GROUP 1

SAGBANAN, IRIS- MAE

RAGONJAN, SHERYL
ACERET, JOMARWIN
PADILLA, CARLOS
CANONIZADO, CHARLES
ANDES, GIAN CARLO
ENRIQUEZ, CARLO
CAMPOS, KRISTIAN
ARELLANO, MARK STEPHEN
VALIDO, REDEN

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

HISTORY

● Centralized Police Force

● The national police force of the Republic of the Philippines. To the Philippine
National Police, which was a result of a merger of the Philippine Constabulary and
the Integrated National Police, was activated on January 29, 1991 by virtue of PD
765.
● It's national headquarters are based at Camp Crame in Quezon City. It has
manpower of 178,000.
● Under the Administrative Control and Operational Supervision of the NAPOLCOM
attached to the DILG.
● The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary
or the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular
police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no.
765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police
or the PC/INP as the country’s national police force. These fragmented and diverse
local police units were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine
Constabulary as its nucleus.
● After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated
providing for a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian in character.”
Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
government (DILG),” was signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect
on January 1, 1991.
● Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991, whose members
were formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the selected members from
the major service units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines such as the Philippine
Air Force Security Command, the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the
Philippine Army.
● Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent police
force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of
1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic
Act No. 6975.
ORGANIZATION
● The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of Republic Act No. 6975 entitled "An
Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of
the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes" ended the existence of the
Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and gave way to the
creation of the Philippine National Police, now known as the country's police force
that is national in scope and civilian in character. It is administered and controlled by
the National Police Commission.

THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

In order to accomplish the mission, powers and functions of the PNP, its structure
was provided for as follows:

1. The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with the
power to command and direct the PNP. He is also assisted by two Deputies
assigned to the administration of the PNP and one for operations side.
2. The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the
PNP. He coordinates, supervises, and directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP units
in the performance of their respective functions.
3. The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by a Inspector General who assists
the Chief PNP in ensuring operational readiness and investigates infractions of the
regulations committed by the members of the PNP.
4. The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by a senior police
commissioned officer who serves as a manager of the facility that will supervise the
implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.
5. The Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM) serves as the Central
facility of the PNP in coordinating and integrating all strategy management
processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in the
organization a culture of strategy focus.
6. The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 directorates. Every Director in each unit
has also his defined function in line with his specialization.
7. There are 25 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are
administrative while fourteen (14) are operational in nature.
8. For the main PNP operating units, there are seventeen (17) Police Regional
Offices nationwide which correspond to the Regional subdivisions of the country.
Directly under the Police Regional Offices are seventeen (17) Regional Public Safety
Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial Offices which correspond to the
number of Provinces in the country and twenty (20) City Police Offices (CPOs) in
highly urbanized and independent cities , which are equivalent to a Provincial Police
Office.

THE DIRECTORIAL STAFF

1. The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM). The director
optimizes the utilization of personnel resources both from the PNP- uniformed and
non- uniformed personnel.
2. The Directorate for Intelligence (DI). The director manages the
gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective management of all
intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. He also serves as the
linkage of all foreigners with official transactions with the chief PNP.
3. The Directorate for Operations (DO). The director exercises the command, the
control, the direction, the coordination and the supervision of all activities on PNP
operations such as deployment and employment of personnel.
4. The Directorate for Logistics (DL). The director administers and manages
material resources needed for the PNP operations.
5. The Directorate for Plans (DPL). The director plans and programs strategic PNP
operations. He also represents the PNP in the inter-agency and international affairs
on peace and order.
6. The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC). The director administers and
manages the fiscal financial resources.
7. The Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR). The director
formulates and implements community –related activities, programs and projects. He
also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake close monitoring,
networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim communities in addressing
terrorism and lawless violence in their respective areas to guarantee that the
Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or singled-out.
8. The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM). The
director coordinates. Controls and supervises all investigation activities.
9. The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD).
The director formulates policies on matters pertaining to human resources and
doctrine development.
10.The Directorate for Research and Development (DRD). The director engages
in research and development and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant projects.
11.The Directorate for Information and Communications Technology
Management (DICTM). The director integrates and standardizes all the PNP
information systems and resources to further improve the frontline services.
12.Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs). The Directors
of the clustered areas for Integrated Police Operations, namely: Eastern Mindanao,
Western Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given the
responsibility to direct and to supervise the conduct of integrated anti-criminality,
internal security, counter- terrorism operations, to promote inter-operability with the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a system to promote regional socio-
economic development.

THE 11 ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT UNDER THE NATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS

1. LogisticsSupportService(LSS).
2. InformationTechnologyManagementService(ITMS).
3. FinanceService(FS).
4. HealthService(HS)..
5. CommunicationsandElectronicsService(CES).
6. ChaplainService(CHS).
7. LegalService(LS).
8. HeadquartersSupportService(HSS).
9. EngineeringService(ES).
10.Training Service (TS). and
11. PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS).
THE 14 OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS UNDER THE NATIONAL SUPPORT
UNITS
1. Maritime Group (MG). This group is responsible to perform all police functions
over Philippine Territorial waters, lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include
ports and harbors and small islands for the security and the sustainability
development of the maritime environment.
2. Intelligence Group (IG). This group serves as the intelligence and counter-
intelligence operating unit of the PNP.
3. Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG). This group provides security to
government vital installations, government officials, visiting dignitaries and private
individuals authorized to be given protection.
4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG). This group monitors,
investigates, prosecutes all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of
such magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by highly placed or
professional criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts organized- crime
–control, all major cases involving violations of the revised penal Code, violators of
SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as Anti-hijacking, Anti-Carnapping and
Cyber crimes among others and atrocities committed by Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP)/New People’s Army (NPA)/National Democratic Front (NDF).
5. Special Action Force (SAF). This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction unit
to augment regional , provincial, municipal and city police force for civil disturbance
control, internal security operations, hostage-taking rescue operations, search and
rescue in times of natural calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other
special police operations such as ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and
ordnance disposal. On a special note, the PNP Air Unit is placed under the
supervision of SAF.
6. Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP). This group provides security to all
airports throughout the country.
7. Highway Patrol Group (HPG). This group enforces the traffic laws and
regulations, promote safety along the highways, enhances traffic safety
consciousness through inter- agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic Safety
Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Law enforcement functions and
develops reforms in the crime prevention aspect against all forms of lawlessness
committed along National Highway involving the use of motor vehicles.
8. Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG). This group undertakes and
orchestrates Police Community Relations program and activities in partnership with
concerned government agencies, the community, and volunteer organizations in
order to prevent crime and attain a safe and peaceful environment.
9. Civil Security Group (CSG). This group regulates business operations and
activities of all organized private detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies
and company guard forces. It also supervises the licensing and registration of
firearms and explosives.
10.Crime Laboratory (CL). This group provides scientific and technical,
investigative aide and support to the PNP and other investigative agencies. It also
provides crime laboratory examination, evaluation and identification of physical
evidence gathered at the crime scene with primary emphasis on medical, biological
and physical nature.
11. PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). This Group serves as the primary
unit of the PNP in addressing kidnapping menace in the country and in handling
hostage situations. And
12.PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG). This Group is responsible for the
implementation of pertinent laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of
the PNP.
13.PNP Drug Enforcement Group (PNP- DEG). This group is responsible for the
prevention and control of illegal drugs in support to the PDEA as mandated.
14.PNP EOD/ K9 Group. This Group is mandated to ensure the safe disposal of all
bombs and neutralization of hazards from conventional unexploded ordnance (UXO);
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) and associated materials; and
improvised explosive device (lED) that create a threat to public safety, installations
and utilities as well as to police operations, personnel and/or material.

PNP Vision
Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, We shall be a highlycapable, effective and
credible police service working inpartnership with a responsive community towards
the attainment of a safer place to live, work and do business.

PNP Mission
The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes,maintain peace and order,
and ensure public safety andinternal security with the active support of the
community.

Functions
1. LawEnforcement.
2. Maintain peace and order.
3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice.
4. Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent
laws.
5. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law.
6. Implements pertinent laws and regulation on firearms and explosive control.
7. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies.

Mandates
Republic Act 6975 entitled An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a
reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes
as amended by RA 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998 and further amended by RA 9708.

Philosophy
● Service, Honor and Justice

Core Values
● Maka-Diyos (Pro-God)
● Makabayan (Pro-Country)
● Makatao (Pro-People)
● Makakalikasan (Pro-Environment)

PNP Agency under on?

This agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and
is part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police
officers are operationally controlled by city or municipal mayors. DILG, on the other
hand, organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions
as a police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

PNP HIGHEST RANK

 Director General/ Police General
 On April 24, 2023, Police Major General Benjamin Acorda, Jr. was appointed
by President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos, Jr. to serve as the Chief of the
Philippine National Police Force. As the new head of the Philippine National
Police Force, Chief Acorda leads 227,000 police officers. Chief Acorda
succeeds General Rodolfo Azurin, Jr. who retired. Chief Acorda is the 29th
leader of the National Police and the second appointee of the current
administration.

PNP ENTRANCE AND RETIREMENT AGE

The PNP entrance (PNPE) examination is open to all Filipino citizens 21 to 30 years
old on the day of the examination and must have a bachelor's degree. Examinees
who passed the PNPE examination are conferred with police eligibility required for
appointment to the rank of Patrolman/Patrolwoman.

Compulsory Retirement - For uniformed personnel, shall be upon the attainment of

age fifty-six (56), while for non-uniformed personnel, shall be upon the attainment of
sixty-five (65) years of age.

PNP MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS

● Must be a Filipino citizen
● PNP Age Limit: Not younger than 21 years old but not more than 30 years old
● Bachelor’s Degree Holder
● Male Height Requirement: At least 1.57 meters (5.2 feet) in height for males
● Female Height Requirement: At least 1.52 (5.0 feet) meters for females
● You must not have been dismissed from the AFP
● You must be eligible to hold a government position
*The height requirements may be waived if you are a member of a local indigenous
person group.

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY OF JAPAN

Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight
of the National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public
Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free
of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an independent
judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.

Historical secret police organizations

1. Tokko
● Special Higher Police
● Investigated and controlled political groups and ideologies deemed to be a
threat to public order. Given the authority to arrest people for "wrong thoughts" under
"The Peace Preservation Law of1925".

2. Kempeitai
● Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Army

3. Tokeitai
● Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Navy
● After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the pre-war
police structure until a new system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947
Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal
with postwar unrest, the police system was decentralized. About 1,600 independent
municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants
or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control
was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety
commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of
the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the less
powerful Ministry of Home Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility
for fire protection, public health, and other administrative duties.

National Organization

National Public Safety Commission

● It is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
● Its Mission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force
from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in
police administration. The commission's primary function is to supervise the National
Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, and
five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of the
Diet. The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and
coordination with it are facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.

National Police Agency

● The central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police
Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is
left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the
agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the
agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect
information and to formulate and execute national policies.
● Headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety
Commission with the approval of the prime minister.
● The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations,
planning, information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of
police equipment, and five bureaus.

a. Police administration bureau

● The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare,
training, and unit inspections.
b. Criminal investigation bureau
● The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the
investigation of nationally important and international cases. This bureau's Safety
Department is responsible for crime prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and
pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates,
and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The
Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.

c. Traffic bureau
● The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates
traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both

national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway Division addresses

special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.

d. Security bureau
● The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of security policies.
It conducts research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversees
and coordinates activities of the riot police. The Security Bureau is also responsible
for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups, including
investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the
Entry and Exit Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies during
national emergencies and natural disasters.

e. Regional Public safety bureau

● The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible
for a number of prefectures. Each is headed by a Director and they are organization
similar to the Central Office. They are located in major cities of each geographic
region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police
Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBS. Headed by a Director
General; each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides
support services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and
orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus
is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and
training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.

Regional Police Bureaus:

● Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures
● Kinki - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures
● Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures
● Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata,
Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka Prefectures
● Chubu -Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures
● Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima,
and Okinawa Prefectures
● Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi
Prefectures

Police Communications Divisions

● Are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than
other local forces. The National Police Agency maintains police communications
divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national
and local forces.
1. MetropolitanTokyo
● Because of its special urban situation.
2. Island of Hokkaido
● Because of its distinctive geography.

Imperial Guard
● In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (Kögü-Keisatsu Honbu?) was created
under the control of the Home Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came
under the aegis of the National Police Agency of Japan in 1957. It provides personal
security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial Family of
Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial
Palace, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both
in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama,
Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.

Strength
As of 2010, the total strength reached approximately 291,475 personnel.
● The NPA total is about 7,709 with 1,969 police officers, 901 Imperial guards
and 4,839 civilians.
● The Prefectural police total is about 283,766 with 255,156 police officers and
28,610 civilians.
● Nationwide, there are about 14,900 female police officers and about 11,800
female civilians.

Local organization
There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were
affiliated with local police forces. Local forces include:
● Forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;
● Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;
● Two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
● One district (do) police force, in Hokkaido.
● These forces have limited authority to initiate police actions. Their most
important activities are regulated by the National Police Agency, which provides
funds for equipment, salaries, riot control, escort, and natural disaster duties, and for
internal security and multiple jurisdiction cases. National police statutes and
regulations establish the strength and rank allocations of all local personnel and the
locations of local police stations. Prefectural police finance and control the patrol
officer on the beat, traffic control, criminal investigations, and other daily operations.

Prefectural Police
● Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions
corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency. Headquarters
are staffed by specialists in basic police functions and administration and are
commanded by an officer appointed by the local office of the National Public Safety
Commission. Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police
officials (and, in large jurisdictions, by police assigned to substations), who are
assigned to one or more central locations within the prefecture. Experienced officers
are organized into functional bureaus and handle all but the most ordinary problems
in their fields.

Kōban
● Kōbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in
residential districts. They form the first line of police response to the public. The
Koban system is composed of about 6500 police boxes (Koban) and about 7600
residential police boxes (Chuzaisho).
● Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual),
and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent of the total
police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts,
they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and eating
facilities for officers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas, residential offices
usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters.
These officers endeavor to become a part of the community, and their families often
aid in performing official tasks.
● Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or
sitting watch inside, enabling police officers to respond immediately to any incident.
While keeping a constant watch, they perform a myriad of routine tasks, such as
receiving crime reports from citizens, handling lost and found articles, counseling
citizens in trouble and giving directions.
● Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot,
by bicycle or by car. While on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the
topography and terrain of the area, question suspicious-looking persons, provide
traffic guidance and enforcement, instruct juveniles, rescue the injured, warn citizens
of imminent dangers and protect lost children and those under the influence or
intoxicated.
● Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and
Chuzaisho. Police officers use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These
cars remain in constant radio contact with their police station and the
communications command center of the PPH. When an emergency is reported, this
rapid response capability plays a major role in the quick resolution of such incidents.
● Officers assigned to koban have intimate knowledge of their jurisdictions. One of
their primary tasks is to conduct twice-yearly house-by-house residential surveys of
homes in their areas, at which time the head of the household at each address fills
out a residence information card detailing the names, ages, occupations, business
addresses, and vehicle registration numbers of household occupants and the names
of relatives living elsewhere. Police take special note of names of the aged or those
living alone who might need special attention in an emergency. They conduct
surveys of local businesses and record employee names and addresses, in addition
to such data as which establishments stay open late and which employees might be
expected to work late. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and most citizens
cooperate, but an increasing segment of the population has come to regard the
surveys as invasions of privacy.

Riot police
● Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and the
Tokyo police maintain Kidotai, special riot units. These units were formed after riots
at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and effectively to large public
disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festival periods, at times of
natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Full-time riot police
can also be augmented by regular police trained in riot duties. Currently, there are
10,000 in the whole riot force.
● Riot duty is not popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in
between irregularly spaced actions. Although many police are assigned riot duty,
only a few are volunteers. For many personnel, riot duty serves as a stepping stone
because of its reputation and the opportunities it presents to study for the advanced
police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties demands physical
fitness-the armored uniform weighed 6.6 kilograms-most personnel are young, often
serving in the units after an initial assignment in a koban.

Special police
● In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached
to various agencies who perform special duties relating to public safety. They are
responsible for such matters as forest preservation, narcotics control, fishery
inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor, and minesafety.

Special operations
● The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special
Assault Team, operating under police control.
● A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle
incidents that cannot be dealt with by regular police and riot police officers, but can
operate independently or with SAT cooperation. These units include the Special
Investigations Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's Martial Arts
Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack Response Team.

Conditions of service
● Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the
force is determined by examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees
are divided into two groups: upper-secondary-school graduates and university
graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous training-one year for upper-secondary
school graduates and six months for university graduates-at the residential police
academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic training,
most police officers are assigned to local police boxes called Kobans. Promotion is
achieved by examination and requires further course work. In-service training
provides mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police officers with
upper- secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant
after three years of on-the-job experience. University graduates can take the
examination after only one year. University graduates are also eligible to take the
examination for assistant police inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after
shorter periods than upper-secondary school graduates. There are usually five to
fifteen examinees for each opening.
● The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the
National Public Safety Commission generally defer to police decisions and rarely
exercise their powers to check police actions or operations, police are liable for civil
and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicizes police misdeeds. The
Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and investigates complaints
against public officials, including police, and prefectural legislatures could summon
police chiefs for questioning. Social sanctions and peer pressure also constrain
police behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop an
allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.

Police-community relations
● Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the
police as authority figures to whom they can turn for aid. The public often seeks
police assistance to settle family quarrels, counsel juveniles, and mediate minor
disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for directions to hotels and residences-an
invaluable service in cities where streets are often unnamed and buildings are
numbered in the order in which they have been built rather than consecutively. Police
are encouraged by their superiors to view these tasks as answering the public's
demands for service and as inspiring community confidence in the police. Public
attitudes toward the police are generally favorable, although a series of incidents of
forced confessions in the late 1980s raised some concern about police treatment of
suspects held for pretrial detention.

Mission
As a national infrastructure organization for the nonprofit sector, the Japan NPO
Center:
 Works to strengthen the social, political and economic support base for
voluntary nonprofit organizations in Japan; and
 Builds new and innovative forms of partnership with the government and the
private sector, encouraging them to act as co-creators of robust civil society

Vision
During the next five years, we will:
 Actively disseminate information on local voluntary efforts both in Japan and
abroad, and provide opportunities for more people to be exposed to the
values expressed by NPOs, also actively introduce overseas initiatives to
Japan to promote more interactions,
 Promote dialogue and partnership across geographical and thematic areas to
facilitate solutions to complex and intertwined social issues,
 Create opportunities and mechanisms for training and exchange to increase
the number of people who take the lead in civil society and to enable
sustainable organizational management,
 Research and actively disseminate information on social issues and initiatives
in Japan, and make policy recommendations on legislation and tax systems in
order to create an environment that facilitates the activities of NPOs,
 Expand the network of civic activists and their supporters, both in Japan and
abroad.

Values
Japan NPO Center upholds these core values in the operation of our organization
and in the implementation of all our activities:
 Always be on the side of the excluded and oppressed, and express solidarity
with them
  Respect the views of the directly affected
 Look into root causes and tackle larger structural issues of society
 Give the highest priority to the lived realities of those on the ground
 Respect diversity and minority opinions
 Be transparent and accountable
 Create a platform for open dialogue

FUNCTION
 The NPA, as a national agency, formulates police systems and also conducts
police operations regarding cases involving national public safety, undertakes
administration of matters which form the foundation of police activities such as
police education and training, police communications, and criminal
identification as well as coordination of police administration.

MANDATES
 As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National
Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of
operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or large-scale
disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural
police forces.

Rank
Police officers are divided into nine ranks
● Superintendent General
● Superintendent Supervisor
● Chief Superintendent
● Senior Superintendent
● Superintendent
● Inspector
● Assistant Inspector
● Sergeant
● Senior Police Officer
● Police Officer
● The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese
police. His title is not a rank, but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On
the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents not only the highest
rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police
Department.
Highest officer- The Japanese government decided to name Yasuhiro Tsuyuki,
deputy commissioner general of the National Police Agency, as NPA commissioner
general to replace Itaru Nakamura.