ENGG 5020 ASSESSMENT 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW

STORMWATER DRAINAGE DESIGN USING RCP 8.5

SCENARIO

Vraj Panchal (110398422)

[email protected]
Master of Engineering Civil and Infrastructure (LMCL)

Submission Date
(03/05/2024)

Supervisor:
Dr. Faisal Ahammed
Literature Review Vraj Panchal – 110398422

Author Statement:

I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where
acknowledgement of sources is made.
I authorize the University to test any work submitted by me, using comparison software, for
instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my
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I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at

https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=252142

[Vraj Panchal; ID: 110398422]

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Literature Review Vraj Panchal – 110398422

Contents
1. Project Introduction............................................................................................................................2
2. Literature Review................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Literatures about Stormwater Drainage Design:........................................................................2
2.2 Literatures discussing Climate Change impacts in Australia:......................................................3
2.3 Literatures regarding RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) Scenarios:......................4
3. Knowledge Gap:..................................................................................................................................5
4. References:.........................................................................................................................................6
5. Literature Review Matrix:...............................................................................................................8
6. Meeting Minutes:.........................................................................................................................11

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1. Project Introduction
Projected to reach 30°C by 2090 under the RCP 8.5 scenario, the rising temperatures in South Australia
will significantly increase rainfall intensity, challenging existing urban drainage systems. This literature
review examines adaptations in stormwater management, utilizing insights from global studies such as
those by Chou et al. (2014) and Waters et al. (2003), which discuss regional responses and adaptation
strategies relevant to increased rainfall and urban flood risks. Utilizing the Australian Rainfall Runoff
(ARR) guidelines, the project assesses conventional drainage systems’ designs and their performance
against future conditions. By comparing existing stormwater drainage systems and analyzing responses
to varied rainfall intensities, this study aims to develop insights into effective adaptations for enhancing
urban resilience.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Literatures about Stormwater Drainage Design:

Review 1:

The study conducted by Rosario Balbastre-Soldevila, Rafael García-Bartual, and Ignacio Andrés-
Doménech, was aimed to compare 11 design storms for urban drainage, using high-resolution rainfall
data from Valencia, Spain, from 1990 to 2012. The research employed rainfall-runoff models to compare
quantitative storm properties like rainfall intensity and cumulative depth. Their findings revealed that
seven design storms had similar performances with only slight differences, while four showed significant
variations, impacting urban drainage design efficiency.

Review 2:

The paper, "Fifty Years of Water Sensitive Urban Design, Salisbury, South Australia," was conducted by
John C. Radcliffe, Declan Page, Bruce Naumann, and Peter Dillon. The aim was to explore the
implementation and impact of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) in the City of Salisbury, South
Australia. Through a mix of managed aquifer recharge (MAR), stormwater harvesting, and water
recycling strategies, the study showed how Salisbury expanded from 4,160 to 137,000 residents while
managing water sustainably. The result was a successful model of urban water management, showing
that recycled stormwater can be utilized safely and economically for non-potable and potentially
potable uses.

Review 3:

Meng et al. (2022) researched stormwater management by combining Water Sensitive Urban Design
(WSUD) and stormwater pipeline networks to improve runoff management. They analyzed urban water
systems using water mass balance modeling over 70 years of rainfall data and concluded that combining
WSUD with pipelines significantly reduces stormwater runoff and restores natural water cycles.
Moreover, Akhter et al. (2020) evaluated the cost-effectiveness of stormwater management systems in
urban areas by comparing conventional drainage with hybrid drainage (WSUD) systems. Their research
in a residential area in South Australia showed that hybrid systems are more cost-effective, reducing

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installation costs by 18% compared to conventional systems, while also improving stormwater
management.

Both studies highlight the advantages of WSUD in enhancing stormwater management, with one
emphasizing the potential for combining WSUD with pipelines and the other focusing on its cost-
effectiveness in a hybrid system.

Review 4:

The paper, authored by Waters, Watt, Marsalek, and Anderson (2003), aimed to understand how urban
storm drainage systems can be adapted to handle increased rainfall due to climate change. They focused
on a subdivision in Burlington, Ontario, using a calibrated stormwater management model (PCSWMM
2000) to simulate drainage behavior under current and future rainfall scenarios. The results showed that
a 15% increase in rainfall led to system surcharges, and mitigation options like roof disconnection and
increased surface storage were identified to cope with such changes.

Review 5:

The research was conducted by Hany F. Abd-Elhamid and colleagues to assess the impact of urban
growth on stormwater drainage systems' design. The methodology involved utilizing Hyfran, StormCAD,
and GIS to analyze changes in the runoff coefficient, due to increased urbanization, impact discharge
rates, velocity, lag time, and construction costs in drainage systems. The study's findings indicate that
urban growth leads to an increased runoff coefficient, which consequently results in higher outfall
discharges, reduced lag time, higher construction costs, and increased velocities in the drainage system.

2.2 Literatures discussing Climate Change impacts in Australia:

Review 1:

The paper "Observed and Predicted Impacts of Climate Change on the Estuaries of South-Western
Australia, a Mediterranean Climate Region," published in 2017 by Hallett et al., investigates the effects
of climate change on estuaries in southwestern Australia. The researchers analyzed environmental data
and existing literature to study the impacts of warming temperatures and reduced rainfall on the
estuaries. The results indicate that climate change has led to a reduction in freshwater inflow and
increased marinization, leading to higher salinity levels, increased stratification, and changes in
biodiversity. The paper emphasizes the importance of adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse
effects on these vulnerable ecosystems.

Review 2:

The paper "Climate Change Impacts on Water Sensitive Urban Design Technologies" by Amanda Chao
Guerbatin and Faisal Ahammed, published in 2024, examines the effects of climate change on water
sensitive urban design (WSUD) technologies, specifically focusing on a soak-away system in Aldinga,
South Australia. The research utilized projected rainfall data for 2030, 2060, and 2090 under RCP 4.5 and
8.5 scenarios, using the CSIRO's Climate Futures tool according to the Australia Rainfall Runoff
guidelines. Methodologically, the MUSIC model and stormwater source control principles were applied

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to analyze how changes in rainfall affect the performance and dimensions of soak-aways. The results
revealed that under the RCP 8.5 scenario, changes in soak-away design were necessary to accommodate
increased peak flows, highlighting the impact of climate change on WSUD technologies and emphasizing
the need for adaptive design strategies.

Review 3:

The literature review of the paper focuses on the impact of climate change on urban stormwater
drainage, particularly in Delhi, India, examined by Satish Kumar and his team, published in October
2021. The study aims to investigate the effects of future climate scenarios on urban flooding using
regional climate models to project future rainfall patterns. Methodologically, the research utilizes a
calibrated hydraulic model, specifically the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), to assess flood
risks in two urban catchments. Results reveal that under future climate conditions, flooding nodes will
increase significantly, indicating a heightened risk of flooding compared to current conditions.

Review 4:

The research conducted by M. Wang and colleagues, published in 2018, aimed to investigate the effects
of urban stormwater systems under future scenarios influenced by climate change and urbanization.
They used future scenario modeling across four urban catchments to assess variations in stormwater
quantity and quality, focusing on the efficacy of low impact development (LID) practices as adaptive
strategies. Their methodology included hydrological modeling to simulate impacts on peak runoff and
water quality under various climate and urbanization scenarios. The results indicated that urbanization
had a more significant impact on stormwater systems than climate change alone, and that LID practices
could effectively mitigate these impacts, especially for frequent, less intense storms.

Review 5:

The literature review of the paper titled "Impacts of climate change on rainfall extremes and urban
drainage systems: a review" by K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen and colleagues (2013) examines how climate change
affects urban rainfall and drainage systems. The research team from various international institutions
conducted a thorough review of current methodologies for assessing changes in urban rainfall extremes
due to anthropogenic climate change. They identified significant advances but also highlighted
substantial limitations in predicting precipitation patterns to design and manage urban drainage
infrastructures. Their findings emphasize the increasing importance of incorporating climate change
impacts into urban drainage design to maintain city habitability in the future.

2.3 Literatures regarding RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways)

Scenarios:

Review 1:

The study conducted by Vicky Espinoza, Duane E. Waliser, and others in 2018 analyzed the effects of
climate change on atmospheric rivers (ARs) using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 data.
They compared historical simulations to future projections under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios.

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Employing a uniform, global detection algorithm, the research predicts a significant decrease in AR
frequency by about 10%, but an increase in their duration and width by approximately 25%, along with
stronger moisture transports under RCP 8.5. These alterations result in a marked rise in intense AR
events and their associated impacts, such as extreme precipitation across various regions, particularly
affecting the midlatitudes globally.

Review 2:

The paper "Extreme Rainfall Variations Under Climate Change Scenarios" by Martín Montenegro, Daniel
Mendoza, Diego Mora, Fernando García, and Alex Avilés, published in 2022, explores the future spatio-
temporal changes in maximum daily rainfall in the Andean regions, specifically in the Paute river basin,
Ecuador. Utilizing observed and simulated data from 1985 to 2005, and projections for 2011-2070 under
RCP scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, the research employs the General Extreme Value distribution to analyze
rainfall patterns. The results indicate an increase in the spatial average of maximum rainfall across all
studied future periods and scenarios, with some decreases in specific scenarios for longer return
periods. These findings are crucial for planning and managing water resources in response to changing
rainfall patterns due to climate change.

Review 3:

The research conducted by Sin Chan Chou and colleagues at the National Institute for Space Research,
Brazil, and published in 2014, aimed to assess climate change over South America under RCP 4.5 and 8.5
scenarios using downscaling simulations based on the Eta Regional Climate Model driven by two global
models. They analyzed changes for three future 30-year periods up to 2100, focusing on temperature
and precipitation variations. Results indicated significant regional warming, especially in Central and
Southeast Brazil, with variable precipitation trends including reduced precipitation in central regions and
increased precipitation in the southeast, particularly under the RCP 8.5 scenario.

3. Knowledge Gap:
Significant gaps remain in climate modeling and stormwater management, especially in the precision of
predicting regional climate impacts and evaluating urban drainage adaptations. Studies such as those by
Chou et al. (2014) highlight difficulties in accurately forecasting localized rainfall intensities under RCP
scenarios, critical for regions like South Australia expecting similar climatic changes. Additionally,
research like Waters et al. (2003) delves into stormwater system adaptations but lacks detailed
assessments across varied urban environments, pointing out the need for empirical data on adaptation
strategies' effectiveness.

Further, the work of Marengo et al. (2013) and Smith et al. (2015) illustrates that most climate models
struggle with extreme weather predictions and overlook the economic impacts of advanced stormwater
management technologies. These gaps underscore the necessity for models that predict extreme events
and comprehensive studies on the cost-effectiveness of these systems over their operational lifetimes.
The South Australian project aims to fill these gaps, enhancing urban resilience against the predicted
climatic shifts.

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4. References:

 Balbastre-Soldevila, García-Bartual, & Andrés-Doménech. (2019). A Comparison of Design

Storms for Urban Drainage System Applications. Water (Basel), 11(4), 757-.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040757
 Radcliffe, J. C., Page, D., Naumann, B., & Dillon, P. (2017). Fifty Years of Water Sensitive Urban
Design, Salisbury, South Australia. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(4), 63–
72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0937-3
 Meng, X., Li, X., Nghiem, L. D., Ruiz, E., Johir, M. A., Gao, L., & Wang, Q. (2022). Improved
stormwater management through the combination of the conventional water sensitive urban
design and stormwater pipeline network. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 159,
1164–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.003
 Akhter, F., Hewa, G. A., Ahammed, F., Myers, B., & Argue, J. R. (2020). Performance evaluation
of stormwater management systems and its impact on development costing. Water.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020375
 Abd-Elhamid, H. F., Zeleňáková, M., Vranayová, Z., & Fathy, I. (2020). Evaluating the Impact of
Urban Growth on the Design of Storm Water Drainage Systems. Water (Basel), 12(6), 1572-.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061572
 WATERS, D., WATT, W. E., MARSALEK, J., & ANDERSON, B. C. (2003). Adaptation of a Storm
Drainage System to Accommodate Increased Rainfall Resulting from Climate Change. Journal of
Environmental Planning and Management, 46(5), 755–770.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056032000138472
 Hallett, C. S., Hobday, A. J., Tweedley, J. R., Thompson, P. A., McMahon, K., & Valesini, F. J.
(2018). Observed and predicted impacts of climate change on the estuaries of south-western
Australia, a Mediterranean climate region. Regional Environmental Change, 18(5), 1357–1373.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1264-8
 Chao Guerbatin, A., & Ahammed, F. (2024). Climate change impacts on water sensitive urban
design technologies. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041568
 Kumar, S., Agarwal, A., Ganapathy, A., Villuri, V. G. K., Pasupuleti, S., Kumar, D., Kaushal, D. R.,
Gosain, A. K., & Sivakumar, B. (2022). Impact of climate change on stormwater drainage in
urban areas. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 36(1), 77–96.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02105-x
 Wang, M., Zhang, D. Q., Su, J., Dong, J. W., & Tan, S. K. (2018). Assessing hydrological effects
and performance of low impact development practices based on future scenarios modeling.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 179, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.096
 Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Willems, P., Olsson, J., Beecham, S., Pathirana, A., Gregersen, I. B.,
Madsen, H., & Nguyen, V.-T.-V. (2013). Impacts of climate change on rainfall extremes and
urban drainage systems: a review. Water Science and Technology.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.251

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 Nasrin, T., Sharma, A., & Muttil, N. (2017). Impact of Short Duration Intense Rainfall Events on
Sanitary Sewer Network Performance. Water (Basel), 9(3), 225-.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030225
 Espinoza, V., Waliser, D. E., Guan, B., Lavers, D. A., & Ralph, F. M. (2018). Global Analysis of
Climate Change Projection Effects on Atmospheric Rivers. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9),
4299–4308. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GL076968
 Montenegro, M., Mendoza, D., Mora, D., García, F., & Avilés, A. (2022). Extreme Rainfall
Variations Under Climate Change Scenarios. Case of Study in an Andean Tropical River Basin.
Water Resources Management, 36(15), 5931–5944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-
03332-9
 Chou, S. C., Lyra, A., Mourão, C., Dereczynski, C., Pilotto, I., Gomes, J., ... & Marengo, J. (2014).
Assessment of climate change over South America under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 downscaling
scenarios. American Journal of Climate Change, 3(05), 512.

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5. Literature Review Matrix:

Author/ Title Scope/ Theory Methodolo Analysis, Conclusion Significanc Gaps

Date Research gy Results, s e and the
Questions Findings implicatio
n for
future
research
and
practice
K. Impacts Assessing The A The The paper The study Insufficient
Arnbjerg- of and research comprehen research concluded underscor understan
Nielsen, P. climate addressing focused on sive review resulted that es the ding of
Willems, J. change the reviewing of current that adapting importanc climate-
on impacts of and approaches despite urban e of driven
Olsson, S.
rainfall climate evaluating to assess advance drainage refining changes in
Beecham, extremes change on methods changes in ments, systems to predictive rainfall
A. and rainfall to predict urban significant climate models for patterns
Pathirana, urban extremes and rainfall limitation change is rainfall and and the
I. Bülow drainage and their manage extremes s remain crucial for urban need for
Gregersen, systems effects on the and their in maintainin drainage better
H. Madsen urban impacts of effects on understa g city systems integration
and V.-T.- drainage climate drainage nding and habitability under of these
V. Nguyen systems, change on systems predicting , climate changes in
with a urban under urban necessitati change, urban
focus on rainfall climate rainfall ng suggesting drainage
improving extremes change patterns advancem a design.
predictive and scenarios, under ents in significant
models drainage evaluating climate modeling impact on
and systems, their change, urban future
integrating aiming to effectivenes highlighti rainfall urban
these enhance s and ng the extremes, planning
impacts urban limitations. need for and and
into urban infrastruct improved integrating infrastruct
infrastruct ure design these ure
ure design resilience and changes resilience
and against optimizati into initiatives.
planning. changing on of infrastruct
weather urban ure design.
patterns. drainage
systems.

Sin Chan Assessme Encompass The The The The study The The
Chou, André nt of es the research methodolog research concluded significanc insufficient
Lyra, Climate regional involved y involved showed that South e of this resolution
Caroline Change downscalin using the employing significant America is research of global
Mourão, over g of global Eta the Eta regional projected lies in its climate

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Literature Review Vraj Panchal – 110398422

Claudine South climate Regional Regional warming, to detailed models to

Dereczynski, America models to Climate Climate particularl experience regional accurately
Isabel under assess Model to Model, y in significant insights, predict
Pilotto, RCP 4.5 future downscale forced by Central warming which are local
Jorge and 8.5 climate global two global and and varied crucial for climate
Gomes, Downscal change climate models Southeast precipitati climate features
Josiane ing impacts on projections (HadGEM2- Brazil, on adaptation and
Bustamante, Scenarios temperatu for South ES and and changes, strategies extremes
Priscila re and America, MIROC5), varied with in South in regional
Tavares, precipitati analyzing under two precipitati implication America. settings.
Adan Silva, on across future RCP on s for Its
Daniela South changes in scenarios changes, regional implication
Rodrigues, America, temperatu (4.5 and including climate s for future
Diego utilizing re and 8.5), to reduction adaptation research
Campos, the Eta precipitati perform s in and policy include the
Diego Regional on under downscalin Central planning, need for
Chagas, Climate RCP 4.5 g Brazil and particularl continued
Gustavo Model and 8.5 simulations increases y under refinement
Sueiro, under RCP scenarios. that provide in the the more of regional
Gracielle 4.5 and 8.5 detailed Southeast severe RCP models
Siqueira, scenarios. climate , under 8.5 and
José projections the RCP scenario. methodolo
Marengo for South 8.5 gies to
America. scenario. enhance
local
climate
change
predictions
and impact
assessmen
ts.
Hany F. Abd- Evaluatin Assessing Investigate The The The study The The
Elhamid, g the the impact d the methodolog results concluded significanc unclear
Martina Impact of of urban effects of y involved showed that e of this impact of
Zelenáková, Urban growth on increased collecting that urbanizati research urbanizatio
Zuzana Growth runoff urbanizati hydrological urban on lies in its n-induced
Vranayová on the coefficient on on and growth significantl contributio changes in
and Ismail Design of s and storm topographic increases y impacts n to runoff
Fathy Storm modeling water data, the runoff storm improved coefficient
Water the drainage employing coefficien water storm s on the
Drainage resultant systems by hydrological t, leading drainage water performan
Systems changes in analyzing models to higher systems, manageme ce and
the design how (Hyfran, outfall necessitati nt costs of
parameter changes in StormCAD) discharge ng strategies storm
s of storm runoff for and advanced in urban water
water coefficient simulation, velocity in modeling areas, drainage
drainage s due to and using storm to predict guiding systems.
systems in urban GIS to water changes future
Dammam, growth analyze the drainage and assist research
Saudi impact the effects of systems, in the towards
Arabia, discharge different reduced design and integrating
using rates, runoff lag time, cost land use

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Literature Review Vraj Panchal – 110398422

hydrologic velocities, coefficients and manageme and

al models and costs on storm significant nt of these hydrologic
and GIS. of these water ly higher systems al models
systems in drainage constructi for for
Dammam, systems in on costs. effective sustainabl
using Dammam, urban e urban
advanced Saudi flood planning
hydrologic Arabia. mitigation. and
al and GIS infrastruct
modeling. ure
developme
nt.

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Literature Review Vraj Panchal – 110398422

6. Meeting Minutes:

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