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    Tissues Lect Apd

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    Neo Mervyn Monaheng
    This document discusses the four primary types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissues, including the different types classified by cell shape and layer number. Connective tissues are described as having cells spaced further apart with extracellular matrix between. The document outlines the various categories of connective tissue and their functions. Muscle tissue is able to contract in response to stimuli. Nervous tissue functions to transmit impulses for coordination and regulation throughout the body.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Tissues Lect Apd

    Uploaded by

    Neo Mervyn Monaheng
    59 views37 pages
    This document discusses the four primary types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissues, including the different types classified by cell shape and layer number. Connective tissues are described as having cells spaced further apart with extracellular matrix between. The document outlines the various categories of connective tissue and their functions. Muscle tissue is able to contract in response to stimuli. Nervous tissue functions to transmit impulses for coordination and regulation throughout the body.

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    tissues; anatomy & physiology

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    This document discusses the four primary types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissues, including the different types classified by cell shape and layer number. Connective tissues are described as having cells spaced further apart with extracellular matrix between. The document outlines the various categories of connective tissue and their functions. Muscle tissue is able to contract in response to stimuli. Nervous tissue functions to transmit impulses for coordination and regulation throughout the body.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views37 pages

    Tissues Lect Apd

    Uploaded by

    Neo Mervyn Monaheng
    This document discusses the four primary types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It provides detailed information on epithelial tissues, including the different types classified by cell shape and layer number. Connective tissues are described as having cells spaced further apart with extracellular matrix between. The document outlines the various categories of connective tissue and their functions. Muscle tissue is able to contract in response to stimuli. Nervous tissue functions to transmit impulses for coordination and regulation throughout the body.

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    TISSUES

    Dr. S. Meyer

    TISSUES
    Tissues = layers/ groups of similar cells with a common function Study of tissues = histology

    Four primary types of tissues: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue

    Muscle Tissue
    Nervous Tissue

    Type

    Function
    Protection Secretion Absorption Excretion

    Location
    Cover body surface Cover & line internal organs Compose glands

    Distinguishing Characteristics
    Lack blood vessels Cells readily divide Cells are tightly packed

    Epithelial

    Connective

    Bind, support Protect Fill spaces, Store fat Produce blood cells

    Widely distributed throughout the body

    Mostly have good blood supply Cells further apart with extracellular matrix in between

    Muscle

    Movement

    Attached to bones In walls of hollow internal organs Heart Brain Spinal cord Nerves

    Able to contract in response to specific stimuli

    Nervous

    Transmit impulses for coordination, regulation, integration & sensory reception

    Cells communicate with each other and other body parts

    TISSUES
    Many cell types are tightly packed with structures called intercellular junctions that connect their cell membranes Tight junctions: fuse neighboring cell membranes
    Tight junction Cell membrane Cell membrane

    Desmosomes: rivets skin cells


    Desmosome

    Gap junctions: tubular channels that allow small molecules to move between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

    Cell membrane

    Gap junction

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    General Characteristics:
    Cover organs and the body Line body cavities Line hollow organs Have a free/apical surface: exposed to outside or internally to an open space Have a basement membrane: anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue Are avascular: lack blood vessels Cells readily divide

    Cells tightly packed Cells often have desmosomes


    Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    CLASSIFICATION
    Number of layers of cells:
    Simple: single layer of cells Stratified: two or more layers of cells

    Shape of cells (top layer):


    Squamous: thin, flattened cells Cuboidal: cube-like cells

    Columnar: tall column shaped, elongated cells

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Simple Squamous Epithelium:
    Single layer of flattened cells

    Substances pass easily through


    Common at sites of diffusion & filtration Line air sacs (alveoli of lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged) Line blood vessels

    Line lymphatic vessels


    Covers membranes that line body cavities

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Simple Cuboidal Epithelium:
    Single layer of cube-shaped cells Cells have centrally located sperical nuclei

    Functions in tubular secretion & reabsorption


    Line kidney tubules Cover ovaries Line ducts of some glands (salivary, pancreas)

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Simple Columnar Epithelium:
    Single layer of elongated cells Nuclei usually near the basement Membrane at same level Sometimes possess cilia or microvilli Often have goblet cells (secrete mucus) Functions: secretion & absorption Line uterus, stomach, intestines
    Mucus Nucleus Cytoplasm Microvilli (free surface of tissue) Goblet cell Basement membrane Connective tissue

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:
    Single layer of elongated cells
    Appears stratified/layered, but is not Nuclei at two or more levels Often have goblet cells (secrete mucus) Often have cilia (sweep away mucus) Line respiratory passageways

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Stratified Squamous Epithelium:
    Many cell layers Top cells are flat Outer layer of skin = epidermis Can accumulate keratin (protein) in skin Line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal (not

    keratinized, skin stays soft & moist)

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:
    2-3 layers Cube-shaped cells Form the lining of a lumen (space in tubular structure) Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

    Stratified cuboidal epithelium Nucleus Lumen Free surface of tissue Basement membrane Connective tissue

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Stratified Columnar Epithelium:
    Several layers of cells
    Top layer of elongated cells Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx

    Lumen Free surface of tissue Stratified columnar epithelium Basement membrane Connective tissue

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Transitional Epithelium:
    Many cell layers Cube-shaped and elongated cells Specialized to change in response to increased tension Forms inner lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

    organ wall contracts TE is unstretched & consists of many layers

    organ is distended tissue stretches & appears thinner

    EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Glandular Epithelium:
    Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances There are two (2) types: Endocrine glands: ductless; secrete their products (hormones) into tissue fluid or blood Exocrine glands: secrete their products into ducts that open onto surfaces e.g. skin or lining of digestive tract

    EXOCRINE GLANDS
    Unicellular exocrine gland:

    Composed of one cell


    Goblet cell (secrets mucus) Multicellular exocrine gland:

    Composed of many cells


    Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. Structurally subdivided into 2 groups: Simple and Compound

    Structural Types of Exocrine Glands

    Types of Glandular Secretions


    Type Description of Secretion
    Example

    Merocrine Glands A fluid product released through the cell membrane by exocytosis
    Salivary glands Sweat glands of skin

    Apocrine Glands Cellular product & portions of the free ends of glandular cells pinch off during secretion
    Mammary glands
    Pinched off portion of cell (secretion)

    Holocrine Glands Disintegrated entire cells filled with secretory products


    Sebaceous glands of skin
    Disintegrating cell and its contents (secretion)

    Intact cell

    Secretion

    New cell forming by mitosis and cytokinesis

    (a) Merocrine gland

    (b) Apocrine gland

    (c) Holocrine gland

    CONNECTIVE TISSUES
    General Characteristics:
    Most abundant (by weight) tissue type in body

    FUNCTIONS:
    Bind structures Provide support and protection

    Serve as frameworks
    Fill spaces Stores fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage

    CONNECTIVE TISSUES
    STRUCTURE:
    cells further apart
    extracellular matrix between the cells extracellular matrix composed of: protein fibres ground substance (non-fibrous protein, other molecules + fluid)

    consistency of ECM varies from fluid semi-solid solid Function of ECM: binds, supports & provides a medium thru which substances may be transferred between the blood & cells of the tissue CT cells can usually divide Varying degrees of vascularity Rigid CT = bone and cartilage Loose CT & dense CT = more flexible

    Components of Connective Tissue


    Component Characteristic Function

    MAJOR CELL TYPES


    Fibroblasts
    Large star-shaped cells, widely distributed Secrete proteins that become fibers Clear foreign particles from

    Macrophages Motile cells sometimes


    attached to fibers

    tissues by phagocytosis
    Release substances that may help prevent blood clotting & promote inflammation

    Mast cells

    Large cells, usually located near blood vessels

    Components of Connective Tissue


    Component Characteristic CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS Collagenous/
    Thick threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength Hold structures together

    Function

    white fibers

    Elastic/ yellow fibers

    Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin

    Provide elastic quality to parts that stretch Form supportive networks within

    Reticular fibers Thin fibers of collagen

    tissues

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Connective Tissue Proper:
    Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue Elastic connective tissue Blood

    Specialized Connective Tissue:


    Cartilage Bone

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Function binds organs holds tissue fluids Location below skin between muscles beneath epithelia

    Loose

    Cells in fluid-gel matrix

    connective
    tissue

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in fluid-gel Function protects insulates stores fat Location below skin around organs (kidneys, heart, etc.)

    Adipose tissue

    matrix

    behind eyeballs

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function Supports Location walls of liver, spleen, & lymphatic organs

    Reticular

    connective
    tissue

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Dense connective tissue Description Cells in fluid-gel matrix Function Binds organs together Location Tendons Ligaments Dermis

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in fluid-gel Function Location

    Provides elasticity Connects parts of spinal column Walls of arteries

    Elastic connective tissue

    matrix

    Airways

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Provides Location Ends of bones Nose Rings in walls of

    Hyaline cartilage

    matrix

    framework

    respiratory passages

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Provides flexible Location External ear Part of larynx

    Elastic cartilage

    matrix

    framework

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in solid-gel Function Supports Protects Absorbs shock Location Spinal column Pelvic girdle Knee

    Fibrocartilage matrix

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells in solid matrix Function Supports Protects Provides framework Location Skeleton Middle ear

    Bone (Osseous Tissue)

    Categories of Connective Tissues


    Type Description Cells & platelets Function Transports gases Defends against disease Location Within blood vessels

    Blood

    in fluid matrix

    Clotting

    MUSCLE TISSUES
    General Characteristics:
    Muscle cells also called muscle fibers (elongated)

    Contractile = can shorten & thicken


    As muscle cells contract they pull at their attached ends which moves body parts Three (3) types: Skeletal muscle

    Smooth muscle
    Cardiac muscle

    SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE


    Forms muscles that usually attach to

    bones
    Controlled by conscious effort = voluntary muscle tissue Long cells with striations (alternating

    Move the head, trunk & limbs Enable us to make facial expressions Write, talk, sing, chew, swallow, breathe

    light & dark cross-markings)


    Multinucleate (many nuclei)

    SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE


    non-striated

    shorter than skeletal muscle cells


    spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus Walls of hollow internal organs

    Actions are involuntary

    Moves food thru digestive tract


    Constricts blood vessels Empties the urinary bladder

    e.g. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus & blood vessels

    Cytoplasm

    Nucleus

    CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE


    heart wall cells are: - striated & branched controlled involuntarily can continue to function without being stimulated by nerve impulses makes up the bulk of the heart pumps blood thru the heart chambers & into blood vessels

    - joined end to end


    - interconnected in complex networks one cell touches another cell =

    specialized intercellular junction:


    intercalated disc

    NERVOUS TISSUE
    Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Basic cells = neurons (specialized)

    Neurons sense certain types of


    changes in their surroundings & respond by transmitting nerve impulses along cellular processes called axons to other neurons, muscles or glands

    neuroglial cells : support and bind nervous tissue components carry on phagocytosis help supply growth factors & nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels play a role in cell-to-cell communication

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