Dr.

Mohammad Shamsul Arefin

Professor, Department of CSE, CUET, Bangladesh
Acknowledgement: The contents of the slides have been adapted in supervised way from
different text books, online resources as well as by using effective AI tools. The contents were
well reviewed to ensure the accuracy and relevancy of the contents. The contents can be used
for educational purpose. No reproduction for business purpose is allowed.

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Lecture-4

Research Methodology
Lecture – 1

Basic Concepts of Research

 Topics Covered:
o Research Concepts and Type of Research
o Basic Steps in Research
o Growth Mindset and Fostering Creativity

Activities: Exploring research potentials of individuals.

Research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase

our understanding of a topic or issue. It involves a methodical and rigorous approach to
inquiry. There are several types of research, each suited to different purposes and
contexts.
Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable
knowledge.
 Systematic and orderly (following a series of steps)
 Purpose is new knowledge, which must be reliable

This is a general definition which applies to all disciplines.

Research is not an accidental discovery. However, accidental discovery may occur in
structured research process. Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously
noticed. May lead to a structured research process to verify or understand the
observation.

Research is not data collection. However, data collection is an intermediate step to

gain reliable knowledge. Collecting reliable data is a part of the research process.

Research is not searching out published research results in libraries (or the
internet). However, this is an important early step of research. The research process
always includes synthesis and analysis. But, just reviewing of literature is not research.
Research is searching for explanation of events, phenomena, relationships and causes.
 What, how and why things occur
 Are there interactions?
 Planned and managed – to make the information generated credible
 The process is creative
 It is circular – always leads to more questions

Types of Research

Basic Research: Also known as fundamental or pure research, it focuses on advancing

knowledge by building on existing theories and principles without a direct focus on
practical applications. For example, a physicist studying the properties of subatomic
particles.

Characteristics:
 Aims to increase fundamental knowledge and understanding.
 Not directly focused on practical applications.
 Often driven by curiosity and theoretical interest.
 Contributes to the scientific base of a subject or field.
 May lead to new theories or concepts.
 Long-term in nature, without immediate commercial benefits.
Examples of Basic Research:
1. Exploring the Theoretical Limits of Computational Complexity
Explanation: This research would delve into the fundamental aspects of
computational complexity theory, seeking to understand the deepest limits and
capabilities of algorithms and computation. It is quintessential basic research as it
aims to expand theoretical knowledge without immediate practical application.

2. Quantum Algorithms: Foundations and Future Perspectives

Explanation: This topic focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of quantum
algorithms. It is basic research because it aims to enhance the fundamental
understanding of quantum computing, a field still in its nascent stages, without
directly targeting specific practical applications.

3. Investigating the Principles of Self-organizing Systems in Computer Science

Explanation: Researching self-organizing systems involves understanding how
order and pattern emerge from decentralized, local interactions. It's basic research
as it seeks to elucidate foundational principles that could be applied across
various domains in the future.

4. Theoretical Foundations of Machine Learning: Bridging the Gap between

Mathematics and Computation
Explanation: This research would explore the deep mathematical theories that
underpin machine learning algorithms. It's considered basic research because it
focuses on enhancing theoretical understanding and conceptual frameworks rather
than developing specific applications.

5. Neural Network Models and Theories: Understanding the Brain-Computer

Interface
Explanation: Investigating the theoretical models of neural networks to
understand how they can mimic or interface with the human brain is a basic
research topic. It primarily aims to advance knowledge in the field of artificial
intelligence and neuroscience, without immediate application in mind.
6. Developing a Unified Theory of Data Structure Optimization for Enhanced
Computational Efficiency\
Explanation: This research aims to formulate a comprehensive theoretical
framework for optimizing data structures, which is essential for improving
 computational efficiency. It's basic research as it focuses on developing a
theoretical understanding that could be foundational for future practical
applications.

7. Establishing a New Theoretical Model for Distributed Computing Systems

Explanation: The goal here is to create a novel theoretical model that better
explains and predicts the behavior and efficiencies of distributed computing
systems. It is a basic research topic because it seeks to develop new theories that
underpin these systems.

8. Advancing Graph Theory in the Context of Social Network Analysis

Explanation: This research aims to expand graph theory, especially in its
application to social network analysis. It’s basic research as it involves the
development of new theoretical frameworks to understand complex social
network structures.

9. Formulating a Theory of Algorithmic Fairness in Artificial Intelligence

Explanation: The objective is to develop a theoretical framework for
understanding and ensuring fairness in AI algorithms. This is basic research
focused on theory development, addressing fundamental questions about bias and
fairness in AI.

10.Theoretical Foundations of Quantum Cryptography: Beyond Current

Limitations
Explanation: This research would involve developing new theoretical
foundations for quantum cryptography, aiming to surpass the current limitations
of traditional cryptographic methods. It's classified as basic research as it is about
theory creation in a cutting-edge area of computer science.
Applied Research: This type of research seeks to solve practical problems and improve
human conditions. It applies scientific theories and principles to real-world situations.
For instance, developing a new vaccine to combat a disease.

Characteristics of applied research

 Problem-Oriented: Focuses on solving specific, practical problems. Addresses
real-world needs and challenges.
 Goal-Driven: Aims to produce results that have direct applications. Outcomes
are often intended for immediate implementation.
 Innovative Solutions: Seeks to develop new technologies, processes, or methods.
Often involves innovation and creativity.
 Multidisciplinary Approach: Typically involves integrating knowledge from
various disciplines. Collaboration across different fields is common.
 Empirical Methods: Relies on empirical evidence and experimentation. Involves
testing hypotheses in real-world settings.
 Outcome Focused: Emphasizes tangible, measurable results. Success is often
judged by the practical impact of the research.
 User-Centric: Designs and tests solutions based on user needs and feedback.
Often involves stakeholders or end-users in the research process.
 Dynamic and Adaptive: Adjusts methodologies based on evolving requirements.
Responsive to changes in the problem or environment.
 Practical Implementation: Prioritizes methodologies that can be feasibly
implemented. Considers the cost-effectiveness and practicality of solutions.
 Contribution to Field: Contributes to practical knowledge and technical
advancements in a particular field. Often leads to technological or methodological
advancements.

Examples of Applied Research

1. Developing an AI-Driven Diagnostic System for Early Detection of
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Explanation: This research focuses on creating a practical application using
artificial intelligence to detect neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's at an
early stage. It's applied research because it aims to solve a specific health-related
problem using computer science technology.
2. Implementing Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Supply Chain
Transparency in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Explanation: The goal here is to apply blockchain technology to improve
transparency and traceability in pharmaceutical supply chains. This is a clear
example of applied research where a specific technology (blockchain) is utilized
to address a real-world problem in supply chain management.

3. Utilizing Machine Learning for Real-Time Urban Traffic Management and

Congestion Control
Explanation: This research aims to use machine learning algorithms to manage
and control urban traffic flow more efficiently. It's an instance of applied research
as it involves the practical application of machine learning to solve urban
transportation challenges.

4. Enhancing Cybersecurity in IoT Devices Through Advanced Encryption

Protocols
Explanation: The objective is to develop and implement robust encryption
methods to secure Internet of Things (IoT) devices against cyber threats. This
research is applied because it directly addresses the practical issue of IoT security.

5. Development of a Virtual Reality Based Training Module for Emergency

Medical Responders
Explanation: This project involves creating a virtual reality (VR) training
program for emergency medical personnel. It's an example of applied research,
applying VR technology to create practical training solutions in the medical field.
Descriptive Research: This aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population, situation, or phenomenon. It often involves surveys and case studies. An
example would be a survey research studying the spending habits of consumers.

Characteristics of Descriptive Research:

 Observational Focus: Primarily involves observing and describing phenomena
as they occur naturally. Does not manipulate variables or seek to establish causal
relationships.
 Detailed and Systematic: Collects data that is detailed and systematic. Involves
precise measurement and accurate recording of the characteristics being studied.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Data: Can include both quantitative (numerical)
and qualitative (non-numerical) data. Often uses tools like surveys, interviews,
and observations for data collection.
 Snapshot of Current State: Provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs or
phenomena. Focuses on the "what" rather than the "why" or "how".
 No Hypothesis Testing: Generally does not involve hypothesis testing. Aimed at
gathering information, not at testing theories.
 Structured Data Collection: Utilizes structured methods for data collection such
as surveys with fixed questions. Ensures consistency and reliability in the data
gathered.
 Statistical Analysis: Often involves statistical analysis to summarize and
organize data. Helps in identifying patterns or trends in the data.
 Non-Experimental: Typically non-experimental, meaning it doesn't involve
manipulating variables. Observes variables in their natural setting.
 Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal: Can be cross-sectional (conducted at a single
point in time) or longitudinal (conducted over a period of time).
 Subject Variability: Emphasizes capturing variability among subjects under
study. Aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject matter.

Examples of Descriptive Research:

1. A Survey of Current Trends in Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare
a. Exploring the current use and trends of machine learning in the healthcare
industry.
2. An Analysis of User Interface Preferences Among Different Age Groups in
Mobile Applications
 a. Studying the preferences for user interface designs across various age
groups in mobile app users.
3. Understanding the Adoption of Cloud Computing in Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs)
a. Investigating the extent and manner in which SMEs are adopting cloud
computing solutions.
4. The Evolution of Cybersecurity Threats: A Ten-Year Retrospective
a. Examining how cybersecurity threats have evolved over the past decade.
5. Usage Patterns of Social Media Platforms Among University Students
a. Analyzing how university students use different social media platforms,
focusing on patterns and behaviors.

Analytical Research: It involves the analysis of facts or data already available, and
their interpretation. Researchers often compare different data sets to find correlations or
patterns. For example, analyzing historical climate data to understand global warming
trends.

Characteristics of Analytical Research:

 Focus on Data Analysis: Emphasizes the examination and interpretation of data.
 Critical Evaluation: Involves critical thinking to understand and explain data.
 Use of Statistical Tools: Often employs statistical methods for data analysis.
 Objective Reasoning: Maintains objectivity and avoids subjective judgments.
 Hypothesis Testing: Frequently tests a hypothesis or a set of hypotheses.
 In-depth Exploration: Delves deeply into specific aspects of a subject.
 Theory-Based: Grounded in existing theories and concepts.
 Methodological Rigor: Requires rigorous and systematic research methods.
 Evidence-Based Conclusions: Draws conclusions based on empirical evidence.

Some Analytical Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Comparative Analysis of Encryption Algorithms in Cloud Security
 Statistical Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Predictive Analytics
 Analyzing the Performance of Distributed Database Systems under Various
Workloads
 Assessment of User Experience Metrics in Mobile Application Interfaces
 Data Mining Techniques in Social Media: A Sentiment Analysis Perspective
Qualitative Research: This research is more exploratory in nature, focusing on
understanding the meaning and characteristics of phenomena, often through methods
like interviews, focus groups, and observation. An example is conducting in-depth
interviews to understand the experiences of survivors of a natural disaster.

Qualitative Research Characteristics:

 Emphasis on Understanding: Focuses on understanding experiences, views, or
cultures.
 Data Collection: Involves interviews, observations, and textual analysis.
 Subjective Analysis: Interprets data through the lens of personal experiences and
biases.
 Non-Statistical: Does not rely on numerical data or statistical methods.
 In-Depth Exploration: Provides detailed insight into a specific topic or issue.
 Flexibility: Allows for changes in research direction based on initial findings.
 Narrative Report: Results in narrative, descriptive data.

Qualitative Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Understanding User Experience in Virtual Reality Gaming
 Ethnographic Study of Coding Practices in Open Source Communities
 Exploring Privacy Concerns in Social Media Usage Among Teenagers
 User Interaction with Smart Home Technologies: A Qualitative Study
 Impact of Remote Work on Software Development Teams: An Observational
Study

Quantitative Research: This involves the systematic empirical investigation of

observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It
often involves hypothesis testing. An example would be conducting a study with a large
sample size to determine the effectiveness of a new drug.

Quantitative Research Characteristics:

 Empirical Investigation: Uses empirical evidence for testing hypotheses.
 Statistical Analysis: Involves statistical techniques for analyzing data.
 Structured Methodology: Follows a more rigid, structured research design.
 Objective: Seeks to maintain objectivity and neutrality.
 Numerical Data: Relies on numerical data for analysis.
  Generalization: Aims to generalize findings to a larger population.
 Quantifiable Variables: Focuses on variables that can be quantified.

Quantitative Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Quantitative Analysis of Algorithm Efficiency in Data Processing
 Statistical Evaluation of Cybersecurity Breaches in E-Commerce
 Performance Metrics in Cloud Computing: A Quantitative Study
 User Engagement with Mobile Apps: A Statistical Analysis
 Network Traffic Analysis in Corporate Environments

Experimental Research: It involves conducting experiments to test hypotheses and

examine cause-and-effect relationships. For example, a laboratory experiment in
psychology to test the effects of a new therapy on anxiety levels.

Experimental Research Characteristics:

 Controlled Conditions: Conducted under controlled or laboratory conditions.
 Variable Manipulation: Involves manipulation of variables to observe effects.
 Cause-and-Effect: Focuses on establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
 Randomization: Often uses randomization to avoid biases.
 Reproducibility: Aims for reproducibility of results.
 Experimental and Control Groups: Utilizes experimental and control groups.
 Structured Protocols: Follows strict experimental protocols.

Experimental Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Evaluating the Effectiveness of New Network Security Protocols
 Impact of AI-Based Learning Tools on Student Performance
 Testing Usability of Voice-Assisted Interfaces in Different Age Groups
 Performance of New Database Management Systems under Stress Conditions
 Experimental Evaluation of User Response to Haptic Feedback in VR

Action Research: This is a participatory type of research where the researcher actively
involves in the research process along with the participants. It's often used in the fields
of education and community development. For example, a teacher conducting research
in their own classroom to improve teaching practices.
Action Research Characteristics:
1. Problem Solving: Focuses on solving a specific problem.
2. Participatory: Involves collaboration with those affected by the issue.
3. Practical Orientation: Geared towards practical solutions.
4. Iterative Process: Involves cycles of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting.
5. Change-Oriented: Aims to bring about change.
6. Flexible and Adaptive: Adapts as research progresses.
7. Context-Specific: Highly contextual and situation-specific.

Action Research Titles in Computer Science:

1. "Implementing and Assessing Scrum Methodology in Software Development
Teams"
2. "Improving Online Learning Platforms: An Action Research Study"
3. "Enhancing Digital Literacy Skills in Rural Schools"
4. "Developing a Community-Based E-Waste Management System"
5. "Collaborative Development of an Accessible Web Interface"

Longitudinal Research: This type of research involves repeated observations of the

same variables over long periods of time - often many decades. An example is a study
that tracks the health outcomes of a group of individuals over their lifetimes.

Longitudinal Research Characteristics:

 Time-Extended Study: Involves extended time periods.

 Observational over Time: Observes the same subjects over a duration.
 Changes and Development: Focuses on changes and development over time.
 Repeated Measures: Collects data at multiple time points.
 Long-Term Insights: Provides long-term insights and trends.

Longitudinal Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Longitudinal Study of the Evolution of User Behavior in Social Networks

 Tracking the Progression of Cybersecurity Skills among Professionals
 Long-Term Effects of Virtual Reality on Cognitive Function
 Studying the Adoption and Impact of AI in Healthcare over a Decade
 Yearly Analysis of Consumer Preferences in Mobile Technology
Cross-sectional Research: This research studies a particular subject at a specific point
in time. For example, a survey conducted to determine the political preferences of voters
right before an election.
Cross-sectional Research Characteristics:

 Snapshot Approach: Provides a snapshot at a single point in time.

 Diverse Populations: Often involves diverse population samples.
 Comparative Analysis: Allows for comparison among different groups.
 No Longitudinal Follow-up: Does not track changes over time.
 Efficiency: More efficient and less time-consuming than longitudinal studies.

Cross-sectional Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Cross-Sectional Survey on Privacy Concerns in Different Age Groups

 Comparative Study of Different Programming Languages' Popularity
 Analysis of Smartphone Usage Patterns Across Various Demographics
 Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cloud Storage Adoption in Different Industries
 Studying the Impact of Online Learning Tools Among Universities

Problem-Solving Research: Definition: Problem-solving research is focused on

identifying solutions to specific practical problems. It involves a process of defining a
problem, generating potential solutions, testing these solutions, and implementing them.
The emphasis is on practical outcomes and real-world applications.
Example: A company might conduct problem-solving research to improve the
efficiency of a manufacturing process. They would identify specific issues in the
process, develop various strategies to address these issues, test these strategies under
controlled conditions, and then implement the most effective one in their actual
production line.

Problem-Solving Research Characteristics:

 Practical Orientation: Directly focuses on addressing practical, real-world
problems.
 Solution-Driven: Aimed at finding effective solutions or improvements.
 Innovative Approaches: Often involves developing new methods or applying
existing knowledge in new ways.
  Interdisciplinary Knowledge: May incorporate knowledge from various fields
to solve complex problems.
 Implementation Focus: Emphasizes the applicability and implementation of
research findings.

Problem-Solving Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Developing an Advanced Intrusion Detection System for Cybersecurity Threats
 Optimizing Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing Environments
 Creating an Efficient Algorithm for Traffic Congestion Management
 Enhancing Data Retrieval Speed in Large Scale Databases
 Developing a User-Centric Privacy Protection Framework for Social Media

Disciplinary Research: Definition: Disciplinary research is a type of investigation that

is grounded within a single discipline or field of study. It adheres to the methodologies,
theories, and standards of that discipline. This type of research often seeks to expand the
knowledge base of the discipline itself.
Example: A historian conducting archival research to better understand the political
dynamics of a particular era is engaging in disciplinary research. Their work is rooted in
the methodologies and theoretical frameworks of historical study, such as analyzing
primary source documents and placing findings within a broader historical context.

Disciplinary Research Characteristics:

 Field-Specific: Focused on a specific academic discipline or field.
 Theoretical Foundations: Based on the theoretical and methodological
foundations of the discipline.
 Depth of Study: Involves in-depth study within the discipline.
 Contribution to Field: Aims to contribute to the body of knowledge within that
discipline.
 Specialized Methodologies: Utilizes research methods specific to the discipline.

Disciplinary Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Theoretical Analysis of Algorithm Complexity in Computational Theory
 Evolution of Programming Languages: A Historical Perspective.
 Studying the Ethical Implications of AI in Decision-Making Processes
 Analysis of Data Encryption Methods in Cybersecurity
  The Role of Database Management Systems in Big Data

Multidisciplinary Research: Definition: Multidisciplinary research involves

integrating information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, and concepts from two or
more disciplines to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose
solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline. Unlike interdisciplinary research,
which blends these elements to create a new unified framework, multidisciplinary
research juxtaposes these elements but retains their disciplinary uniqueness.

Example: A research project studying climate change impacts on coastal cities could be
multidisciplinary. It might involve climate scientists providing data on sea-level rise,
urban planners discussing the layout and infrastructure of cities, and sociologists
examining how different communities are affected by these changes. Each discipline
contributes from its perspective, but they don't necessarily merge into a new, unified
methodology.

Multidisciplinary Research Characteristics:

 Integrative Approach: Combines knowledge and methods from multiple

disciplines.
 Broader Perspectives: Provides a more comprehensive perspective on research
problems.
 Collaborative: Involves collaboration among experts from different fields.
 Complex Problem Solving: Addresses complex issues that go beyond a single
field.
 Diverse Methodologies: Utilizes a variety of research methods from different
disciplines.

Multidisciplinary Research Titles in Computer Science:

 Integrating AI and Psychology for Enhancing User Experience Design

 The Impact of Computer Science on Genomic Data Analysis in Biotechnology
 Developing Sustainable Smart Cities: A Multidisciplinary Approach
 Combining Economics and Machine Learning to Predict Market Trends
 The Convergence of Neuroscience and AI in Understanding Cognitive Processes
Research Gaps
Research gaps are areas or topics within a field of study that have not been thoroughly
explored or addressed by existing research. These gaps often represent opportunities for
new investigations, innovations, or theoretical developments.

Identifying a research gap typically involves a careful review of existing literature,

where a researcher might find:

 Unanswered questions or unresolved problems in previous studies

 Lack of evidence or contradictory findings on a specific topic
 Areas where existing theories or models do not adequately explain observed
phenomenon.
 Topics that have not been studied extensively or at all

Identifying and addressing research gaps are crucial for the advancement of knowledge
and can lead to significant contributions in a particular field.

Funnel Style of Writing

The funnel style of writing is a commonly used method, especially in academic and
research writing. It is a well-known approach to write the introduction section of
research articles.

It follows a structured, narrowing down approach. It follows the following steps:

Broad Beginning: The section starts broadly, presenting the general context or
background of the topic. This could include broad statements about the field of study or
the general importance of the topic.

Narrowing Down: Then, it gradually narrows down to more specific details. This part
might include a review of relevant literature, highlighting key findings, and identifying
gaps in previous research.

Focusing on the Research: As the introduction progresses, it becomes more focused on

the specific research question, hypothesis, or purpose of the paper. This is where the
writer outlines the main aim or objectives of their research.

Thesis Statement or Research Question: Finally, the introduction culminates in a

clear thesis statement or research question, which guides the rest of the paper.
The funnel approach helps to guide the reader from a broad understanding of the topic
to the specific research focus, creating a logical flow and setting the stage for the rest of
the paper.

The Process of Research

• The process is initiated with a question or problem (step 1)
• Next, goals and objectives are formulated to deal with the question or problem
(step 2)
• Then the research design is developed to achieve the objectives (step 3)
• Results are generated by conducting the research (step 4)
• Interpretation and analysis of results (step 5)

Creativity in the Research Process

• Research is a creative process
• Research requires with imagination, initiative, intuition, and curiosity.

Fostering Creativity (Ladd 1987)

A. Gather and use previously developed knowledge
B. Exchange ideas
C. Apply deductive logic
D. Look at things alternate ways
E. Question or challenge assumptions
F. Search for patterns or relationships
G. Take risks
H. Cultivate tolerance for uncertainty
I. Allow curiosity to grow
J. Set problems aside … and come back to them
K. Write down your thoughts
L. Freedom from distraction … some time to think.

Creativity helps us to conduct outstanding research.

 Mindset
For conducting quality research we must have Growth Mindset instead of Fixed
Mindset.

• Growth Mindset was coined by Carol Dweck, Stanford University psychologist.

– He defined it as “In a growth mindset, people believe that their most basic
abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work—brains and
talent are just the starting point. This view creates a love of learning and a
resilience that is essential for great accomplishment. Virtually all great
people have had these qualities”.