3B-2017 Ista

3B
Packaged-Products for Less-Than-Truckload 2

(LTL) Shipment 0
1
7
ISTA 3 Series ISTA, Distributing Confidence, Worldwide™

General
Simulation ISTA 3 Series tests are advanced tests and are designed to:
Performance  Challenge the capability of the package and product to withstand transport hazards, but
Test  Utilize general simulation of actual transport hazards, and
PROCEDURE  Do not necessarily comply with carrier packaging regulations.
When properly executed, ISTA procedures will provide tangible benefits of:
 Product to market time reduction
 Confidence in product launch
 Reduction in damage and product loss
VERSION  Balanced distribution costs
DATE  Customer satisfaction contributing to increased market share
Last
TECHNICAL There are three sections to this procedure: Overview, Testing, and Reporting
Change:  Overview provides general knowledge required before testing and
MARCH  Testing presents the specific instructions to do laboratory testing and
2017  Reporting indicates what data shall be recorded to submit a test report to ISTA.
Last Two systems of weights and measures are presented in ISTA test procedures: English system (Inch-Pound) or SI (Metric).
EDITORIAL Inch-Pound units are shown first followed by the Metric units in parentheses; there may be exceptions in some tables
Change: (when shown separately).
MARCH Familiarity with the following units and symbols used in this document is required:
2017
For measuring English units and symbols Metric units and symbols
Weight pounds (lb) kilograms (kg) or grams (gm)
For complete
Distance feet (ft) or inches (in) meters (m) or millimeters (mm)
listing of
Procedure Volume Cubic inches (in3) Cubic centimeters (cm3)
Changes and Density pounds per cubic inch (lb/in3) kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
Version Dates Temperature Fahrenheit (°F) Celsius (°C)
go to
www.ista.org  Either system may be used as the unit of measure (standard units), but
 The standard units chosen shall be used consistently throughout the procedure.
 Units are converted to two significant figures and
 Not exact equivalents.
VERY IMPORTANT:
The entire document shall be read and understood before proceeding with a test.
Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 1 of 35

Ο – Most recent technical addition(s) © 2017 International Safe Transit Association. All rights Reserved.
3B OVERVIEW OF PROCEDURE 3B
Preface Procedure 3B is a general simulation test for packaged-products shipped through a motor carrier (truck) delivery system, where
different types of packaged-products, often from different shippers and intended for different ultimate destinations, are mixed in
the same load. This type of shipment is called LTL (Less-Than-Truckload). Procedure 3B is appropriate for four different types of
packages commonly distributed in LTL shipments as described below:
Package Types
 Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less, including elongated and flat packages
 Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg), including elongated and flat packages
 Cylindrical, including elongated cylinders
 Palletized or Skidded – Individual container, bulk container, or unitized load on or incorporating a base or platform which
allows the entry of lift truck forks
Definitions
 Elongated Package or Cylinder
o A Standard or Cylindrical package where the longest dimension is 36 in (910 mm) or greater and
o both of the package’s other dimensions (or the cylinder’s diameter) are each 20 percent or less of the
longest dimension
 Flat Package
o A Standard package where the shortest dimension is 8 in (200 mm) or less and
o the next longest dimension is four (4) or more times larger than the shortest dimension, and
o the volume is 800 in3 (13,000 cm3) or greater
 Non-Rigid Container
o Any Standard (regardless of weight) or Palletized or Skidded container where the outer package may
offer insufficient protection from concentrated low-level impacts or
o the design has large unsupported spans of outer packaging material or
o the outer package utilizes a stretch- or shrink-wrap design, uses a thin-flute or light grade corrugated board,
uses a paper wrap or similar lightweight material only, etc. or
o the outer package wall is in direct contact with the product
Note: If a packaged-product is both Elongated and Flat in accordance with the above definitions, it should be tested
as Elongated.
General
 Testing can be used to evaluate the protective performance of a packaged-product related to vibrations, shocks and
other stresses normally encountered during handling and transportation in a Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) delivery system.
 Test levels are based on general data and may not represent any specific distribution system.
 The package and product are considered together and not separately.
 Some conditions of transit, such as moisture, pressure, or unusual handling may not be covered.
Other ISTA Procedures or Projects may be appropriate for different conditions or to meet different objectives.
Refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Test Procedures and Projects for additional information.
Note: Hazardous material packaging that passes this test procedure may not meet international, national or other
regulatory requirements for the transport of hazardous materials. This test is not a substitute for United
Nations and/or any other required test standards for the transport of hazardous materials, but may be used as
an additional test in conjunction with them.

Scope Procedure 3B covers the testing of packaged-products prepared for shipment via a Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) delivery system
carrier. LTL is defined as motor carrier (truck) shipment, where different types of packaged-products, often from different shippers
and intended for different ultimate destinations, are mixed in the same load.
Product Damage The shipper shall determine the following prior to testing:
Tolerance and
Package  what constitutes damage to the product and
Degradation  what damage tolerance level is allowable, if any, and
Allowance  the correct methodology to determine product condition at the conclusion of the test and
 the acceptable package condition at the conclusion of the test.
For additional information on these determinations refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Test Procedures and Projects.
Samples Samples should be an untested actual package and product, but if one or both are not available, the substitutes shall be as
identical as possible to actual items.
One sample is required for this test procedure.

To permit an adequate determination of representative performance of the packaged-product, ISTA:
 Requires the procedure to be performed one time, but
 Recommends performing the procedure five or more times using a new sample for each test.
Refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Test Procedures and Projects for additional information on statistical sampling.
Note: In order to ensure testing in perfect condition, products and packages shipped to an ISTA Certified Laboratory
for testing shall be:
 Adequately over-packaged for shipment or
 Repackaged in new packaging at the laboratory.
Note: Any pallet or skid used in this procedure should be of a type and condition which is typical of what is in actual
field use for the packaged-product being tested.
Note: It is important to thoroughly document the configuration, materials, and construction of the tested product and
package. Significant variations in performance can sometimes be caused by seemingly insignificant
differences. Photo documentation is strongly recommended to supplement detailed written descriptions.
Basis Weight Basis Weights of Corrugated Board

When the outer package is a corrugated box, it is strongly recommended that the basis weights of the papers/paperboards used to
make the box be determined and documented. If the nominal basis weights change, even if the board is rated for the same
performance, a retest is appropriate.
Refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Procedures and Projects for additional information on documentation and basis
weight determination.

The tests shall be performed on each test sample in the sequence indicated in the following tables:
Test Sequence 3B – STANDARD, 200 lb (91 kg) or less

STANDARD,
200 lb (91 kg) Sequence Test Category Test Type Test Level For ISTA Certification
or Less Number
1 Atmospheric Temperature and Ambient Required
Preconditioning Humidity
TEST BLOCK 1
2 Atmospheric Controlled Temperature and Humidity Optional
Conditioning Temperature and chosen from chart
TEST BLOCK 1 Humidity
3 Shock Tip/Tip Over Use a 22 degree tip angle Required for packages
TEST BLOCK 2 ≥48 in. (1.2 m) tall
and ≥100 lb. (45 kg)
weight and any one
base dimension < ½ the
height;
or
for packages ≥ 30 in.
(760 mm) tall and
with a center of gravity
vertical location > ½ the
package height
4 Shock Free-Fall Drop 6 drops - height varies with Required
TEST BLOCK 3 packaged-product weight
Δ
5 Vertical Vibration Random Overall Grms level of 0.54 Required
TEST BLOCK 7 With Top Load
6 Shock Concentrated Impact mass free-fall drop, Required only for

TEST BLOCK 10 Impact guided drop, or pendulum, Non-Rigid Containers
15 in (380 mm)
7 Shock Free-Fall Drop 6 Drops - height varies with Required
TEST BLOCK 11 packaged-product weight.
8 Shock Full Rotational 1 drop Required only for

TEST BLOCK 16 Drop Elongated packages
9 Shock Bridged Impact Hazard Box dropped Required only for

TEST BLOCK 17 16 in (410 mm) Elongated packages
10 Shock Full Rotational 2 drops Required only for

TEST BLOCK 16 Drop Flat packages
11 Shock Concentrated Hazard box dropped Required only for

TEST BLOCK 18 Edge Impact 16 in (410 mm) Flat packages

Test Sequence 3B – STANDARD, Over 200 lb (91 kg)
STANDARD,
Over Sequence Test Category Test Type Test Level For ISTA Certification
200 lb (91 kg) Number
TEST BLOCK 1
3 Shock Tip/Tip Over Use a 22 degree tip angle Required for packages
TEST BLOCK 2 ≥48 in. (1.2 m) tall
and ≥100 lb. (45 kg)
weight and any one
base dimension < ½ the
height;
or
for packages ≥ 30 in.
(760 mm) tall and
with a center of gravity
vertical location > ½ the
package height
4 Shock Rotational Drop 9 in. (230 mm) Required
TEST BLOCK 5 Rotational edge and corner
drops
5 Shock Incline or Horizontal 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec) Required
TEST BLOCK 6 Impact, optional Free- (1.2 m/sec) impacts or
Fall Drop 3 in. (76 mm) drops
Δ 6 Vertical Vibration Random Overall Grms level of 0.54 Required

TEST BLOCK 10 Impact guided drop, or pendulum, Non-Rigid Containers
15 in (380 mm)
8 Shock Rotational Drop 9 in. (230 mm) Required
TEST BLOCK 13 Rotational edge and corner
drops

TEST BLOCK 16 Drop Elongated packages

TEST BLOCK 17 16 in (410 mm) Elongated packages
12 Shock Full Rotational 2 drops Required only for

TEST BLOCK 16 Drop Flat packages
13 Shock Concentrated Hazard box dropped Required only for

TEST BLOCK 18 Edge Impact 16 in (410 mm) Flat packages

Test Sequence 3B – CYLINDRICAL
CYLINDRICAL
Sequence Test Category Test Type Test Level For ISTA Certification
Number
TEST BLOCK 1
3 Shock Free-Fall Drop 6 Drops - height varies Required

TEST BLOCK 4 with packaged-product
weight
TEST BLOCK 8 With and Without
Δ
Top Load
5 Shock Free-Fall Drop 5 Drops - height varies with Required
6 Shock Drop on Hazard 1 Drop - height varies with


TEST BLOCK 16 Drop Elongated cylinders

TEST BLOCK 17 16 in (410 mm) Elongated cylinders

Test Sequence 3B – PALLETIZED OR SKIDDED
PALLETIZED or
SKIDDED Sequence Test Category Test Type Test Level For ISTA Certification
Number
TEST BLOCK 1
3 Shock Tip/Tip Over Use a 22 degree tip angle Required for palletized
TEST BLOCK 2 or skidded loads ≥30 in.
(760 mm) tall and
center of gravity vertical
height > the smallest
base dimension
4 Shock Rotational Drop Rotational edge and corner Required
TEST BLOCK 5 drops
Height varies with
packaged-product weight

Δ

TEST BLOCK 10 Impact guided drop, or pendulum, Non-Rigid containers
15 in (380 mm)
8 Shock Fork Lift Handling Flat Push and Rotate tests Required
TEST BLOCK 15
9 Shock Fork Lift Handling Elevated Push and Pull Required
TEST BLOCK 15 tests
10 Shock Fork Lift Handling Elevated Rotate tests Required

TEST BLOCK 15
11 Shock Fork Lift Handling Load Stability Test over a Required
TEST BLOCK 15 handling course
12 Shock Rotational Drop Rotational edge and corner Required

TEST BLOCK 13 drops
Height varies with
packaged-product weight

3B EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR PROCEDURE 3B
Equipment Atmospheric Conditioning:
Required  Humidity recorder complying with of the apparatus section of ASTM D 4332 or ISO 2233.
Atmospheric
Conditioning  Temperature recorder complying with the apparatus section of ASTM D 4332 or ISO 2233.
Optional Atmospheric Conditioning

 Chamber and Control apparatus complying with the apparatus section of ASTM D 4332 or ISO 2233.
Equipment
Required In compliance with the
Type of Shock Test Type of Equipment Additional Required Equipment
Shock apparatus sections of…
Free-Fall Drop Tests Free-fall drop tester ASTM D 5276 or
ISO 2248
Free-Fall Drop Tests Slings and Quick-Release ASTM D 5276 or

(Alternate) mechanism ISO 2248
X
Tip/Tipover Tests ASTM D 6179 or

ISO 2876
22° angle
Rotational Edge and 1) Support Block ASTM D 6179 or Support block

Corner Drop Tests ISO 2876 3.5 to 4.0 in. (90 to 100 mm) in
height and width and at least 8 in.
(200 mm) longer than the longest
package dimension to be supported.
Full Rotational ASTM D 6179 or

Drops ISO 2876
Impact Tests Incline ASTM D 880 or

(Alternates) ASTM D 4003 or
ISO 2244
Horizontal
Continued on next page

Continued from previous page
Equipment In compliance with the

Required Type of Shock Test Type of Equipment Additional Required Equipment
apparatus sections of…
Shock
(continued) Concentrated Impact Free-fall or guided free-fall ASTM D 6344, except Impacting Mass Details
Tests of impacting mass the impacting mass must Total weight: 3 lb (1.4 kg). See
be approximately 8.875 in ASTM D 6344 for other information.
(225 mm) long, with a
diameter of 1.25 in (32 1.25 in
(32 mm)
mm), and weigh a total of
8.875 in (225 mm)
3 lb (1.4 kg). approximately)
Concentrated Impact Pendulum with impacting ASTM D 6344, except Impacting Mass Details
Tests mass the impacting mass must Total weight: 3 lb (1.4 kg). See
(Alternate) be approximately 8.875 in ASTM D 6344 for other information.
(225 mm) long, with a
diameter of 1.25 in (32 1.25 in
(32 mm)
mm), and weigh a total of
8.875 in (225 mm)
Drop Height 3 lb (1.4 kg). approximately)
Concentrated Edge Free-fall drop tester with Concentrated Edge Hazard Box
Impact Tests edge
12 x 12 x 12 in (305 x 305 x 305 mm)
hazard
wood box with a total weight of 9 lb
box
(4.1 kg). Any required ballast weight
should be dense flowable material in
a bag or bags, held in place with
suitable void fill.
The impact edge of the box shall be
covered with angle iron.
Bridged Impact Tests Free-fall drop tester with ASTM D 5265 with the Concentrated Edge Hazard Box
edge exception of the Hazard and Support Blocks
hazard Box (Impactor). See above for description of the
box
Concentrated Edge Hazard Box.
Support blocks (2 ea.) shall be 3.5
to 4.0 in. (90 to 100 mm) in height
and width and at least 8 in. (200
mm) longer than the longest
package dimension to be supported.
Drop Onto Hazard Free-fall drop tester Hazard Block
and hazard
See below.
block
Hazard Block
Cross section of Hazard Block
The block shall be made of hardwood or metal. The height shall be
0.75 to 1 in (20 to 25 mm) and the width shall be 6 in (150 mm).
The length shall be at least 8 in (200 mm) longer than the longest 0.75-1.0 in (20-25 mm)
package dimension which will impact. The long top edges of the
block shall be rounded to a radius equal to the height of the 6 in (150 mm)
6 in. (150
mm)
block.

Equipment  Vertical Random Vibration Test System complying with the apparatus section of ASTM D 4728 or ISO 13355.
Required  Top-load apparatus as described and shown below, including:
Vibration o A sturdy fiberboard box or similar container with a height of 9 in (230 mm), and with a minimum 0.75 in (20 mm) thick
plywood load spreader covering the entire inside bottom surface.
o Some means of adding additional weight as required so that the top load is distributed evenly over the entire inside
face area of the top load apparatus.
o Adequate void fill to securely hold the weight in place to prevent it from moving or bouncing within the top load
apparatus.
o Bottom face dimensions (length and width) which are at least 2 in (50 mm) larger than the top face dimensions of the
test item to which it is applied [for a minimum overhang of 1 in (25 mm) on each side], but must not be greater than 6 in
(150 mm) larger than the top face dimensions of the test item [for a maximum of 3 in (76 mm) overhang on each side].
 The top load apparatus must be divided into 2 separate equal portions if one of the top face dimensions of the test item
exceeds 18 in (460 mm), and into 4 separate equal portions if both of the top face dimensions of the test item exceed
18 in (460 mm).
TOP LOAD APPARATUS (4 SHOWN)
o Use an undivided apparatus if both top face
dimensions of the test item are
18 in (460 mm) or less.
9 in (230 mm)
o Divide the apparatus into two separate
equal portions if one top face dimension of
the test item exceeds 18 in (460 mm).
Divide the apparatus perpendicular to the
longest dimension.
o Divide the apparatus into four separate
equal portions if both top face dimensions
of the test item exceed 18 in (460 mm).
TEST ITEM
The Top Load is to simulate the effects of 6 lb/ft3 (0.0035 lb/in3) (96 kg/m3) of assorted freight on top of a floor loaded packaged-
product in an LTL trailer with an inside height of 108 in (2.7 m). This load density has been determined by empirical testing which
resulted in correlation between damage in the test lab and damage in the field.
 Means must be provided to maintain proper alignment of the Top Load Apparatus on the test item (column stack fixtures,
stretch wrap around the test specimen and the top load apparatus, etc.), without restricting the vertical motion of the top load
apparatus and the test specimen.
 Means must be provided to prevent the test item from moving off the vibration system’s platform, without restricting the
vertical motion of the test item.
Equipment Fork Lift Handling Tests

Required
 A fork lift truck of sufficient capacity to handle the test specimens and complying with the requirements below.
Additional
 A fork lift handling course as shown on the following page.
Type of Test Type of Equipment In compliance with the Additional Required Equipment
apparatus section of…
Fork Lift Handling Fork lift truck ASTM D 6055 or Handling Course,
ISO 10531 see following page

The Handling Course is comprised of ten or eleven plates (plates C may be combined into one), fabricated from steel or similar
Equipment sufficiently dense, rigid, and tough material, installed in a manner that prevents movement for the duration of the testing sequence
Required in the pattern shown here. Variations in plate fabrication and securing details are permitted, provided that plate thickness and
Additional layout is as shown below, and that the plates do not move during use. Plate width and length dimensions may be varied slightly if
(continued) desired. Details of plates used in the prototype Handling Course are given below this overall layout, for use directly or as a guide.
Note: Considerable space beyond the Handling Course layout shown here is required for positioning the test item and fork truck,
Fork Lift maneuvering, accelerating to the required velocity, clearing the course, stopping, etc. See TEST BLOCK 15, Step 4, Sequence 3
Handling Course for further information.
Plate details

3B BEFORE YOU BEGIN PROCEDURE 3B
Identification of Prior to beginning the tests identify the faces, edges and corners (or other members) of the test specimen according to the
Faces, Edges procedure below.
and Corners
(Test Specimen Step Action
Members)
1 Place the packaged-product so the package is in its most stable orientation.
Δ If there are sufficient reasons for identifying the Faces, Edges, and Corners (Test Specimen Members)
with the package in other than its most stable orientation, they must be documented and justified
on the Test Report. For some situations it may be appropriate to place the package in its intended
shipping orientation (if different from the most stable orientation), or to perform multiple tests using
different Test Specimen Member identifications.
IF the test specimen is … THEN…
Standard, Elongated, or Flat, or is Palletized or Turn the packaged-product so that one of the
Skidded, with only six faces (2 sides, 2 ends, top smallest faces is directly in front of you. If one end
and bottom) of the package is noticeably heavier than the other,
then position the smallest face with the heaviest
end directly in front of you. Go to Step 2.
Standard, Elongated or Flat with less than or Develop a method to identify each face, edge and
more than six faces corner or other members and document with a
diagram.
A Cylinder or Pail Go to Step 3.Posit

2 STANDARD ELONGATED
FLAT PALLETIZED or
SKIDDED
Identify faces according to the diagrams.

Identify edges using the numbers of the two faces forming that edge. Example: Edge 1-2 is the edge
formed by face 1 and face 2 of the packaged-product.
Identify corners using the numbers of the three faces that meet to form that corner.
Example: Corner 2-3-5 is the corner formed by face 2, face 3, and face 5 of the packaged-product.
Identify orientation of the product inside the package.

Identification of
Step Action
Faces, Edges
and Corners 3 CYLINDER OR PAIL 4 1
(Test Specimen
Members) Identify top and bottom as surfaces 1 and 3, according to the diagram.
(continued) 6
Designate four sidewall line locations, equally spaced around

the perimeter of the container as shown. Identify sidewall Point 1-2-6
surfaces between the lines as shown. The lines shall be
designated as intersections between the sidewall surfaces.
Example: line 2-6 is the intersection between sidewall Line 2-6
surfaces 2 and 6.
5
If the cylinder has one or more side seam joints,
one of these seams shall be coincident with line 2-6.
Identify points on the chimes using the top or bottom number

and the numbers of the sidewall line that intersect to form that point. 2
Example: point 1-2-6 is the intersection with top 1 and sidewall line 2-6. 3
Packaged-Product The weight and size of the packaged-product shall be determined:

Weight and Size  Gross weight in pounds (lb) for English units and kilograms (kg) for Metric
Measurement  Exterior dimensions of Length, Width and Height (L x W x H) in inches (in) for English units and millimeters (mm) or
meters (m) for Metric.
Required Preconditioning:
Before You Begin The packaged-product shall be preconditioned to laboratory ambient temperature and humidity for not less than twelve (12) hours
Atmospheric prior to testing.
Conditioning
Optional Conditioning Recommended (to be performed after the required preconditioning):
To permit an adequate determination of packaged-product performance at anticipated atmospheric limits and where it is known
that the atmospheric extremes are detrimental to the product or package, ISTA:
 Requires the highest temperature and humidity limits of the product be used, but
 Recommends that both the highest and lowest atmospheric conditions be used.
Condition packaged-products according to one or more of the conditions listed in the table below. The best approach is to perform
all tests directly in the conditioned atmosphere. If this is not possible, then tests should be performed quickly after removal of test
items from the conditioned atmosphere.

Before You Begin If more than one conditioning sequence is selected, a new and complete test should be performed following
Atmospheric each condition.
Conditioning Optional Conditions Time in Hours Humidity in %
Temperature in °C 2C (°F 4F)
(continued)
Extreme Cold, 72 -29C (-20F) Uncontrolled RH
Uncontrolled RH
Cold, Humid 72 5C (40F) 85 RH  5
Controlled Conditions 72 23C (73F) 50 RH  5
Hot, Humid 72 38C (100F) 85 RH  5
Hot, Humid 72 38C (100F) 85 RH  5
then then then then 30 RH  5
Extreme Heat, Moderate 6 60C (140F)
RH
Elevated Temperature, 72 50C (120F) Uncontrolled RH
Uncontrolled RH
Extreme Heat, Dry 72 60ºC (140ºF) 15% RH  5%
Severe Cold, 72 -18ºC (0ºF) Uncontrolled RH
Uncontrolled RH
User Defined High Limit 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions
User Defined Low Limit 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions
User Defined Cycle 72 Based upon known conditions Known conditions
Catching or Restraining Packaged-Products After Free-Fall Drop Testing

Before You Begin Refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Test Procedures and Projects for recommendations, cautions, and
Shock Testing documentation requirements.
Tip/Tipover Tests
 The Tip/Tipover tests are a combination of two types of tests (Tip test and Tipover test). First, tip the test item to a 22° angle
from the vertical orientation. If the test item begins to tip over and fall at or before the angle is reached, it should be allowed to
do so. If it does not tip over and fall at a 22° angle, return it gently to its upright position. Test in all potentially unstable
directions.
Inclined or Horizontal Impacts
 The required impact tests may be accomplished with either an inclined or horizontal machine (or with free-fall drops, if feasible
and appropriate). If an inclined-impact machine is used, the minimum required impact velocity must be 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec)
(1.2 m/sec). If a horizontal-impact machine is used, the minimum required velocity change must be 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec)
(1.2 m/sec) and the required shock must be a nominal 10 millisecond half sine pulse.
 If any velocity of an impact test is below the required minimum, that test must be repeated until the velocity meets the
minimum.

Number of axes and package orientations for the vertical vibration tests:
Before You Type of Packaged-Product Number of Axes / Orientations to Test
Begin
Vibration Standard 3
Testing Cylindrical 2
Palletized or Skidded 1
Determination of Vibration Top Load

 First, calculate the theoretical top loads from the Total Theoretical Top Loads chart below.
 Next, determine the number of apparatus required from the Division of Top Load Apparatus chart on the next page.
 Then, go to the Determination of Top Load Apparatus Weight chart on the next page to determine the actual weights
of the top loads to be used.
Limiting conditions:
 No vibration top load is required for vibration testing in a particular orientation if the packaged-product’s vertical
dimension in that orientation is 72 in (1.8 m) or more.
Total Theoretical Top Loads

English Units (in), Metric Units (m),
Total Theoretical Top Load Formulas
Load Results in lb Load Results in kg
Theoretical Top Load with face 3 down (108 – H) x L x W x 0.0035 (2.7 – H) x L x W x 96
Theoretical Top Load with face 4 down (108 – W) x L x H x 0.0035 (2.7 – W) x L x H x 96
Theoretical Top Load with face 6 down (108 – L) x W x H x 0.0035 (2.7 – L) x W x H x 96
Where Represents
TL Total Weight of the Top-Load Apparatus Pounds (lb) Kilograms (kg)
108 and 2.7 Height of typical LTL trailer Inches (in) Meters (m)
L Length of shipping unit* (test item) Inches (in) Meters (m)
W Width of shipping unit* (test item) Inches (in) Meters (m)
H Height of shipping unit* (test item) Inches (in) Meters (m)
0.0035 and 96 Dynamic loading factor: 50% of the 0.0035 lb/in3 96 kg/m3
average static density of freight
For Packaged-Products of 30 lb (14 kg) or 2 ft 3 (0.06 m3) or less, divide the above results by 2.
Note: Shipping Unit dimensions should account for the longest component of the packaged-product in that given direction (length,
Δ width, height) which includes attached skids/pallets.
LTL Real-World Top Calculating Test Applying Test Top Load

Load Top Load

Before You Begin Division of Top Load Apparatus

Vibration Testing To determine if and how the vibration Top Load should be divided, orient the packaged-product for testing
(continued) and follow the instructions below:
Δ IF the packaged-product upper most
top surface exceeds 18 in (460 mm) THEN there shall be…
in…
neither dimension An undivided Top Load apparatus.
A two portion Top Load apparatus, with the two portions of equal size and
only one dimension weight and divided perpendicular to the packaged-product’s long dimension.
A four portion Top Load apparatus with the four portions of equal size and
both dimensions
weight.
Determination of Top Load Apparatus Weight

Determine the Top Load Apparatus weight (or weights, for multiple apparatus) to be used for vibration tests as follows:
IF the calculation from the Total
Theoretical Top Loads chart THEN …
(previous page) for an axis is …
Less than 25 lb (11kg) Do not use a Top Load Apparatus for that axis during vibration testing.
Δ 25 lb (11 kg) or greater Use the Total Theoretical Top Load in the following calculations.
25 lb (11 kg) or greater and
Round the Total Theoretical Top Load value up to the nearest 5 lb (2 kg) and use
an undivided Top Load
the rounded weight value as the total Top Load Apparatus weight for that axis.
Apparatus is required
25 lb (11 kg) or greater and Divide the Total Theoretical Top Load value by 2, then round the result up to the
two equal Top Load nearest 2 lb (1 kg) and use the rounded weight value as the weight for each of the
Apparatus are required two Top Load Apparatus for that axis.
25 lb (11 kg) or greater and Divide the Total Theoretical Top Load value by 4, then round the result up to the
four equal Top Load nearest 1 lb (0.5 kg) and use the rounded weight value as the weight for each of the
Apparatus are required four Top Load Apparatus for that axis
No vibration top load is required for vibration testing in a particular orientation if the packaged-product’s vertical
dimension in that orientation is 72 in (1.8 m) or more.
Examples:
 If the Total Theoretical Top Load value is 166 lb (75.3 kg) and only one Top Load Apparatus is required, round up to
the nearest 5 lb (2 kg) and use 170 lb (or 76 kg) as the Top Load Apparatus weight.
 If the Total Theoretical Top Load value is 166 lb (75.3) kg and two Top Load Apparatus are required, divide by 2 to
get 83 lb (37.6 kg), round up to the nearest 2 lb (1 kg) and use 84 lb (or 38 kg) as the weight of each of the two Top
Load Apparatus.
 If the Total Theoretical Top Load value is 166 lb (75.3 kg) and four Top Load Apparatus are required, divide by 4 to
get 41.5 lb (18.8 kg), round up to the nearest 1 lb (0.5 kg) and use 42 lb (or 19 kg) as the weight of each of the four
Top Load Apparatus.
Top Load Apparatus Axis Definitions

The Top Load Apparatus shall be defined as:
 TL-H for the Apparatus used when the packaged-product is positioned for testing with face 3 down.
 TL-W for the Apparatus used when the packaged-product is positioned for testing with face 4 down.
 TL-L for the Apparatus used when the packaged-product is positioned for testing with face 6 down.

Before You Begin Vibration Test Time

Vibration Testing  The vibration test time durations calculated below and in TEST BLOCKS 7, 8, and 9 are based on a time compression of 5:1
(continued) (with an associated increase in spectrum Grms) and an average vehicle speed of 60 mi/hour (97 km/hour). The maximum
required total vibration test time shall not exceed 240 minutes.
 Vibration test time per axis is total vibration test time divided by the number of axes to test.
 The user must decide upon a travel distance to be simulated, then use the table below to calculate vibration test times
per axis. If the calculation exceeds the Maximum Minutes for Each Axis (right column below), use the Maximum Minutes.
Test Time for any Axis in Minutes

Determine the amount of test time in minutes to be used for each axis as follows:
Transport Miles Transport Kilometers Maximum Minutes
Type of Packaged-Product
divided by… divided by… for Each Axis
Standard 15 24 80
Cylindrical 10 16 120
Palletized or Skidded 5 8 240
Examples:
 If the estimated travel distance is 750 miles for a Standard Package, the Test Time would be 50 minutes per axis.
 If the estimated travel distance is 1000 km. for a Palletized or Skidded Package, the total Test Time would be 125 minutes.
Random Vibration Spectrum

The acceleration vs. frequency spectrum to be used for the random vibration tests is shown below. The overall Grms is 0.54
and the theoretical stroke required is 1.777 in (45.13 mm) peak-to-peak.
Frequency (Hz) PSD (g2/Hz) ISTA Steel Spring Truck

Random Vibration Spectrum
1 0.00072
3 0.018 0.1
4 0.018
6 0.00072 0.01
12 0.00072
PSD, g /Hz
16 0.0036
2
0.001
25 0.0036
30 0.00072
0.0001
40 0.0036
80 0.0036
0.00001
100 0.00036 1 10 100 1000
200 0.000018 Frequency, Hz

3B TEST SEQUENCE FOR PROCEDURE 3B
The following TEST BLOCKS contain tables indicating the required steps for each test in the procedure. Start with TEST BLOCK 1
below for all packaged-product types covered by this procedure.
TEST BLOCK 1
Atmospheric TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Conditioning Step Action
1 The packaged-product must be stored at laboratory ambient temperature and humidity for not less than
twelve (12) hours prior to testing.
2 Is optional conditioning going to be performed?
 If Yes, go to the next Step.
 If No, go to Step 7.
3 Select an anticipated condition from Before You Begin Atmospheric Conditioning.
4 Check the conditioning apparatus to insure that the temperature and humidity are at the required levels.
5 Place the packaged-product in the conditioning apparatus.
6 At the completion of the selected conditioning, remove the packaged-product from the conditioning apparatus.
7 Conditioning is now complete. When testing starts (according to the appropriate TEST BLOCK as indicated
below), record the ambient temperature and humidity. At the end of all testing record the ambient temperature
and humidity.
8 Perform the remaining test sequences as quickly as possible.
9 Determine the next TEST BLOCK to be used:
IF the packaged-product type is… THEN go to Shock …
Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less TEST BLOCK 3 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less, and, in its intended
shipping orientation, is ≥48 in (1.2 m) tall and ≥100 lb (45 kg)
weight and any one base dimension < ½ the height; or for TEST BLOCK 2 (Shock: Tip/Tipover )
packages ≥ 30 in (760 mm) tall and with a center of gravity
vertical location > ½ the package height.
Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) TEST BLOCK 5 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) and, in its intended shipping
orientation, is ≥48 in (1.2 m) tall and any one base
dimension < ½ the height; or for packages ≥ 30 in (760 mm) TEST BLOCK 2 (Shock: Tip/Tipover)
tall and with a center of gravity location > ½ the package
height.
Cylindrical TEST BLOCK 4 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
Palletized or Skidded TEST BLOCK 5 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
Palletized or Skidded, and, in its intended shipping orienta-
tion, is ≥ 30 in (760 mm) tall and with a center of gravity TEST BLOCK 2 (Shock: Tip/Tipover)
vertical location > smallest base dimension.

TEST BLOCK 2 SHOCK: TIP/TIPOVER
Shock:
Tip/Tipover Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only:
 Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less, and, in its intended shipping orientation, ≥48 in (1.2 m) tall and ≥100 lb (45 kg)
weight and any one base dimension < ½ the height; or for packages ≥ 30 in (760 mm) tall and with a center of
gravity vertical location > ½ the package height.
 Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) and, in its intended shipping orientation, ≥48 in (1.2 m) tall and any one base
dimension < ½ the height; or for packages ≥ 30 in (760 mm) tall and with a center of gravity vertical location > ½
the package height.
 Palletized or Skidded, and, in its intended shipping orientation, ≥ 30 in (760 mm) tall and with a center of gravity
vertical location > smallest base dimension.
Tip/Tipover tests are to be conducted in all of the packaged-product’s potentially unstable directions.
Step Action
1 Place the packaged-product on the floor in its intended shipping orientation.
2 Using any method, but without sliding or moving the packaged-product horizontally, slowly tilt it from its vertical
position to a 22° tip angle in one of the potentially unstable directions.
3 IF the packaged-product… THEN …
Begins to tip over and fall at or before Allow it to fall and impact the floor.
the specified angle is reached
Does not tip over and fall at a 22° angle Slowly and gently return the packaged-product to its upright
orientation.
4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 of this TEST BLOCK for all potentially unstable directions of the packaged-product.
5 This Shock: Tip/Tipover TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK from the following
table:
IF the packaged-product type is … THEN …
Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less Go to TEST BLOCK 3 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) Go to TEST BLOCK 5 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
Palletized or Skidded Go to TEST BLOCK 5 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
TEST BLOCK 3 SHOCK: FREE-FALL DROP

Shock:
Free-Fall Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or Less
First Sequence
Step Action
1 Use the table below to determine height and orientation for free-fall drops. Perform drops in the order listed.
For STANDARD
Free-Fall Drop Heights based on Packaged-Product Weights
200 lb (91 kg)
or Less Drop Drop Heights Weights > Weights > Weights >
for Weights 40 lbs (18 kg) 80 lbs (36 kg) 100 lbs (45 kg) Orientation of Drop
Number
≤ 40 lb but ≤ 80 lb but ≤ 100 lb but ≤ 200 lb
(18 kg) (36 kg) (45 kg) (91 kg)
1 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Face 1
4 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Corner 2-3-5
5 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Edge 3-4
2 This Shock: Free-Fall Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 7 (Vibration)

Shock:
Free-Fall Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Cylindrical
First Sequence Step Action
For CYLINDRICAL Free-Fall Drop Heights based on Packaged-Product Weights
Drop Drop Heights Weights > Weights > Weights >

Number
(18 kg) (36 kg) (45 kg) (91 kg)
1 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Face 1 (Top)
2 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Line 2-5
4 12 in (305 mm) 10 in (250 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 7 in (180 mm) Point 3-4-6
6 32 in (810 mm) 26 in (660 mm) 20 in (510 mm) 16 in (410 mm) Face 3 (Bottom)
2 This Shock: Free-Fall Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 8 (Vibration)
TEST BLOCK 5 SHOCK: ROTATIONAL DROP

Shock:
Rotational Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only, using the drop heights indicated:
First Sequence  Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) – drop height 9 in (230 mm)
 Palletized or Skidded – drop height 9 in (230 mm) for packaged-products weighing 500 lb (230 kg) or less,
drop height 6 in (150 mm) for packaged-products weighing over 500 lb (230 kg)
For STANDARD
Over 200 lb (91 kg), Step Action
and PALLETIZED
or SKIDDED 1 Perform a rotational edge drop as described in the table below.
Sequence # Action
1 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with
face 3 down.
2 Support edge 3-5 with a timber or support 3.5 to 4.0 in (90 to 100 mm) in height and width.
3 Lift the opposite edge (3-6) to the prescribed drop height as indicated at the beginning of
this Test Block.
4 Release the edge so that it falls freely onto the flat, rigid surface.
Standard Palletized or Skidded


Shock:
Rotational Drop, Step Action
First Sequence
2 Perform a rotational corner drop as described in the table below.
(continued)
Sequence # Action
For STANDARD 1 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with
Over 200 lb (91 kg), face 3 down.
and PALLETIZED 2 Support corner 2-3-6 with a timber or support 3.5 to 4.0 in (90 to 100 mm) in height and
or SKIDDED width.
3 Lift the opposite corner (3-4-5) to the prescribed drop height as indicated at the beginning
of this Test Block.
4 Release the corner so that it falls freely onto the flat, rigid surface.
3 This Shock: Rotational Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 6 (Shock: Impact)
TEST BLOCK 6 SHOCK: IMPACT

Shock: Impact,
First Sequence Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only:
 Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg)
 Palletized or Skidded
For STANDARD
and PALLETIZED
1 These impact tests may be performed with an inclined or horizontal impact machine, or optionally with a 3 in
or SKIDDED
(76 mm) free-fall drop. Is the optional free fall drop test going to be performed?
 If Yes, go to Step 4.
 If No, go to the Next Step.
2 Center the packaged-product on the carriage, with its front surface in contact with the backstop or sail and
parallel to the leading edge of the carriage. For a Palletized or Skidded item, if the pallet or skid overhangs the
load, place the front edge of the pallet in contact the backstop or sail and parallel to the leading edge of the
carriage. In this case there will be a gap between the front surface of the load and the backstop or sail.
Go to Step 3. Standard Palletized or Skidded
Inclined Impact
Horizontal Impact

Step Action
TEST BLOCK 6
Shock: Impact, 3 Draw the carriage back and impact test the packaged-product on each of the two faces listed below. The
First Sequence minimum required impact velocity for an inclined-impact test is 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec) (1.2 m/sec). The minimum
(continued) required velocity change for a horizontal impact test is 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec) (1.2 m/sec) and the shock must be a
nominal 10 millisecond half sine pulse. If any velocity in the Test Sequence is below the required minimum
value, that sequence event must be repeated until the test velocity meets the minimum. Then go to Step 5.
For STANDARD Sequence # Face to Impact
Over 200 lb (91 kg),
1 Face 5
and PALLETIZED
or SKIDDED 2 Face 6
4 Using a drop tester or a sling-and-quick-release system (see Equipment Required Shock), perform 3 in (76 mm)
free-fall flat drops of the packaged-product on each of the two faces listed below.
Sequence # Face to Impact
1 Face 5
2 Face 6
5 This Shock: Impact TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK to be used as follows:
IF the packaged-product is… THEN …
Standard Go to TEST BLOCK 7 (Vibration)
Palletized or Skidded Go to TEST BLOCK 9 (Vibration)
VIBRATION
TEST BLOCK 7
Vertical Vibration Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Standard, regardless of weight.
Testing Vibration Duration
Step Action
For STANDARD Orientation in Minutes
Place the packaged-product on the center of the vibration table so
1
that Face 3 rests on the platform.
Place the Top Load Apparatus TL-H, as determined in Before You
Begin Vibration Testing, on top of the test specimen.
Note:
 If the vertical dimension of the packaged-product in this
orientation is 72 in (1.8 m) or greater, do not use a Top Load Transport
apparatus for this orientation during vibration testing. miles ÷ 15
2 Not to exceed 80
 If the calculated total theoretical top load for any axis is less
than 25 lb (11 kg), do not use a Top Load Apparatus for that minutes
Face 3 on
axis during vibration testing. table surface
 For small and light packaged-products there is a reduced (Transport
theoretical top load. Kilometers ÷ 24
Not to exceed 80
 For large packaged-products the top load is divided.
minutes)
Use some means, as described in Equipment Required Vibration,
to maintain proper alignment of the Top Load Apparatus on the
3
test item without restricting vertical motion of either the Apparatus
or the test item.
Start the vibration machine to produce the Random Vibration
4
Spectrum indicated in Before You Begin Vibration Testing.
After the prescribed Test Time as calculated above and in Before You Begin Vibration Testing, stop the test
5
and remove the Top Load Apparatus.

TEST BLOCK 7 Testing Vibration Duration

Step Action
Vertical Vibration Orientation in Minutes
(continued) Transport
miles ÷ 15
Not to exceed 80
For STANDARD Repeat Steps 1 through 5 of this TEST BLOCK, but with Face 4 of minutes
Face 4 on
6 the packaged-product down, and with Top Load Apparatus TL-W
table surface (Transport
applied.
Kilometers ÷ 24
Not to exceed 80
minutes)
Transport
miles ÷ 15
Not to exceed 80
Repeat Steps 1 through 5 of this TEST BLOCK, but with Face 6 of minutes
Face 6 on
7 the packaged-product down, and with Top Load Apparatus TL-L
applied.
Kilometers ÷ 24
Not to exceed 80
minutes)
8 This Vibration TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK to be used as follows:
IF the packaged-product… THEN …
incorporates a Non-Rigid Container (see
Go to TEST BLOCK 10 (Shock: Concentrated Impact)
Preface, Definitions for details)
does not incorporate a Non-Rigid Container
Go to TEST BLOCK 11 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
and weighs 200 lbs (91 kg) or less
does not incorporate a Non-Rigid Container
Go to TEST BLOCK 13 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
and weighs over 200 lbs (91 kg)
Note: If the test item is an elongated packaged-product with a non-rectangular cross-section (round tube, triangular tube, etc.),
do not use a Top Load Apparatus in the large-face-down orientations.
VIBRATION
TEST BLOCK 8
Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Cylindrical
Vertical Vibration
Step Action
Orientation in Minutes
For Place the packaged-product on the center of the vibration table so
CYLINDRICAL 1
that Face 3 (the bottom) rests on the platform.
Transport
miles ÷ 10
Note: Not to exceed 120
 If the vertical dimension of the packaged-product in this minutes
orientation is 72 in (1.8 m) or greater, do not use a Top Load Face 3 on
apparatus for this orientation during vibration testing. table surface
2 (Transport
 If the calculated total theoretical top load for any axis is less Kilometers ÷ 16
than 25 lb (11 kg), do not use a Top Load Apparatus for that Not to exceed 120
axis during vibration testing. minutes)
 For small and light packaged-products there is a reduced
theoretical top load.
 For large packaged-products the top load is divided.

TEST BLOCK 8 Step Action
Vertical Vibration
(continued) Use some means, as described in Equipment Required Vibration, Transport
to maintain proper alignment of the Top Load Apparatus on the miles ÷ 10
3 Not to exceed 120
For or the test item. Face 3 on minutes
CYLINDRICAL table surface (Transport
Start the vibration machine to produce the Random Vibration Kilometers ÷ 16
4
Spectrum indicated in Before You Begin Vibration Testing. Not to exceed 120
minutes)
After the prescribed Test Time as calculated above and in Before You Begin Vibration Testing, stop the test
5
Transport
Place the packaged-product on the center of the vibration table so miles ÷ 10
6 that Line 2-6 rests on the platform. No Top Load Apparatus is Not to exceed 120
used for this portion of the test. minutes
Line 2-6 down on
Start the vibration machine to produce the Random Vibration Kilometers ÷ 16
7
Spectrum indicated in Before You Begin Vibration Testing. Not to exceed 120
minutes)
8 After the prescribed Test Time as calculated above and in Before You Begin Vibration Testing, stop the test.
9 This Vibration TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 12 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
VIBRATION
TEST BLOCK 9
Vertical Vibration Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Palletized or Skidded
Step Action
For
PALLETIZED Place the packaged-product on the center of the vibration table so
1
or SKIDDED that Face 3 rests on the platform.
Note:
 If the vertical dimension of the packaged-product is 72 in
(1.8 m) or greater, do not use a Top Load apparatus during Transport
this vibration testing. miles ÷ 5
2  For large packaged-products the top load is divided. See Not to exceed 240
Equipment Required Vibration and Before You Begin minutes
Vibration Testing. Face 3 on
table surface
 If the exact nature and configuration of stacking loads in (Transport
shipment is known (for example, identical units loads are Kilometers ÷ 8
always stacked), it may be desirable to use those actual top Not to exceed 240
loads for testing. minutes)
Use some means, as described in Equipment Required Vibration,
to maintain proper alignment of the Top Load Apparatus on the
3
or the test item.
Start the vibration machine to produce the Random Vibration
4
Spectrum indicated in Before You Begin Vibration Testing.

TEST BLOCK 9
Step Action
Vertical Vibration
(continued) After the prescribed Test Time as calculated above and in Before You Begin Vibration Testing, stop the test
5
For 6 This Vibration TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK to be used as follows:
PALLETIZED
or SKIDDED IF the packaged-product… THEN …
incorporates a non-rigid container (see
Go to TEST BLOCK 10 (Shock: Concentrated Impact)
Preface, Definitions for details)
does not incorporate a non-rigid container Go to TEST BLOCK 15 (Shock: Fork Lift Handling)
TEST BLOCK 10 SHOCK: CONCENTRATED IMPACT (NON-RIGID CONTAINERS)

Shock:
Concentrated Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only, where the container is Non-Rigid:
Impact  Standard, regardless of weight
Non-rigid containers are defined (see Preface, Definitions) as having one or more of the following characteristics:
For o the outer package may offer insufficient protection from concentrated low-level impacts
STANDARD, o the design has large unsupported spans of outer packaging material
and PALLETIZED o the outer package utilizes a stretch- or shrink-wrap design, a thin-flute or light grade corrugated board,
or SKIDDED a paper wrap or similar lightweight material only, etc.
o the outer package wall is in direct contact with the product
Step Action
1 Determine faces of the container, and locations on those faces, to be impacted. In addition to determinations
in accordance with the characteristics defined above, it may be desirable to impact taped closures or other
container features to assess their performance. Generally the impact location should be in the geometrical
center of the face. Standard packaged products in actual distribution may potentially receive concentrated
impacts on any surface. Palletized or Skidded packaged-products may potentially receive concentrated
impacts only on the top and sides. Thoroughly document all impact locations on the Test Report.
2 Will a free-fall or guided fall drop of the impacting mass be used to impact the packaged-product’s face
positioned horizontally, or will an impacting mass pendulum be used to impact a vertical face?
 IF free-fall or guided drop with impact face horizontal, THEN go to the next Step.
 IF pendulum impact onto a vertical face, THEN go to Step 7.
3 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with the face to be impacted in the
uppermost position.
4 Position the impacting mass above the packaged-product with the rounded end down. Carefully align the
impacting mass on the drop tester or similar, or position the packaged-product under the guiding apparatus
(see Equipment Required Shock) so that the desired location on the face will be impacted. Set the drop height
to 15 in (380 mm) above the packaged-product’s top surface.
5 Release the impacting mass to impact the packaged-product.
6 Return to Step 2 of this TEST BLOCK to perform impacting mass free-fall, guided fall, and/or pendulum
impacts until all locations on the packaged-product as determined in Step 1 have been impacted. Then go
to Step 11.

TEST BLOCK 10
Step Action
Shock:
Concentrated 7 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with the face to be impacted
Impact positioned vertically. Brace the packaged-product if necessary so that it does not move when impacted.
(continued)
8 Carefully position the impacting mass pendulum and/or the packaged-product such that the desired location on
the face will be impacted, and that the face is perpendicular to the path of the swinging pendulum (see
For Equipment Required Shock). Draw the impacting mass pendulum back until the drop height (vertical distance)
STANDARD, is 15 in (380 mm).
and PALLETIZED 9 Release the impacting mass pendulum to impact the packaged-product.
or SKIDDED
10 Return to Step 2 of this Test Block to perform impacting mass free-fall, guided fall, and/or pendulum impacts
until all locations on the packaged-product as determined in Step 1 have been impacted. Then go to Step 11.
11 This Shock: Concentrated Impact TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK to be
used as follows:
IF the packaged-product type is … THEN …
Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or less Go to TEST BLOCK 11 (Shock: Free-Fall Drop)
Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) Go to TEST BLOCK 13 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
Palletized or Skidded Go to TEST BLOCK 15 (Shock: Fork Lift Handling)

Shock:
Free-Fall Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Standard, 200 lb (91 kg) or Less
Second Sequence Step Action
For STANDARD Free-Fall Drop Heights based on Packaged-Product Weights
200 lb (91 kg)
or Less Drop Drop Heights Weights > Weights > Weights >
Number
(18 kg) (36 kg) (45 kg) (91 kg)
2 This Shock: Free-Fall Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK or action as
follows:
is Elongated or Flat (see Preface,
Go to TEST BLOCK 16 (Shock: Full Rotational Drop)
Definitions)
All testing is now complete. Go to the Reporting an ISTA Test
is neither Flat nor Elongated
section at the end of this Procedure.

Shock:
Free-Fall Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Cylindrical
Second Sequence Step Action
For CYLINDRICAL Free-Fall Drop Heights based on Packaged-Product Weights
Drop Drop Heights Weights > Weights > Weights >

Number
(18 kg) (36 kg) (45 kg) (91 kg)
Most critical or
5 18 in (460 mm) 14 in (360 mm) 11 in (280 mm) 9 in (230 mm)
damage-prone flat
Face 3 (Bottom)
6 18 in (460 mm) 14 in (360 mm) 11 in (280 mm) 9 in (230 mm)
on Hazard Block
Drop 6 is a drop onto the Hazard Block (see Equipment Required Shock).
Drop the packaged-product so that it strikes the hazard centered on Face 3.
The required drop distance is to the impact surface, not to the top of the
Hazard Block. The accompanying diagram shows this concept.
2 This Shock: Free-Fall Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK or action as
follows:
is Elongated (see Preface, Definitions) Go to TEST BLOCK 16 (Shock: Full Rotational Drop)
is not Elongated

Shock:
Rotational Drop, Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only, using the drop heights indicated:
Second Sequence  Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg) – drop height 9 in (230 mm)
 Palletized or Skidded – drop height 9 in (230 mm) for packaged-products weighing 500 lb (230 kg) or less,
drop height 6 in (150 mm) for packaged-products weighing over 500 lb (230 kg)
For STANDARD
Step Action
and PALLETIZED 1 Perform a rotational edge drop as described in the table below.
or SKIDDED
Sequence # Action
1 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with Face 3 down.
2 Support edge 3-4 with a timber or support 3.5 to 4.0 in (90 to 100 mm) in height and width.
3 Lift the opposite edge (2-3) to the prescribed drop height as indicated at the beginning of this
TEST BLOCK.


Shock:
Rotational Drop, 1 4 Release the edge so that it falls freely onto the flat, rigid surface.
Second Sequence (cont.) Standard Palletized or Skidded
(continued)
For STANDARD
and PALLETIZED
or SKIDDED
2 Perform a rotational corner drop as described in the table below.
Sequence # Action
1 Place the packaged-product on a flat, rigid surface such as steel or concrete with
face 3 down.
2 Support corner 2-3-5 with a timber or support 3.5 to 4.0 in (90 to 100 mm) in height and
width.
3 Lift the opposite corner (3-4-6) to the prescribed drop height as indicated at the beginning
of this TEST BLOCK.
4 Release the corner so that it falls freely onto the flat, rigid surface.
3 This Shock: Rotational Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 14 (Shock: Impact)
TEST BLOCK 14 SHOCK: IMPACT

Shock: Impact,
Second Sequence Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following types of packaged-products only:
 Standard, over 200 lb (91 kg)
For STANDARD
and PALLETIZED 1 These impact tests may be performed with an inclined or horizontal impact machine, or optionally with a 3 in
or SKIDDED (76 mm) free-fall drop. Is the optional free fall drop test going to be performed?
 If Yes, go to Step 4.
 If No, go to the Next Step.
2 Center the packaged-product on the carriage, with its front surface in contact with the backstop or sail and
parallel to the leading edge of the carriage. See illustrations on the following page. For a Palletized or Skidded
item, if the pallet or skid overhangs the load, place the front edge of the pallet in contact the backstop or sail and
parallel to the leading edge of the carriage. In this case there will be a gap between the front surface of the load
and the backstop or sail.
Go to Step 3.


Shock: Impact,
Second Sequence 2 Standard Palletized or Skidded
(continued) (cont.)
For STANDARD
and PALLETIZED Inclined Impact
or SKIDDED
Horizontal Impact
3 Draw the carriage back and impact test the packaged-product on each of the two faces listed below. The
minimum required impact velocity for an inclined-impact test is 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec) (1.2 m/sec). The minimum
required velocity change for a horizontal impact test is 48 in/sec (4 ft/sec) (1.2 m/sec) and the shock must be a
nominal 10 millisecond half sine pulse. If any velocity in the Test Sequence is below the required minimum
value, that sequence event must be repeated until the test velocity meets the minimum. Then go to Step 5.
1 Face 2
2 Face 4
4 Using a drop tester or a sling-and-quick-release system (see Equipment Required Shock), perform 3 in
(76 mm) free-fall flat drops of the packaged-product on each of the two faces listed below.
1 Face 2
2 Face 4
5 This Shock: Impact TEST BLOCK is now complete. Determine the next TEST BLOCK or action as follows:
is Standard and either Elongated or Flat
Go to TEST BLOCK 16 (Shock: Full Rotational Drop)
(see Preface, Definitions)
is Standard, but neither Elongated nor Flat
is Palletized or Skidded
TEST BLOCK 15 SHOCK: FORK LIFT HANDLING

Shock:
Fork Lift Complete this TEST BLOCK for the following type of packaged-product only: Palletized or Skidded
Handling
Step Action
1 Perform flat push and rotate tests as described in the sequence table below.
For PALLETIZED
or SKIDDED Sequence # Action
1 Place the Palletized or Skidded packaged-product so that face 3 rests flat on a level floor.
2 Align a single fork truck blade tip with the middle pallet/skid stringer or block on side (Face) 5.

Shock:
Fork Lift 1 Sequence # Action
Handling (cont.)
3 Starting with the blade tip touching the stringer or
(continued)
block nominally half way up its vertical height,
push the pallet/skid straight forward a minimum of
Face 5
40 in (1 m). Push the required distance in
For PALLETIZED
approximately 2 to 3 seconds.
or SKIDDED
4 Contact the pallet/skid with one fork blade at Face 4
corner 3-4-5. Do not lift the pallet/skid.
Face 5
5 Using the fork blade, rotate the pallet/skid 90
degrees from its original orientation.
6 Repeat the flat push test of Sequence #1 through

3 of Step 1 of this TEST BLOCK, but push the
Face 4
pallet/skid from side (Face) 4.
7 Repeat the flat rotate test of Sequence #4 and 5 of
Face 4
Step 1 of this TEST BLOCK, rotating in the same
direction by contacting the pallet/skid at corner
3-4-6. Face 6

Face 6
9 Repeat the flat rotate test of Sequence #4 and 5

of Step 1 of this TEST BLOCK, but rotating in the
opposite direction from Sequence #7 by contact- Face 2
ing the pallet/skid at corner 2-3-6.
Face 6

Face 2
11 Repeat the flat rotate test of Sequence #4 and 5

of Step 1 of this TEST BLOCK, rotating in the
same direction as in Sequence #9 by contacting Face 5
the pallet/skid at corner 2-3-5.
Face 2

Shock:
Fork Lift 2 Perform elevated push and pull tests as described in the sequence table below.
Handling Sequence # Action
(continued)
1 Place the Palletized or Skidded packaged-product so that Face 3 rests flat on a level floor.
2 Enter the pallet/skid with the fork blades to a depth
For PALLETIZED
sufficient to lift one edge and so that the blades
or SKIDDED
will not become disengaged during Sequence #4
(the elevated pull test) below. Lift the edge a mini-
mum of 4 in (100 mm) off the floor, leaving the
opposite edge in contact with the floor.
3 Push the pallet/skid straight forward a minimum of
40 in (1m). Push the required distance in approxi-
mately 2 to 3 seconds.
4 Repeat Sequence #1 through 3 of Step 2 of this
TEST BLOCK, but pull (rather than push) the
pallet/skid.
5 Repeat Sequence #1 through 4 of Step 2 of this TEST BLOCK for all other possible
directions of entry of the pallet/skid; i.e. a total of 2 push-pull tests for a two-way-entry
pallet/skid, and a total of 4 push-pull tests for a four-way-entry pallet/skid.
3 Perform elevated rotate tests as described in the sequence table below.
Sequence # Action
1 Place the Palletized or Skidded packaged-product so that Face 3 rests flat on a level floor.
2 Enter the pallet/skid with one fork blade at a corner.
Use that blade and corner to lift the pallet/skid edge Lift and rotate each corner
a minimum of 4 in (100 mm) off the floor, leaving the
opposite edge in contact with the floor.
3 Using the fork blade, rotate the pallet/skid 90
degrees from its original orientation.
4 Repeat Sequence #1 through 3 of Step 3 of this
TEST BLOCK, using the other three corners of
the pallet/skid for rotation.
4 Perform a Fork Lift Load Stability test as described in the Sequence table below.
Sequence # Action
1 Place the Palletized or Skidded packaged-product so that face 3 rests flat on a level floor.
2 Enter the pallet/skid with the fork blades
approximately centered in the intended pallet entry D At least ¾ D
windows/openings. Enter to at least three quarters
the dimension of the direction of entry, but leave at
least 1 in (25 mm) clearance between the pallet/-
skid or the load and the vertical (upright) part of the
blades. Lift the pallet/skid a minimum of 4 in (100
mm) off the floor, and ensure that the blades and
pallet/skid are nominally level and parallel to the Minimum 1 in (25 mm) clearance
floor.

Shock:
Fork Lift 4 Sequence # Action
Handling
(cont.) 3 Traverse the Fork Lift Handling Course (see Equipment Required Additional).
(continued)
 Begin at the Start/Finish position, travel the entire length of the course until the rear
wheels of the fork lift are beyond the last plate obstacle.
For PALLETIZED  Place the fork lift in reverse and travel the course in reverse (“back up” through the
or SKIDDED course), returning to the Start/Finish position, until the front wheels of the fork lift are
beyond the first plate obstacle.
 Control the velocity of the fork lift to traverse the course (one way) in approximately
four (4) seconds. This is a velocity of approximately 3.5 feet/second (1 meter/second).
START / FINISH
Minimum 1 in (25 mm) clearance
4 Repeat Sequence #3 of Step 4 of this TEST BLOCK to perform a total of four (4) round
trips over the Handling Course.
5 IF… THEN…
The pallet or skid is of the two-way entry Four (4) round trips have been completed. Go
type to the last step (Step 5) of this TEST BLOCK.
The pallet or skid is of the four-way entry A total of eight (8) round trips must be
type completed, so repeat Sequence #1 through 4
of Step 4 of this TEST BLOCK (Fork Lift Load
Stability test), lifting the pallet or skid from an
adjacent entry direction. Then go to the next
Step.
5 This Shock: Fork Lift Handling TEST BLOCK is complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 13 (Shock: Rotational Drop)
TEST BLOCK 16 SHOCK: FULL ROTATIONAL DROP

Shock:
Full Rotational Complete this test sequence for the following types of packaged-products only:
Drop  Standard-Elongated (see Preface, Definitions)
 Standard-Flat (see Preface, Definitions)
 Cylindrical-Elongated (see Preface, Definitions)
For STANDARD- Note: If a packaged-product is both Elongated and Flat in accordance with the Preface, Definitions, it should
ELONGATED, be tested as Elongated.
STANDARD - STEP ACTION
FLAT,
and 1 IF the packaged-product is … THEN…
CYLINDRICAL- Standard-Elongated, OR Go to Step 2 of this TEST BLOCK.
ELONGATED Cylindrical-Elongated (See Preface, Definitions)
Standard-Flat (See Preface, Definitions) Go to Step 3 of this TEST BLOCK.

TEST BLOCK 16 STEP ACTION

Shock:
Full Rotational 2 Perform one Full Rotational Drop as described in the sequence table below.
Drop Sequence # Action
(continued)
1 Place the packaged-product on the floor with the smallest or one of the smallest faces
down (usually Face 5 or 6 for a Standard-Elongated packaged-product, Face 1 or 3 for
Cylindrical-Elongated).
For STANDARD- 2 Using any method, but without sliding or moving the packaged-product horizontally,
ELONGATED,
slowly tilt the packaged-product until it topples over and one of the largest faces
STANDARD- impacts the floor. For Standard-Elongated packaged-products identified in the “most
FLAT, stable orientation”, Face 3 must impact, for Cylinders-Elongated Line 2-6 must impact.
and
CYLINDRICAL- 3 This Shock: Full Rotational Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK
ELONGATED 17 (Shock: Bridged Impact).
3 Perform two Full Rotational Drops as described in the sequence table below.
Δ
Sequence # Action
1 Place the packaged-product on the floor with one of the smallest faces down.
2 Using any method, but without sliding or moving the packaged-product horizontally,
slowly tilt the packaged-product until it topples over and one of the largest faces
impacts the floor.
3 Repeat Sequence #1 through 3 above, but start with one of the next largest faces of the
packaged-product down (usually Face 2 or 4 for a packaged-product identified in the “most
stable” orientation).
4 This Shock: Full Rotational Drop TEST BLOCK is now complete. Go to TEST BLOCK 18
(Shock: Concentrated Edge Impact).
SHOCK - BRIDGED IMPACT

TEST BLOCK 17
Shock: Complete this test sequence for the following types of packaged-products only:
Bridged Impact  Standard-Elongated (see Preface, Definitions)
 Cylindrical-Elongated (see Preface, Definitions)
STEP ACTION
For STANDARD- 1 Place the packaged-product so that Face 3 (for Standard-Elongated) or Line 2-6 (for Cylindrical-Elongated)
ELONGATED, rests on two separate support blocks (as described in Equipment Required Shock), which are on opposite ends
and of the longest dimension parallel to each other and the shortest edges.
CYLINDRICAL-
ELONGATED 2 Position the Hazard Box above the packaged-product in an edge-drop orientation with the reinforced edge
down and perpendicular to the packaged-product’s longest dimension. Carefully align the Hazard Box so that
the midpoint of the packaged-product Face 1 (for Standard-Elongated) or Line 4-5 (for Cylindrical-
Elongated) is directly under the midpoint of the Hazard Box’s reinforced edge.
3 Drop the Hazard Box onto the packaged-product from a distance of 16 in (410 mm)
as measured from the packaged-product’s top Face or Line. See the accompanying
illustration.
16 in (410 mm)
4 All testing is now complete. Go to the Reporting an ISTA Test section at the end of this procedure.
TEST BLOCK 18 SHOCK - CONCENTRATED EDGE IMPACT
Shock:
Concentrated Complete this test sequence for the following types of packaged-products only:
Edge Impact  Standard-Flat (see Preface, Definitions)
STEP ACTION
1 Place the packaged-product so that one of the largest faces (usually Face 3) rests on a rigid surface such as
For STANDARD- steel or concrete.
FLAT
2 Position the Hazard Box above the packaged-product in an edge-drop orientation with the reinforced edge
Δ down, parallel to the packaged-product’s largest face surface and parallel with its width dimension. Carefully
align the Hazard Box so that the geometrical center of the packaged-product’s largest face (usually Face 1) is
directly under the midpoint of the Hazard Box’s reinforced edge.
3 Drop the Hazard Box onto the packaged-product
from a distance of 16 in (410 mm) as measured from Hazard Box
the largest face (usually Face 1) of the packaged-product.
See the accompanying illustration.

Geometrical center
of Face 1
Face 1 16 in (410 mm)
4 All testing is now complete. Go to the Reporting an ISTA Test section at the end of this Procedure.

3B REPORTING AN ISTA TEST
Reporting an ISTA ISTA Test Report Forms may be downloaded by members through the online ISTA Member Center (www.ista.org/members/).
Test: Custom forms are also acceptable, but information on an official ISTA Report Form is considered to be the minimum required for
Completing and any test report submission and consideration. Test report forms should be submitted to ISTA Headquarters by mail, fax or
Submitting an electronically. Test reports should be detailed enough for accurate repeatability of the test.
ISTA Test Report
The packaged-product has satisfactorily passed the test if, upon examination, it meets the Product Damage Tolerance and
Package Degradation Allowance determined prior to testing.
ISTA Certified Testing Laboratories:

 Should file a test report on all ISTA Test Procedures or Projects conducted.
 Shall file a test report on all ISTA Test Procedures or Projects conducted to obtain Transit Tested Package Certification or
Acknowledgement.
To submit a test report form:

 Email to [email protected]
 Mail to address shown below
 Fax to +1 517-333-3813.
ISTA Transit Tested Program: Packaged-Product Certification
The ISTA Transit Tested Certification Mark as shown:

 is a registered certification mark and
 can only be printed on certified packages and
 can only be used by license agreement and
 by a Shipper member of the International Safe Transit Association.
When a Shipper member prints this certification mark on a packaged-product, with their manufacturer’s license number, they are
showing their customer, vendors and carriers that it has passed the requirements of ISTA preshipment testing.
To obtain initial certification of a packaged-product:

 the product manufacturer must be a Shipper member of ISTA in good-standing and with a valid License Agreement on file
 the testing laboratory must be a member of ISTA in good-standing and have a valid lab certification date
 a test report must be submitted by the laboratory to ISTA Headquarters.
In order to maintain its certified status and eligibility for identification with the Transit Tested Certification Mark, each packaged-
product must be re-tested whenever a change is made in the:
 Product or
 Process or
 Package.
If corrugated packaging is used, it is recommended that the basis weights of the constituent papers/paperboards be determined
after testing and documented to provide the best indicator of equivalence or change.
As a quality control procedure, packaged-products should be re-tested frequently, for example, yearly.
For additional information, refer to Guidelines for Selecting and Using ISTA Test Procedures and Projects.
ISTA Membership information is available at www.ista.org.
This Test Procedure is published by:

International Safe Transit Association
1400 Abbot Road, Suite 160, East Lansing, Michigan 48823-1900 USA
© 2017 International Safe Transit Association

No part of the contents of this Test Procedure may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of
the publisher.
Order Information: Additional copies of this Test Procedure and the ISTA® RESOURCE BOOK may be ordered online at www.ista.org or by
contacting ISTA at (+1) 517.333.3437. A listing of current procedure version dates is available at www.ista.org.


3B-2017 Ista

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3B-2017 Ista

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3B-2017 Ista

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3B

Packaged-Products for Less-Than-Truckload 2

ISTA 3 Series ISTA, Distributing Confidence, Worldwide™

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 1 of 35

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 2 of 35

One sample is required for this test procedure.

Basis Weight Basis Weights of Corrugated Board

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 3 of 35

Test Sequence 3B – STANDARD, 200 lb (91 kg) or less

6 Shock Concentrated Impact mass free-fall drop, Required only for

8 Shock Full Rotational 1 drop Required only for

9 Shock Bridged Impact Hazard Box dropped Required only for

10 Shock Full Rotational 2 drops Required only for

11 Shock Concentrated Hazard box dropped Required only for

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 4 of 35

7 Shock Concentrated Impact mass free-fall drop, Required only for

10 Shock Full Rotational 1 drop Required only for

11 Shock Bridged Impact Hazard Box dropped Required only for

12 Shock Full Rotational 2 drops Required only for

13 Shock Concentrated Hazard box dropped Required only for

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 5 of 35

3 Shock Free-Fall Drop 6 Drops - height varies Required

6 Shock Drop on Hazard 1 Drop - height varies with

7 Shock Full Rotational 1 drop Required only for

8 Shock Bridged Impact Hazard Box dropped Required only for

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 6 of 35

6 Vertical Vibration Random Overall Grms level of 0.54 Required

7 Shock Concentrated Impact mass free-fall drop, Required only for

10 Shock Fork Lift Handling Elevated Rotate tests Required

12 Shock Rotational Drop Rotational edge and corner Required

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 7 of 35

Optional Atmospheric Conditioning

Free-Fall Drop Tests Slings and Quick-Release ASTM D 5276 or

Tip/Tipover Tests ASTM D 6179 or

Rotational Edge and 1) Support Block ASTM D 6179 or Support block

Full Rotational ASTM D 6179 or

Impact Tests Incline ASTM D 880 or

Continued on next page

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 8 of 35

Equipment In compliance with the

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 9 of 35

Equipment Fork Lift Handling Tests

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 10 of 35

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 11 of 35

A Cylinder or Pail Go to Step 3.Posit

Identify faces according to the diagrams.

Continued on next page

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 12 of 35

Designate four sidewall line locations, equally spaced around

Identify points on the chimes using the top or bottom number

Packaged-Product The weight and size of the packaged-product shall be determined:

Continued on next page

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 13 of 35

Catching or Restraining Packaged-Products After Free-Fall Drop Testing

Δ – Most recent technical change(s) ISTA 3B 2017 - Page 14 of 35

Determination of Vibration Top Load

Total Theoretical Top Loads

LTL Real-World Top Calculating Test Applying Test Top Load

Continued on next page