Human Reproduction

Human Reproduction
Male Reproductive
System
Lecture -2
Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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Male Reproductive System
● The testes are situated outside the abdominal

cavity within a pouch called scrotum.
● The scrotum helps in maintaining the low
temperature of the testes (2–2.5°C lower than
the normal internal body temperature) necessary
for spermatogenesis.
● In adults, each testis is oval in shape, with a
length of about 4 to 5 cm and a width of about 2
to 3 cm.
● The testis is covered by a dense covering called

Tunica albuginea.
● Each testis has about 250 compartments called
testicular lobules.
● Each lobule contains one to three highly coiled
seminiferous tubules in which sperms are
produced.
● Length of one seminiferous tubule is 70 cm.
● Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by
two types of cells called male germ cells
(spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
● The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions

finally leading to sperm formation, while Sertoli
cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.
● The regions outside the seminiferous tubules
called interstitial spaces, contain small blood
vessels and interstitial cells or Leydig cells.
● Leydig cells synthesise and secrete testicular
hormones called androgens.
Primary Sex Organs (Testis)
Spermatogenesis
● It is process of formation of male gametes i.e. sperms.

● It begins during puberty and continues till death.
● With advancing age, the number of sperms produced, as well as, quality of sperms
reduces.
● In humans, this process takes 65-75 days.
● It can be divided into 2 stages-
1. Spermatocytogenesis- It is formation of spermatids from spermatogonia.
2. Spermiogenesis(Spermateliosis)- It is differentiation of spermatids into sperms.
Spermatogenesis
● In testis, the immature male germ cells

(spermatogonia) produce sperms by
spermatogenesis that begins at puberty.
● The spermatogonia (sing. spermatogonium)
present on the inside wall of seminiferous
tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase
in numbers.
● Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46
chromosomes.
● Some of the spermatogonia called primary
spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis
Spermatogenesis
● A primary spermatocyte completes the first

meiotic division leading to formation of two
equal, haploid cells called secondary
spermatocytes, which have only 23
chromosomes each.
● The secondary spermatocytes undergo the
second meiotic division to produce four equal,
haploid spermatids.
● The spermatids are transformed into
spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called
spermiogenesis.
● After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become
embedded in the Sertoli cells, and are finally
released from the seminiferous tubules by the
process called spermiation.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
● Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to significant increase in the secretion
of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
● The increased levels of GnRH then acts at the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates
secretion of two gonadotropins – luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH).
● LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens, which,
in turn, stimulate the process of spermatogenesis.
● FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the
process of spermiogenesis.
Sperm Structure
● Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of a

head, neck, a middle piece and a tail.
● A plasma membrane envelops the whole body
of sperm.
● The sperm head contains an elongated haploid
nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered
by a cap-like structure, acrosome.
● The acrosome is filled with enzymes that help
fertilisation of the ovum.
Sperm Structure
● The middle piece possesses numerous

mitochondria, which produce energy for the
movement of tail that facilitate sperm motility
essential for fertilisation.
● Manchette is thick layer of cytoplasm in middle
piece.
● Nebenkern is spiral arrangement of
mitochondria in some species (insects).
● The human male ejaculates about 200 to 300
million sperms during a coitus of which, for
normal fertility.
● At least 60 percent sperms must have normal
shape and size and for at least 40 percent of
them must show vigorous motility.
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Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

● The testes are situated outside the abdominal

● The testis is covered by a dense covering called

● The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions

● It is process of formation of male gametes i.e. sperms.

● In testis, the immature male germ cells

● A primary spermatocyte completes the first

● Sperm is a microscopic structure composed of a

● The middle piece possesses numerous

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