Animal Physiology

Tissue-I
SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL
A. Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma
function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity,
haemostasis.
B. Cardiovascular System: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart,
specialized tissue, ECG – its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump,
blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above.
C. Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical
considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and
chemical regulation of respiration.
D. Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal
cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture.
E. Sense organs: Vision, hearing and tactile response.
F. Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine
concentration, waste elimination, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood
pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance.
G. Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature – physical, chemical, neural
regulation, acclimatization.
H. Stress and adaptation
I. Digestive system: Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR.
J. Endocrinology and reproduction: Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action,
hormones and diseases; reproductive processes, neuroendocrine regulation.
Reference Book

• Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

• Principles of anatomy and physiology-Gerard J. Tortora

• Vander’s Human Physiology

 Animal Physiology
Tissue-I
Content

• Tissue

• Types of tissue

• Epithelial tissue

• Simple epithelium

• Stratified Epithelium
 Tissue

• Tissues: Groups of similar cells with shared functions.

Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Muscular Tissue

Endocrine Granular epithelium tissue

Covering lining epithelium tissue Granular epithelium
tissue Exocrine Granular epithelium tissue

Cell layer Cell shape

Simple epithelium Pseudostratified Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

epithelium epithelium epithelium epithelium epithelium
Epithelial cells and
basement
membrane
1. Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue forms body membranes and glands.

• Cells are tightly packed with few intercellular spaces.

• Types of cell junctions: tight, anchoring, and gap

junctions.

• Epithelial tissue lacks its own blood supply

(avascular).

• High capacity for renewal due to wear and tear.

• Functions: protection, absorption, and excretion.

 Types of Epithelial Tissue

Covering and lining epithelium

• Forms outer covering of skin and some internal organs.

• Lines blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and respiratory, digestive, urinary, and

reproductive systems.

Glandular epithelium

• Comprises secreting portion of glands.

• e.g., thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands.

Covering and lining epithelium classification

Based on cell layer arrangement

• Simple epithelium: Single layer of cells.

• Pseudostratified epithelium: Single layer, but appears multi-layered with nuclei at

different levels.

• Stratified epithelium: Consists of two or more cell layers.

Based on cell shapes

• Squamous cells: Thin and arranged like floor tiles.

• Cuboidal cells: As tall as they are wide, resembling cubes or hexagons.

• Columnar cells: Much taller than they are wide, resembling columns.
 Simple squamous
epithelium

Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Simple
epithelium
Simple columnar
epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
Stratified squamous
epithelium

Stratified cuboidal
epithelium
Stratified
epithelium
Stratified columnar
epithelium

Transitional epithelium
or urothelium
1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Description
• Single layer of flat cells.
• Centrally located nucleus, flattened and oval or spherical in shape.
• Function
• Filtration, diffusion.
• Location
• Cardiovascular and lymphatic system (heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels), known as
endothelium.
• Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium), called
mesothelium.
• Found in air sacs of lungs.
• Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of kidneys.
• Inner surface of tympanic membrane (eardrum).
1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• Description
• Single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus.
• Function
• Secretion and absorption.
• Location
• Covers surface of ovary.
• Lines anterior surface of capsule of lens of the eye
• Forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye
• Lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands.
2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
3. NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• Description
• Single layer of non-ciliated column like cells.
• Oval nuclei near base of cells.
• Present microvilli at apical surface and goblet cells.
• Microvilli
• Finger like cytoplasmic projections.
• Increase surface area of plasma membrane.
• Increasing cell’s rate of absorption.
• Goblet cells
• Modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus.
• Slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces.
• Before release, mucus accumulates in upper portion of cell.
• Function
• Secretion and absorption.
• Secreted mucus lubricates linings of digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive tracts, and urinary tract.
• Helps prevent destruction of stomach lining by acidic gastric juice
secreted by stomach.
• Location
• Lines gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus).
• Ducts of many glands, and gallbladder.
3. NON-CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
4. CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Description
• Single layer of ciliated column like cells.
• With oval nuclei near base of cells.
• Goblet cells are usually interspersed.
• Location
• Lines of some bronchioles.
• Uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus.
• Central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain.
• Function
• Coughing and sneezing speed up movement of cilia and mucus.
• Cilia also help move oocytes expelled from ovaries through fallopian tubes.
4. CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
5. NON-CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Description
• Appears to have several layers.
• Nuclei of the cells are at various levels.
• Cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer.
• Contains cells without cilia and also lacks globlet cells.
• Function
• Absorption and secretion.
• Location
• Lines of epididymis
• Larger ducts of many glands
• Parts of male urethra
5. NONCILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
6. CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Description
• Appears to have several layers.
• Cell nuclei are at various levels.
• All cells are attached to basement membrane in a single layer.
• Cilia present.
• Function
• Secretes mucus that traps foreign particles.
• Location
• Lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract.
6. CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
7. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

• Description
• Two or more layers of cells.
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• develops tough layer of keratin in apical layer of cells.
• Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• does not contain large amounts of keratin in apical layer.
• Function
• Protection against abrasion.
• Proctect water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion.
• Location
• Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin.
• Nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces (lining of mouth, esophagus, part
of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue.
7. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
7. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
8. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

• Description
• Two or more layers of cells.
• Cells in apical layer are cube-shaped.
• Function
• Protection, limited secretion and absorption.
• Location
• Ducts of adult sweat glands
• Esophageal glands
• Part of male urethra
8. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
10. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• Description
• Multi layer column shaped cells.
• Function
• Protection and secretion.
• Location
• Lines part of urethra.
• Esophageal gland.
• Small areas in anal mucous membrane.
• Part of conjunctiva of eye.
10. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
11. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (UROTHELIUM)
• Description
• Variable appearance (transitional).
• In relaxed or unstretched state
• looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium.
• In stretched,
• cells become flatter and appear as stratified squamous epithelium.
• Location
• Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.
• Function
• Allows urinary organs to stretch.
11. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (UROTHELIUM)
11. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (UROTHELIUM)
 Endothelium (eg. lines heart,
Vedemy Capsule blood vessels, lymphatic
Simple squamous vessels)
epithelium (Filtration and
diffusion) Mesothelium (eg. forms epithelial
layer of serous membranes)

Simple cuboidal Eg. Ovary, lens of the eye,

epithelium (Secretion and kidney tubules, thyroid gland,
absorption) pancreas.

Simple Non-ciliated (lacks cilia) (eg. gastrointestinal

epithelium tract, many glands, and gallbladder
Simple columnar
epithelium (Secretion Ciliated (contains cilia) (eg. bronchioles,
and absorption)
uterine tubes, uterus, central canal of spinal
cord, and ventricles of brain

Non-ciliated (lacks cilia) Lines epididymis,

Pseudostratified ducts of many glands, male urethra.
columnar epithelium
(Absorption and
secretion) Ciliated (contains cilia) Lines airways of most of upper
respiratory tract.
Vedemy Capsule
Nonkeratinized (lacks keratin) (eg. lining of
mouth, oesophagus, part of epiglottis, part of
Stratified squamous pharynx, and vagina) and covers tongue.
epithelium
(Protection)
Keratinized (contains keratin) (eg. layer of
skin)

Stratified cuboidal epithelium Ducts of adult sweat glands

(Protection, secretion and Eg. esophageal glands
Stratified absorption
epithelium part of male urethra.

Stratified columnar
Eg. esophageal glands, anal mucous
epithelium (Protection
membrane, conjunctiva of eye.
and secretion)

Transitional epithelium or
Lines urinary bladder and portions of
urothelium (urinary
ureters and urethra
organs to stretch)
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