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    Fluid Lesson 3

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    jorgenovachrollo
    The document discusses basic concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, energy and momentum. It provides the governing equations for overall mass, energy and momentum balance and examples of their application to problems involving fluid flow and properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Fluid Lesson 3

    Uploaded by

    jorgenovachrollo
    20 views15 pages
    The document discusses basic concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, energy and momentum. It provides the governing equations for overall mass, energy and momentum balance and examples of their application to problems involving fluid flow and properties.

    Original Title

    FLUID-LESSON-3

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    The document discusses basic concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, energy and momentum. It provides the governing equations for overall mass, energy and momentum balance and examples of their application to problems involving fluid flow and properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views15 pages

    Fluid Lesson 3

    Uploaded by

    jorgenovachrollo
    The document discusses basic concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, energy and momentum. It provides the governing equations for overall mass, energy and momentum balance and examples of their application to problems involving fluid flow and properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    FLUID

    MECHANICS
    L ES S O N 3

    E N GR . PA N GA N IBA N
    Fluid Dynamics
    3 BASIC CONSERVATION LAWS

    CONSERVATION OF MASS
    FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS / CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
    NEWTONS SECOND LAW / CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL MASS-BALANCE EQUATION

    Mass Input + Mass Generation = Mass Output + Mass Consumption


    Special Case: Steady-state conditions with no chemical reaction
    Continuity Equation:
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL MASS-BALANCE EQUATION

    SAMPLE EXERCISE:

    . Initially,
    a tank holds 500 kg salt solution containing 10% salt. A
    stream enters at point (1) at a constant flow rate of 10 kg/h
    containing 20% salt. A stream leaves at point (2) at a constant
    rate of 5 kg/h. The tank is well-stirred. Derive an equation
    relating the weight fraction wA of the salt in the tank at any time
    t in hours. What is the weight fraction of salt after 10 hours?
    How about after 1 day?
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION

    For laminar flow : α = 0.5 ; For turbulent flow : α = 1.0


    Note: ∑FL in most cases is neglected in this form of energy balance
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION SPECIAL CASES:
    A. Adiabatic process (Q=0)
    Overall Mechanical Energy Balance:
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION SPECIAL CASES:

    B. Adiabatic process (Q=0), no mechanical energy is added


    (Ws=0) and no friction loss (∑FL = 0)
    Bernoulli Equation:
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION SPECIAL CASES:
    C. For liquid flowing from a nozzle in a tank of liquid height h
    Torricelli Equation:
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION
    SAMPLE EXERCISE:

    Water at 85.0°C is being stored in a large, insulated tank at


    atmospheric pressure. It is being pumped at steady state from this
    tank at point 1 by a pump at the rate of 0.567 m3 /min. The motor
    driving the pump supplies energy at the rate of 7.45 kW. The water
    passes through a heat exchanger, where it gives up 1 408 kW of heat.
    The cooled water is then delivered to a second large open tank at
    point 2, which is 20 m above the first tank. Calculate the final
    temperature of the water delivered to the second tank. Neglect any
    kinetic energy changes, since the initial and final velocities in the
    tanks are essentially zero.
    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL MOMENTUM BALANCE EQUATION

    Overall Momentum Balance in One Direction


    Fluid Dynamics
    OVERALL MOMENTUM BALANCE EQUATION

    SAMPLE EXERCISE:

    Water is flowing at a rate of 0.03154 m3 /s through a horizontal


    nozzle and discharges to the atmosphere at point 2. The nozzle is
    attached at the upstream end at point 1 and frictional losses are
    considered negligible. The upstream ID is 0.0635 m and the
    downstream 0.0286 m. Calculate the resultant force on the nozzle.
    The density of water is 1 000 kg/m3 .
    Fluid Dynamics
    VELOCITY PROFILE IN LAMINAR FLOW

    INSIDE A PIPE
    Fluid Dynamics
    VELOCITY PROFILE IN LAMINAR FLOW
    INSIDE A PIPE
    Sample exercise:

    The viscosity of a liquid is to be determined by measuring the


    pressure drop and velocity of the liquid in a capillary. The liquid used
    has a density of 912 kg/m3 , and the capillary has a diameter of 2.222
    mm and a length of 0.1585 m. The measured flow rate is 5.33 x 10−7
    m3 /s of liquid and the pressure drop is 131 mm of water (996 kg/m3
    ). Neglecting end effects, calculate the viscosity of the liquid in Pa-s.
    Fluid Dynamics
    VELOCITY PROFILE IN LAMINAR FLOW

    FALLING FILM
    Fluid Dynamics
    VELOCITY PROFILE IN LAMINAR FLOW

    FALLING FILM

    SAMPLE EXERCISE:

    Pure water at 20 ͦC is flowing down a vertical wetted-column


    at a rate of 0.124 kg/s-m. Calculate the film thickness and
    the average velocity.

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