P&S (Solex24)

Probability & Statistics (Final Examination)
Spring Sem. 1st Attempt (2023-2024)

Solved ~ SB
Q1)
A. There are 𝟑 green and 𝟔 red balls in a box. Two balls are selected one after
another without replacing back the first ball. What is the sample space of
this experiment? Find the probability that first is green and second is red.
Calculate the same probability again if the first ball is replaced back to the
box.
Solution: we denote the green ball as 𝐺 and the red as 𝑅. Then proceeding.
The sample space is,
Ω = {𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝑅, 𝑅𝐺, 𝑅𝑅}
The probability that the first ball is green, and the second one is red is (without
replacement):
3 6 1
𝑃(𝐺𝑅) = × = = 0.25
3+6 2+6 4
The probability that the first ball is green, and the second one is red is (with
replacement):
3 6 2
𝑃(𝐺𝑅) = × = = 0.222̅
3+6 3+6 9
B. Suppose we have two factories, Factory 𝑨𝟏 , and Factory 𝑨𝟐 , that produce
light bulbs. Factory 𝑨𝟏 produces 𝟔𝟎% of all light bulbs, while factory 𝑨𝟐
produces the remaining 𝟒𝟎%. From Factory 𝑨𝟏 , 𝟓% of light bulbs are
defective, and from Factory 𝑨₂, 𝟑% of light bulbs are defective. Let 𝑩 be the
event that a randomly selected light bulb is defective. Use total law of
probability to find 𝑷(𝑩).
Solution: using the total law of probability we have,
𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴1 )𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴2 )𝑃(𝐴2 )
Where,
▪ 𝑃(𝐴1 ) is the probability that a light bulb comes from factory 𝐴1 .

▪ 𝑃(𝐴2 ) is the probability that a light bulb comes from factory 𝐴2 .
▪ 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴1 ) is the probability that a light bulb is defective, given it comes from
factory 𝐴1 .
▪ 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴1 ) is the probability that a light bulb is defective, given it comes from
factory 𝐴1 .
Plugging in, we get the probability that a randomly selected light bulb is defective:
𝑃(𝐵) = (0.05 × 0.60) + (0.03 × 0.40) = 0.042
Q2)
A. In statistics what is the difference between population and sample? At least

mention 𝟒 reasons for selecting samples Instead of selecting the population
when we conduct statistical studies.
Solution:
Population & Sample (Difference),
Aspect Population Sample

Definition Entire set of individuals/items Subset of the population for
of interest analysis
Size Very large or infinite Much smaller, manageable size
Purpose Represents the whole group Used to infer about the
population
Examples All students at a university 200 randomly selected students
from the university
Page 2 of 6
Reasons for selecting samples instead of entire populations,
▪ Complete enumerations are practically impossible when the population is

infinite.
▪ When the results are required in a short time.
▪ When the area of survey is wide.
▪ When resources for survey are limited particularly in respect of money and
▪ trained people.
▪ When the item or unit is destroyed under investigation.
B. For the data shown below,

𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟓, 𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟖
Find mean, median, mode, and variance of the given data.
Solution:
Mean:
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
2+3+1+5+2+6+1+3+2+8
𝑥̅ =
10
33
𝑥̅ = = 3.3
10
Median: First, let's order the data set:
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 8
Since there are 10 values (even number), the median is the average of the 5th and
6th values.
2+3
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = 2.5
2
Mode: the most repeated value is the mode which for the given dataset, it is:
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 2
Page 3 of 6
Variance(𝝈𝟐 ):
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎2 =
𝑛
First, calculating the term ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ,

(2 − 3.3)2 = 1.69
(3 − 3.3)2 = 0.09
(1 − 3.3)2 = 5.29
(5 − 3.3)2 = 2.89
(2 − 3.3)2 = 1.69
(6 − 3.3)2 = 7.29
(1 − 3.3)2 = 5.29
(3 − 3.3)2 = 0.09
(2 − 3.3)2 = 1.69
(8 − 3.3)2 = 22.09
And summing up,
1.69 + 0.09 + 5.29 + 2.89 + 1.69 + 7.29 + 5.29 + 0.09 + 1.69 + 22.09 = 48.10
Then dividing by 𝒏. Note that we are using 𝒏 because we are seeing the dataset as a
population, if we were to calculate the variance of a sample. It would be divided into
𝒏 − 𝟏 parts rather than 𝒏 parts as follows:
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
But since we are not dealing with a sample, the variance will be:
48.10
𝜎2 =
4.81
Page 4 of 6
Q3) Suppose that there a 𝟔𝟎 percent chance that it will rain today, 𝟓𝟎 percent
chance that it will rain tomorrow, and 𝟑𝟎 percent chance that it will not rain either
day. Draw a suitable Venn Diagram representing the event 𝑨 and 𝑩, where 𝑨 and
𝑩 represent the event that it will rain today and tomorrow, respectively. Then
answer the following questions:
1. The probability that it will rain today or tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋃ 𝑩).
2. The probability that it will rain today and tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋂ 𝑩).
3. Are 𝑨 and 𝑩 mutually exclusive events? And why?
4. From the Venn diagram find the probability that it will rain today but not
tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋂ 𝑩𝒄 ).
Solution:
First, drawing a suitable Venn diagram to represent events 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Where,
▪ 𝐴 represents the event that it will rain today.

▪ 𝐵 represents the event that it will rain tomorrow.
And given that:
▪ 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.60 is the probability that it will rain today.

▪ 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.50 is the probability that it will rain tomorrow.
▪ 𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵)𝑐 = 0.30 is the probability that it will not rain on either day.
We can proceed finding the required probabilities:
1. The probability that it will rain today or tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋃ 𝑩)

𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵)𝑐
𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵) = 1 − 0.30
𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵) = 0.70
Page 5 of 6
2. The probability that it will rain today and tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋂ 𝑩)
𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ⋃ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵) = 0.60 + 0.50 − 0.70
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵) = 0.40
3. Are 𝑨 and 𝑩 mutually exclusive events? And why?

Since 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵) = 0.40, 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not mutually exclusive. Because, there is a
probability that both events can occur.
4. From the Venn diagram find the probability that it will rain today but not
tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋂ 𝑩𝒄 )?
We know:
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵 𝑐 )
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵 𝑐 ) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵 𝑐 ) = 0.60 − 0.40
𝑃(𝐴 ⋂ 𝐵 𝑐 ) = 0.20
Q4) An electrical system consists of identical components, each of which is

operational with probability of 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕, independent of other components. The
components are connected as shown in the given diagram. The system is
operational if there is a path, from 𝑨 to 𝑪, consisting of the operational
components. What is the probability of that the overall system is operational?
Page 6 of 6

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Probability & Statistics (Final Examination)

Spring Sem. 1st Attempt (2023-2024)

The sample space is,

Ω = {𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝑅, 𝑅𝐺, 𝑅𝑅}

Solution: using the total law of probability we have,

𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴1 )𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴2 )𝑃(𝐴2 )

▪ 𝑃(𝐴1 ) is the probability that a light bulb comes from factory 𝐴1 .

𝑃(𝐵) = (0.05 × 0.60) + (0.03 × 0.40) = 0.042

A. In statistics what is the difference between population and sample? At least

Population & Sample (Difference),

Aspect Population Sample

▪ Complete enumerations are practically impossible when the population is

B. For the data shown below,

Find mean, median, mode, and variance of the given data.

Median: First, let's order the data set:

First, calculating the term ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 ,

And summing up,

1. The probability that it will rain today or tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋃ 𝑩).

3. Are 𝑨 and 𝑩 mutually exclusive events? And why?

First, drawing a suitable Venn diagram to represent events 𝐴 and 𝐵.

▪ 𝐴 represents the event that it will rain today.

And given that:

▪ 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.60 is the probability that it will rain today.

We can proceed finding the required probabilities:

1. The probability that it will rain today or tomorrow, 𝑷(𝑨 ⋃ 𝑩)

3. Are 𝑨 and 𝑩 mutually exclusive events? And why?

Q4) An electrical system consists of identical components, each of which is

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