti£p xuc veri mat cua qua ciu chi va di qua
tarn cua no. Khoi luqng qua ciu chi tru6c khi khoet 16 bang M. Trdn
phucmg n6'i cac tarn cua qua cau va 16, ngudi ta dat mot hdn bi nho
khd'i lucmg m each tarn qua ciu mot doan d (hinh 5-2).
Tim luc hap din ma qua ciu
chi (da khoet 16) tac dung I6n
hon bi.
O’
5-6. Tim van toe dai cua Trai
O
Da't quay quanh Mat Treri, biet
ring kh6'i luong cua Mat Treri la
M = 2.1030kg va khoang each
d
trung binh giSa Trai Da't va Mat
Treri d = 1,5.108km. Hihh 5-2

5—7. Tim van toe dai cua mdt vd tinh nhan tao cua Trai Da't bid't
ring quy dao cua ve tinh la tron. V6 tinh 6 d6 cao trung binh
h = 1000km. Coi ve tinh chi chiu anh huerng lire hut cua Trai Dat vi
6 d6 cao tren, luc can cua khdng khi khong dang ki. Cho ban ki'nh
cua Trai Da't R = 6370km.

5—8. Hai hanh tinh quay xung quanh Mat Treri veri cac quy
dao coi gin dung la nhfing vong tron ban kfnh lin luot bing
Rj = 150.106km (Trai Da't) va R2 = 108.106km (Sao kirn). Tim ti s6'
v(tn td'c dai cua cac hanh tinh do.

66
 5-9. Khoi lugng Mat Trang nho hon khd'i lugng Trai Da't 81 ldn,
dudng kfnh Mat Tr5ng bang 3/11 dtfcrng kmh Trai Da't.
Hoi mdt ngucri tren mat da't nang 600 niuton ldn Mat Trang se
nang bao nhidu ?
5-10. De co thÿ truyen hinh bang vo tuyd'n di£n (vd tuyen truyÿn
hinh) di khSp moi noi tren mat da't ngucri ta phong lfen cac vd tinh
”cd' djnh" (dung tren mat da't tha'y vd tinh khdng chuyen ddng d6'i
vdi mat da't). Mud'n vay phai cho cac ve tinh nay chuyen ddng trong
mat phang xfch dao tit Tay sang Dong vdri van t6'c g6c bang van td'c
goc cua Trai Da't quay xung quanh true cua no.
Hay tinh van td'c dai va do cao cua vd tinh do. Bie't chu ki cua
Trai Da't quay xung quanh true cua no la T = 23 gior 56 phut 4 giay.
Ban kfnh xfch dao Tnii Da't la R = 6378km.
5—11. Tim van toe vu tru cap II d6'i vdi Mat Trang (nghTa la van
td'c cua mot tdn lira phong tit bl mat Mat Trang cSn phai co de no c6
thd thoat khoi sdc hut cua Mat Trang).
5-12. Nhb mot ten lira, ve tinh nhan tao dlu tien cua Trai Da't
dirge mang len dd cao 500km.
a) Tim gia toe trong trubng b do cao do ;
b) Phai phong vd tinh tori van t6'c bang bao nhidu theo phucmg
vuong goc vdi ban kfnh cua Trai Da't d£ quy dao cua no quanh
Trai Da't la mdt dudng tron. Khi do chu ki quay cua vd tinh
quanh Trai Da't bang bao nhidu ?
La'y ban kmh cua Trai Da't bang 6500km, gia td'c trong trirdng tren be
mat cua Trai Dat bang 9,8m/s2. Bo qua sure can cua khdng khi.

5—13. Moi vat trdn mat da't ddu ch|u sire hut cua Mat Treri. Ve
ban dem (Mat Treri cr "dudi chan") luc do cong them vdi luc hut cua
Trai Da't, ban ngay (Mat Trdi a trdn "dlnh dSu") luc do trur bdt di luc
hut cua Trai Da't. Vi vay, ban dem moi vat deu phai nang hern ban
ngay, didu do co dung khdng ? Tai sao ?

67
 Chifang 6
CO HOC Tl/ONG 001 TINH

1. Chieu dai I (doc theo phirong chuyen d6ng) cua m6t vat trong he quy
chie'u ma ho chuyÿn d6ng vdfi van t6c v lien he v6i chieu dai 10 cua vat
do jtrong he quy chie'u ma vat dung yen boi he thtic :

(6-1)
c2’
trong do c la van t6'c anh sang trong chan kh6ng c = 3.108m/s.
2. Khoang thhfi gian At* trong he quy chie'u chuyÿn ddng vdi van
;
t6'c v d6'i voi ngtfoi quan sat lien he voi khoang thoi gian At trong he
quy chie'u diirng y6n d6'i v6i ngiroi quan sat boi he thirc :
At
At' =ÿ
* (6-2)

J7
1-
v2
.
3. Khoi Iiron g m cua mot vat chuyen dong vdi van toe v
„
m=, m0 , (6-3)

P c2
4. He thirc Anhstanh lien he giura khoi lurqng va nang luong cua
mot vat
W = me2 (6-4)
5. Dong nang cua mot vat chuyen dong vdi van toe v
1
Wd ='m0c2 -1 (6-5)
v2
i 1-

68
6. Nang luong ring vrii do bien thien khoi luomg Am

AW = Am.c2 (6-6)
B&i tap thf du 6.1
Vat chuy£n d6ng phai c6 v$n t6'c bao nhifiu dt? chi6u dai cua no
giam di 25%.
Bai gidi :

Cho kzi=0,25 Hoi v?

/o
Chi6u dii / cua vat chuy&i d6ng vdi van t6c v duoc tmh theo
(6-1) :

l= l0 vdi P = -.
c
Theo ddu bai :
/
-ÿ~= °>25> suy ra — = 0,75.
Dodo: yjl- P2 = 0,75,
P = Vl - (0,75)2 = Vo,435 = 0,6615
vay : v = pc a 0,662.3. 108m/s = 198600 km/s.

Bai tap thi du 6.2

Co thl gia t6c cho Electron d£n d6ng nang nao n£u dd tang tuong
doi cua khdi lirong kh6ng diroc qua 5%.
Bai giai

Cho m0 Hoi Wd ?
m0 = 9,1.10-31kg

69
 Theo (6-5) dong nang cua electron bang :
1
Wd= m0c2 -1
v2
c2 J.
hay theo (6-3) :
m - my
Wd = c2 (m - m0) = c2m'n m0
Nhung theo d5u bai
lÿa=o,o5.
m0
Ndfu Wd = (3.108)2.9,L10 31.0,05J,
Wd *4,1.10 J* 2,56. 10 2MeV.
-15

Bai tap thi du 6.3

Tim do bien thiSn nSng luong ling vdi do bi£n thien kh6i ltfomg
dung bang khdi luong cua electron.
Bai gidi
Cho : Am = moe. Hoi AW ?
Theo (6.6) va theo d£u bai :
AW = Am.c2 = moe.c2,
(3.108)2 = 8,2.I0~14J = 0,51 MeV.
31
AW = 9,1.10—
Bai tap tvr giai
6-1. Vat chuy&t dong phai co v(ln t6c bao nhidu dd kich thuf6c
cua no theo phucmg chuytm d6ng giam di 2 lan.
6—2. M6t dia tron ban kfnh R chuyln d6ng thang deu vcri van t6c
v theo phtrcmg song song vdi mat dia. Hoi trong he quy chi£u gan
vdi Trai Dtft, dia c6 hinh dang gi ?
6-3. Co hai nhom d6ng h6 gidng nhau (d6ng b6) chuyen dong
ddi v6i nhau nhu hinh ve 6-1. Lay g6'c tinh then gian la luc d6ng ho

70
A' di qua ddi difen d6ng h6 A. Hoi ddi vdi ngudi quan sat dung yfen
so vdi nhom dong ho A cac kim dong h6 chi tai thofi diem do nhu thfe
nao ? Ve vi trf cac kim, ciia tat ca cac d6ng ho.

0000000
0006000 A .
Hinh 6-1

6-4. Hat mfezdn trong cac tia vu tru chuyen dong vdi v£n tdc
bang 0,95 i£n vin tdc anh sang. Hoi khoang thcfi gian theo ddng h6
ngucfi quan sat diing trfen Trai Ddt irng vdi khoang "thdi gian song"
mot giay cua hat mfezon.

6-5. Khoi lugng cua hat a tang them bao nhifeu neu tang van tdc
6,9 lln van tdc anh sang.
cua no tir 0 den
6—6. Khoi lugng cua electron chuyen ddng bang hai liin khoi
lugng nghi cua no. Tim dong nang cua felectron trfen.
6—7. Khi phftn chia mot hat nhan uran .92II235
u nang lucmg giai
phong ra khoang 200 MeV. Tim do thay doi khoi lugng khi phan
chia 1 kmol uran.
6—8. Tim van toe cua hat mfezdn nfe'u nang lugng toan phan cua
hat mfezdn do bang 10 ldn nang lugng nghi cua no.
6-9. a) M6i phut Mat Trdi birc xa mot nang lugng bang
6,5.1021kWh. Neu coi but xa cua Mat Trdi la khdng doi thi thoi
gian de khdi lugng cua no giam di mot nua la bao nhifeu ?
b) Giai thfch tai sao thuc te khdi lugng Mat Trai lai khdng doi.
6-10. Xac djnh ”thdi gian s6'ng" x cua hat mfezon p co nang
lugng W = I09eV (trong hfe quy chieu phong thi nghifem) ; thoi gian
sdng cua hat mfezdn nghi la x0 = 2,2.10 6s, khoi lugng cua hat
mfezdn p la m = 206,7 me (me la khdi lugng cua felectron).

71
 Chi/cfng 7
CO HOC CHAT LlfU

1. Cong thufc co ban cua tinh hoc chat luu

PA - PB = Pgh,

trong d6 pA va pB la ap suS't tai cac di6m A va B each nliau m6t d6

cao h ; p la khdi lircmg rifeng cua chat luu.

2. Dinh It ye tinh lifen tuc cua chat luu It t trong chav a trang thai
dimg trong mot ong dong
S.v = const,
trong do : S la difen tich tifet ngang cua 6ng dong
v la van t6c cua chat luu ebay qua S.

3. Phuong trinh Beenuli

v2
p + p-ÿ- + pgh = const,

trong do : p la khdi luong rifeng cua chat luu,

v la van t6c chaTt long chay qua tifet difen S dang xet,
h la d6 cao cua tife't difen S so vdi m6t mere g6c nao do,
p la ap suÿt tTnh trong chat long tai ti£t difen S.
Truong hop 6ng d6ng nlm ngang :
1
P
2Pv2 = const.
4. Van toe chay cua chat long qua mot 16 nho

V = -*/2gh,
trong do h la khoang each tir.16 tdi mat chat long.

72
5. Lire tac dung cua thanh 6ng cong tiet dien deu S len chat long

F = pSv( v2 - v,) ; ]v2| =|v,| = v,

trong do v, va v2 la van td'c cua chat Idng tai hai didm trong doan
dug cong.
Bai tap thi du
Cho mot ong hinh tru
dat nam ngang g6m ba
phan A, B, C, co tidt didn _
hB
SA, SB, Sc khac nhau ; he
(hinh 7-1). Trong dng co
A B C_J
nude chay tir A ddn C.
1. So sanh ap suit
tTnh, ap sudt ddng, ap ;
sudt toan phan tai cic
phdn A, B, C. Hinh 7-1
2. Dat tai B mdt dng ap kd, tai C mdt 6ng Pitd (ong co goc
vudng). Thirc nghifem do duoc : hB = 3cm, hc = 8cm. Tim van tdc
cua nude tai B.
3. Ngudi ta co tht: do van tdc cua nude tai B nhd mdt phuong
phap khic bang each bo dng Pitd di va dat tai A mdt ong ap kd. Do
thtfy hA = 6,75cm. Biet SA = 20cm2 ; SB = lOcnT, tinh van td'c nude
tai B. So sanh vdi kdt qua a cau 2.
Bai gidi

hB — 3cm, SA = 20cm2,
hc - 8cm, Hoi vB ?
SB = 10cm2
hA -6,75cm,
Coi chat nude nhu mdt chat luu If tucmg.
1. Goi vA, vB, vc ldn luot la van td'c cua nude tai A, B, C. Theo
dinh If \i tinh lidn tuc cua chdt luu ta cd :
= SBvB = Scvc (1)

' 73
 Tu: ( 1 ) ta (My, vi SA > SB > Sc nen vA < vB < vc.

Do do : vdi p la khoi luang rifing cua nude.

V£y : ap suat d6ng tang dan tir A den C.

Goi pA, pB, pc la cac ap suat tTnh tai A, B, C. Phuang trinh
Becnuli trong trudng hap ong dong niim ngang cho :

PVA _ PVB IPVC

PA + ~2~ PB + ~2~ - Pc + ~2 (2)

Tir (2) suy ra pA > pB > Pc- V4y ap sMt tTnh giam dan tTr A den C.
Phirong trinh (2) cung cho thay : ap suat toan phan (ap suat tTnh +
ap suat dong) tai moi di£m cua 6'ng deu bang nhau.
2. Tai mieng C cua ong Pito van toe cua nude bang khong : vc = 0.
Do do, tit (2) suy ra :

v2.
pvR
(3)
PB+ÿy-ÿPc
trong do ; pB = pghB + p0 ; pc = pghc + p0, vdi p0 la ap suat cua khi
quyen, hB va hc la chifeu cao cac cot nude tai B va C.

Thay vao (3) ta duoc :

VB =V2§(hC ~hB) = lm/s.

3. Ap dung cac edng thiic cua ca hoc chat luu cho cac diem B va
C, ta duoc cac phuang trinh sau :

vi = PB + viB
PA + P~f
PA = P§hA + Po
-
PB = PShB Po-
+
SAVA = SBVB-

74
 Ti'r do rut ra :

VB = SA
f2B(l'A hB>
~ _ lm/s.
i: si -si
Nhan xet : k£t qua tinh vB bang hai phuong phap neu b 3) va 2)
gibng nhau, song phirong phap dung 6'ng Pit6 don gian hon nhidu.
Bai tap tir giai
7—1. Tim van tdc chay cua dong khi C02 trong ong din biet rang
cu nua gib khb'i luong khi chay qua mot tie! dien ngang cua ong
bang 0,51kg. Kho'i luong rieng cua khi bang 7,5kg/m‘\ Dubng ki'nh
cua 6ng bang 2cm. Coi khi la chat long If tirbng.
7-2. CJ day mot hinh tru co m6t 16 thung dubng ktnh d = 1cm.
Dubng kfnli cua blnh D = 0,5m. Tim sir phu thuoc cua van t6'c ha
muc nubc b trong blnh vao do cao h cua muc nubc. Ap dung bang s6'
cho trubng hop h = 0,2m.
7-3. Tren ban co dat mot blnh nubc, thanh blnh co mot 16 nho
nam cich day blnh m6t doan hf va each muc nubc m6t doan h2 Muc
nubc trong blnh duqc giu khong doi. Hoi tia nubc roi xudng mat ban
each 16 mot doan L bang bao nhieu (theo phuang nam ngang) ? Giai
bai loan trong hai trubng hop :
a) h5 = 25cm va h2 = 16cm ;
b) hj = 16cm va h2 = 25cm.
7-4. Ngubi ta dat mot blnh nubc co thanh thing dbng tren m6t
mat ban nam ngang. Tren thanh blnh co dui hai 16 nho. Cac 16 cimg
nim tr6n mot dubng thing dung. Gia su tiet di6n cua blnh rit rong
so vbi tiet dien cua cac 16 sao cho muc nubc trong blnh coi nhu
kh6ng ddi.
a) Chung minh ring van toe cua cac tia nubc tren mat ban bang nhau.
b) Chbng minh rang mud'n cho hai tia nubc roi xuo'ng cung mot
diem tren mat ban thi khoang each tb m6t 16 den mure nubc trong
blnh phai bang khoang each tb 16 kia den mat ban.
c) Muon cho tia nubc phut ra xa nhit thi phai due 16 tai vj tri nao ?

75
 7-5. Giua day mot gau nude hinh tru bj thung mot 16 nho. Mdc
nude 6 trong gau each day gfiu H = 30cm. Hoi nude chay qua 16 v6i
vÿin toe bang bao nhieu trong cac trudng hop sau :

a) Gdu nude durng yen ;

b) G3u dirqc nAng len ddu ;
c) Gdu chuyen dong vdi gia toe l,2m/s~ len tren r6i xuong dudi.
d) Gau chuyen ddng theo phuefng nam ngang vdi gia l,2m/s2.
t6c
7-6. Mdt binh hinh tru cao h, dien ti'ch day S chiira d5y nirdrc. 6
day binh co mot 16 dien ti'ch S,. Hoi :
a) Sau bao lau niroc 6 trong binh chay ra het ?
b) Dd cao muc nude phu thuoc thdi gian nhu thd nao khi mcr 16.
Bo qua dd nhdt cua nude.
7-7. Trong 1 giay ngudi ta rot dirge 0,2 1ft nude vao binh. Hoi 6
day binh phai co mdt Id dudng kfnh bang bao nhieu de muc. nude
trong binh khong ddi va cd do cao bang 1 m (ke tir 16).
7—8. Ngudi ta dich chuyen mdt d'ng cong doc theo mdt mang
chua d6y nude vdi van td'c v = 8,33m/s (hinh 7-2). Hoi dd cao mure
nude dang ldn trong d'ng.
A
B

-C-

A
3 b

Hinh 7-2 Hinh 7-3

7-9. Ngudi ta thoi khong khf qua mdt d'ng AB (hinh 7-3). Cl3r
mdi phut co 15 lit khong khf chay qua ong. Didn ti'ch tid't didn cua
ph<in to A bang 2cm2, cua ph6n nho B va cua phan d'ng abc bang

76
0,5cm . Tim hieu mure nirdrc Ah trong ong abc. Bie't khoi luqng rieng
cua khong khi blng l,32kg/m\

7—10. Tren be mat mot phien da phang va nlm ngang ngircri ta dat
mdt binh c6 khoet hai 16 nho a hai phia doi nhau (hinh 7-4). Dien
tich cac 16 bang nhau va bang S = 1000mm2. Mdt 16 khoet sat day
binh, 16 kia khoet a do cao h = 50cm. Binh chda nude tdi do cao H =
100cm. Tim gia tdc cua binh ngay sau khi mo cac 16. Bo qua ma sat
giua da va binh. KMi luqng cua binh nho kh6ng dang ke. Bie't dien
tich tiet dien ngang cua binh St = 0,5m2.
7-11. M6t binh hinh tru thanh (hang ddng quay xung quanh true
t6'c goc o». Binh chda dly chat long.
cua no (true z)vdi vln
a) Xac djnh dang cua mat chat long trong binh.
b) Gia sir ap suit tai tarn day binh bang p0, tim ap suit chat long len
cac diem khac cua day binh. Kh6i luqng rieng cua chat long la p0 ;
c) Gia sir chat long trong binh la nude. Tim hieu ap suat Ap cua
nude len mat b6n cua binh tai di6m sat day binh khi binh quay vdi
van td'c goc a) = 12,6 rad/s va khi binh dtrng yen. Ban ki'nh cua binh
la R = 0,5m.
7-12. M6t 6'ng din co doan cong 90° trong co nude chay (hinh 7-5).
Xac dinh luc tac dung cua thanh ong l£n nude tai ch6 u6'n cong n£u
tie't di6n cqa ong la d£u va co dien tich blng S = 4cm2, luu luqng
pude chay qua 6'ng la Q = 24h't/phut.

—v: V,

Hinh 7- 4 Hinh 7-5

77
 B- NHIET HOC

Chitting md dau
NHUTNG DjNH LUAT THUC NGHIEM VE CHAT KHI

1. Djnh luat Boi - Mariot cho qua trinh dang nhiet

pV '= const,
trong do p va V la ap suat va tht: tich cua khd'i khi'.

2. Djnh luat Gay - LuytxSc cho qua trinh dang ap

V = V0 (1 + at) = V0aT,
va cho qua trinh dang tich :

P = Po (1 + a0 = PoOtT,
trong do V0 va p0 la the tich va ap suat cua khd'i khi o 0°C ; V va p
1
la the tich va ap suat cua khdi khi cr t°C (ting voi TK), a =

1
do la he so gian.nd nhiet cua chat khi.

3. Phuong trinh traiig thai cua khi If tirong (phuong trinh

Mendeleep - Claperon)

pV=MRT,
trong do p, V va T la ap suat, the tich va nhifet do cua khoi khi co
khoi luong M ; p. la khd'i luqng cua 1 kilomol khi do ; R la hang s6
khi li tirong.

78
 Trong he SI ; R = 8,31.103 = 8,31J/mol. K.
kmol.K
Neu p do bang atmdtphe (lat = 736mm Hg = 9,81.1(TN/m2) thl :

R = 0,0848
m3.at = 0,0848
lit.at
kmol.K mol.K

4. Khoi liromg rieng cua khi H ttfomg duqc tfnh theo cong thiic :

M p
p V”ÿRT’
Bai tap thi du 0.1
Co lg 6xy d ap suit 3at sau khi ho nong ding ap no chiem
m6t the tfch 1/. Tim nhifet d6 sau khi ho nong. Coi khi oxy la khi
li tuong.
Bai giai :

M = lg = 10_3kg
Cho p, =3at = 3.9,81.104N/m2 Hoi T2 = ?
V2 - 1/ = 10-3m3
Ap dung'djnh luat Gay - Luytxic cho qua trinh ding ap ta co :

T, T2
suy ra : V2
T2=TT-T1
V1
Mu6'n tim JL ta ap dung phirong trinh trang thai cua khi li tuorng
V,
cho trang thai 1 :

PIV, = “RT,

79
 Dodo : y I.
V,
" MR

Vay: v2
T2“ W'MR
Doi vdi 6xy, p = 32 g/mol = 32.10 3 kg/kmol. Ta dirge :

32.10“3.9,81.104.10-3
T2 = 10_3.8,31
= 1133K

Bai tap thf du 0.2

M6t khdi khf niter co th£ tfch 8,3/, ap sua't 15at, va nhiet d6 27°C.
a) Tfnh kh6i lirgng cua kh6'i khf do ;

b) Her nong dang tfch kh6'i khf do d£n nhi6t d6 127°C. Hay tfnh
ap sua't cua khoi khf sau khi ha nong.
Bai giai

V, = 8,3/ = 8,3.10-3m3,
p, =15at = 15.9,81.104N/m1, a) M = ?
Cho Hoi
T, = 27°C = 300K, b) P2=?

T2 = 127°C = 400K.
a) Ap dung phifang trinh trang thai cua khf If tuemg cho trang thai 1 :
M
PlVl = 7RTl-

Suy ra :
M=P,v,ÿ;
D6'i vdi khf nita, p = 28kg/kmol, ta co :
15.9,81.104.8,3.10_3.28
M= = 0,137kg.
8,31.103.300

80
s-
 b) Khi ha nong ding tfch, ap suit va nhiet d6 cua khdi khf lien he
vori nhau boi c6ng thtic :

PL = £I
T, T2
Dodo : T2
P2 = Vpi‘

Thay s6 vao ta co :

400.15.9,81.104
P2 = 20.9,8 l:104N/m2,
300

p2 - 20at.

Bai tap ttf giai

0—1. Co 40g khf 6xy chie'm the tfch 3 1ft ap suit lOat.
a) Tfnh nhiet d6 cua kh£>i khf.
b) Cho kh<5i khf gian net ding ap den the tfch 4 1ft. Hoi nhiet d6
cua khefi khf sau khi gian nd.
0-2. Co lOg khf hydrd a ap suit 8,2at dung trong mdt binh co th£
tfch 20 lit.
a) Tfnh nhiet do cua khb'i khf ;
b) Ho nong ding tfch khdi khf nay de'n khi ap suit cua no bing
9at. Tfnh nhiet d6 cua khtfi khf sau khi ho nong.
0-3. Co 10kg khf dung trong mdt binh, ap suit 107N/m2. Ngudi
ta li'y d binh ra m6t luong khf cho tdi khi ap suit cua khf con lai
trong binh bing 2,5.106N/m2. Coi nhiet d6 cua khtfi khf khong d6i.
Tim luong khf da liy ra.
0ÿ1. C6 12g khf chie'm thi tfch 4 lit d nhiet d6 7°C. Sau khi ho
nong ding ap, khtfi. luong rieng cua no bing 6.10 4g/cm3. Tim nhiet
d6 cua khdi khf sau khi ho nong.

6-B1VIDC-T1.M 81
 0-5. Co lOg khf Oxy o nhiet do 10°C, ap sua't 3at. Sau khi ho
nong dang ap, kho'i khf chiem the tfch 10/. Tim :
a) Th£ tfch kh6'i khf trirdc khi gian no ?
b) Nhiet do khO'i khf sau khi gian no ?
c) KhO'i lirong rieng cua khoi khi truorc khi gian no ?
d) Khoi lirong riOng cua kh6'i khf sau khi gian no ?

0-6. Mot binh chura mot chat khf nen o nhiet do 27°C va ap suit 40at.
Tim ap suit cua khf khi da co mot nira kho'i lirong khf thoat ra khoi
binh va nhidt do ha xuong tdi 12°C.
0-7. Mot khf c5u co thÿ tfch 300m3. Ngtrcri ta bom vao khf clu
khf hydrO or 20°C durdri ap suat 750mm Hg. N6'u mOi gi&y bom diroc
25g thi sau bao lftu bom xong ?
0-8. Cho tac dung axft sunfuric ien da vOi (CaC03) ta thu dirge
1320 cm3
khf cacbOnic (C02) 6 nhidt do 22°C va ap sufft
lOOOmmHg. Hoi lugng da vOi da tham gia phan urng.
0-9. Co hai binh c<iu dirge nO'i vdri nhau bang mOt O'ng co khoa,
dung ciing mOt chat khf. Ap su£t cr binh thtf nha't la 2.105N/m2, or
binh thii hai la 106N/m2.
Md khoa nhe nhang di hai binh thOng v6i
nhau sao cho nhiOt do khf vSn khOng d$i. Khi da can bang, ap suit d
hai binh la 4.105N/m2. Tim tht; tfch cua binh c£u thu- hai, nO'u biet
thÿ tfch cua binh clu thu: nha't la 15dm3.
0-10. Co 2 binh chura hai thur khf khac nhau thOng veri nhau bang
mOt O'ng thuy tinh co khoa. Th£ tfch cua binh thii nha't la 2 1ft, cua
binh thif hai la 3 1ft. Luc dSu ta dong khoa, ap sua't 6 hai binh l£n
lugt la lat va 3at. Sau do mor khoa nhe nhang d! hai binh thOng nhau
sao cho nhiet do vSn khOng thay doi. Tfnh ap suit cua chat khf trong
hai binh khf khi thOng nhau ?

82
 0-11. Mot O'ng thuy tinh tiet dien
dOu, mot ddu km mot dau hd. Luc ddu
ngudi ta nhung dSu hd vao mot chau § i
nude sao cho mure nude trong va ngoai 3
O'ng bang nhau, chi£u cao con lai cua
a
ong bang 20cm. Sau do nguori ta rut O'ng
lOn mOt doan 4cm (hinh 0-1). Hoi mure
nude d trong ong dang len bao nhiOu,
biO't rang nhiet do xung quanh khOng
ddi va ap suat khf quyen la 760mmHg. Hinh 0-1

0-12. Trong dng phong vu bieu co mot it khOng khi', do do d di£u

kien binh thudng no lai chi ap suat la 750mmHg. Tim khoi luong
rieng cua khOng khi d trong O'ng ?
0-13. Co 8g khf Oxy hOn hop vdi 22g khf cacbonic (C02). Xac
djnh khO'i luong cua 1 kilOmol hOn hop do ?
0-14. MOt hOn hop khi co 2,8kg nito va 3,2kg Oxy d nhiet do
17°C va ap sua't 4.105N/m2. Tim the tfch cua hOn hop.
0-15. Khf no la mOt hOn hop g6m mOt phdn khO'i luong hydro va
tarnphdn khO'i luong Oxy. Hay xac dinh khO'i luong rieng cua khf nO
do d diOu kien binh thudng ?

Chifctng 8
NGUYEN LI THLT NHAT COA NHIET DONG HOC

1. Nguyen If thuf nhat cua nhiet dong hoc

AU = A + Q. (8-1)
No co the viO't dudi dang
dU = 8A + 8Q, (8-2)
trong do : dU la do biO'n thiOn nOi nang cua he,

83
 8A = -pdV la cdng ma h£ nhan duac khi th£ rich cua no tbay dt>i.
5Q la nhiet luong ma he nhan duac trong qua trinh bien doi.

2. Do bien thien noi nang cua khi If tuong :

Mi M
dU = RdT = — CvdT (8-3)
72 P
3. Cong ma khoi khi nhan diroe trong qua trinh bien doi dang nhiet :

A=— RTlnÿ- = —p RTIn — (8-4)

v2 Pi

4. Nhiet dung rieng cua mot chat :

C
5Q (8-5)
MdT’
trong do M la khdi luong cua hd.

- Nhifit dung phan t£r cua chat :

c=>
C = pc (8-6)
vdi p la khd'i luong cua 1 mol chat do.
Nhiet dung phan tut dang tich vd nhiet dung phan tit dang dp cua
mdt chat khi.
iR f
cv-T (8-7)

Cp-ÿR=CV+R (8-8)

- He s6Poatxdng :

Cp i + 2 (8-9)
Cv i
5. Phucmg trinh cua qua trinh doan nhiet :
pVT = const

84
 hoac : TV Y-l - const (8-10)
I-T
hoac : Tp r = const

6. Cong ma khoi khi nhin duarc trong qua trinh doan nhiet :

1-Y
-1 ,

hoac : A P2V2~PlVl (8-11)

Y-l
hoic : A=
M RTÿ J2 -1 ,
M Y - 1L Tj
trong do p, vi Vj la ap suit va the tfch cua khoi khf a nhiet d6 T, ;
p2 va V2 li ap suit va the tfch cua khdi khi cr nhiet d6 T2.
Bai tap thi du :
Mot kh6'i khf nito (p = 28kg/kmol) dung trong mdt xilanh. Ngucri
ta cho khd'i khf do gian doan nhiet tor th£ tfch V! = 1 1ft tori th£ tfch
V2 = 3 1ft rdi gian ding ap tfr V2 tori V3 = 5 1ft. Sau do gian ding
nhiet tir V3 tori V4 = 7 1ft.

Nhiet d6 va dp suit ban diu cua khf la T, = 290K, p, = 6,58. 105 N/m2.
a) Hay tfnh c6ng ma khd'i khf sinh ra, d6 bie'n thifin n6i nang Va
nhiet lucmg nhdn duqc trong m6i qua trinh bie'n d6i.
b) Tim nhiet dd T4 va dp suit p4 it trang thai khf sau cung. Cho
nhiet dung rieng ding tfch cua niter la cv = 740J/kg.d6.

85
 Bai gidi :
V, =10_3m3, p, = 6,58.105N/m2
Cho v2=3..°ÿmÿ
=5.10_3m3,
T,=290K,
cv = 740J/kg dd,
V3
p = 28kg/kmol
V4 =7.10-3m3,
a) A'j, A'2, A'3?
Hoi
AIJ, , AU2, AU3 ?
A1,Q2,Q3?
b)p4?T4? ‘

1. Qua trinh gian doan nhiet :

- Coiig do khdi khi nito sinh ra :

A'j1 =-A,1 = j-
y-i
1-»)]ÿ
v6i y = -ÿ3
i
; vi phan tu khi N, co 2 nguyen tir nen i = 5, y = 1,4.

Do do

584J.

- Nhiet trao d6i :

Qi=o.
- Do bi£n thifen n6i nang cua khoi khi :
AU,i = A, = -584J.

2. Qua trinh gian dang ap (p2*- P3) :

Co the tinh ap suat P2 va nhiet do T2 qua cac thong so’ ban <Mu pj, Tt
va cac th£ tich V|, V2 neu dung cac cong thdc cua qua trinh doan nhiet :

p2= p,ÿJ=6,58.105Qy N/m2 = l,42.105N/m2,

86
 0,4
T2=T, ft) -“(I) = 187K.

- Cong do khoi khi sinh ra :

A', = p2 (V3 - V2) = 1,42. 105 (5 - 3) 10-3J = 284J

- D6 bi£n thi£n ndi nang cua khdi khi'.
M
AU2=-CV(T3-T2),

trong do : T2 la nhiet d6 a cuoi qua trinh gian doan nhiet.

T3 la nhiet do a ddu qua trinh gian dang £p,

M la khoi luong cua khd'i khi trong xilanh.
Dung phircmg trinh Clapfiyrdn - Mendfelfeep ddi vdi trang thai
d£u, ta co the tim duqc khdi luong M cua khoi khi :

RT,
PlVlHCy
Do do : AU2 .

RT,
Ta tim duoc nhiet do T3 tir phucmg trinh cua qua trinh dang ap :
T3,T2ÿ 187.|= = 312K

Vay:
6,58.105.10~3.28.740-(312- 187) 707J
AU2 = 8,31.103.290
=

- Nhiet luong Q2 ma khi nh(m dude trong qua trinh dang ap :

-
Q2 Mcp (T3 - T2) = My.c. (T3 - T2) = y.AU2 =
= 1,4.707 = 990J = 237,6cal.

87
 3. Qua trinh gian dang nhiet (AT = 0) :
- Do bidn thidn noi nang cua khdi khi :

AU2 = 0
- Cong do kh6'i khi sinh ra trong qua trinh nay :
A3
- P3V3
= 238J.
1
= P2V3 ln~= 1,42. 105.5. 1 0~3 In

- Nhiet lirgng Q3 ma khi nhan dirge trong qua trinh :

Q3 = AU3 + A3 = A’j = 238J = 57cal.

Nhiet dd : T4 = T3 = 312K
Ap sua't sau cung cua khdi khi dirge tinh theo dinh luat Bdi -

Marid't cho qua trinh dang nhiet.

v3
P4=P3ÿ = P2 ~ = l,42.105-yN/m2 =
= 1,01.10s N/m2
Bai t$p tu giai
8-1. 160 gam khi dxy dugc nung n6ng tfir nhiet dd 50°C de'n
606C. Tim nhiet luong ma khi nhan dirge va dd bid'n thien ndi nang
cua khdi khi trong hai qua trinh :
a) Dang tich ; b) Dang ap.
8-2. Tim nhiet dung ridng ding tich cua mdt cha't khi da nguydn
tfir, bie't ring khdi lugng ridng cua khi do a di£u kidn tidu chuSn la n
= 7,95.10 4/cm3.
8-3. Tim nhiet dung ridng dang ap cua mdt chat khf neu bidt khdi
lirgng cua mdt kilomol khi do la 30kg/kmol va hd sd Poatxdng y = 1,4.
8-4. Mdt binh kin chtfa 14g khi nito a ap sudt 1 at va nhidt dd
27°C. Sau khi ho nong, ap sua't trong binh ldn tdi 5at. Hoi :
a) Nhiet dd cua khi sau khi ho nong ?

88
 b) Th£ tfch cua binh ?
c) Do tang noi nang cua khf ?
8-5. Nen dang nhiet 3 lit khong khf df ap suit lat. Tim nhiet luong
toa ra, bid't ring thd tfch cuO'i cung chi con- bang — the tfch luc diu.

8-6. M6t binh km co th£ tfch 2 lit, dung 12g khf nito a nhiet d6
10°C. Sau khi ho nong, ap suit trung binh I6n tori 104 mmHg. Tim
nhifit luong ma khii khf nhan duoc, bie't ring binh gian n& kem.
8-7. Ho nong 16 gam khf 6xy trong m6t binh khf gian net kem cf
nhiet d6 37°C, tir ap suit 105N/m2 I6n tdi 3.105N/m2. Tim :
a) Nhiet d6 cua khdi khf sau khi ho nong ;
b) NhiSt luong da cung cip cho kh6'i khf.
8-8. Sau khi nhan duoc nhiet luong 150cal, nhiet d6 cua 40 gam
khf 6xy ting t£r 16°C din 40°C. Hoi qua trinh ho nong do duoc tie'n
hanh trong diiu kien nio ?

8—9. 6,5 gam hydr6 6 nhiet d6 27°C, nhan duoc nhiet n6n th£ tfch
gian nd gip d6i, trong dilu kien ap suit khong doi. Tfnh :
a) C6ng ma khf sinh ra ;
b) D6 bie'n thien n6i nang cua khii khf ;
c) Nhiet luong da cung cip cho kh<5i khf.

8-10. 10 gam khf 6xy or nhiet d6 10°C, ip suit 3.105N/m2. Sau

khi ho nong ding ap, th£ tfch khf ting den 10 1ft. Tim :
a) Nhiet luong ma kh6'i khf nhan duoc ;
b) N6i riing cua kh6'i khf trudre va sau khi ho nong.
8-11. MOt thuy 16i chuyÿn d6ng trong nude nhof kh6ng khf nen
trong binh chufa cua thuy 16i phut ra phfa sau. Tfnh cong do khf sinh ra.
Biet ring th£ tfch cua binh chtfa la 5 1ft, ap suit cua khdng khf nen tOr
100 at gjam xudng 1 at.

89
 8-12. 2 kil6mol khf cacbdnic dirge ha nong ding ap cho tori khi
nhiet do tang thim 50°. Tim :
a) D6 biin thien noi nang cua khoi khf ;
b) C6ng do khf gian ndr sinh ra ;
c) Nhiit luong truyin cho khoi khf.
8-13. 7 gam khf cacbdnic dirge ha nong cho tefi khi nhiit do tang
thim 10°C trong dieu kien gian nor tu do. Tim edng do khf sinh ra va
d6 biin thien noi nang cua no.
8—14. 10 gam khf oxy cf ap suit 3at va nhiit do 10°C dirge ha
nong dang ap va gian ncf den thi tfch 10 1ft. Tim :
a) Nhiet lirgng cung ca'p cho kh6'i khf ;
b) Do bien thien noi nang cua khii khf ;
c) C6ng do khf sinh ra khi gian nor. -
8-15. Mot cha't khf dung trong m6t xilanh dat thing durng co
pfttong di d6ng dugc. Hoi cin phai thuc hiin m6t edng bang bao
nhiiu di nang pitting lin cao them m6t khoang h, = 10cm, niu
chieu cao ban diu cua c6t khf la h0 = 15cm, ap suit khf quyen p0 = lat,
diin tfch mat pfttong S = 10cm2. Bo qua trong lugng cua pftt6ng.
Nhiit do la khdng d6i trong suit qua trinh.
8-16. 2m3 khf gian na dang nhiet tir ap suit p = 5at din ap suit
4at. Tfnh c6ng do khf sinh ra va nhiit lugng cung cip cho khf trong
qua trinh gian ncr.
8-17. M6t khoi khf nita b ap suit pj = lat co thi tfch Vj = 10 1ft
dugc gian n& tori thi tfch gip d6i. Tim ap suit cu6'i cung va cong do
khf sinh ra niu qua trinh gian na do la :
a) Ding ap ; b) Dang nhiit ; c) Doan nhiit.

8-18. Nen lOg khf oxy ttir dieu kien tiiu chuin den thi tfch 4 1ft. Tim :
a) Ap suit va nhiit d6 cua kh6'i khf sau mdi qua trinh nen ding
nhiit va doan nhiit.

90
 b) Cdng can thiet de nen khi trong mdi trucmg hap. Tir do, suy ra
nen nen theo each nao thi lqi han.
8-19. Ngirdri ta mud'n nen 10 lit khdng khi den thÿ ti'ch 2 lit. Hoi
nfcn nen ding nhiet hay nen doan nhiet ?
8-20. Gian doan nhiet mdt khd'i khdng khi sao cho thd tich cua
no tang gap doi. Hay ti'nh nhiet dd cua khd'i khi do a cud'i qua trinh,
bid't rang luc do no co nhiet do 0°C.
8-21.-7.2 lit khi dxy duqc nen doan nhiet den the tfch 1 lit, luc
do ap suit cua khi nen la 16at. Hoi ip suit ban diu ?
8-22. 1kg khong khi a nhiet dd 30°C va ap suit 1,5 at duqc gian
doan nhiet din ap suit lat. Hoi :
a) Thi tfch kh6ng khl tang I6n bao nhidu lin ?
b) Nhiet dd cua kh6ng khi sau khi gian ?
c) Cong do khdng khi' sinh ra khi gian net ?
8-23. Chiing minh ring dd'i vdi mdt khoi khi ly tuang xac djnh,
co phuang trinh :

pV
=YU>
vdri U la ndi nang cua khoi khl iy ; i la s6 bic tu do.
8-24. Mdt kiidmol khi nito (p. = 28kg/kmol) ct diiu kien ti6u
chuin gian doan nhiet sao cho the tfch cua no ting lin 5 lin. Tim :
a) C6ng do khi thuc then ;
b) Do bie'n thiin ndi nang cua khd'i khi.
8-25. Khdng khi trong xilanh cua mot dong ca dd't trong duqc
nen doan nhiet tit ap suit lat den ap suit 35at. Tinh nhiet do cua no
a cud'i qua trinh nen biet ring nhiet dd ban diu cua no la 40°C.
8—26. Mdt khd'i khi gian na doan nhiet, the tich cua no tang gi'p
ddi nhung nhiet dd tuy6t dd'i ciia no giam xudng 1,32 lin. Tim sd'
bac tu do cua phin tit khi do.

91
 8-27. M6t chat khf lirong nguyen tur co the tfch V, = 0,5 lit, b ap
sua't p| = 0,5at. No bi nen doan nhiet tori the tfch V2 va ap sua't p2.
Sau do, ngircri ta giu nguy6n th£ tfch V2 va lam lanh no de'n nhiet dd
ban d£u. Khi do ap sua't cua khf la p0 = 1 at.
a) Ve d6 thi cua qua trinh do ;
b) Tim the tfch V2 va ap sua't p2-
8-28. Khi nen doan nhiet 1 kilOmol khf lirSng nguyen tit, ngirfri
ta da ton cong 146kJ. Hoi nhiet d6 cua khf tang len bao nhifiu ?

8-29. Mot lirong khf oxy chiem the tfch p

V, = 3 1ft, b nhiet do 27°C va ap sua't A D
8,2.105N/m2. d trang thai thd hai, khf
Pi :=
co cac thdng s6 V2 = 4,5 1ft va p2 = 6.
(hinh 8-1). Tim nhiet lirong ma khf sinh ra
105N/m2 p2 Li
,
1
:
B

khi gian no, va d6 bien thien n6i nang cua V,

khd'i khf. Giai bai toan trong trircmg hop
bie'n d<Si chat khf tir trang thai thu nha't sang
trang thai thur hai theo hai con ditctng. Hinh 8-1
a) ACB ; b) ADB.

8-30. Mdt kilOmol khf thirc hien m6t p

A
chu trinh nhir tren hinh 8-2, trong do AB va PA
CD la hai qua trinh ding nhiet, ufng v6i PQ Tl
nhiet d6 T| va T2. BC va DA la hai qua 7s, B
trinh dang tfch ling voi th£ tfch V2 va V,, pc
biet khoi lirong cua mot kilOmol khf do la p. i i
a) Chufng minh ring : V| \h.
PA =PD Hinh 8-2
PB PC
b) Tfnh cong va nhiet cua chu trinh.

92
 8-31. M6t khdi khi thirc hien mot chu
trinh nhir tren hinh 8-3, trong do 1-2 va p
3-4 li hai qua trinh dang nhiet ting vdi P1
nhiet dd T, va T2, 2-3 va 4-1 la hai qua
trinh doan nhiet. Cho biet : P4
P3
V, = 2 1ft,
Vi V4 v2
f v3 V
T, = 400K, V2 = 5 lit,
p, = 7at, V3 = 8 lit. Hinh 8-3

Tim : a) p2, p3, P4, V4 va T2 ;

b) Cdng do khd'i khf thtrc hiin trong tfirng qua trinh va trong ca
chu trinh ; c) Nhiet ma khd'i khf nhin dirge hay toa ra trong tfirng qua
trinh ding nhiet.

8-32. Trong mdt binh kfn co 20g niter va 32g dxy. Tim do bien
thien ndi nang cua hdn hop khi do khi lam lanh no xud'ng 28°C.
8-33. Gian dd c6ng tac theo ly thuyd't
P
cua mot may nen dirge ve tren hinh 8-4.
(Gian do thtfc nghiem co cac goc tron hem).
Doan AB ting vdi qua trinh nen ding nhiet C B
khong khf, BC qua trinh diy khdng khi vao
binh chtia (ap suit khdng ddi) ; CD - giam‘ p2 a-M-
dot ngdt ap suit trong xilanh cua may nen
khi dong van thoat va md van nap ; DA -
cho kh6ng khi vao d ap suit lat. Hay chting V2
Kt
minh ring c6ng cua may nen sau mot chu V,
trinh bing edng dd'i vdi qua trinh ding nhiet
Hinh 8-4
va dirge bidu dien bing dien ti'ch ABGF.
8-34. Ve cac dd thi cua nhting qua trinh ding tich, ding ap, dang
nhiet va doan nhiet cua gian dd :
a) T, p ; b) T, V ; c) T, U ; d) V, U.

93
 Chifdng 9
NGUYEN LI THlf HAI CUA NHIET DONG HOC

1. Hieu suat cua mot dong co nhiet :

(9-1)
Qi Q.
trong do Q, la nhifit ma tac nhan nhan duac cua ngudn nong va Q'2
la nhiet ma tac nhan nha cho nguon lanh.

2. Hieu suat cua chu trinh Cacno :

(9-2)
V
3. He so lam lanh cua may lam lanh :

c
_ Q2 Q2 (9-3)
A Qÿ-Qa'
trong do A la c6ng tieu ton trong mot chu trinh lam lanh, Q2 la nhiet
ma tac nhan nhan dime cua ngudn lanh trong chu trinh do, la
nhiet ma tac nhan nha cho ngudn nong trong 1 chu trinh.
D6i vcri may lam lanh hoat dong theo chu trinh Cacnd ngiroc :

E
T2 (9-4)
T1_T2

4. Do bien thien entropi giura hai trang thai 1 va 2 theo mot qua
trinh thu$n nghjch
(2)
AS = S2 — Sj = (9-5)
0)

94
 Dd'i. vdi khi ly tirdng.
Cvln 2k
M 2k
AS = — — + RIn — =

“ÿ[Cvlnp7+Cpln2kviJ'
5. Nguyen ly tang entropi
Vdri cac qua trinh nhift ddhg thtrc te xay ra trong mot he c6 lap,
entr6pi cua he ludn lu6n tang :
AS > 0.
Bai tap thi du 9.1
M6t dong co nhiet lam viec theo chu trinh Cacnd, co cong sua't
P = 73600W. Nhiet d6 cua ngudn nong la 100°C, nhiet d6 cua ngudn
lanh la 0°C. Ti'nh : a) Hi£u sua't cua ddhg co.
b) Nhiet luqng ma tac nhan nhan duoc cua ngudn nong trong 1 phut.
c) Nhiet lirong ma tac nhan nha cho ngudn lanh trong 1 phut.
Bai gidi
fP = 73600W, a)ti?
Cho JT,
= 100°C = 373K, Hoi \ b) Qj ?
|T2=0°C = 273K. [C)Q2? '

a) Hi6u sua't cua d6ng co nhi£t lam vide theo chu trinh Cacnd :
Tj -T2
373-273
X]~ 27%.
T 373
b) Trong 1 giay, ddng co sinh cdng A' = 73600J va no nhan q
ngudn nong mot
'
nhiet lirong :
’

-k
Trong 1 phut dong co nhan duoc nhiet luqng :
73600
Qlp=60Qi= 60ÿ2
= 60
0,27 *
16470k J » 3950kcal.

95
 c) Trong mot giay, tac nhin nha cho nguon lanh nhiet luong :

Q 2 = Q] ~ A
Ndu thofi gian la 1 phut thi
Q'2 = 60 (Q, - A’) = Qlp - 60A’ = 1 2054kJ = 2890kcal.
Bai tap thi du 9.2

Mot cue nude da co khdi luong 0,1kg a nhiet dd 240K, duoc bid'n
thanh hefi nude d 373K. Tinh dd bien thidn entropi trong qua trinh
bitfn doi trdn neu cho ring nhiet dung cua nude da va nude khong
phu thude nhifet dd. Ap suit trong qua trinh bid'n ddi la ap suit khf
quydn. Nhiet dung ridng cua nude da la 1,8. 103J/kg do, cua nude la
4,18.103J/kg dd ; nhiet ndng chay rieng cua nude da la 3,35.105J/kg ;
nhiet hoa hoi ridng cua nude la 2,26.106J/kg.
Bai giai :
M =0,1kg, Cd =l,8.103J/kgdd,
T, = 240K,
Cho Cn = 4,18. 103 J/kg dd, Hoi {AS?
T2 =373K, X = 3,35.105J/kg,
L = 2,26.106J/kg.

Bidu thdc.tdng quat cua dd bid'n thidn entrdpi cua mdt he :

,Tte
AS
lT
Qua trinh bien d6i cua nude da gom 4 qua trinh
1. Nude da d T, = 240K -ÿ nude di d T0 = 273K ;
2. Nude da d T0 = 273K -» nude d T0 = 273K, trong qua trinh
nay nude di thu nhiet de ndng chay ;
3. Nude d T0 = 273K -> nude d T2 = 373K ;

96
 4. Nude d T2 = 373K -ÿ hai nude d T2 = 373K, trong qua trinh
nay nude thu nhiet de hoa hai.
Ta trnh AS trong tdng qua trinh nay :
*ÿ0
jnp
AS, = MCd
J—
Ti
= MCd(lnT0-lnT1),

MX
AS2
T0 ’
t2 dT
AS3 = MCn jT = MCn(lnT2-lnT0),
T0
ML
AS4= — .
Dd bien thidn entrdpi tdng edng cua qua trinh bien ddi 0,1kg
nude da d 240K thanh hai nude d 373K.
AS
- AS, + AS2 + AS3 + AS4 =
= MCd(lnT0-InT,) + +
TO
MT
+ MCn(lnT2 -lnT0) + = 883 J/dd.
T2
Bai lap tu giai
9-1. Mdt may hoi nude co edng sua't 14,7 kW, tidu thu 8,1 kg
than trong 1 gicr. Nang sua't toa nhidt cua than la 7800 cal/kg. Nhiet
dd cua ngudn nong la 200°C, nhidt do cua ngudn lanh la 58°C. Tim
hidu suS't thuc td cua may. So sanh hidu sua't dd vdi hi|u sua't ly
tudng cua may nhiet tern vide theo chu trinh Caend vdi nhung ngudn
nhidt kd trdn.
9—2. Cac ngoai lire trong may lam lanh ly tudng thuc hidn mdt
edng bang bao nhidu dd la'y di nhidt luong 105 J. ttir budng lam lanh,
neu nhidt dd trong budng la 263K, con nhidt dd cua nude lam lanh
la 285K.

7-BTVLfJC-TI JO 97 1
r
 9—3. Mot dong co nhiet ly tiromg chay theo chu trinh Cacnd, nha
cho ngudn lanh 80% nhiet luong ma no thu duoc cua ngu6n nong.
Nhiet luong thu duorc trong mot chu trinh la l,5kcal. Tim :
a) Hidu sudt cua chu trinh Cacnd noi trdn ?
b) C6ng ma ddng co sinh ra trong mdt chu trinh.
9—4. Mdt dong cof nhiet lam vide theo chu trinh Cacnd, sau nidi
chu trinh sinh mdt cdng A = 7,35.104J. Nhiet dd cua ngu6n nong la
100°C, nhidt dd cua ngu6n lanh la 0°C. Tim :
a) Hidu su£t cua ddng co ;
b) Nhiet luong nhan duorc cua ngu6n nong sau mot chu trinh ;
c) Nhiet luong nha cho ngudn lanh sau mdt chu trinh.

9-5. Nhiet d6 cua hofi nude tfir 16 hoi vao may hcri nude la tj =
227°C : nhiet dd cua binh ngung la t2 = 27°C.
Hoi khi tdn mdt nhiet luong Q = 1 kcal thi ta thu duoc mdt cdng
cue dai theo ly thuyd't la bao nhieu ?
9-6. Mdt chu trinh Cacnd, thuc hidn giiia hai may didu nhiet co
nhiet dd tj = 400°C, t2 = 20°C. Thcri gian dd thuc hien chu trinh do
la T = 1 giay. Tim cdng suit cua ddng co lam vide theo chu trinh iy,
nd'u bi£t rang tac nhan la 2kg khdng khi ; ap su£t b cudi qua trinh
gian dSng nhiet bang ap sua't 6 d£u qua trinh ndn doan nhiet. Cho ji
cua khdng khi la 29kg/kmol.

9-7. Mdt may lam lanh lam vide theo chu trinh Cacnd nghich,
tidu thu cdng sufit 36800W. Nhiet dd cua ngudn lanh la -10°C, nhiet
dd cua ngudn nong la 17°C. Tmh :
a) Hd sd lam lanh cua may ;
b) Nhidt luong ldy duoc cua ngudn lanh trong 1 giay ;
c) Nhidt luong nha cho ngudn ndng trong 1 giay.
9-8.' Khi thuc hidn chu trinh Cacnd, khi sinh cdng 8600J va nha
nhidt 2,5kcal cho ngudn lanh. Tmh hidu sudt cua chu trinh.

98
 9-9. Khi thuc hien chu trinh Cacnd, khf nhan duoc nhiet luong
lOkcal tir ngudn nong va thuc hien c6ng 15kJ. Nhiet dd cua ngudn
nong la 100°C. Tfnh nhiet do cua ngudn lanh.
9-10. MOt may nhiet ly tudng, chay theo chu trinh Cactid, co
ngudn nong d nhiet dd 117°C va ngudn lanh d 27°C. May nhan cua
ngudn nong la 63000cal/s. Tfnh :
a) Hidu sua't cua may ;
b) Nhifit luong nha cho ngudn lanh trong 1 giay ;
c) Cdng sua't cua may.
9-11. Met may lam lanh ly tudng, chay theo chu trinh Cacnd
nguoc, la'y nhiet tit ngudn lanh 6 nhiet dd 0°C nha cho blnh ntrdc sdi
if nhiet dd 100°C. Tfnh luong nude edn lam ddng d ngudn lanh dd co
thd bidn 1kg nude thanh hofi d binh sdi. Cho bie't nhiet nong chay
rieng cua nude da la X = 3,35.105J/kg va nhiet hoa hoi rieng cua
nude la L = 2,26.106J/kg.
9-12. Mdt kildmol khf ly tudng, thuc hidn mdt chu trinh gdm 2
qua trinh dang tfch va 2 qua trinh dang ap. Khi do, the tfoh cua khf
thay ddi td Vj =.25m3 den V2 = 50m3 ya ap sua't tut p] = lat den P2 = 2at.
Hoi cdng thuc hien bdi chu trinh nay nho hefn bao nhieu l£n cdng
thuc hidn bdi chu trinh Cacnd, co c&c dudng dang nhiet ufng vdi
nhiet dd ldn nha't va nho nha't cua chu trinh tren, neu khi gian dang
nhiet, thd tfch tang len 2 l5n ?
9-13. Mdt may hcri nude lam vide theo
chu trinh nhu hinh ve 9-1. P
a) Thoat tidn hoi nude tiir noi hoi vao p1 B
xilanh, ap sua't hoi tang tir p0 de'n p1; the
D
tfch khong ddi va bang V0 (nhanh AB).
Po -U E
b) Hoi nude tid'p tuc di vao, pittdng A
chuydn ddng tir trai sang phai (nhinh BC)
V, \ÿ V
vdi dp su£ft hoi khdng doi la pj va the tfch
tang ldn V ,. Hinh 9-1

99
 c) Xilanh dupe dong lai, pittdng chuytm dong tidp tuc sang phai,
khi do xay ra qua trinh gian doan nhidt (nhanh CD) ;
d) Khi den vj trf cud'i cung ben phai, thi hoi node trong xilanh di
vao nguon lanh, khi do ap sua't hoi giam xud'ng p0, con thd ti'ch
khong d6i bang V2 (nhanh DE) ;
chuydn ddng ngupclai, dtiy hoi nude con lai trong
e) Pittdng
xilanh ra ngoai, khi do ap sudt khong doi va bang p0, thd ti'ch giam
tur V2 den V0 (nhanh EA).
Hay tinh edng ma may sinh ra mdi chu trinh, nfc'u V0 = 0,5/ ;
V, = 1,5/ ; V2 = 3/ ; p0 = lat ; pj = 12at va he so doan nhidt y = 1 ,33.
9-14. Hinh 9-2 trinh bay gian dd ly thuyd't pj
cua dong do dot trong bdn ky.
D
a) Trong qua trinh dttu tidn, hdn hop chay P2
dupe nap vao xilanh, khi do p0 = const va thd C
Pi |E
rich tang tur V2 -> Vt (nhanh AB) ;
b) Trong qua trinh thu hai (nhanh BC), hdn hop Po *4! I
B

VJ V, V
chay dupe nen doan nhidt t£r VL —>- V2. Khi dd
nhidt dd tang tit T0 ddn Tj va ap suit tit p0 d£'n p, ; Hinh 9-2
c) Tid'p theo la qua trinh dd't ch£y nhanh hdn hop chdy bang tia
Ida dien ; khi dd ap sua't tang tit p, d£'n p2, thd rich khdng doi va
bang V2 (nhanh CD), nhidt dd tang den T2 ;
d) Tidp theo la qua trinh gian doan nhiet tir V2 den V, (nhanh
DE), nhidt dd giam xuong T3 ;

CJ vi trf cud'i cung cua pittdng (didm E), van mo, khi' thoat ra
e)
ngoai, ap sua't giam nhanh den p0, the rich khdng d6i va bang Vj
(nhanh EB) ;
. g) Cuoi cung la qua trinh nen dang ap d ap sua't p0 (nhanh BA).

100
 Hay tfnh bieu suit cua chu trinh neu he s6 nen = 5 va he so
v2
doan nhiet la 1,33.
9-15. Tim hieu suit cua dong cor dd't trong, cho bid't he sd doan
nhiet la 1 ,33 va he so nen bang :

a) b) c)ÿ = 8.
V2 v2 V2
9-16. Chu trinh cua d6ng co difezen bon ky duoc trinh bay trdn
hinh 9-3.
a) Nhanh AB img vdi qua trinh nap khdng khf, ap su&'t p0 = lat ;

b) Nhanh BC - kh6ng khf diroc n6n doan nhiet tcfi ap suit p,. ;

c) 6 cuoi ki nen, nhidn Iidu duoc phun vao xiianh, nhidn lieu
chay trong khong khf nong, khi do pittdng chuyÿn dong sang phii,
dlu tidn la dang ap (nhanh CD), sau do la doan nhiet (nhanh DE) ;
d) 6 cuoi qua trinh doan nhiet, van thoat mcf, ap suit giam xuon|;
p0 (nhanh EB) ;
e) Nhanh BA ting vdri qua trinh dly khf ra khoi xiianh.
Tfnh hidu suit cua d6ng co diezen.
P P
C D 3
Pi
Tl
2 4

Po B T2 !1
v, \6 "v Vi \T~V
Hinh 9-3 Hinh 9-4

9-17. Met may hoi nude chay theo chu trinh Stilin g6m 2 qua
trinh dang nhiet va 2 qua trinh ding tfch nhu hinh 9—4.

101
 Tmh hibu sua't cua chu trinh do.
So sanh vdi hibu sua't cua chu trinh Cacnd co cung nhidt dd cua
ngu6n nong va ngudn lanh.
9-18. Tfnh dd bib'n thidn entrdpi khi ho nong dang dp 6,5 gam
hidrd, the tich khi tang len gdp d6i.
9-19. Tmh dd tang entropi khi bib'n ddi lg nude d 0°C thanh hoi
or 100°C.
9-20. Tmh dd bibh thien entrdpi khi gian dang nhidt 10,5g khi
nito tut th£ tich 2 lit den the tich 5 lit.
9-21. iOg bxy duoc ho nong tit t, = 50°C tdi t2 = 150°C. Tfnh dd
bib'n thidn entrdpi neu qua trinh ho nong la : a) Dang tich ; b) Dang ap.
9-22. Tmh dd bib'n thidn entrdpi khi bib'n d6i 6g khi hydrd tir the
tich 20 lit, ap sua't l,5at dbn the tich 60 lit, ap sua't lat.
9-23. 1 kilfimol khi luong nguybn tur duoc ho nong, nhidt do
tuydt dd'i cua no duoc tang Idn 1,5 lfin.
Tmh dd bib'n thidn entrdpi nb'u qua trinh ho nong la :
a) Dang tich ; b) Dang ap.
9-24. 22g khi nito duoc ho nong, nhidt do tuydt doi cua no tang
, gd'p 2,1 lSn va entrdpi tang ldn 4,19J/dd. Xet xem qua trinh ho nong

la dang tich hay dang Ap ?

9-25. Dd bib'n thidn entrdpi trdn doan giua hai qua trinh doan
nhidt trong chu trinh Cacnd bang lkcal/do. Hieu so nhidt dd giua hai
duemg diing nhidt Ik 100°. Hoi nhidt luong da chuybn hoa thanh edng
trong chu trinh nay ?

9-26. Bo lOOg nude da d 0°C vao 400g nude or 30°C trong mdt
binh co vo edeh nhidt ly tudng. Tmh dd bib'n thidn entrdpi cua hd
trong qua trinh trao ddi nhidt. Tur do suy ra ring nhidt chi truydn tur
vat nong sang vat lanh. Cho bid't nhidt nong chay ridng cua nude da
d 0°C la X = 80kcal/kg ; nhidt dung ridng cua nude la Ikcal/kg dd.

102
 9-27. Tfnh d6 bie'n thidn cua entrdpi cua p‘
A D
mot cMt khi ly tuong khi trang thai cua no p2 T
thay doi tH A dd'n B (hinh 9-5) theo :
pi C _
| "

B
a) Dircmg ACB ; b) Ducfng ADB.
Cho bidt : V, = 31, p, = 8,31.105N/m2, V, V2 v
= 27°C, V2 = 4,5/, p2 = 6.105 N/m2. Hinh 9 5

9-28. Co hai binh khi. B'mh thd nhtft'cd thd tich = 21 chtfa khi
niter a ap sua't pj = lat, binh thir hai co the tich V2 chda khi CO cf ap sua't
p2 = 5at. Cho hai binh thong vdi nhau va dat churng trong m6t vo
each nhidt ly tuong. Tinh d6 bidn thidn entropi cua he khi hai khi
tr6n iln vao nhau, cho bidt nhidt d6 ban dau trong hai binh la nhir
nhau va bang 27°C.

9-29. 200g sat o 100°C dircrc bo vao m6t nhidt luongkd chtia
300g nude cf 12°C. Entrdpi cua he thay d6i nhu the' nao khi can
bang nhidt ?

Chifang 10
CHAT KHI

1. Phuung trinh trang th&i Van dec Van

Dd'i vai 1mol chat khi thi/c :

P+ -V)<V-b) = RT, (10-1)

V2

103
 Dot vcri mot khoi khi thuc bat ky khoi lUctng M :

a la hang sd hidu chfnh v£ ap sua't, b la hang s6' hidu chfnh v£ th£ ti'ch.
Noi dp Pi cua khf thuc duoc xac dinh bcfi bi£u thtic :
M2 a

Pl%2v2'
Cdng tich V, cua khf thuc duorc xic dinh bdi bi£u there :
vj=—b.
Ly thuyd't tfnh duoc b - 4N0.ÿttd3 j,
trong do N0 la sd Avdgadrd, d la dudng kfnh hidu dung cua phan tur.
Gia tri cac hlng sd a, b ddi voi cac loai khf khac ghi d bang XI
cudi sdch.
2. Trang thai tdi han cua cac chat khf duoc xac .dinh bori cac
thong so trang thai
a 8a
Vok=3b; Pk ’ Tk 27bR’
27b2
Cac hang sd a, b duoc xac djnh qua cac th6ng sd trang thai bang
cdc bi£u thdc sau :

a~ 27RTk b=
64Plc ’ 8pk
Gia tri cua pk va Tk ddi vdi cac loai khf khac nhau ghi cf bang XII
cudi sach.
Bai tap thi du
Mdt binh kfn cd th<; tfch V = 0,5m3 chda trong 0,6 kildmol khf
C02 cf ap sudt 3.106N/m2. Hoi khi ap sudt cua khdi khf tang ldn gtfp
2 l&n thi nhidt d6 khdi khf tang ldn bao nhidu ldn ndu :
a) Xem C02 la khf thuc ; b) Xem C02 la khf tucfng.

104
 Bai giai :
V = 0,5m3,
N =0,6kilomol,
Ty s6' -? •

Cho
Pl =3.106N/m2, Hoi n6'u xem C02 la :
a) Khi thtfc ;
— = 2. b) Khf li urdng.
Pi
a) Khi xem C02 la khf thuc ta ap dung phuang trinh Vandec van
dd'i vdi trang thai 1 :

PJ + N2 (Vj - Nb) = NRT, , (1)

V?
va d6'i vdi trang thai 2 :

p2 + N2 “ (V2 - Nb) = NRT2. (2)

vf
Vi dfty la qua trinh dang tfch n6n V, = V2 = V. Chia (2) cho (1)
ta co :

V2 2Pi+N24
V2
T,
Pl + N2-ÿ N2A
V2 •Pit V2
Ddi vdi khi C02 : a = 3,64.10s Jm3/kmol2 (xem bang XI). Thay
sd vao ta co :
3,64.10s
2.3.106 + (0,6)2 '

(0,S)2 „
1,85.
Tl 3.106 + (0,6)2
3,64.10s
(0,5)2
b) Khi xem C02 la khi ly tirdng, ta ap dung phucmg trinh trang
thai cua khf ly tirdng ddi vdi trang thai 1 :

105
 PJVÿNRTJ, (3)

va dd'i vdi trang thai 2 : P2V2 = NRT2. (4)

VI la qua trinh dang ti'ch ndn V, = V2 = V.

Chia (4) cho (3) ta c6 :

T2 _P2 _2Pl _2
T1 Pi Pi
Bai tap ttf giai
10-1. Co lOg khf heii chidm thi tfch 100cm3 a ap suft 108N/m2.
Tim nhiet dd cua khf do trong hai trudng hop :
a) Coi heli la khf ly tudng ; b) Coi heli la khf thuc.
10-2, Trong mdt binh thÿ tfch 10 1ft chtia 0,25kg khf niter b nhiet
dd 27°C. a) Tim ty sd giua ndi ap va ap sua't do khf tdc dung I6n
thanhbinh?
b) Tim ty s6' giua cdng tfch va th£ tfch cua binh ?

10-3. Tim ap sua't cua khf cacbdnic b nhiet dd 3°C nd'u bi£t khdi
lurqng rieng cua n6 d nhiet dd ay la 550kg/m3.
10-4. The tfch cua 4g khf dxy tang tur 1 d£n 5 dm3. Xem khf dxy
la khf thuc. Tim cdng cua ndi luc trong qua trinh gian no d6 ? .
10-5. Tfnh ndi ap cua khf cacbonic luc khdi luong rieng cua khf
do la 550kg/m3. Cho bie't, ddi vdi khf cacbdnic c6 : .

Tk = 304K va pk = 7,4.106N/m2.
10-6. Tfnh lircmg nude edn cho vdo trong mdt cai binh th£ tfch
30cm3 dd khi dun ndng tdi trang thai tdi han, no chidm toan bd th£
tfch binh.
10-7. Xac dinh khd'i lucmg rieng cua hoi nude b diÿm tdi han
theo gia trj cua cdng tfch b = 0,03m3/kmol.

106
 10-8. D6i vdi khi cacbdnic : a = 3,64.105Jm3/kmol2, b = 0,043m3/kmol.
Hoi a) lg cacbdnic long co th6 tich lom nhat la bao nhifeu ?
b) Ap su£t hoi bao hoa lorn nhtft la bao nhifeu ?
c) C02 long c6 thi co nhifet d6 cao nhat la bao nhifeu ?

d) C4n phai nen khi C02 vdi ap sua't bang bao nhifeu dl thanh
C02 long d nhifet d6 31°C va 50°C.
10-9. Dl nghifen cdu trang thai tori han, nha vat ly hoc Nga A.
Vfenariuyt dung m6t cai h6p trong d6 co dung rii6t 6ng chda fete.
Ong chua fete duoc han kin. Ho nong h6p dfe quan sat tori han.
a) 6 20°C, fete nude phai chilm m6t thi tich bang bao nhifeu phln
tram thi tich cua 6ng de khi dfen nhifet dd tori han, 6'ng chura d£y fete is
trang thai tori han ? Bi6t rang kh6i luong 1 kildmol fete la 74kg/kmol,
kh6i luong rifeng cua fete 6 20°C bang 714kg/m3 ; d6i vdi fete thi
Tk = 193°C, pk = 35,9.105N/m2 ;
b) Nfe'u thi tich 6ng 1cm hay nho hon thi tich fete tdi han thi se xay
ra hien tuong gi khi nhifet dd nfeng lfen ?

Chifcfng 11
CHAT LONG

1. Nang luong mat ngoai cua chat long

AE = CTAS, (11-1)
trong do AS la difen tich mat, o la sua't cang mit ngoai.

107
 AF
CT = —— (11-2)
Al’
trong do AF la lire cang tac dung I6n mot doan chu vi Al cua mang
chat long.

2. Ap suat phu Ap tren mat khum duac xac djnh bdi cong thurc
Laplaxa :

Ap = c (11-3)

trong do R, va R9 la ban kmh cong cua hai tidp tuyen vu6ng goc vdi
- nhau tai di£m ta xet (tidp tuydn cua mat cong tai m6t diem la giao
tuydn cua mat cong vdi mat phlng chura phap tuydn tai diem do).
Ndu mat chat long la mat clu ban kmh R, thi :
2a
(11-4)
4P-T-
3. Chieu cao h cua cot chat long dang I6n trong 6'ng mao din
duoc xac djnh bai c6ng thiic Juyranh :
, 2a cos 0
h= -
rpg
, (11-5)

trong do 9 la goc giua thanh 6'ng va tidp tuydn cua mat chat long (goc
mep), r la ban kinh 6'ng mao din, p la kh6'i lurnig rieng cua chat long.

Bai tip thi du 11.1

Khi cac giot nude co dudng ki'nh d! =2.10 3mm tu lai thanh m6t
giot nude ldn co dudng kmh d2 = 2mm thi :
a) Nang luang to! ra bao nhi£u ? b) Nude nong lfin mly d6 ?
Cho bidt suit cang mat ngoai cua nude la a = 0,073N/m.

108
 Bai giai :

jd, =2;10-6m,
Cho jd2 = 2.10-ÿm, Hoi
fa) AE?
fb) AT?
(o = 0,073N/m.
a) Goi n Ik s6' giot nude tu lai de thanh mdt giot nude ldn. n giot
nude nho co didn rich mat ngoai la :

Si = n47tr2,
va co nang luong mat ngoai la :

E| =aSj =4na.7tT]2.
Giot nude ldn co di6n rich mat ngoai la :

S2=47tr2,
va co nang luong mat ngoki lk :

E2 = oS2 = o47ir2.
Khi n giot nude nho tu lai thanh giot nude ldn thi nang luong mat
ngoai da thay d6i mdt luong la :

AE = Ej - E2 = o(S, - S2) =4no(nr2 -r|). (1)

Vi tong th£ ti'ch cua n giot nude nho bang the ti'ch cua giot nude
ldn ndn :
3
4
n—
3 4 3
=-rcr2,dodd n=
&)
Thay n vao (1) ta co :

AE = 4nor2 -1 =7tod
HH
109
. Vi ~>1 ndn AE > 0, dieu do chting to qua trinh trdn giai phong
dl
nang luong.
Thay s6' vao ta co :
2.1(T3
AE = 3,14.0,073(2.10 3)2. -1- =9.10 4J.
2.10-6
b) Phln nang luong dupe giai phong do su giam dien tich mat
ngoai se lam nong giot nude ldn AT dd.
AE = Q = mcAT,
trong do m la khd'i luong giot nude ldn, c la nhidt dung ridng cua nude :
4 ,
m =— Jtrÿp (p II khdi luong ridng cua nude).

3AE
Vay: AT =
47tr|pc
Dd'i vdi nude, p = 103kg/m3.
c = lkcal/kg dd = 4,18;i03J/kg dp,
3.9.10-4
AT = -=0,05°.
4.3,14(10-3)3.103.4,18.103
Bai tap thf du X1.2
Gin phai dung mot luc bang bao
nhidu de nang mpt vong nhdm dat nlm AF
ngang trong nude (hinh 11-1) co dudng
kmh trong dj = 50mm, dudng kmh ngoai
h I
d2 = 52mm, chiPu cao h = 100mm, ra
khoi mat nude ? Biet ring khd'i luong
ridng cua nhdm la p = 2,8g/cm3, suit
cang mat ngoai cua nude a = 0,073N/m. iHHr:
Co bao nhidu phln tram luc cln tim d r£H?£
trdn da dung d£ thing luc clng mat
ngoai cua nude ? Hinh 11-1

110
' Bdigiai:

dj = 50mm = 5.10 2m,

d2 = 52mm = 5,2.10“2 m, a) F ?
Cho ' h = 100mm = 0,1m, Hoi
p = 2,8g/cm3 = 2,8.103kg/m3,
b)|7
a = 0,073N/m

Luc F cln d£ nlng vong nh6m ra khoi nude g6m hai phln :
1. Luc <Si thing trong lucmg vong nhdm : Fj ;

2. Luc dl thang luc c5ng mat ngoai : F2

F = Fÿ+F2.

VI vl F2 cung phuong chi£u n6n y£ gia tri F = F, + F2,

F, = Vpg= tc(r2 -r2)hpg = -ÿ(d2 -d2)hpg,

F, = [(5,2.10-2)2 - (5.10-2)2] 0,1.2,8.103.9,81 = 5,4.10~2N.

Tinh lute F2 d£ thing luc eSng mat ngoai tac dung len hai duemg
chu vi cua mang chit long d day vong nh6m :

F2 = end] + <j7td2 = no (dL + d2),

F2 = 3,14.0,073 (5.10 + 5,2.10~2) = 1,2.10-2N.
2

Vly:
2
F = Fj + F2 = (5,4 + 1,2) 10 =

= 6,6.10 2N.
Luc d£ thing luc cang mat ngoai chi6rn ty 16

a=u
F 6,6
= 0,18 = 18%.

Ill
 Bai tap thi du 11.3 <h
Hidu muc nude trong 2 nhanh cda 6'ng mao
dim hinh chCr U co dirong ki'nh trong ldn luot | B
la d| = 1mm va = 2mm bang Ah = 1,4cm
d2 A
(hlnh 11-2). Xac dinh sud't cang mat ngoai cua
nude. Xem nude lam dmh udt hoan loan thanh ong.
Bai giai : Hinh 11-2

Id, = 1mm = l(T3m,

Chojd2 -2mm = 2.10_3m, Hoi {a = ?
[Ah = l,4cm = l,4.10_2m
Vi nude lam dmh udt thanh ong ndn muc nude trong nhanh nho
cua ong mao d£n hinh chQ U cao hem mure nude trong nhanh ldn la
Ah, va cac mat khum cua nude dr cac nhanh nay la cac mat lorn.
Lay diÿm B sat dudi mat khum a nhanh ldn va mdt di&n A cf
nhanh nho cua 6'ng mao dSn sao cho A va B cung nlm trong m6t mat
phang nam ngang.
Khi c6t nude trong o'ng da thang bang thi ap sua't b A bang ap
sua't dr B.
PA - PB>
pA - ap suit khi' quyln + ap suat phu gAy bori mat khum + ap sua't
gay bdri c6t nude Ah,
PA = PO - APi + pgAh (vi mat khum lorn ndn ap sua't phu gay bori
mat khum mang ddu am).
Con pB = ap sua't khf quy£n + ap suat phu g&y bdfi mat khum = pc - Ap2

PB = PA -> Po - AP2 = Po - APi + P8Ah>

pgAh = APl - Ap2 = y- -
r1 r2 - (
2a
V rlr2 )
pgAhd,d2
Rut ra =
4(d2-d,)’

112
 103.9,8 1.1, 4.10-2.10~3.2. 1O-3
c= = 0,073N/m.
4(2.10-3 -10-3)

Bai tap tu giai

11—1. Xac djnh cong c5n thiet di? bidn 1 giot rurdc lg thanh
suong mu, nghTa la de tach giot nude thanh nhung giot nho hon co
dudng kmh 0,2p.m. Didn tfch be mat cua giot nude luc dSu coi nhu
khdng dang ke so vdi tong dien Uch be mat cua cac hat suong mu.
11-2. Hai giot thuy ngftn vdi ban kmh mdi giot la 1mm nhap lai
thanh mdt giot Idn. Hoi nhidt dd cua thuy ng&n tang ldn bao nhidu ?
Cho biet thuy ng3n co sua't cang mat ngoai a = 0,5N/m, khdi luong
ridng p = 13,6.103kg/m3, nhifit dung ridng c = 138J/kg dd.
11—3. Tfnh cong efin thirc hien d£ thdi mdt bong bong xa phong
dat dd'n ban kfnh r = 7cm. Su£t cang mat ngoai cua nude xa phong la
a = 4.10 2N/m. Ap sua't khi quy&i p0 = l,01.105N/m2.
11-4. mdt cai khung lam bang nhung doan day kim loai cung.
Doan day AB linh dong, dai 1 = 15cm. Khung duoc phu mdt mang
xa phong co suit cang mat ngoai a = 0,045N/m (hinh 1 1-3). Tfnh
edng edn thuc hidn de keo AB ra mdt doan Ax = 4cm ?
A A

m B B
L
Hinh 11-3 Hinh 11-4
11-5. Co mot khung hinh chff nhat chi4u dai L = 10cm. Doan day
AB linh dong chia khung dd thanh hai khung nho hinh vudng (hinh
11-4). Hoi doan AB se djeh chuy£n v6 phi'a nao va dich chuy&i mdt
doan bao nhidu neu hai khung hinh vudng do duoc phu bang hai
mang cha't long khac nhau co sua't cang mat ngoai tuefng ufng la
O] = 0,06N/m va o2 = 0,04N/m.

8-BTVLBC-n.M 113

'
 11—6. Dl xac dinh lire cang mat ngoai cua rirofu, ngudi ta lam nhu
sau : cho rugu trong mot cai binh chay nho giot ra ngoai theo m6t
6ng nho thing dung co duemg kfnh 2mm. Thdi gian giot nay rod sau
giot kia la 2 giiy. Ngucri ta thiy rang sau thcri gian 780 giiy thi co
10 gam rugu chay ra. Tinh suit cang mat ngoai cua rugu. Coi chi
that cua giot rucru khi no bat diu rai co duemg kinh bang duemg kfnh
cua Ing nho giot.
11—7. M6t sgi day bac duemg kfnh d = 1mm, dugc treo thing
dting. Khi lam nong chay dugc 1'2 giot bac thi sgi day bac ngin di
mdt doan h — 20,5cm. Xac djnh suit cang cua mat ngoai bac cf thi
long ? Cho bilt kh&'i lucmg rifing cua bac cr thi long la p = 9300kg/m3
va xem ring ch6 that cua giot bac khi no bit diu rori co duemg kfnh
bang duemg kfnh cua soi day bac.
11-8. C6 m6t tfng mao din duomg
d
kfnh ngoai d = 3mm, m6t diu ducrc bit
kfn. Diu bit kin do dtmg mot ft thuy
ngin (hinh 11-5). Kh6'i luerng cua ong
mao din va thuy ngin la 0,2g. Diu bit =¥=-J, t
kfn cua 6ng mao din dugc nhung vao h
mot binh nude. Xac dinh dd ngftp siu h
cua 6'ng mao din trong nude. Xem nude
lam udt hoan toan 6'ng mao din va nude
co suit cang mat ngoai <J = 0,073N/m,
co kh6'i luong ridng p = 103kg/m3. Hinh 11-5

11-9. Dl chung minh luc cang mat ngoai, ngueri ta dl nude vao m6t
cai riy bang ludi sit ma cac soi ludi da dugc phu m6t ldp paraphin. Gac
16 cua ludi sit co dang hinh tron duemg kfnh 0,2mm. Hoi chilu cao ldn
nhit cua mufc nude dl vio riy ma nude chay ra theo cac 16 do ?
11-10. Trong m6t ong mao din hd dat thing dumg, dudng kfnh trong
1mm cd m6t giot nude. Hoi khoi lugng cua giot nude phai nhu thi nao
dl mat khum a b£n dudi cua giot nude la mat lorn, mat phing, mat Hi ?
11—11. Hai 6ng mao din co duemg kfnh trong lin lugt la 0,5mm
va 1mm nhung trong mdt binh dung chit long. Tfnh hicu cac mdc
chit long trong hai 6ng mao din niu :

114
 a) Chat Idng do 11 nUdc ; b) Chat long do la thuy ngan
Suat cang mat ngoai va kh6'i lucmg rieng cua nude va thuy ngan
cho d bang XIV (cu6'i sach).
11-12. M6t 6'ng mao din dupe nhung thing ddng trong m6t binh
dung chat long. Hoi chieu cao cua c6t nude trong dng thay d6i nhu
the nao.ne'u 6'ng mao din va binh duoc nang lln nhanh din deu vdi
gia t6'c y = g va ha xud'ng nhanh din deu vdi gia tdc y = i

11-13. Co hai ong mao din I6ng vao nhau, dong true, nhung
thing dung vao m6t binh nude. Dudng kinh trong cua 6ng mao din
nho, bang be rpng cua khe tao nln giua hai ong mao din. Bo qua bl
day cua 6'ng mao din trong. Hoi mtic.nudc trong o'ng mao din nao
cao hon va cao hon bao nhilu lln ?
11-14. Co hai ta'm thuy tinh phlng dat song song each nhau mot
khoang d = 0,2mm, nhung thing ddng vao trong m6t chit long. Xac
dinh kh6'i lupng rilng cua chit long do n£u bil't ring chilu cao cua
khoi chit long gida hai tarn thuy tinh dang lln m6t doan h = 3,2cm
Sul't cang mat ngoai cua chit long la CT = 0,027N/m. Xem chJt
long lam udt hoan toan thuy tinh.
11-15. Hilu mdc thuy ngln trong hai nhanh cua dng mao din
hinh chd U co dudng kinh trong dj = Imm va d2 = 2mm la Ah = 1cm.
Xac dinh suit cang mat ngoai cua thuy ngln. Cho bilt kh6i lupng
rilng cua thuy rigln la 13,6.103kg/m3.
11—16. Kh6i lucmg rieng cua kh6ng khi trong mot cai bong bong
a dudi day cua m6t hd nude slu 6m, ldn glp 5 lln khdi lucmg rilng
cua khdng khi a khi quyen (co nhilt d6 bang nhilt d6 cr day h6). Xlc
dinh ban kinh cua bong bong ?
11-17. Trln mat nude ngudi ta dd m6t cai kim co b6i m6t ldp md
mong (de cho khoi bi nude lam udt). Kim co dudng kinh ldn nha't la
bao nhilu d£ no co thd duoc giu cr tren mat nude ma kh6ng bj chim
xudng dudi ?
Cho bilt kh6i lucmg rilng cua thep de lam kim la p = 7,7.l03kg/m3.

115
Phan II
DAP SO VA HlTONG DAN

A - CO HOC

Chifang 1
DONG HOC CHAT DIEM

1-1. Dap so :
a) Doan thang bieu diin bdi :

y= —
al
x ; -aL x < a,.

b) Doan thang biiu diin bcfi :

X2 y2
c) £lfp vu6ng :; ~2+~2 = 1.
af 4
d) felip : —r + cos(lP2 - <Pi ) = sin2 (<p2 - <P! ).
af a2 ala2
Hirtrng din :
a) Thay cp| = <p2 + 2kn vio (1) ta co

x = ajcos(cot + <p2),
y = a2cos(tot + cp2).

116
 Tir do : — = — hay y =
al a2 ai
V! -I < cos(©t + (pj) 1 n6n -aj < x < a,.
b), c) Cach giai tuomg tu nhuf a).
d) Phai khir t trong h6 phucmg trinh (1) va (2). Mu6'n th£ khai
triÿn cdc ham s6' cos trong (1) va (2) :

— = coscot.coscpi - sin©t.sin9(. (3)

ai

—
a2
= coscot.cos 92 -sino)t.sincp2- (4)

Nhan (3) vdi coscp2 va (4) vdi -cosq), roi c6ng ve vdi ve :

—
al
cos(p2 —— cos9j =sin(otsin(92 -9j). (5)
a2
Lai nhan (3) vdri sin92 va (4) vdi —sin<pt roi cdng v6' vdi.ve :
—
ai
sin92 -—sin 9j =cosa>t.sin(92 ~9i).
a2
(6)

Binh phucmg (5) va (6) rdi cdrig vd vdi v£ :

-x2 y2 2xy
(92 - 9!) = sin2(92 - 9,). (7)
a2 a2 aia2 .
(7) bi£u diln mdt ellp. Co the thu duoc cac ket qua a), b), c) bang
each thay 92 - 9! bang cac gia tri tuong ting vao (7).

1-2. Dap so :

v= 2v1v2 _
9,53m/s.
vl+v2

117
 1-3. Dap s6' : H
A TB
P
a) Nguori phai chay theo htfdng MB !h
sao cho a = 56°30’ hay a = 123°30’ a!
(H.i-n.
M

b) v2min = = 2,5m/s. Hinh 1-1'

Htfdng d&n :
a) Mu6n gap dung 6t<3 tai B thi thcfi gian nguai chay tir M tori B
phai bang thcfi gian 6t6 chay tCr A tai B :
MB AB
’ (1)
v2 vt
Trong tarn giac ABM ta co :
MB _ AB
(2)
sin (3 sin a’
vdi sinP = Tif (1) va (2) ta rut ra :
\
since = - A = 0,833 ; a = 56°30’ ho&c a = 123°30'.
3 v2

b) D£ co th£ gap dircrc 6t6 phai co >

v2 V1
hvi
Suy ra v2min = —
a
= 2,5m/s.

1-4. Dap so : a) 8,4s ; b) 7,3s ; c) 7,8s.

H+h
1-5. Dap so: a) v0 = 2lWÿ
b) x = ;

(H + h)2
c) hmax =* 4H

118
 Hiring dan :
a) Phirong trinh chuyen d6ng cua vat rori tir do :

s=

Phuong trinh chuyen dbng cua vat nem tir duel lftn s' = v0t'-— gt'2.
Ne'u hai vat gap nhau tai d6 cab h thi s = H ; s' = h ; ( = t'. Tir do suy
rav0.
b) Khoang cich giffa hai vat dircrc thill tir c6ng thiic
x = (H + h) - (s + s').
c) Vat nem I6n chuyen d6ng cham din. Khi v = 0, vat dat d6 cao
cue dai.
1-6. Dap sd : a) 0,049m ; 1,9m ; b) 0,45s ; 0,05s.
1-7. Dap so : Ba vat cung tdi M m6t luo.
Hirdng dan :
Quang dirdng di va gia ttfc cua vat thur nh£t : st = 2R, ax = g,
cua vat thur hai : s2 = 2RcosAMB, a2 = gcosAMB, cua vat thur ba :

s3 = 2RcosAMB, a3 = geosAMC.
Ap dung phuong trinh chuyen dbng thang thay d6i d6u se suy ra
thfri gian rcri cua m6i vat dbu bang t

1-8. Dap so : a) v0 = 12,7m/s ndm tir trbn xutfng ;

b) v0 = 8,7m/s nem tir dudri I6n.
1-9. Dap so : AB = 60m.
Hirdmg dan : Vi6t phuong trinh chuyen dbng vdri A la gbc toa db
ta co : AB = vAt + = vA + at, tur do tfnh duefe AB.

1-10. Dap so : a) 0,13m/s2 ; b) 216s.

119
 1-11. Dap so : Atn = t(%/n - jn-i); vdi n = 7 ; At = 1,1 8s.
Hiring diin : goi / la chi£u dai cua mdi toa, tn la thofi gian de n
toad5u di qua truac mat ngudi quan sat. Ap dung phucmg trlnh
chuyln ddng thang thay d6i d£u, ta co :
1 ? 1 2.
Chieu dai cua toa thtf nhJt : / = — atf1 =— at";
2 2
Chi6u dai cua (n - 1) toa ddu : (n - 1) / = iat2_, i
Chi6u dai cua n toa ddu : n/ = Tit do suy ra thofi gian d£ toa
thur n di qua trudc mat ngudi quan sat :
At„ =‘n ~tn-i =x(ÿi"—s/SÿT).
1-12. Dap so : at = 8,2m/s2 ; an = 5,4m/s2.
1-13. Dap so :

a) ymax
_ VQ.sin2a = 2,1m ;
2g

b) L = VQ.sin2a = 10m ;
g
c)t= 1,3s.
1-14. Dap so : a) 3,16s ; b) 41,1m ; c) 26,7m/s.
1-15. Dap so : a) 19,5s ; b) 169m ;
c) y = 0,58x + 0,066x2 ; 0 < x < 169m quy dao la mdt doan parabol.
1-16. Dap so: a = 45°.
1-17. Dap so: L= 12,63m.
1-18. Dap so : a) to

b) 14,5.10 5 rad/s ; 1,74.10

- 7,26.10_5rad/s
3rad/s
;
;

6
c) 2,7.10 rad/s ; d) 1,19. 10-3 rad/s.
1-19. Dap so : v = R.cocosa =; 430m/s.

120
 1-20. Dap so : P = 1,26rad/s2 ; n = 360 vong.
1-21. Dap so : p = -0,2 1 rad/s2 ; n = 240 vong.
1-22. Dap so : a) a) = 3,14 rad/s ; v = 0,314m/s ;
b) an = 0,985m/s2 ; at = 0,314m/s2 ; a = +a2 = l,03m/s2 ;
c) a = 17°46'.
1-23. Dap so : a) v = 3 1,4 m/s ; to = 62,8 rad/s ;
an = 1972m/s2.
b)

1-24. Dap so : v = 25m/s ; an = 0,625rad/s2 ;

at = 0,33m/s2 ; a = 0,708m/s2 ; p = 3.10“4rad/s2.

Hirdng dÿn : Dung phuarng trinh chuyÿn ddng tron thay d6i d4u :
s= + Xo-t. ; v = at.t + v0, ta tfnh duoc at va v. Tu- do suy ra cac
dai luong khac:
6
1-25. Dap so : to = 4,4.10’ rad/s ; an = 9,68.1022m/s2
1-26. Dap so : a) 1 = 200m ; b) v = 0,33m/s ;
c) u = 0,2m/s ; d) a = 36°52’.
Hudng din : Day la b&i toan tong hop van tdc. Thuy4n tham gia
dong thori hai chuyÿn ddng cung vori dong nude vdfi van tdc u va
chuyln ddng so vdi dong nude (do rigitdi cheo) vdi van tdc v.
Chuyÿn dong tdng hop chfnh la chuy&i dong cua thuyen ddi vdi bd
song vdi van toe V ="v + u.
Trudng hcfp thit nha't cua bai to/in dng vdi hinh 1-2’a, trudng hop
thtf hai ling vdi hinh 1-2’b.
B S c B

A
u

A
—
Hinh 1-2’a Hinh 1-2’b 121
 Theo cdc hinh ve, ta co cac phuong trinh sau :
s = u.tj ; I = v.t, ; u = vsina ; 1 = (v.cosa).t2.
Tfir 4 phuong trinh tr£n ta tinh duoc u, v, 1, a.
1-27. Dap so : a) u = 0,60m/s ; b) t = 250s.
1-28. Dap so : a) 30 phut ; b) 30,2 phut ; c) 26,8 phut.
Hiring din : Trong trtfcmg hop b), mdy bay mudn rii vi trf B, n6
phai bay ch£ch vt phfa tdy m6t goc a so vdi phucmg AB (xem tnring
hop hai cua bai tap 1-26).
1-29. Dap so : a) Nhanh din diu ; b) Xuit phat khac nhau ;
C) Vj > v2.
1-30. Dap so : Nhanh din diu ; diu ; chim din diu ; cham
din diu.

Chttctng 2
DONG Life HOC CHAT DIEM

2-1. Dap s6 : a) y = -0,3m/s2 ; b) t = 50s ; c) s = 375m.

2-2. Dap s6' : Luc nang = 107,8N ; luc ha = 9,8N.
Hiring din : Phai tmh luc ma sat cr ca hai mat cua thanh g6.
2-3. Dap so : F * 8200 N.
Hiring din : Goi F la luc tac dung I6n toa tau. Luc gay ra gia t6c
cua toa tau, theo dinh luat Niuton 2, bang :
F - fms = ma, m li khdi luemg cua toa tau,
2s
trong do :
7'
Tfir do suy ra F.

122
 2-4. Dap so : Trudng hap ddy xe v& phia sau, phai dung mdt lire
ldm hon. .
Hudng din : Truong hop keo xe v6 phia trade (hinh 2-1’a) : luc
nen vu6ng goc cua xe ldn mat dufrng la :

-
N = P - Fn = P Fsina.
Luc ma sat tac dung l£n xe :

fms = kN = k(P - Fsina).

Truemg hap diy xe vl phia sau (hinh 2— 1’b) :
Bing each phan tfeh tuong tu, ta tfnh dugc luc ma sat dat ldn xe
trong truemg hap nay la :

fms = kN’ = k(P + Fsina).

Ro rang fms > fms. Nhu vay trong truemg hop d£y xe vi phia sau
ngucri phdi thang luc ma sat 1dm hem.
F,
A
F
7 FJ,
V
A !a_
5[a

rm j. P
f'ms

Hinh 2-1'a Hinh 2-1’b

2-5. Dap so : a = g(sina - kepsa) = 3,24m/s2.

2-6. Dap so : k = tga -

v2
= 0,2-
2gscosa
2-7. Dap so : k = 0,33.
Hudmg din 1 : Goi P la trong luong cua day, Pj la trong luong
cua phin buOng thong. Mu6'n day bat dSu trugt phai c6 P, = fms.
Theo dau bai P, = 25%P, vay fms = k.75%P. TCr do tfnh dugc k.
123
 2-8. Dap so : 1 - a) F = 980N, b) 2980N ;
2 - a)' 1372N ; b) 588N.
Huong dÿn 2 : T6ng hop lire tac dung ten ot6 g6m : lire keo cua
dong co dtd, trong lire P, phanluc phap tuyfe'n cua mat duefng va luc
ma sat cua mat duomg fms.
Mu6'n dta chuyen dong deu, tong hop luc tr£n phai bang kh6ng :
F + P + N + fms = 0. Chte'u phuong trinh nay ten phuong chuyen dong
va chon chteu duong la chieu chuyen dong ta se tinh duoc luc keo F
cua dang co 6t6.
a) Ot6 ten d6'c : F = P(sina + kcosa) ;
b) Ot6 xud'ng doc : F = P (kcosa - sina).
Trong do : sina = 0,04. Chu y ring luc ma sat ludn luan hudng
nguoc chilu chuyen dang.

2-9. Dap so : a = 3,27m/s2 ; T = 6,55N.

Hudng din : Luc t6ng hop dat ten h6 (hinh 2-2')

F = PI+P2.
T
Chieu dang thde nay ten phuong chuyen dang dng M
vdi tirng vat va chon chidu duong la chteu chuyen
dang r6i ap dung dinh luat Niuton thur hai ta co : T

F _ mj -m2 _
3,27m/s2.
XP2
1
a=
m m j + m2

Mua'n tinh luc cang cua day tai M, ta tuemg tuong Pi

cat day tai do va thay bang cac luc cang tuong dng : Hinh 2-2'

Xet rieng vat Pj ta co

Pj - T = mja.

124
 Tir do tinh dirge

T_ 2m1m2 g = 6,55N.
m, + m2
Ta thu dirge ket qua tirong tu cho nhanh con lai.

2-10. Dap so :
a) vmax - 21,6km/h ; b) t = 73,2s ;

c) a = -0,098m/s2 ; d)s = 219,7m.

2-11. Dap so : a) T= 1,47N. b) T vin khdng thay d6i.

2-12. Dap so : T, = mim2 g = 4,9N ;

ni| + m2 1TI3

_
(ni| + m2)m3
T2 = ml g = 14,7N.
m2 m3

2-13. Bap s«:a=

mB + mA
mA.mB.g(sing + sinfl
T= = $ ?N
mA+mB
2ÿ14. Dap so : a) Xj = 3cm ; x2 = 1cm ;
b) Xj = 14,7cm ; x2 : 4,9cm.
Hirdng d£n : D6 gian x cua 16 xo tuSn theo dinh luat Hue : F = kx. .
Tir do xac dinh dirge he stf dan h6i :

k = — = 5.104N/m.
x
v
a) Luc cang cua 16 xo thur nha't : Tj = (m( + m2)a, vdri a = y ; suy
ra d6 gian cua 16 xo thur nhift.

125
 Tj (mi+ni2)v
X'"T= HLt '

Lire cang cua 16 xo thur hai : T2 = m2a ; tirefng tu ta tfnh duoc x2.
b) Clch tmh tuong tu, song cin chu y ring trong truong hop nay
a = 0 va phai kl them thanh phln cua trong life keo xudng.
2-15. Dap so : © = 5,6 rad/s ;
T = 2,45N.
Htfdmg din : Luc tac dung len vat g6m :
trong luc P va life cang T (hinh 2-3'). T6ng fl\
hop cac luc niy chfnh la luc hudng tam gay ra
chuy&i ddng tron ddu cua vat :
, /a!
fn=P + f.
\
(l) w

Chieu (1) ldn phuemg thing dufng, ta duoc :

4
/
JR_

0 = P - Tcosa ;
/
P
T = ——— = -ÿ- = 2,45N. Hinh 2-3'
cosa cos a
Tir hinh ve de dang tfnh duoc :

fn = Tsinor = mRco2, vdri R = lsina ;

do do: 0) = J-V lcosa
——— = 5,6 rad/s.
2-16. Dap so : aj = 3,92m/s2.
Hudng din : Chu y ring sure cang cua day tai moi diÿm d6u blng
nhau. Tir hinh ve 2-8, n£u xet rieng vat m,, ta co :
Pj - T = irija,. 0)
N6u xet rieng vat m2, ta co :
2T - P2 = m2a2, (2)
v6i a, = 2a2. (3)

126
 Tfr(l), (2) va (3), suyra:
2(2111! -m2)g
a1
4m! + m2
2-17. Dap so :
_ + M!M3 - 4M2M3
3~ S;
MJM2 + M,M3 + 4M2M3
16MIM2M3
M,M2+MIM3+4M2M38'
2-18. Dap so :
- Truomg hop thur nhcft : f"y-B >
.
a) Fms = 1,8N ; b) a = 0,09m/s2
fms
- Truong hop thur hai : M

a)fms = 4,9N;
b) aj = 7,5m/s2 ; a2 = 0,25m/s2. 'Hinh 2-4'
HuOng dan :
- Tru&ng hap thur nhat : F = 2N. Luc ma sit nghi cue dai giu hon
d* va xe fms = kmg = 0,25.2.9,8 = 4,9N. Do do : F < fms, hon da
khdng th£ trucrt trfin xe. Trong trudng hop nay hdn da va xe hop
thanh mdt vat duy nh£t chuy&i d6ng vdi citng gia t<5c y. Goi fms la
luc ma sat giffa xe va hdn da (hinh 2-4'). Xet ridng hon da, ta c6 :

F-fms = ma- (1)

Xet ridng xe ta co :

fms = Ma. (2)

Tfr(l) va (2) suy ra :

— = 0,09m/s2,
a = T7""
M+m
MF
va fms- M + m = 1,8N.

127 .
 Trifting hap thifhai : F = 20N.
Trong truomg hop nay F > fms. Hon da trirot tr£n xe, luc ma sat
giua xe va hon da dung bang fms = kmg = 4,9N.
Goi aj la gia tdc cua hon da, a2 la gia tdc cua xe.
Neu xet rifing hon da, ta co :
(3)
N6'u xdt rifing xe, ta co :
fms - Ma2‘ (4)

Tur (3) va (4) suy ra a j = 7,5m/s2,

i!=ko,B»/s!.
2-19. Dap so : a) b) Khbng thay doi.
k=-pi3nr ;
Hitting d£n : a) Goi F la luc keo gd, a la goc hop boi day keo va
mat da't. Vi khuc g6 chuy£n dong d6u n6n :

Fcosa - fms = 0. (1)

TOr (1) suy ra :

fms=F-
Vi1-!?
1
Luc nen vu6ng goc 16n mat duting :

N = P - Fsina = P-F-r
T
f pÿ/i 2 _ 2
i

Do do h£ s6 ma sat : k = -jjp- = ——
N Pl-Fh
——— .

b) Sir thay d6i di£m dat cua luc F khong lam thay d6i do ltin cua
luc nen vudng goc N. Do do luc ma sat van giu gia tri cu.

128
 2-20. Dap so : x=
k
Hiring din :
Luc can cua khong khf lfen vifin dan : fc = -kv, k la he so ti le.
Theo dinh lu£t Niutcm thur hai :
dv
-kv = m —
dt’
dv k
hay : = -— dt. (1)
v m
Ti'ch phan hai v£ cua (1) ta dirge :
k
v -Ce m\ (2)

C la hlng s6 tfch phan. Luc t = 0 : v = v0, tCr (2) suy ra C = v0.

k
Phuomg trinh (2) tref thanh : v = v0e m (3)

Goi x la quang difcmg ma vi6n dan di dirge theo phuotng ngang ta c6 :

dx t
v-ÿ = v0e m . (4)
dt
k
Suy ra : (5) .
k
B la hing so tfch phan. Tir di£u ki6n t = 0, x = 0, suy ra :
mvp
B= '
k

Thay B vao (5), ta dirge x =

2-21. Dap so :
k2

8-BTVL0C-T1.M 129
 Hiring din :
Luc t6ng horp dat len vat roi : F = mg - kv.
dv
Theo dinh luftt Niton thur hai : mg - kv = jn—. Cach giai tuang tu
dt
nhu bai 2 - 20, vdri cac di6u kifin ban dau t = 0, v = 0 ; k = 0, x = 0.

2-22. Dap so : a) F = = 8650N.

At

2-23. Dap so : a 3000N ; b) 30000N ; c) 300000N.

2-24. Dap so : F = -5000N ; / = 4cm.

2-25. Dap so : F.At = 2,79. 10_24N.s.

2-26. Dap so : a) -7350N, b) 15,3s.
2-27. Dap so : 'MAt = 40 kgm2/s.

2-28. Dap so : mv3.sin2acosa/2g.

2-29. Dap so : T = mto2r4 /r3.

2-30. Dap so : a) mg(v0cosa)t.
b) (l/2)mg(v0cosa)t2.

2-31. Dap so : Ngu&i co cam giac "mat" mot phin trong luang.
Trong luang bieu kife'n bang 245N.

2-32. Dap so : a) T, = 9,8N, T2 = 19,6N, T3 = 29,4N.

b)T,=T2 = T3 = 0.
2-33. Dap so : T, > T2 > T3.
Trucmg hop thur nha't ngucri cam tha'y "nang" han ;
Trucmg hap thur hai - binh thucmg ;
Truomg hop thu- ba - "nhe" han.

130
 2-34. Dap so : a) fms = 47t2Rmn2 = 0,784N ;

b) ©
-fr 2,2rad/s.

2-35. Dap so : 6 diim cao nha't F, = 3008N « 4P ;

6 diem th&'p nha't : F2 = 4568N a 6P.
2-36. Ddp s6 : R =
v2 1600m.
4i *

Chifcfng 3
OQNG Ll/C HQC HE CHATDlIwi
DONG Ll/C HQC VAT RAN

a(m3 -m2)
3-1. D4p s6 : x0 = y
2(mj + m3)’
m2 +
arri]>/3 mi
yo =
2(m1+m2+m3)
G
Ap dung : G nim tai diem gifta cua
phan giic cua goc ting v6i dinh dat cha't
di£m khdi lu<mg 2m. o
n>2 nt3
Huting dSn : Chon he true Oxy nhtr
hinh 3-F. Hinh 3-1’

3-2. Dap sd : Khdi tarn G cua dla nim edeh tarn O v6 phfa ddi
di$n v6i 16 khodt indt doan :
Rr2
2(R2 -r2)
131
 Huong dan : Mud'n giai bai toan, ta co BO A
lW////M///////M , W//A
nhan xet : trong luong |pj cua dTa (chita khoet
16) dat tai O co the coi nhu t6ng hop cua
trong luong |Pt| cua ph£n khoet dat tai A "2
V
each O mot doan y va trong luong |jP2| cua Hinh 3-2'
ph&n dia con lai dat tai dilm B each tarn O
mot doan x nao do (hinh 3-2'). Theo dSu bai, ta phai xac djnh x.

Theo nguySn t5c c6ng lire song song, cac khoang each OB = x va
R
OA = — cua dilm dat cac luc Pj va P2 phai thoa man h6 thufc :

(1)
R P2‘
2
Nhung trong luong dia tron ty le v6i binh phuong ban kfnh cua
dTa n£n ta co :

r2 (2)
P2 P"Pl R2 - r2
Thay (2) vao (1) ta duoc :

2x r2
R _R2-r2’

hay : X
Rr2
2(R2 - r2)
3-3. Bap so :
a) v = 0,047m/s nguoc chi£u ban ;
b) v = 4,95m/s cung chifeu ban ;
c) v = 5,05m/s nguoc chi£u ban.

132
 3-4. Dap so :
v = 0,33m/s theo chieu cu.
3-5. Dap so :
cos a
v.= mv0 « 3,5m/s.
M
3-6. Dap so :
a) t = 0,375s ; b) v = 330m/s.

3-7. Dap so : L « 7.1033kgm2/s.

3-8. Dap so : M = -0,2Nm.
2FAt
— = 3000 vong/phut.
3-9. Dap s6' : a> =--
mR
3-10. Dap so : a) (M= -6,66Nm ; b)
Ft = -13.32N.
mvl '
3-11. Dap so : 0,4rad/s.
10 + M12
Hudrng din : Ap dung dinh lult bao toan mfimen ddng lirong.

3-12. Dap s6' : ©2 - *mi = 22 vong/phut.

ml

3-13. Dap so : a) -5ÿ—

12
sin2 a ; b) md2 ; c) 12
+ md2.

3-14. Dip so : Ik = 2,2. 10

4
kgm2.
Hirdng din : GoiIla m6men quan tfnh cua dla khi chua bi khioet
ddi vdi true A vu6ng goc vdi dla vl di qua tlm O ; I, va I2 Iln luqt la
cac mOmen quan tfnh cua m6i phln khoet d<5i veri true vu6ng goc vori
dia vl di qua Oj, 02. Ta co :

npbR4 npbR4
=h 16 '

133
 M6men quan tfnh lk cua dia da bi khodt dtfi vdi true A (ti'nh theo
dinh StSnc - Huyghen).
/zpbR4
1W2 32
+ 16 '

M6men qudn ti'nh Ik cua dia da bi kho6t dtfi v6i true A.

ik = i-(r1+ r2) = i-2r1.

hay : Ik
_
_ 5pnbR*_ 2 2 io_4kg.m2.
lo

3-15. Dap so :I= = 9,8.1037kg.m2.

3-16. Dÿp so : a) /? = 2,5rad/s2, b) v = 12,5m/s.

3-17. Dap so : F = = 4120N.

ZKK

3-18. Dap s6‘ : a) cosa> ;

kmg(l + mR2)
b) F
I(cos a + k sin a) + mR2 + k sin a j
Hudmg dan :
a) Goi CC la true cua cu6n chi, OO'
la duemg thing ndi cac dilm ti£p xtic
giffa cu6n chi va mat nlm ngang. (Tr6n /
hinh 3.3’ cac diÿm CO’ bj khuat). OO' / :FnfV r--xI
c
F

c6 th£ coi lh true quay tire thiri cua

cudn chi. Mudn cu6n chi chuyln d6ng
m
MS
co gia U>c vd phfa luc k6o (nghTa la >ÿ

cudn chi quay theo chilu mui t6n) cln

c6 di£u kifen : m6men cua luc F dtfi Hinh 3-3'

134
vtfi OO' phai lam cho cu6n chi quay ihco chi6u mui tfin, nghla la
phai co :
Fcosar(R - rcosa) = Fsina.rsina> 0,
r
hay : cosa>—.

b) D6i vdi true quay lure thcri OO’ ta co phirong Irinh :

(I+mR2)/? = FReosa - Fr = F(Rcosa - r), 0)

/? va (I + mR2) la gia t6c goc va mfimen quail tinh cua cu6n chi
ddi vdi true OO'.
Mat khac theo djnh luflt Niulon II, gia t6c y0 cua di£m O dircfc
xac djnh beri phirong trinh :
Fcosa - Fms = mya, (2)
trong do Fms la lire ma sat t£c dung len cudn chi va yc = R(3. Do d£
(2) trer thanh :
F(Rcoso -r)
Fcosa - Fms = mR/? = mR (3)
1 + mR2
Tir (3) ta c6 :

F[(I + mR2 )cosa + mR(r - Rcosa)] (4)

Fms =
I+ mR2
Mu6n cuon chi khong trircrt phai c6 didu ki6n :

Fms £ k(mg - Fsina). (5)

Tir (4) va (5) suy ra

kmg(I + mR2)
F<
I(cosa + ksina) + mR2|ÿ + ksina
3-19. Dap so : y= 4,9m/s2, T = 4,9N.

135
 Hiring dan : Tru vira rai vira quay. Goi T la sire cang cua day.
Bing phuang phap tirang tu nhir bai mSu 2, ta co cac phuang trinh :
mg - T = my{\) ; RT = mR2/?(2) ; y= R/?. (3)

TCr ( 1) (2) va (3) suy ra : y = |,T =

3-20. Dap so: a) y= 2,8m/s2 ; b) T, = 14N ; T2 = 12,6N.
Hiring dan : Ta co cac phuang trinh sau :

ml r= m,g-T,,
m2r- T2 - m2§>
(Ti - T2)R = Ip- I-JJ-, R la ban kfnh cua rong roc,
R

1=
mR2
‘
2
Tit do suy ra :
(m1-m2)g
m’
ml +m2 +~2

T,=
ml (2m2+y)g
m
ml +m2 +~2 '

T2
m2 +ÿ)g
m
ml + m2 +~2
mg
3-21. Dap so : y = = 0,114m/s2 ;
m+
2

|My-4,34N.
T=

3-22. Dap so: p

_ rm(sina kcosa)g -

I+ mR2

136
 3-23. Dap so : a) P = ~= 14,7rad/s2. b) P = 0.

3-24. Dap so : L = mRyjjgR.

3-25. Dap so : L' = L - rQ A K, vdi K la tdng dong lirgng cua he.

Ndu K ~ 0 thl L’ = L.

Chtfong 4
NANG LL/pNG

4-1. Dap so : P = 490kW.

Hirdng din : Mudn bay I6n cao, may bay phai t6n c6ng d6 thing
c6ng can cua trong lire A = mgAh. Tir do suy ra efing suit cua may bay

p_ A _ mgAh
~ '
At At
4-2. Dap so : A = 60J.

Ar kxdx = —
ktAxl2
Hirtmg din : C6ng cua lire keo A = j ~ , trong do k

dirge tmh tir dieu ki£n cho trong diu bii.

4-3. Dap so :P = 11,8k W.
Hudng din : Goi Fk la luc keo cua d6ng co 6t6. Cdng suit cua
d6ng co 6t6 khi I6n ddc vdi van tdc v dirge tfnh theo c6ng thirc :
P = Fk.v = mgv (kcosa + sin a). (1)

137
 Vi khi t4t may xutfng dtfc, 6t6 c6 van t6c kh6ng d6i ndn phai co
didu kifin mgsinor = fms = kmgcosa.
Tit d6 k = tga. Thay gid trj cua k v&o (I) ta co :
P= 2mgvsina= 1 l,8kW.

4-4. Dap so : a) A = 7.106j ; b) P= 29,4kW.

4-5. Dap s6 : k = 0,045.

4-6. D&p so : P = 3,09kW.

Hirfmg dfin : Goi fms la lire ma sdt giita cac h&m kep vH true cua
d6ng ccf. Ta c6 didu kidn can bang :
fmsr = QL
Do do

Cdng suit cua d$ng co P = fms.v = 3;iQnl, n la stf vong quay

trong ! giSy.

4-7. Dap so : TA = 9556N ; TB = 4778N.

Hitdng dSn : COng suSt truydn cho puli :
P = 'M.co- (TA - TB)2OTO:
Tit didu kien TA = 2Tb suy ra TA =— .
TTTTt

4-8. Dap s6 : a) 2,25. 106J ; b) 375m.

4-9. Dap s6 : a) 5. 107J ; b) 16.I07J.
4-10. Ddps6 : F =
-m2v2 = -12500N.
25M
4.11. Dap S6' : a) Fc= -1250N ; b) v' «70m/s.
Hudng dan : b) Vifin dan c6 kha nSng xuyfen sdu v£o ban g6 4cm
meti ditng lai. Ndu bin g6 chi d&y 2cm thi sau khi xuyfin qua biin g6,

138
vi£n dan vin c6n tia'p tuc chuydn d6ng vdi van t6'c v' < v. Theo dinh
ly vi ddng ning :

ravf_rnv|=-Fcs\
2 2

suy ra : v ‘= \l~ÿ~
V m vo°
+ = 70m/s.

gh 1
4-12. Dip so : k = ~ ?DC ~

YCB = -ÿg-
Htfdng din : - Tai dinh mat filing nghiSng xe c6 th£ ning W( = mgh.
Chinh the nang iiiy da dung d£ thing c6ng Aj vi A2 cua luc ma sit
tr£n cic do:in dirbng DC vi CB. Do d6 W, = A( + A2, trong do
A | - kmgcosa.DC = klmg ; A2 = kmg(s - 1).

Tuf d6 ta suy ra : k = —.
- Phan llch lire vi ip dung d|nh luit Niulon thur hai, ta dirorc cac
phuorng trinh :
mgsina - (fms)DC = myÿ, (1)
-kmg = myCB. (2)

Tfir (1) vi (2) suy ra : yCD = —

4ÿ
YCB = ~kS < 0-
4-13. Dip so : Ah = 30cm. J71
Ah
Htfdng din : Vat bit diu r&i kh&i mat B. ;v
ciu khi luc n£n vat I6n mat ciu (hay phan
R_
lire mi mat ciu tic dung l£n vit) bang
kh&ng (hinh 4-T) Hlnh 4*1‘

RN = Pn-fh.-0;
139
 mgcosa ---
mv2 = 0,
K

hay : Rgcosa = v2.

Mat khac, theo dinh luat bao toan ca nang : d6 giam th£ nang cua
vfit bang d6 tang d6ng nang cua vat.

mgAh = (2)

Tir ( 1) va (2) suy ra

_ R cosor _ R(R - Ah)
2 2R
Ah = —R = 30cm.
4-14. Dap so : v = yj2gl(sin a - k cos a) = 3,16m/s.

4-15. Dap so : Ac = -3,5J.

Huting dan : Ap dung dinh luat bao toan ca nang

Ac=T(v2_v°)'mgh-
4-16. Dap so : Ac = -835J.

4-17. Dap so : vAmin = 3,8m/s.

Hurting dan : Tai A vat dirac truyen m6t dting nang Sau

do vat bat ddu chuyen d6ng tron I6n phfa trdn. Th£ nang cua vat tang
din, dting nang (do do v$n t6'c) cua vat giam d&n (hinh 3-8).
Mutin vat chuyen dting tron trong mat phang thing dting, van ttfc
vB cua vat tai di£m cao nha't B phai khac kh6ng.
Vi tai B vat chiu tac dung cua trong life P = mg va luc cang T
(d£u huting theo phuong thing dting) ntin :

140
 mvo
— = mg + T.
I
Vay van toe nho nha't tai B d£ vat co th£ quay tron :
vBmin — yf$- (1)

Mat khac, theo dinh luat bao toan co nang :

(AWd)AB = -(AWt)AB,
suy ra : vA=vB+4gL
VAy van t6'c nho nha't c£n truydn cho vat tai A d4 no quay tron
trong mat phing thang durng :

(vA)min (vB)min+48l’
vAmin =>/5gi= 3,8m/s.
4-18. Dap so : T = 3P.
Hudng dan : Khi qua vi tri can bang, sure cang cua day can bang
vdfi ltfc ly tam va trong luong cua con lac. Ap dung djnh luat bao
toan co nang, se suy ra sue cang T.

4-19. Dap so : a) Wt = mg] . (1 - cosa) ;

wdd= + mgl(l + costz).

v?
b) T = mÿ-p + 3gcosa + 2gJ.
Tai diÿm cao nha't T = 0,36N, tai diÿm thtfp nha't T = 6,2N.

4-20. Dap so : v = h.
m
Hirbng dan : Day la bai toan va cham m4m. Mutfn giai no, ta ap
dung dinh luat bao toan ddng luong va djnh luat bao toan co nang.
Goi v va V ldn luqt la van toe cua dan trude khi xuydn vao bi cat va
van t6'c cua bi cat sau khi co dan xuyen vao.

141
 Djnh luat bao toan ddng luong cho :
mv = (M + m)V. (1)
D|nh luat bao toan co n3ng cho :
V2
(m + M)— = (m + M)gh. (2)

Tir (1) va (2) ta suy ra

V =

Do m, M, h se tfnh diroc van t6'c v cua viSn dan.

4-21. Dap so : v =
m

Hirdng d&n : xem cic bai tap 4-17 va 4-20 (Hinh 4-2').

rj

VO
!C

•nr
o
i
H,

V z£3— V I
Hinh 4-2’ Hinh 4-3'

4-22. Dip so : a) H, = |R ; b) H2 = |ÿR.

Hirdng dan : a) Xem bai tap 4-13 : h6n bi rbi kh6i ductng ranh
khi lure n6n hbn bi lfen ranh bang khdng. Tfir di4u kiftn tr6n suy ra :
mv2 .
mg.cosa = ——— (1)

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan co nang cho qud trinh AB (B la di&n
5
hdn bi rdi duirng ranh) ta c6 : Hj =ÿR (Hinh 4-3’).

142
 b) Van toe cua hon bi tai B duac suy ra t£r (1) :

vo SaU rÿ‘ doing ranh, bi chuytm dfing theo m6t

parabol di’nh C. Van t6'c nam ngang 6 C : (vx)e = v0cosa, van tdc
thing dung (vy)c '= v0siner - gt. Ap dung dmh ludt bio toan cor nang
cho qua trinh AC, ta suy ra :
50
H2ÿ27R-
4-23. Dap so : a) v’j = 0,6m/s ; v'2 = 2,6m/s ;
b) v'| = v'2 = l,8m/s;
4-24. Dap so : a) h| = 0,5cm ; h2 = 8cm,
b) h| = h2 = 2cm.
Hudng din : Ap dung dinh luft bao toin co nang vi ede cOng
thurc va cham xuyen tarn (4-6), (4-7), (4-8).

4-25. Dap s6 : wd2 _ 4m1m2

Wd, (mj + m2)2
a) 100% ; b) 36%.
Huong din : Ap dung ede edng thutc va cham ta tmh duac van
tdc cua cac qua cdu sau va cham. Tu do suy ra ti s6 ede dong nang.
4-26. Dap so : Wd = 24J.
4-27. Dap si: A= lOkJ.
4-28. Dap so : Q = 25,2J.
Hutmg din : Sau va cham dong nang cua vat giam. D6 giim ddng
ndng niy toa ra diroi dang nhiet Q = -AWd. Khi tmh toan edn chu y
ring qua cdu vira c6 ding nang tinh tidn via c6 d6ng ndng quay.
_ .. 2 niv2
1 2 7
Dodo : wd= wdÿ +wdn =-mv +ÿ- = ~mv .

143
 4-29. Dap so : a) v = „/3gh = 12,2m/s ; b) xM = -|h = 3,33m.
Htfdng din : a) 6 vj tri thing dung, c6t co the nang wt =-y-- Khi
d6 tdi mat da't thi th£ nang nay bien thanh dong nang quay cua c6t o vj

tri cham dat <ad = -ÿI<y2, trong doIla momen quan tmh cua cot d6'i v6i

true qua goc cua cot : 1= , Q) la v&n toe goc cua cdt luc cham da't.

Ap dung dinh luat bao toan co nang se tmh duoc to, tit do suy ra
van toe dai cua dinh cdt luc cham dat v = heo = yj3gh.
b) Goi x la dd cao cua di£m M khi cdt b vj tri thing dung. Ap
dung c6ng thurc tmh van toe cua vat roi tu do, ta co :
(vM) luc cham da't = Theo didu kien cua diu bai :

XO) = yj2gx. Tit do suy ra : x -ÿh.

2mgh
4-30. Dap so : v
V m +I/R2‘
a) 2,65m/s ; b) 2,56m/s ; c) 2,21m/s.
4-31. Dap so : a) Van tdc cua tru nhom Ion hon.
b) I, = 9.10-4 kgm2, 12 = 15,9.10~4kgm2.
c) t] = 0,78s, t2 = 0,88s.
Hudng din :

r mKR2 r R2+ R?
M
b) I, =~2~, h = m Ri la ban ki'nh trong cua tru
trong do
3
chi. Vi khoi luong cua cac tru bing nhau nen : p]L;zR2 = Ln (R2 - R2 ),
trong do L la chidu dai cua cac hinh tru, p, va p2 la khdi luong rieng
cua nhdm va cua chi.

144
 Tir do tfnh duoc : I2 =
c) Dung cac dinh luat chuyen dong ta co :
I
2h nt +—
t=
1 R2
sin a mg
vdiI la moraen quan tfnh cua vat doi vdri true.

4-32. Dap so : <«2 = 4,2 vong/s, A = 880J.

Huang dan : Ap dung djnh luat bao toan momen d6ng luong va
dinh ly v£ d6ng nang.

ChitctngS
TRUONG HAP DAN

5-1. Dap so: 5,9. 10 6N.

5—2. Dap so : Di£m do each tarn Trai Da't 345600km.

mjiri2
5-3. Dap so : F = e.
a(a + /) '

Hudng dSn : Phuong phap giai x 1 + a-x

tuong tu nhu bai m5u. Chia thanh !
thanh cac phfin nho dx (hinh 5-1'). 0 dx A
l
Luc hut cua phdn tu dx len chat
di£m m, : Hinh 5-1'
ni|pdx
dF = , p la khdi luong rifing cua thanh ;
(/ + a - x)2

lO-BTYlBC-TUfl 145
 /
mfpdx ni|p/ m]in2
F= fe
oJ (/ + a“ x)2 Ca(a + /) 6a(a + /)’

5-4. Dap so : a) pj > p2 > p0, hoSc p2 < pe < p| vS

Po<P
2P>P2 .
Pl+ft’’
b) p2 < pj < p0, hoac p2 < p0 < p] va p0 > 2PIPZ
Pi+Pz'
Huong dan : X6t lire tac dung len qua c£u 2 (h'rnh 5-2').
TTieo djnh luat ha'p dim vu tru, no
bj qua c£u 1 hut bang mdt lire :
f’
F|=kÿ, j r

k la m6t he s6 ty le Hinh 5-2’

Mat kh£c no bi mdi trudng ddy bang mot lire :

F0 = k.ÿ.
Do do tong hop luc tdc dung Idn qu£ cdu 2 bang (neu chon chieu
cua F( la chieu duong) :

F= 0)

Tuong tu t6ng hop luc tac dung lfin qu£ cdu 1 bang (neu chon
chi£u cua F2 la chiÿu duong) :

(2)

Tir (1) va (2) suy ra :

a) Hai qua c5u hut nhau khi : F > 0, F > 0 hay P2 > Po* Pi > Po

nghla la : p, > p2 > p0 hoac p2 < p0 < p, vi pc < 2P!P2

Pi + P2

146
 b) Hai qua ciu diy nhau khi : F < 0, F < 0 hay p, < p0, p2 < p0
nghTa la : p2 < p( < pG hoic p0 > 2PlP2
Pl+P2
5-5. Dip so :

F' = eMm
7d2 -8dR + 2R2
8d2(-tr
Hirdng din : Ltfc h6i trong bii se b&ng hiiu cua lyc hut giSa qua
ciu chi khi chua kho6t 16 vi luc cua m6t qui ciu chi nho dung bang
16 h6ng vi nim cr vj trl 16 h6ng l6n chit di&n m.
5-6. Dip sd : v = 30km/s.
Hudng din : Luc hudng tim b day chfnh li luc hip din cui

Mat Tr&ilfin Trii Dit.

eM,
5-7. Dip s6: v = * 7,34km/s.
R +h

5-8. Dip sd :
v2
5-9. Dip s6 : F *100N.
-JS- 0,85.

5-10. Dip s6 : v « 3,lkm/s, h = 35800km.

5-11. Dip s6 : V2E= v2d]jRdMt

R,.Md
= 2,38km/s.

Hudng din : Van t6c vu tru cip II d6i vdi Trai Dat li

v2d = V2SoRd • Bing phuofng phip tucrng tu, ta tinh dugc van t6c vu
tru cap II dffi vdi Mat TrSng :
v2i=ÿ:.

147
a day gG, got lin loot la gia toe trong trtfdrng tr6n mat da't va tren b£
mat Mat Trang, Rd, R, lSn litort la ban kinh cua Trai Da't va Mat
Trang. Tir do ti'nh diroc v2t ; cac s6' li£u - xem 6 bai tap 5-9.

5-12. Dap so : a) 8,45m/s2, b) 7,7km/s, cd 1 gidr 30 phut.

5-13. Dap so : Khong dung, vi Mat Trcri hut ca Trai Da't lSn vat
nim tren be mat cua Trai Da't.

Chi/cfng 6
CO HOC Tl/ONG OOI TINH

6-1. Dap so : v = 2,59.108m/s.

6-2. Dap so : DTa co dang ellip (hinh 6-T).
Hirdng din : Ki'ch thude doc theo phtferng chuyen dong cua dia
co lai. Ap dung phep bie'n d6i Loren, vi6t phuemg trinh cua du&ng
chu vi cua dia, ta co :

y y

X
R t
RVI - p2
v=0
Hinh 6-V

x2 l.
R2
R2 1- v2

148
 ....
......
6-3. Dap so : Vj tri cac kim d6ng h6 nhir hinh 6-2', do tfnh
urong doi cua sirdbng thofi.

cfc). ® © © &
© © 0 © 0 © ©
6-4. Dap so : At' = 3,2sec.
A'

A
Hinh 6-2'

6-5. Dap s6 : Am = 8,6.10_27kg.

6-6. Dap so: Wd = 8,2.10~l4J.

6-7. Dap so : Am = 0,217kg/kmol.
6-8. Dap so : v = 2,985.108m/s.
Hudrng dan : Nang luong toan ph£n g6m ddng nang va nang
luofng nghi.

W = Wd + W0 = m0c2
A/I - V2 /C2
W
Nhufng —— = 10, tit. do suy ra v.
"o
6-9. Dap so : a) 7.1012 nam.
b) Khoi lirong cua Mat Trcri kh6ng giam vi Mat Trcfi a trang thai can
bang nhi6t (nang lircmg buc xa nhiet bang nang luong hap thu nhidt).

6-10. Dap so : x = 2,1.10~5s

Hudngdan: T= , T° « 9,5x = 2,1.10_5s.

m°c
V _c2
149
 Chifcfng 7
CO HOC CHAT Ll/U

7-1. Ddp so : v = 0,12m/s.

7-2. Dip so : V| = -ÿ-- J2gh = 8.10 4m/s.

D2
Hudng din : Goi S, la didn ti'ch ti£t difin ngang cua binh, Vj la
vSn tdc chay cua nude fai d6 (cung chinh bang van t6'c giam mile
nude), S2 - difin tich li6't difin ngang cua 16 thung, v2 - van tdc chay
cua nude qua 16. Tu phuong trinh Beenuli suy ra :

v? +2gh = v2. (1)

Mat khlc do tinh lidn tuc cua dong chay :

v,Si (2)
V2=
s2
Chu y rang : S, = ; S2 =~~ va d4 « D4, tir (1) va (2)
rut ra :

d2

Nhan xet : neu d = D thi Vj = - do chinh 11 van tdc cua vat

rai tu do.

7-3. Dap so : a) L = 0,4m ; b) L = 0,4m.

Hudng din : Van tdc cua tia nude khi qua 16 : v„ = . Sau
khi ra khoi 16 cac phan td-nude chuyln ddng nhu m6t vat ndm ngang
vdi van to'c ban da'u bang vD. Cach tinh L tuefng tu nhu tinh tlm xa
cua vat nem ngang. Ket qua : L = 2ÿ/hj .h2.

150
 7-4. Dap so : a) v = >/2gH, H la dd cao muc nude.
b) Xem bai tap 7-3.
H
c) L6 phai nim d dd cao bang —.

Hudng din : a) Cach tfnh van tdc cua tia nude trfin mat ban
gio'ng nhu tmh van tdc cua mdt vat ndm ngang luc cham da't.
c) Co L = 2ÿhphJ. Mud'n L cue dai, tie h,, h2 cue dai phai co
di6u kidn hj = h2 = y.
7-5. Dap sd : a) va b) v = 0,24m/s.
c) Khi ldn v = 72(g + y)H = 2,57m/s khi xuo'ng
v= V2(g-Y)H = 2,27m/s.
d) v = 0,24m/s.

Hirdng din : Trong trudng hop ip luc len day giu la trong luong
P = mg cua nude trong giu thi van tdc nude chay qua 16 d day giu
1ÿ v = Nd'u giu chuyln ddng cd gia t6c theo phuemg thing
dung thi ngoii trong luong nude trong giu phai k6 th6m luc quan
tfnh do chuy6n ddng co gia t6c cua giu g&y ra. Do do van tdc nude
chiy qua 16 d day giu cung thay d6i.

7-6. Dip so : a) r .iS

S, V g
;

b)h = l(2h»’ÿ8'2}
7-7. Dap so : d = 1,4.10 2m.

151
 v2
7-8. Dap so : h = —— = 3,5m.
2g

7-9. Dap so : Ah = 1,6mm.

7-10. Dap so : y = = 2.10_2m/s2.

IS[H
Huong d4n : Trudc het tfnh van td'c cua nude chay qua cac 16.
Dung djnh ly bien thifin ddng lugng va djnh luat Niuton thtr ba se
tim dugc luc tac dung F I6n binh. Goi M la khdi lugng nude trong
F 2Sgh
blnh, ta co : y
“ “

M S{H

7-11. Dap so : a) Dang parabdloit ;

c) Ap PQCQ2R2 104 N
~

4 m2
Hudng dÿn : a) Khi binh quay, mdi ph£n tu be mat chat long khoi
lugng m each true mdt doan r chiu tac dung tong hop cua hai luc :
- Luc quan tlnh ly tarn mrco2
z
(hinh 7-1’) ;

- Trong luc mg.

Mat chat long bj nghifcng di va nlm
can bang khi no thang goc vdi tdng
* .mrto'

hop luc. D6 nghieng dugc xac djnh

F
bdi goc a : _ÿTZ
?£3
tga
-- a>2i
g
Hinh 7-1
1

152
 Tfr do suy ra phuong trinh cua mat chat long :
<u2
z = —— .r2,

z duoc trnh tif mtic chat long tai true cua binh. Vay dang cua mat
chat long la m6t parabdldit tron xoay true z.
b) Ap sua't p tai m6t ditim trfin day binh ling vdi ban kfnh r cho
boi c6ng thufc :

* p0<y2r2
P = Po +PoSz = Po +-2— '

c) Can ti'nh ap sua't tai m6t diem tren day binh ling vdi ban kmh r
khi binh diing y£n. Tur do suy ra Ap.

7-12. Dap so : Luc F co :

- Do ldn F = s = 0,564N :

- Phuong hop v6i phuong nlm ngang m6t goc 45° ;

- Chi£u hudng ve phia lorn cua 6'ng cong.

Hudng dan : Ap dung c6ng thiic : F = pSv(\2 ~ vj) ;

|v,|=|v2| = vvaQ = Sv.

153
 B - NHIET HOC

Chtfdng md dau
NHLTNG OINH LUAT THl/C NGHIEM Vi CHAT KHf

0-1. Dip so : a) T5 SM=

MR
292.5K ;

b) T2 = ~Tj = 390K.
Vi
/ÿPlv1
0-2. Dap so : a) T, = = 388K ;
MR
b) T2 = —
Pi
.TJ = 425K.
0-3. Dap sd : AM = 7,5kg.
Hudng din : Tuf phtfong trinh trang thii cua khf ly tirdng :

pV=— RT.
M
_ Ap.V/t
Ta c6 : Ap.V = suy ra : AM "
RT
Vzi _ÿ MiAp
Tim —RT~ r6i thay vao, ta c6 : AM - —'—— = 7,5kg.
Pi

0-4. Dip so : T2 = = 1400K.

0-5. Dip sd: a) V5 = 2,4.10~3m3 ; b) T2 = i 170K ;

c) /?, = 4,14kg/m3 ; d) p2 = lkg/m3.

Hiring din : Phirctog trinh trang thai cua khi trtfdc khi ho ndng

154
 M
p,Vi=~RT,. (I)

M
Va sau khi ho n6ng : p2V2 = — RT2. (2)

Do di£u kifin pj = p2 = p nfin tit hai phuong trinh (1) vb (2) ta

tim duoc :

a) V1=ÿi=2>4.10"3m3;
HP

b)T2=ÿ-=n7°K;
e) p1=ÿ-=4,l4kg/m3;
RT,

d) P2 = Rÿ= lkÿm3-
0-6. Dap s6 : p2 = 19at.
Hiring d&n : Phuong trinh trang thai cua khdi khi 6 trang thai dhu :

P,V=“RT,. (1)

Bo qua su thay d6i th£ tfch cua blnh khi nhidt d6 ha xudng ta c6
phirong trinh trang thdi cua khi khi m6t niia kh6i Iuong khi da thodt
ra kh6i blnh :
M
—
p2V = — RT2. (2)

Tfir hai phuong trinh (I) vh (2) rut ra :

p,=£>2k=
V2 19at.
2T,
0-7. Diip so : t = = 9900s = 2 gicr 45 phut.
M j RT

155
 0-8. Dap so : x = 7,18.10 3kg.
Huong d£n : Phan ting cua H2S04 tac dung len da voi :

H2S04 + CaC03 -> CaS04 + C02t + H20.

Muon tim luong da v6i da tham gia phan ting, ta phai tim kh6'i
luong M cua khf C02 da thu duoc. Ap dung phuong trinh trang thai :

PV=MRT.
p

pVM.
Ta tim duoc : M= = 3,16 i0-3kg
Rt

Ta biet rang mu6'n thu duoc 44kg C02 thi phai dung lOOg CaC03
tac dung vtii H2S04. 6 day ta thu duoc M = 3,16.10 3kg C02, thi
luong da v6i phai dung la :

100.3,16.10-3
x=
44
= 7,18.10~3kg.

0-9. Dap so : V2 = 5.10 3m3.

Huting dAn : Khi met khoa cho hai binh th6ng nhau ta co phuong
trinh trang thai :
_M) +M2
p(V1+V2) RT. (1)

Mu6'n tim V2, ta phai tim M] va M2.

Tti phuong trinh trang thai cua khf d binh 1 :

PPlvl
pjVj =ÿ-RT,ta co : Mi = RT ’
. M, _ PP2V2
va o binh 2 : p2V2 =-jÿ=-RT,ta co : M2 : ‘
RT

156
 Thay M| va M2 vk> ( 1) ta co :

V
(pl P)v1=5j|Q -v.
P-P2 .

0-10. Dap so : p = l,6at.

Hudng d£n : goi pÿ va p'2 la ap sua't ridng ph3n cua chat khi' thur
nha't va thur hai khi hai binh da thong nhau, ta co :
p = p,1+ p’2
Ap dung djnh luat Bdi-Mariot ta co :
PlV1=p'1(V1+V2), (1)

p2v2 = p-2 (V, + V2). (2)

C6ng (1) va (2) ta co :

Pl V, + p2V2 = (V, + V2) (p1, + p-2) = (V, + V2)p.

Do do :

0-11. Dap so : x = 3,95cm.

Hirdng dSn : Goi ap sua't va th£ ti'ch cua khd'i khi' trong dng luc
d£u la pj va Vj luc sau la p2 va V2. Vi nhifct dd kh6ng doi nen theo
dinh luat Bdi-Marid't, ta co :
Plÿl = P2V2» (1)

b day : p, = 760mmHg = 1033cm cdt nude,

Vj = 20S (S la tiet didn 6'ng),
p2 = ( 1033 - x) cm c6t nude,

V2 = (24 - x) S, (x la chi£u cao cdt nude dang I6n trong dng).

Thay vao (1) ta co phuong trinh :
1033.20S = (1033 - x) (24 - x)S.

157
 Gi5» ra ta co : x = 3,95cm.

0-12. Ddp so : p=,ÿrrp)=

Ki
l,7.10~2kg/m3.
0-13. Dap so : p = 40kg/kmol.
Hudng d&n : Goi V Id th£ tfchcua khdi khi', pf vd pj Ilk dp sudt
rifeng phdn cua khf 02 vd khi' C02 ta c6 :

Pj V = —
Pi
RT,

P2V=ÿRT,
do dd : (1)

Goi p vd p Id ap sutft vd khdi luong cua 1 kildmol h6n hop, ta c6 :

P = Pi + P2>
_ M] + M2
vd : pV RT. (2)
P
So sdnh (1) vd (2) ta c6 :
M] +M2 M, M2
~ ’
P Pi P2
M,+M2
Do d6 : 40kg/kmol.

Pi P2
0-14. Ddp s6 : V = l,2m3.
0—15. Ddp stf : p = 0,534kg/m3.

Iludng din : Ta c6 : p = do p la khdi luong cua 1

RT
kildmol hdn hop khi' n6 :

158
U-Ml+M2 Ki hieu M, = M thi M2 = 8M.
M,+M2
Ml M2
Do do : |i = 12kg/kmol

vi: P = = 0,534kg/m3.

Chitting 8
NGUYEN L( THLT NHA'T COA NHI$T 0<>NG HQC

8-1. Dap s6 :
a) Trong qua trinh dSng tfch A = 0 ;
M
Q, = AUj =
b) Trong qua trinh dang ap :
M
AU2 =yCvAT= 250cal ;

Q2=ÿCpAT=350cal.
8-2. Dap so : cv = 14001/kg do.
Hufdmg dÿn : Bi£t nhifit dung ph&n tir dang ti'ch cua ch£t khf Ih :

CV4R.
Nhiet dung ri6ng dang tfch :
Cÿ = jR
cv = 2(i*
M

159
 Co the tfnh diroc khoi lirong p cua mdt kildmol khf tir phirong
trinh trang thai :

pV = — RT
P
M RT RT
*mv'TmpT
Ttir do ta tfnh diroc

cv-ÿ= 1400J/kgd6.
8-3. Dap so : cp = 969J/kg do.
Hirdng dan : Biet nhiet dung phan t£r dang ap cua chat khf bang :

CP=1TR
Tim so bSc tu do i cua chat khf tur bieu thuc cua he thirc Poatxong :
i 2
y- +:— = 1
.
i— 1.4;

Rut ra : i = 5.
Nhiet dung rieng dang ap :

CP=—
p
P
=
2p
-ÿR=969J/kgd6.
8-4. Huting ddn va dap so :
a) Vi binh la kin va n6u ta coi sir gian ncr cua no kh6ng dang ke
thi qua trinh ho nong khdi khf la qua trinh dang ti'ch.

Do do : Pi _ P2
T, T2’
va T2=ÿ-.T! = 1500K;
PI

160
 b) Th£ tich cua binh : V = — — = 12,72 lit ;
P P
c) Dd bie'n thi£n ndi nang :

AU = M.ÿR(T2 — TJ)= 12,46.103J.

8-5. Dap so : Q1 = 676J.
Hiring din : Trong qua trinh ding nhiet, ndi nang cua khdng
khi khdng d6i : AU = 0 ; do dd nhiet toa-ra bang cQng ma khdi khi
nhan dirge :
M
Q= A= — RT.ln y PlV,.lnVIV2 = 676J.
P

8-6. Dap so : Q = 4,1.103J.

Hiring din : Vi khd'i khf dung trong binh kin gian ndkem ndn
qua trinh nung nong coi Ik qua trinh dang tich. Nhiet ma khdi khi
nhan dugc :

Q7T(Ti-T|)-
Tim nhiet dd T2 tir phuefng trinh trang thai vi£t cho trang thai sau :

PJV-ÿRTJ.
Suy ra : TJ==Mÿ'
Ta co : p2 = 104mmHg = l,33.106N/mÿ.
Cudi cung : Q = 4,1.103J.
8-7. Dap so' va hudng din : Qua trinh la dang tich, do do :

T2 = —.Ti = 930K,
Pi

11-8TVIDC-T1.IK 161
 va : Q = M*AT=6,4.105J.
\I 2
8-8. Dap so : Dang tlch.
Htfdng din : Nhiet Iuong ma khAi khi nh|n duoc la :
M
Q = — C x AT,
p

vdri Cx la nhifct dung phan tu cua khd'i khf trong qua trinh ma ta dang
tim. Tfnh dugc :
1-iQ
Cx MAT
Biet ring 6xy la khf lucfrig nguydn tu nen i = 5 ;
i
Suy ra : Cx =CV.= 2R-
Vay qua trinh ha nong xay ra trong didu kien dang tfch.
8-9. Dap so : a) A’ = 8,1.103J ; b) AU = 20,2.103J ;
c) Q = 28,3- 103J.
Hudng din : Qua trinh gian nor la ding ap n£n :

A’ = p.AV = = 8,1.103J ;

M i
AU = -.-R(T2-TJ).

Tim T2 tfir phuang trinh cua qua trinh dang ap :

v2 = 2T1.
T2 =T,-f-
V,
Mi
Do do : AU = .RT = 20,2.103J.
72

162
 Theo nguydn ly thu- nhtft ciia nhiet ddng hoc.

Q = AU - A = AU + A’ = 28,3. 103J.
8-10. Dap so : a) Q = 7,9.103J ; b) U, = 1,8.103J ;
c)U2 = 7,6.103J.
Huong dan : Vi qua trinh ho nong la dang ap, ndn :

Q=7CPAT=7’¥R(T2-T')-
Tim dirge T2 tir phirong trinh cua qua trinh dang ap :

T2=T,ÿ,
trong do : V1 =M M
v-' P\ '

Kd't qua la : Q = 7,9.103J.

Ndi nang cua khd'i khf trude khi ho nong :

U, =ÿ.ÿRT!=1,8.103J.
Ndi nang cua khd'i khf sau khi ho nong :

U2 =ÿ-.ÿRT2= 7,6.1°3j.
8-11. Huong di*n va dap so : Nude cr day la mdt mdi trudng ldn
co nhidt dd coi nhu khdng d6i, do do co th£ coi qua trinh gian khf
cua tliuy ldi trong nude la dang nhidt.
Cdng do khdng khf nen sinh ra :

A’= pÿj In— = 2,26. 103J.

P2
8-12. Dap so :
Phan tu khf C02 co bac tu do i = 6.

163
 Mi
AU =— -RAT- 2500k J ;

A' =— ,R.AT=830kJ ;
V-
Q = AU + A' = 3330kJ. .
1

8-13. Ddp so :
Day la qua ti;inh dang ap :
M
A’ = —RAT = 13,3J; .
M i i
AU =? ,R.AT = = 39,9J.
7-2
8-14. Hiring dan va dap so :

Q=

Tim T2 tit phircmg trinh trang thai vie't cho trang thai cudi, r6i
thay vao cdng thdc trfin, ta dirge : Q = 7,8.103J.
M i
AU = ,R.AT=5,5.103J;
7-2
A’ = -A
8-15. Dap so : A = 2,5J.
- Q - AU.= 2,3.103J.

Hiring ddn : D£ cho pittdng co thd nang lfen eSn thuc hi6n cdng
chdng lai ap su& cua khf quy£n b6n ngoai, ap sua't nay coi nhu
khdng ddi, ngoai ra ban than khi trong xilanh cung sinh c6ng, qua
trinh nay la dibig nhifit.
Vay c6ng c£n thuc hidn la tdng hai c6ng do :

A = PoSh! -p0VIlnÿ = posfhr-holnÿ±ÿj«2,5J. .

Vi ho
164
18-16. Dap so :

Q = A' - -A = p,V, ln-ÿ = pj Vj In— « 2,2.105J.

V, P2
8-17. Dap so:
a). Qua trinh dang dp :

A’i = p, (V2 - Vj) = 9,8.102J ;

b) Qud trinh ding nhifet :

P2 =£IXL= 0,5at ;
v2
A 2 = pj Vj lnÿ-
V,
= 686J ;

c) Qua trinh doan nhifet :

P'2=PtfÿLT=03at;
v2
A'3=-AU3 Pl-Vly-1
-P2-V2 _ 588J.
-

8-18. Dap so :
a) Nen ding nhifit :

T2 - Tj = 273K ;
i=5.IOsN/m2.
p2=PlV2
Nen doan nhiet :
,Y“t
Vj
T2=T, U-L = 520K ;
v2

P2=Pl- = 9,5.105N/m2;

165
 b) Cong nen khi trong qua trinh d&ng nhi6t :

A= —
P
.RT.Inf—Pi 1 = 1115J ;
C6ng trong qua trinh doan nhiet :

A P2V2 ~PlVi _ 1500J

y-i
Vay nen dang nhi£t lqi horn.
8-19. Dap so : Nen dang nhifit.
Hurting d&n : Nen theo qua trinh nao m& ft ttin c6ng thi ioi hem.
NSu n6n dang nhi6t :

Aj = —.RTi.ln —
v2
N£u nen doan nhifet :

Ta thefy :
A 11 *
M- y i w -l

4ÿ = 1,4.
AI
V|y nen dang nhifit lgi htm.
8-20. Dap so : '

T2 207K.

8-21. Dap so :

P,=P2m’
Vi
- lat.

166
 8-22. Dap so :
l

4=i
V, P2
=1,33;

270K ;

c) A' = -A = -AU = -— = 2,3.104J.

P2
Kh6ng khf co p = 29kg/kmol dd.
Va no la loai khf luSng nguyfin tu : i = 5.

8-23. Dap so : pV = yu.

Hucmg dSn : TCr phuong trinh trang thai cua kht ly tircmg’
pv = v& biÿu thtic n6i nang cua kbi ly tuotog u = — RT suy

?
»PV = Tu,
8-24. D6p so :
,!-Y
M RT, YI
A' = -A = -AU " 1- = 2,7.106J;
P(Y-1)X Vi
AU = -2,7.106J.
Hr
8-25. Dap so : T2 = Tj — 1 Y = 865K = 592°C.
P2
8-26. Dap so : i = 5.
Hirtmg din : Dtra vao phuong trinh TVr 1 = const, ta duoc :

167
 Y =l+
;SL
Suy ra : i = 5.
ft
'g

8-27. Dap s6 :
a) V2 = 0,25/ ;
b)p,= 1.32at.-
Hiring din : Xet trang th£i 1 va 3 (hinh 8-1') ta tim dtrgc

v2=—yi = 0.251; P*
Po

P2=Pl ft)'- l,32at.

Pb
Pi
3
!
1

8-28. Dap so: AT = 7°. V, V

8-29. Dip s6 : Hinh 8-1'
a) Q = l,55kJ ; A’ = 0,92kJ ; AU = 0,63kJ.
b)Q = l,88kJ ; A' = l,25kJ ; AU = 0,63kJ.
Hiring dan : Vi nhifit lirong trao d6i phu thu6c vio dd bitfn thrin
nhifet d6 nfin phai tim nhifit d6 cua nhffng trang thai C, B, D.

TC-'ÿft * 220K ;

T2 T2=TC ft)-
= 330K ;

TD=T, ft)- 450K ; AU = AUV + AUp ;

Q = Qv + QP : A’ = PAY,
168
 QABC ~ l*55kJ ; QADB — 1,88kJ.
A’ACB = °*92kJ ; A'ADB = 1,25kJ.
AUACB = 0,63kJ ; AUADB = 0,63kJ.
8-30. Hirdmg dan va dap s6 :
a) D<5i vdi cic qua trinh dang nhidt AB v4 CD.

dod6PA=PD .
PB V1 Pc V1 PB PC
b) A = -A' = -Q.
C6ng trong chu trinh bang t6ng cic cdrig trong 4 qua trinh,
nhirng trong qu£ trinh ding tfch, hd khdng sinh cdng, kh6ng nh|n
cOng, do d6 :

A' = A'AB + A’CD =

M
lnÿ-+ “RT2Ini
Q = A’ = “R(T,-T2)lni.
8.31. Dap s6 :

a) P2 = Pi = 2-8at ;
V2
P3=P2 (II- l,45at.

(coi khdng khf 14 khi luSng nguydn tir i = 5).

T2=T,
rar- hi
331K

P4=Pl
®T- 3,6at ;

v4=v3 3,21;

169
 b) _A,I2 =p,V,ln = 1300J ;

A23 Pl-Vl
Y-l R- 620J ;

= -1070J ;
A34=:P2V2lnV3
AV, =f2ÿ-
y-l R= -620J. .

C6ng do kh6'i khf sinh ra trong ca chu trinh :

A’ = 230J.
c) Q = QJ_2 = A’ÿ2 = 1300J - 312 calo,

Q’ = Q'3_4 = A2_4 = -A ’3_4 = 1070J = 257 calo.

8-32. Dap s6' : AU * 1000J.
Hircmg dim : D6 bife'n thifen ndi nang cua h6n hop khf bang tdng
cac d6 bife'n thifen n6i nang cua tfimg cha't khf horp thanh h6n hop.
Mi
Dung biÿu thtic : AU = RAT ;
72
Ta tfnh ra dirge : AU ~ 1000J.

8-33. Hiring d&n va dap so : C6ng cua may nen sau m6t chu ky
dirge xac dinh bang t$ng c£c difen tfch ABGF va BCOG trur di difen
tfch ADOF. Vi AB la qua trinh dang nhifet nfen :
p1V]=p2V2;
hay : ADOF = BCOG.
Do do c6ng cua m£y sau 1 chu ky la :
ABGF + BCOG - ADOF = ABGF.

170
8-34. Dap so : hinh 8-2’a, b, c, d.

Ding nhi&t Ding nhiet

Ding tfch v,, O&ng dp
P*
y/ .Bkng dp
V/ Bing tfch
/ /Doan nhidt 7x7. Doan nhidt

£/ !
T
T

Hinh 8-2'a Hinh 8-2'b

Dling tfch
Ui Ui Ding dp

Ding nhidt
/*' /X
/

T T
Hinh 8-2'c Hinh 8-2'd

Cht/cfng 9

NGUYEN LI THIT HAI COA NHI$T DONG HOC

2
9-1. Dap so : TJ, *=
3

Hudmg dan : Hi£u suit thtfc tl cua d6ng ca nhiet :

rij =A’/Q, =20%. .

171
 Hifiu sua't ly tufcmg cua <J6ng co nhiet chay theo chu trinh Cdcn6
vdi cung hai.ngudn nhifet :
-ÿ
y\i =1-3-= 30%.
T!
2
Vay: "'ll =3 *12-

9-2. Ddp so : 8,35.105J.

'

H««ngd5n: ;

A=Q2..Sÿ = 8,35.10*J.
T2
»-3.B4ps«:a) =
Thay Q2 = 80% Q, ta dugc : r\ ~ 20%.
b) A* = TJQ, = 0,3kcal = 12,54kJ.

9-4. Ddp sd : a) TI =1
Tj
-ÿ-
= 26,8% ;

b)Qi=A7ri = 27,4.104J ;
c) Q 2 = Qi - A' = 20.104J.
9-5. Ddp so : A' = l,7kJ.
HuOng dan : Mudn cho cdng cua mOt miy nhifit la cue dai thi
chu trinh van chuyÿn cua may phdi la thuan nghich vi khi chi c6 2
ngudn nhifit thi chu trinh d6 phii la chu trinh Cacn6. Hi6u suit cua
chu trinh nay la :
A' T, -T2
n=or“Tr*
Ttr d6 ta c6 : A' = Q, = l,7kJ.
T,

172
 9-6. Dap so : P = 620kW. Pi
1
Hiring d&n : Mu6'n cho qua trinh la thu£n
nghjch thi thcri gian tiS'n hanh phai v6 cung P2
cham. Chu trinh ma ta x6t chi xay ra trong
44* 3
thofi gian 1 giay, do do cac qua trinh cua chu
trinh (hinh 9—1') la khdng thuftn nghjch. Ta
chi c6 th£ tfnh g£n dung theo c6ng thurc : Hinh 9-1'

. (1)
v . . • T,
C6ng su£t chtnh la cfing ma chu trinh thuc hiftn duoc sau m6t giay.
P = A’ = rjQj ; (2)

Ql = — RT( In—. (3)

P P2
Theo d£u bai p2 = P4.
Trong qu4 trinh 4-1 :
;JL
PL=fJL>-1
P4 IT2J
(4)

Thay (4). (3) vao (1) vao (2) ta duoc :

p= (T,-f2)MR_I_taa,«20kW.
9-7. Dap s6 : a) E = %A
=
lj-12
= 9,74.;

b) Q2 = EA = EPt = 86000 calo ;

c) Qi = Q2 + A = 94800 calo.

A'
9-8. Dip so: 1=ÿ =5ÿ = 0,45 = 45%.

9-9. Dap s6 : T2 = 239K.

173
 Hiring dim : Hidu suit cua chu trinh : q = A'/Qi = 0,36 ;

Ddi vdi chu trinh Cacnd :q =l- h. Tir do tim duqc :

T, ’

T2 = T, Q - TI) = 293°K = -34°C.

9-10. Dap so : a) TI = 1 - 5-T, = 25% ;
b) Q = Q, (1 -r|) =47250 cal/s ;

_ A’ _ Qi -Q2 _ 65j835kW.
9-11. Dap so : 4,93kg.
Htfdng din : Ddi vdi may lam lanh, chay theo chu trinh Cacnd
ngucfc ta co :

Q2=T2 = 0,73.
Qi T,
Theo diu bai Q, = 2,26.106J/kg ;
Do do : Q2 = 0,73 Qj = l,65.106J/kg.
Luang nude cin lim dong d nguon lanh :
Q2A = 4,93kg.
9-12. Dap so: 2,1 lin.
Htfdng din : Cdng thuc hien bdi chu trinh thuc g6m 2 qua trinh
ding rich va 2 qua trinh ding ap (phin gach cheo trdn hinh 9-2').
P
A’ = (p2-p,)(V2-V1). ‘ T3
C6ng thuc hien bdi chu trinh Cacnd : P2
Pi ~i~
A = ncQ|- ! T1 I!
Tic =1“h
i I

V Vi V, V2V2 V

Hinh 9-2’
174
 trong do Tj - la nhidt do nho nhi't cua chu trinh thirc.
R

T3 - R
- nhidt dd 1cm nhi't cua chu trinh thirc va

Qi = RT3ln—V2
-=la nhidt ma he nhin dirge tir ngudn nong trong
V’i
chu trinh Cacno, trong do V'2/V' = 2.

Cuoi cung ta dirge : A’c/A' = 2,1.

9-13. Dap so :
y-1
A’ÿPKVj-Vo )+ÿ- 1-
KB -Po(V2-V0) = 19201.

9-11. Dap so : TI =41,2%.

Hudng din : Hidu suit cua ddng co r| = A’/Qj, vdi A' la cong
toan phSn mi hd thuc hidn trong mdt chu trinh, Qj la nhidt lugng
sinh ra khi nhien lidu dirge dot chay :
V* AAB = -ABA va ACD = AEB = 0,
Y-l
ndn A — A B<2 + A QE =
M R(TQ-T3)
n (y-D
1-
(t)
Nhimg :

Vi thd' : A' =

M
Ngoai ra : Qt = — CV(T2 -Tj).

175
 A T2-T3_
Do do : t| = — T2-T, T2
= 1- 2i= 1-
1
= 0,412 = 41,2%.
T2 (V,/V2>*-1
9-15. Dap s6 :
a) 36,7% ; b) 44ÿ% ; c) 49,6%.

9-16. Dap so: r| = l-

-
yeY-1(p— 1)
-
Htidmg dSn : Hifiu sutft cua d6ng cor nhiet q = A'/Qj, trong do A’
la c6ng ma d6ng cOthuc hifin trong toan chu trinh : A’ = Qj - Q’2,
trong do Qj la nhifet 1trong toa ra khi d6t nhien lifu (nhanh CD) va
Q'2 - nhifit lucmg nha cho m6i trirdmg (doan EB).
Vi CD ting vcri qua trinh dang ap n6n :

Ql=“S<T2-Tl>-
vdi Tj va T2 la nhi6t d6 b diu va cu6i qua trinh gian dang ap.
Vi EB ting vdri qua trinh ding rich ndn.

Q'2 = “CV(T3-T0),
vriri T3 vti T0 la nhifet d6 or diu va cudi qua trinh ding rich.
Do trfin ta tfnh duoc c6ng :

A1 = Mcv[y(T2-T,)-(T3-T0)],
A’
va hifiu su£t : 11
Qi
Co thd vid't phuong trinh nay durii dang khac.

176
 Bicu didn Ttl, Tt, T2 qua T2 - Doi voi qua trinh dang ap CD :

—=— (3= he so gian dang ap. Tir do T| =-ÿ-. Doi voi qua trinh
,
Tl V! P
doan nhiet DE :

JiJYi ,Y-l = 5y l, trong do 8 la he s6 gian doan nhiet ; do do

T3 V3
T2 . DOi vcfi qua trinh doan nhiet BC :
T3 = gr-1

e1"',
To IvJ
trong do e la he so' nen doan nhiet, do do

T0 =IL=
Pey_1
'
'

Thay cac gia trj vita tfnh duoc cua T0, T,, T2 vao r| va chti $ rang
£
P = g, ta duoc :

q = l- r1
YSY_I(P-1)‘
9-17. Dap so : r|Stilin < riCdcn6.

Hudng ddn : Hieu suat cua may hoi nude r| = 1-

Q:, vdiQ' ta nhiet
Q
ma may toa ra va Q la nhiet ma may nhan duoc trong* toan chu trinh.
M
Q = Q23+Q34 "CV(TI _T2ÿ + ~RT1 ln \T’
M v2

Q'=Q'l2+Qll=“fcT2taÿ + “c,a1-T2).
12-8TVLDC-I1.M 177
 ISlilin -
T,-T2 -- T1-T2_T,*1Cat-no-
CV(T,-T2) T,
Tl + Rln(V2 /V, )
9-18. Hudng din va dap so : Do bien thidn entrdpi :

AS =!?ÿ '

Vi qua trinh la dang ap nen : 5Q = — CpdT,

AS = P
P T,

Mat khac ta co :
T, V, ’
M
Do do : AS = — C„
p P
ln§- = 15,8 cal/dd = 66,3 J/do.
Vj
9-19. Hildng ddn va dap so :
AS = AS| + AS2,
ASJ = do tang entr6pi trong qua trinh bien doi nude 6 0°C thanh
nude a 100°C.
AS-; = do tang entrdpi trong qua' trinh nude d 100°C thhnh hoi
nude a 100°C.
Tinh tuong tu nhu bai tap vf du 2 ta duoc :
'AS = 7,4 J/dd.

9-20. Dap so : AS = — Rln— = 17,3 J/do.

P P2
9-21. Dap so :

a) ASV = MCV,„£2=MC
P P Pi £Tl = 1,6 J/dd;

178
 M
b)4Sp=ÿcp|„a = 2,4 J/d6.

9-22. Dap so: AS = 7,1 J/do.

Hiring din :

*-& l

8Q la nhiSt ma he nhÿn vao trong m6t qua (rinh nho. No dugc

tinh tlieo nguyen If thii nhat cua nhiet dong :
M
5Q = dU -8A = — CvdT + pdV.

Thay vÿo bieu (hire cua AS va ket hop v6i phuong trinh (rang thai,
ta ti'nh dirge :

M 3L XL
AS =
7lcvln- +Rln-J,
voi : T2 P2V2 •
T, PjV,

Ta lai c6 : Cv=iR, Cp=Cv+R=iÿR.

Cuoi eung, ta dugc :

AS=7lCv,nt+Cp,nÿJ' 17cal/do = 7,1 J/d6.

9-23. Dap so :

a) ASV = —
m
Cv In 1] = 8,5. 103 J/d6.

b) AS„=—
P
CDlnÿ- = 11.8.103 J/d6.
p P T,
•

179
 9-24. Hirdng din va dap so : Phai tmh nhiet dung rieng trong
qua trinh ha nong do :

AS=Jÿ,vai 5Q =
i

Tir do suy ra :
AS =ÿ7 kcal/kmol do,
M T,
nghla la : C = Cp, qud trinh ha nong la dang ap.
9-25. Dap so : A' - Q, - Q'2.
Ddi vdfi chu trinh Cacno ta co :

9±=h.
Qi TV
Tit day suy ra : A' = Q, - Q'2 = (T, -T2)ÿ- =
T2
= AT.AS = 100 kcal = 4,18. 105J.
9-26. Dap so : AS = 3,35 J/d6.
Hudmg din : Tritdc het phai tmh nhiet d6 can bang T cua hd sau
qua trinh trao d6i nhidt. Dung djnh luat bao toan nang litang.
M,X + M|C (T - 0) = M2C (30 - T),
vdi Mj la khoi litang cua mrdrc da ; M2 la khdi litang nirac.
Tim dirac T = 8°C == 28 1K.
D6 bidn thidn enlropi cua hd : AS = AS] + AS2,
trong do : AS, : dd bidn thidn entrdpi cua nirdc da khi nhidt d6
thay d6i tir 0°C den T°C ;

180
 AS2 : do bien thien cntropi cua nude, khi nhiet do thay ddi Ur
30°C den T"C.
M,X
AS, = +M,ClnÿvaAS,= M2Clnÿ-
T
*1 M V
vdi T, = nhiet d6 cua nude da a 273K,

T2 = nhiet do cua nude a 303K.;

Cuoi cling : AS = 0,8 cal/do = 3,35 J/do.
Ta thtfy : AS > 0. Dieu do ehdug to nhiet chi truydn tCr vat nong
sang vat lanh.
9-27. Dap so : AS = 5,5 J/do.
Htrdng ddn : Bien thien cua entrdpi khong phu thuoc dudng di
ma chi phu thuoc vao trang thai ddu vii trang that cuoi.

ASABC = ASADB 4? •

-- --
B
ASABC - ASAC + ASCB -
M Pi M
= Cv In— H C„ In— = 5,5
1 f- J/d6.
P P2 P V1
9-28. Dap so:
Qua trinh la dang nhiet :

AS - PlVllnVl+V2 , P2V2, V1+V2 _

T V, T V2
= 0.78 cal/dd = 3,26 J/do.
9-29. Dap so : AS *= 3,26 J/d6.
Hudng ddn : Goi nhiet dd luc he can bang nhiet la T°C.

M,c, (100-T) = M2c2(T- 12),

vdi : Mt, c( la khd'i luong va nhiet dung rieng cua saf ;

181
 Mi. c-> la klioi Iirong va nhict dung ridng cua nude.
TinhduncT* 19"C = 292K.
Do bicn thien enlropi cua he bang tong do bien thien entrdpi cua
sflt va do bid'll
thien entrdpi cua nude :
292 292
AS = MjC| lh—— + M2C2 In = 0,78 cal/do = 3,26 J/dd.
285

Chifcmg 10
CHAT KHf

10-1. Dap so : a) T = 482K ; b) T = 204K.

10-2. Dap so : a) a= 4,95% ; b)

10-3. Dap so : p = 5,2. 10-6 N/m2.
Hudng dÿn : Chia hai ve cua phifang truth Vandecvan cho V va
chu y rang :
p = M/V.

Ta co :

Tir do, tlm'ra p = 5,2.106 N/m2.

182
 10-4. Dap so: A= 1,71J.
V2
Hiring dan :
v, v.
= a|
MY2 1
= 1 ,7 1 J.
v2
10-5. Dap so : p, = 5,68. 107 N/m2.'
Huong diin :

p2 V2 p2
4a=ÿ=3,68;loW.
64p"pK

10-6. Dap so : M = 5,89.10 3kg.

Huong din : Gia sir luong nude edn cho vao co khoi lucfng M.
Theo gia thia't, khi dun nong den trang thai tdi han, thi the tfch tdi
han cua khd'i nude nay bang the tfch V cua binh.

.v=vK.Mvok=M3b,
- RT,
trong do : b = g—~.do do - 5,89. 10 3kg.

10-7. Dap so : p =
VoK
= £=196
3b
kg/m3.

10-8. Hudng din va dap so : a) The tfch Idn nha't cua chat long
bang th£ tfch tdi han :
3
VK = VOK/M = 3b/p = 2,93.10 m3/kg.
b) Ap sua't hoi bao hoa ldn nhd't blng ap suit tdi han :
'
pK = a/27b2 = 7,4.106 N/m2.
183
 c) Doi vdri the long, nhiet d6 cao nliat la nhiet do toi han :

TK = 8a/27Rb = 304K = 3 1°C.

d) 6 31°C (nhiet do tori han cua C02) muon hoa long C02 phai
ncn no den ap sutft :

pK = 7,4.10N6/m2.
Con o 50°C khong the’ hoa long khf C02 bang each nen duoc.

10-9. Hoang d£n va dap so : a) Goi MvaV la kh6'i lirong va th£

tfch ete ciin phai d8 vao 6'ng, VK la the tfch toi han cua kho'i ete
(theo gja thifi't, VK phai bang the tfch cua 6'ng).
VKK =— V„K
°K =— 3b =
3* |i 8pK—
3ÿ2k;
* JlEjL..**.
VK 3RPTK
Neu the tfch ong <>VK thi chua dun den nhiet d6 toi han ete long
da chie'm day ong.
Neu the tfch 6'ng > VK thi chtra dun den nhiet d6 tdi han 6te long
da boc hoi het.

Chifcfng 11
CHAT LONG

6oM
11-1. Dap so : A = = 2,2J.
pd
4
11-2. Dap so : AT = 1 ,64; 10 d6.

184
 Hiring dÿn : Khi 2 giot thuy ngdn nhdp lai thanh m6t, difn tfch
mat ngoai thay d6i m6t lugng AS do do nang lugng mat ngoai thay
d6i mGt lugng AE = CTAS ; phSn nang lugng nay dirge giai phong va
lam nong khdi thuy ngdn.

AE = McAT-> AT= = -~ ; (1)

Me Me
AS = 2.4rtr2 - 4jiR2 = 4n (2r2 - R2).
Tim R va M, thay vao (1) ta co :

AT =ÿ4)
2cpr

11-3. J)ap so : A = 8,2.10 3J.

Hirdmg dan : Xem qua trinh th6i Id dang nhi£t. Goi p Id dp sudt
cua khdng khf trong bong b6ng xa phong. Khi chuyÿn qua mat chdt
long ap sua't thay d6i m6t lugng
Ap = 2a/r.
Tfir hinh ve 11-1’, ta c6 :
A
pB-pA = Ap = 2O/T ;
*c
Pc - PB = AP = 2°/r ;
Pc ~ PA = 2AP = 6<y/r- Hinh 11-1*
4o
Rutra: p = pc = pD+ — .
C6ng thuc hiftn d£ th6i bong b6ng xa phdng bang c6ng di tang
di6n tich mat ngoai Ifin m6t lugng AS c6ng vdi edng d6 nen khf vao
bong b6ng tdri dp sudt p :
A = aAS + pVln(p/p0),
trong do AS Id tdng difin tfch mat trong va mat ngoai cua bong
bong, V la thtf tfch cua bong bong.

13-BTVtDC-Tl.RI 185
 4a
A = 0.2.4nr2 + |p0 + j-j711-3 ln-— =
“

= 8nar2 + ('-sH'-a
Vi :
4o
— - c 1 nen In
iPo f1+-V
V rPoJ
3a
rpo

vay : A = 8nar2(l+~j = 8,2.10 3J.

11-4. Dap so : A = oAS = a2tAx = 5,4.10 4J.
11-5. Dap so ; AB dich 1cm ve phfa co o 16n.
Hiring d&n : doan AB se djch chuyln vi phi'a co sure cang mat
ngoai tac dung I6n AB Icm va se dfrng lai khi nang lirong mat ngoai a
hai phi'a bang nhau.

11-6. Dap so : o = 4.10-4 N/m.

Hiring ddn : Trong lirong cua giot rirou khi bat d£u rai bang sure
cang trfen chu vi 1 = 2nr, trong do r la ban kfnh ch6 that cua giot
rirou. Do do trong lirong cua mot giot ruou la :

P = 2rcra = nda.
Vi vfy : a = P/nd,

trong do : P = ; n6n : a = = 4.10-4 N/m.

t ndt

11-7. Dap so : a = = 0,78 N/m.

4n

11-8. Dap so : hÿ4(Mg

+
= 3,8cm.
npgd2
11-9. Dap so : h ~ 15cm.

186
 11-10. Dap so : M < 23,3.10 6kg ; M = 23,3.10 6kg ;
M > 23,3.10-6kg.

11-11. Dap so : Ah = -g(dÿ~dl).

gpd,d2
a) Doi vdi nude : Ah - 3cm.
b) D6'i vdi thuy ngan : Ah = 1,5cm.

11-12. Dap so : Khi nang I6n : -ÿ- = ha xudng : -ÿ- = 2.

K 2 ho
Htrdng dÿn : Khi binh va 6'ng mao din dirge
A
nang len vdi gia toe y thi khoi cha't long trong ong
mao din chju tic dung lire quan trnh htfdng xuong
dudi. Do do ap suit tai B (hinh 11-2’) :
su<ft k*11 + ap suit phu gly bori
\ 7
PB =
mat khum + ap sua't gly bdi c6t nude 4- ap sul't gly Hinh 11-2*
bdi luc quan ti'nh.
PB = Po ~ AP + pgh + pyi>-
Vi A vl B cung nam trong m6t mat phfing nlm ngang
(hinh 11-2’) nfin :

PA = PB = Po>
Po = Po AP + Pgh + PYh>
“

Ap
h (1)
p(g + Y)

Khi 6'ng mao din va binh kh6ng chuyen d6ng thi : Ap = pgh0.

h0= —
Pg
(2)

g 1
Chia (1) cho (2) ta c6 : ~

187
 Lf luin ttfcfng tu, khi 6'ng mao din va binh ha xud'ng vorj gia ttfc
y= -|2 thi : = 2.
h0 g-y
4
11-13. Dap $6 : Mure nude trong 6'ng mao din nho cao hern -
lin mire nude trong 6ng mao din 16n (hinh 1 1-3’).
Hudng din : Ap suit phu gay bdi mat khum cf 6ng mao din nho :

Api=ÿ=pgh„dod6h1 =
Ap suit phu gay beri mat khum or giOa hai 6ng mao din :

Ap2 -c (i+ib(H)'p8h2-
hi
3a
Do do : h2 dpg'
WmM
Vly: hi _4 Hinh 11-3'
hTr
11-14. Dip so : p = 849kg/m3.
Hiring din : Ap suit phu gly boi mat khum giOa 2 tlm thuy tinh II:

)
Ap = a| — + — = pgh,
U r2 )
d
or day : rl =2’ 1-2 = OO.

vay ; P= Jÿ= 849 kg/m3,

pgAhdjd2 0,5N/m
11-15. Dip so : a
“4(d2-d1)_
11-16. Dip sd : r = 0,4/rm.

188
 Hudng din : Goi p0 va T la ap suit va nhifet dd cua khi quy£n thi
ip suit cua khdngkhi trong bong bong la :
2o
p = po+___ + pgh

Khtfi luong rifeng cua khdng khf d khl quyÿn :

p
Po = RT'
Khdi lucrng rifeng cua khdng khf trong bong b6ng :

D = iiP
P RT*

Theo gia thifet : —

Po
= 5, tCr do suy ra :

2o
F = 0,4pm.
4p0-pgh
11-17. Dap so : d £ 1,6mm.
Huong din : D! kim co the nam duoc trfen mat nude thi ip suit
do trorig luong cua kim giy ra trfen tife't difen doc cua no kh6ng dugc
Idn hon ap suit phu do mat khum cua chit long 6 phfa dudi kim tic
dung lfen trfen (hinh 11-4'). (Bo qua su giim trong luong vi sdc dly
Acsimet).
Goi m va 1 li khdi luong va chilu dii cua kim, thi ip suit do kim
tic dung lfen nude la :

ntg _ Vg (ftd2 / 4) lg _ npdg

Pi = Id P Id P
lg 4

Ap suit do mat khum giy ra :

P2

189
 Vi 6 day mat khum la mat tru, rj = r va r2 = °o, do do :

p2 = a/r = 2a/d.

Di£u kien de kim kh6ng bi chim :

P2 — Pi>
2<J Jtpdg
T 4 '

Dodo : d<
l~8a~ _ 1,6mm.
”
Y*Pg

190
 MOT SO HANG SO VAT LI THUdNG DUNG

BangI- Mot vai so thuong gap.

n lgn n lgn
e 2,718282 0,43429 71 3,141593 0,49715
1/e 0,367879 1,56570 4n 12,56637 1,09921

Bang II - Cac hang so vat II co ban.

Gia tdc cua v|t roi tu do g = 9,8 1 m/s2

Hang s6 hip dUn e = 6,67.10“" m3/kgs2
S6' phan tit trong 1 kilomdl Nc = 6,025. 1026 kmol-1
(S6 Av6gadr6)
Th£ ti'ch cua 1 kilomol khf H tucmg ct difiu vQ = 22,4 m3/kmol
kifin tifiu chuin
Hang s6 khl R = 8.31.103 J/kmol d6-
Hang sd B6nzman k = 1.38.10-23 J/d6
So Faraday F = 9,65.107 C/kg dtfctng luong

Bang III — Mot vai dai luong thien van.

Ban klnh trung bxnh cua Trdi Ddtÿ- 6,37.106m

Khdi luong rifing trung binh cua Trai D3t 5500kg/m3
Khdi luong Trai Da't 5,96.1024kg
Khdi luong Mat Trdi l,97.1030kg
Ban klnh Mat Trang l,74.1026m
Kh6i luong Mat Trang 7,3.1022kg
Khoang each tit Trai Da't dfi'n Mat Tr6i l,5.10um

191
Bang IV - Van toe dm trong mot so chat (m/s).

Trong nh6m 5100

Trong nude 1450
Trong khdng khi (0°C) 332
Trong sit 5300
Trong gach 3650

Bang V - Khoi luomg rieng kg/m3.

Chdt khf (6 difeu kifin binh thudng)

Hydrd 0,0898 Oxy 1,429 ChSt rdn :

Kh6ng khf 1,293 Cicbfinic 1,977 Nh6m 2600 sat 7900

Chat long : Vang 19300 Mu6i khodng 2200

Benzen 880 Ddu hoa 800 Thau 8400 Nude da 900

Nude (4°C) 1000 Mau (ngudi) 10050 D6ng 8600 Niken 8800

Glixdrin 1200 Thuy ngfln 13600 Thidc 7100 Bach kirn 21400

Vang (long) 17200 Bac (long) 9300 Chi 11300 Bach 10500

D3u thdu ddu 950 Ruefu 790 Thep 7700 Thuy tinh 2700

Bang VI - Khoi luomg rieng cua nude a nhufng nhiet do khac nhau.

Nhiet dd (°C) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Khdi luemg rifing kg/m3 998 996 992 988 983 978 972

192
Bang VII - Hd s6 gian no cua mdt s6 chat (do-1).
Gian nor dai :
5
Nhdm 2,4. 10-5 Dong 1 ,7.10
Sat (thdp) 1.2.10-5 Thuy tinh 1.1(T*
Thau 1,9.1O'5 Kern 2,9.1O'5
Gian nor khd'i (10-6)
Nude (5-10°C) 53 Nude (40-60°C) 458
Nude (10-20°) 150 Nude (60-80°C) 487
Nude (20-40°C) 302 Thuy ngan (18°C) 180

Bang VIII - Dudng kinh phan tu va nguyen tur cua mdt so chat (10 10).
Nito (N2) 3,1 6xy (02) 2,9
Aegdn (Ar) 2,9 Oxyt cacbon (CO) 3,2
Hydro (H2) 2,3 OicbOnic (C02) 3,3
Hoi nude (H20) 2,6 Clo (Cl2) 3,7
H6li (He) 1.9

Bang IX - Nhiet dung rieng cua mdt so’ chat.

Chat rdn va long Nhidt dung ridng Chat Nhidt dung ridng
(J/kg.dd) (J/kg-dd)
Nhdm 896 Nude di 2100
DSu xang 2095 Dau bieh the'(20°Q 1800
Bltmyt 130 D6ng 395
Nude (20’C) 4190 Thuy ng3n 138
Vonfram 195 Chi 131
Sat (thdp) 460 Rupu 2510
Thau 386

193
 Chat khi' va hai Cp(J/kg.d6) Cv (J/kg.dd) Y 3
cv
Amdniac (NH3) 2140 1630 1,31
Aegon (Ar) 532 320 1,66
Kh6ng khi 1020 729 1,40
H61i (He) 5240 3140 1,66
Oxy (02) 913 649 1,40
Metan (CH4) 2373 1854 1,28
Hoi nude (H20) 1820 1380 1,32
Cacbdnic (C02) 848 654 1,30

Bang X - Do nhdt cua mot s6' chat long, khi va hoi.

Nhiet dd Do nhdt Nhiet dd D6 nhdt

Chat Cha't
(°C) 10_s kg/ms (°C) MT* kg/ms
Nito 0 1,67 Hoi nude 0 0,87
Nude 20 100,4 Khi cdcbdnic 0 1,37
Khdng khi 21,6 1,84 Clo 0 1,29
Hdli 0 1,86 Oxy 0 1,92

Bang XI - Hang so Vandeevan.

Chat a - JmVkmol2 / b - m3/kmol

Nito 1,36.10s 0,04
Aegdn 1,32.10s 0,03
Nude 5,54.10s 0,03
Oxy 1,37.10s 0,03
Khi cacbdnic 3,64.10s 0,043

194
Bang XII - Gia tri tdi han cua nhiet do va ap suat.

Chat Tk,K Pk, 106 N/m2

Nito 126 3,4
Acgfin 151 4,87
Benzen 562 4,8
Hydrd 33 1,3
Hoi nude 647 22,0
Heli 5,2 0,23
Oxy 154 5,07
Khl c£cb6nic 304 7,4

Bang XIII - ap suat (mmHg) va khoi luemg rieng (g/m3) cua hoi nude
bao hoÿ.

t,°C P D t,°C P D
-23 0,58 0,66 15 12,79 12,8
0 4,54 4,84 16 '13,63 13,6
1 4,93 5,22 17 14,53 14,5
2 5,29 5,60 18 15,58 15,4
3 5,69 5,98 19 16,48 16,3
4 6,10 6,40 20 17,54 17,3
5 6,54 6,84 21 18,65 18,3
6 .7,01 7,3 22 19,83 19,4
7 7,51 7,8 23 21,07 20,6
8 8,05 8,3 24 22,38 21,8
9 8,61 8,8 25 23,76 23,0
10 9,21 9,4 26 25,21 24,4
11 9,48 10,0 27 . 26,74 25,8
12 10,52 10,7 28 28,35 27,2
13 11,73 11,4 29 30,04 28,7
14 11,92 12,1 30 31,82 30,3

195
Bang XIV - Sutft cang mat ngoÿi cua chat long d 20°

chat aN/m chat aN/m

Anilin 0,043 D5u thau dau 0,033

Benzen 0,03 Dau hoa 0,03

Nude (70°C) 0,064 Dung djeh nude xa phdng 0,045

Glixfirin 0,064 Thuy ngan 0,5

Vang ndng chay 0,61 Bac (ndng chay d 96Q°C) 0,78

Nude 0,073 Ruau 0,022

Bang XV - Do dan nhiet

Dd din nhifit H6 sd' d5n nhidt

Chat Chat
W/m da W/m dd
Nhdm 205 Nut chai 0,035

Acg6n 0,16 Nude 0,58

Amiang 0,14 Khang kht 0,026

Bitmuyt 10 G6 ngang thd 0,17

Sit (thdp) 62 M6 hdng 0,25

Tudng-gach 0,48 Kern 34,8

Ddng 390 Hac fn 0,52

Can bot d th&nh pdi hoi 2,3 Thuy tinh 0,74

Ebanfc 0,16

196
Bang XVI - Tinh n6ng chay cua c£c chat

Di£m n6ng chay °C Nhiet ndng chay rifing

CMt
(d 760mmHg) (10“J/kg)
Nh6m 660 3,87
Sit 1535 2,72
Nude da 0 3,35
D6ng 1083 1,74
ThiSc 232 0,6
Thuy ng&n -38,9 0,117
Chi 327 0,25
Bac 960 0,89

Kern 420 1,18

197
 MUC LUC

Trang Trang
dau bai dap s6'
Lori noi dau 3
Huang din phuang phap giai bli tap vat 11 dai cuang 4
A - CO HOC
Chuang 1. D6ng hoc chit di£m 7 116
Chuang 2. Dong luc hoc chat diem. 21 122
Chuang 3. D6ng luc hoc he cha't di&n.
D6ng luc hoc vat ran 35 131
Chuang 4. Nang luong 50 137
Chuang 5. Truong hap din 63 145
Chuang 6. Co hoc tuong ddi tlnh 68 . 148
Chuang 7. Co hoc cha't luu 72 . 150
B - NHIET HOC
Chuang mddau. Nhung dinh luat thuc nghiem
v4 cha't khl 78 154
Chuang 8. Nguyen 11 thtf nha't cua nhidt d6ng hoc 83 159
Chuang 9. Nguyfin 11 thu hai cua nhiet d6ng hoc 94 171
Chuang 10. Cha't khl 103 181
Chuang 11. Chat long 107 184
Mot s6' hang s6' vat ll thuefng dung 191
Muc luc 198

198
 Chiu track nhiem xuat ban :
Chu tich HDQT kifirn T6ng Giam d6'c NGO TRAN AI
Pho T6ng Giam 66c ki6m T6ng bien tap NGUYfiN QUY THAO

Bien lap Ian dau :

NGUYfiN QUANG HAU
Bien tap tai ban :
NGUYfiN VAN THUAN
Si(a ban in :

PHONG SlTA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC)

Che ban :
PHd)NG CHE BAN (NXB GIAO DUC)

199
 BAI TAP VAT Lf DAI Cl/ONG - TAP MOT
MS so: 7K007T7 - DAI
In 5.000 ban, kh6 14,5 x 20,5 cm, tai C6ng ty C6 ph£n In Phuc Y6n.
Gi£y phep xu£t ban s6 : 11 - 2007/CXB/l 83-2119/GD.
In xong va n6p luu chilu tMng 10 nam 2007.