INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PHILOLOGY, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND MODERN SCIENCE

Published: May 10, 2023 | Pages: 155-159

GLOBAL SECURITY CHALLENGES: INFORMATION SECURITY AND ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Suhrob Buranov
Phd In Political Science, Associate Professor Of Tashkent State University Of Oriental
Studies, Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT: This article discusses non-traditional forms of security, new challenges to global
security, in particular information security and artificial intelligence risks.

KEYWORDS: Security, realism, liberalism, soft power, global security, artificial intelligence.

INTRODUCTION

There are serious and intense struggles for the world political order of the 21st century. The
appearance and form of mutual geopolitical competition is very different from the last century.
Previously, approaches to security were developed based on the current situation and different
views of the states, but the contemporary globalization process requires new aspects to be put
forward. In today's security situation, no country, no matter how powerful, can ensure its security
alone. Taking into account the ever-expanding scope of threats to security in such conditions, the
demand for solidarity and mutual trust in the world will increase on a global scale.

MAIN PART

A one-sided approach to defining security is a complete mistake. One of these misunderstandings

of the definition of security is to associate it only with the military sphere. However, security covers
not only military, but also political, economic, social and other spheres in the broad sense.

The well-known English scientist B. Buzan gives a new definition of the concept of security in his
work "People, States and Fear". The scientist distinguishes between the security of the individual
and the security of the nation. According to him, security has "soft" and "hard" characteristics. The
"soft" type of security includes economic, spiritual and cultural spheres, while the "hard" one
indicates the type of security that must be ensured with the help of military forces (Buzan, 1991. -
P.17.). Based on these views of the scientist, two schools of deep understanding of the concept of
security should be distinguished:

School of realism. Realists associate the essence of the concept of security with the power factor.
According to them, power is the basis of security. Although the first formation of realism dates
back to the works of scientists such as Thucydides, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes, its
modern essence is expressed in the scientific views of the English historian Edward H. Carr. In his
book "Twenty Years of Tension: 1919-1939, Introduction to International Relations", the scientist
analyzed the politics of states on the international stage and the nature of international relations.

As a result of the end of the Cold War and the acceleration of the globalization process, realism,

International Scientific and Current Research Conferences

155
10 May 2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PHILOLOGY, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND MODERN SCIENCE

Published: May 10, 2023 | Pages: 155-159

which was considered an effective model of international relations, is no longer as important as

before. Realism's central concepts of power, authority, self-interest, and the state were not
sufficient to explain changes in the system. Issues such as safety of economics, informatics and
ecology have expanded this field, which, in turn, has further demonstrated the shortcomings of
realism. This situation led to the emergence of new approaches and concepts in the field of
security. In the global system, the issue of security has become a concept that includes not only
military problems, but also threats arising from terrorism, ecology, the spread of weapons of mass
destruction, and technological development.

Modern realities show that the power factor cannot always express the meaning of security.
Today's world international relations are a clear confirmation of this. Now security processes in
countries are so interdependent that a conflict or a threatening event in one corner of the world
has an impact in other countries. In this regard, supporters of the liberalism approach present a
number of arguments against realists.

School of Liberalism. Liberalism as a theory of international relations emerged as a result of efforts

to maintain peace and security and prevent the consequences of wars after the First World War.
Liberalism focuses mainly on issues of peace and cooperation in the international system, not on
conflicts and wars. More precisely, liberals rely on the belief that in the essence of security
cooperation is the priority, not force.

They also believe that security is ensured not by the state alone, but by its integration into several
structures. The best way to ensure international security is the institutionalization of international
law and the establishment of international organizations. International organizations based on
legal norms will be a guarantee of security.

There is another interesting feature of the philosophy of liberalism. For example, in the 90s of the
20th century, liberals found a clear answer to the opinions of realists that "without the force factor,
neither security, nor stability, nor development can be ensured." More precisely, professor of
Harvard University Joseph Nye introduced the term "soft power" to the science of international
relations for the first time. J. Nye defines "soft power" in his book "Leadership Responsibilities:
The Changing Nature of American Power" as follows: "Soft power is the ability to work with allies
to achieve a goal without violence" (Nye , Joseph, 1990). The scientist gives a more detailed
definition of "soft power" in his famous work "Soft power: the means to success in world
politics":"... it is known that by means of military and economic power it is possible to force others
to change their position. However, sometimes it is possible to achieve the desired result even
without them. Attracting, not coercion, is a main key" (Nye, Joseph, 2004). In this respect,
supporters of liberalism believe that through "soft power" it is possible to ensure security and
stability, and even achieve geopolitical goals.

The modern global security system began with the dangers of international terrorism, and in the
next 20 years, it continues with global realities such as the coronavirus pandemic, the threat of
using nuclear weapons, Russia's military attack on Ukraine and its negative consequences, and
global climate change. However, in our opinion, information security and artificial intelligence will
be the main challenges to global security in the future.

International Scientific and Current Research Conferences

156
10 May 2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PHILOLOGY, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND MODERN SCIENCE

Published: May 10, 2023 | Pages: 155-159

Information security. The boundaries and dimensions of information security are infinite, and its
impact on national, regional and global security levels is extremely huge. With the formation of the
informational state and society in the modern world, the information factor has become one of
the powerful tools of geopolitics. In our opinion, the weapon of geoinformation is the most
effective and dangerous of the mechanisms of geopolitics, because there is no one-size-fits-all
global control in the information space. The fact that the main realities of human life have moved
to the virtual world complicates its security aspects. Today the influence of information weapons
is more dangerous than nuclear weapons (Buranov, 2022). This technology was practically used
during the events of the Arab Spring. As a result of its practice, fundamental changes took place in
the geopolitical space, because of the Internet, people gathered and held demonstrations against
the government. Therefore, these events were described by the names "Facebook revolution",
"Twitter revolution" and other new terms.

According to the analysis, more than 500 million cyber attacks are organized every year around the
world. Every second, 1 in 12 people become victims of cyber attacks. In developed countries such
as the United States of America, France, England, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, the rate of
cybercrime is 60-65% of the total crime.

Artificial intelligence. The famous Indian figure Jawaharlal Nehru criticized inventions from atomic
weapons to pistols when he said, "Indeed, mankind will destroy itself with its own inventions."
Artificial intelligence is one such weapon of our time. Although it provides a quick and operative
solution to most problems, it is not without its potential to be used for political purposes. In
addition, there are speculations that it may go beyond human control. Kai-Fu Lee, one of the
pioneers in the field of artificial intelligence, author of the book "AI Superpowers: China, Silicon
Valley, and the New World Order" (Kai-Fu Lee, 2018), says that until recently, China was far behind
the US in AI research and use. But in the last few years, China's public policy has made this direction
one of the priorities, and the popularity of artificial intelligence among the population has
increased so much that even five-year-old children have an idea about it.

China is already experimenting with AI algorithms and business models, and soon Chinese
scientists will be able to successfully compete and collaborate with their American counterparts.
This development could have a major impact on the world economy, and no one can predict the
full potential consequences. Will this lead to progress or, on the contrary, will it reduce people to
the level of insignificant and disenfranchised helpers of machines? Do we win or lose? No one can
give a definite answer. But regular questions are required.

Kai-Fu Lee tells the story of the May 2017 Go competition between humans and computers. The
competition between the Chinese player, 19-year-old absolute world champion Ke Sze, and the
AlphaGo program developed by Google took place at the annual Go Festival in Wuzhen. The
ancient game of Go was considered impossible for machines to play until recently, as it required
real human qualities from the player: intuition, sensation, high-level abstraction, etc. In ancient
China, it was considered that every scholar had to know the game of Go. The tactical principles of
Go are a bit more complicated than those of chess and are based on patience. For this reason, Go
was considered not just a game, but an art of a special state of mind. There are a lot of positions in

International Scientific and Current Research Conferences

157
10 May 2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PHILOLOGY, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND MODERN SCIENCE

Published: May 10, 2023 | Pages: 155-159

the game and it takes a lot of practice to choose the right move based on intuition. Each of the
three competitions between humans and artificial intelligence lasted for three hours. Ke Sze tried
all kinds of methods: defended, attacked, made crazy moves, but AlphaGo won convincingly. The
game was watched around the world, but according to Kai Fu-Li, each country saw it differently.
For the Western world, this was the next victory of the computer over the human being, moreover,
it was a proof of the domination of Western technologies over the whole world, the superiority of
the future field of the digital world. Kai Fu-Li accepted this victory as the next inspirational
challenge for China. At the time, the launch of the first satellite by the former Soviet Union
encouraged the United States to develop its own space program. AlphaGo's first victory came in
2016, when the program defeated the Korean champion Lee Se Dol 4-1. At that time, Europeans
and Americans paid little attention to it, but the Chinese watched this game closely. An "explosion"
of artificial intelligence research began in China, after which all the power of the state, as well as
private entrepreneurs and investors, were mobilized to research artificial intelligence. The
government aims to become a center of artificial intelligence research on a global scale by 2020-
2025. In 2017, Chinese investors accounted for 48 percent of global AI-related investments, more
than the United States. Until now, the research of artificial intelligence has been conducted in a
theoretical environment, but the acceleration of technical processes has made it possible to use it
in practice.

Elon Musk believes that the creation of artificial intelligence can be compared to summoning a
demon that has not yet fully demonstrated what it is capable of, and in general, it represents
perhaps the biggest, most serious threat that humanity has ever faced. Stephen Hawking and the
Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom (Director of the Institute for the Future of Humanity) are also
afraid of the consequences of the growing power of artificial intelligence.

According to the American scientist Eric Brynolfson, machines will replace more and more human
labor. On the one hand, they increase the amount of capital, on the other hand, more and more
jobs will be cut, and as artificial intelligence develops, this gap will only widen. It is simply
impossible to imagine the possibilities of using artificial intelligence weapons for geopolitical
purposes. This is a serious challenge to global security for humanity.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the essence of the concept of security is very complex. In our opinion, its meaning
can also be interpreted as "Si vis salutem, para periculum" (If you want safety, prepare for danger!
author – S.B.) by making a slight change to the term "Si vis salutem, para periculum" (If you want
peace, prepare for war!). National, regional and international security cannot be separated from
each other in the conditions of globalization. Approaches to today's global security are also not
unanimous. The lack of global control over information security and the fact that artificial
intelligence is based on temporary human control may cause serious challenges to global security
in the future.

REFERENCES

1. Buzan B. People, States and Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-

International Scientific and Current Research Conferences

158
10 May 2023
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF PHILOLOGY, SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AND MODERN SCIENCE

Published: May 10, 2023 | Pages: 155-159

Cold War Era. Boulder, Colarodo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991.

2. Nye, Jozeph. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York,
Basic Books.

3. Nye, Jozeph. (2004) Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public
Affairs.

4. Buranov S. (2022) Geopolics of Uzbekistan. EFFECT-D.

5. Kai-Fu Lee. (2018) AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order.
Houghton Mifflin.

International Scientific and Current Research Conferences

159
10 May 2023