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Topic: 2 – Experimental Techniques

1. Write the use of the following laboratory apparatus
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 2. Name the safety item used with pipette. And why is this item used?

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How can we safely carry out experiments which produce toxic gases?

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4. State the hazard association with the following chemicals and procedures.
Chemical Hazard Safety precautions

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Concentrated
Sulfuric acid

Concentrated
sodium hydroxide

Ethanol

Chlorine / bromine

5. What are locating agents?

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What is Rf value used in chromatography?

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7. Explain how Rf value is calculated and how this value is used to identify substances.

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Explain how melting point and boiling point can be used to identify purity of substances.

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Sample of water boils at 104oC, what do you say about the purity of this sample.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 10.
Describe how the melting and boiling point changes with impurity.

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11. Complete the table for separating methods.

Method Explanation

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Using ………………………………………………………………………

separating ………………………………………………………………………
funnel ………………………………………………………………………
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Filtration ………………………………………………………………………
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Crystallization
 Simple ………………………………………………………………………

distillation ………………………………………………………………………
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Fractional ………………………………………………………………………

distillation ………………………………………………………………………
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Chromatograph
y

12. What is meant by ‘saturated solution’? and how can you know when the solution is saturated.

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13. Glauber’s Salt is a white solid that is soluble in water. It is found in the ground mixed with sand. Describe

how you could obtain large pure crystals of Glauber’s Salt from this mixture.
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14. Chromatography can be used to identify amino acids from a sample of proteins.

The diagram shows the chromatogram obtained when our samples of amino acids were analysed. The
paper was sprayed with ninhydrin (a locating agent).

(a) Why is the origin line drawn in pencil?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. [1]

(b) Which amino acids could possibly be the same?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. [1]

(c) Which amino acid sample contains more than one amino acid? Explain your answer.

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(d) Suggest why it is necessary to spray the chromatogram with ninhydrin.

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………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................... [1] (e)

Calculate the Rf value of amino acid 2.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1] 15. A

student separated two alkanes heaxane (69C) and heptane (98C), using the apparatus shown below
 a) Explain why fractional ditillation is used to sepetrate this mixture ?
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b) Name the piece of apparatus labelled M

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c) What is it used for?

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d) Name the piece of apparatus labelled N

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e) What is it used for

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f) Why was a hot water bath used rather than a flame for heating the mixture

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g) What was the reading on the thermometer when the first few drops of distillate appeared in the beaker
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h) How did the student know when all the first alkane had distilled over
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16. The diagram below shows the result of an experiment to identify the component of mixture X and Y.
 a) What is the name given to this type of experiments

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b) Draw a line on the digarm to show the solvent level at the beginning of the experiment c) A pencil

was used to draw the start line. Why a pen is not used for this purpose

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d) Use the digram to deduce which of the substances R,S,T and U were present in

Mixture X …………………………………………………….

Mixture Y …………………………………………………….

e) Use a ruler to measure the distance travelled by the substance T and the solvent front. Calculate the
Rf value of T

MCQ Questions
1. A student carries out an experiment to prepare pure magnesium sulfate crystals. The diagram shows the first stage of
the preparation.
He adds magnesium carbonate until no more reacts.

Which process should he use for the next stage?

A crystallization B evaporation
C filtration D neutralisation

2. A student separates salt from a mixture of salt and sand.

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What is the correct order of steps for the student to take?

A filter → evaporate → shake with water B filter → shake with water → evaporate C shake with water
→ evaporate → filter D shake with water → filter → evaporate

3. A mixture of ethanol and methanol are separated by fractional distillation.

 This method of separation depends on a difference in property X of these two alcohols.
What is property X?
A boiling point B colour C melting point D solubility

4. A fruit drink coloured orange contains a dissolved mixture of red and yellow colouring
agents. One of these colouring agents is suspected of being illegal.
Which method could be used to show the presence of this illegal colouring agent?
A chromatography B distillation C evaporation D filtration

5. Mixture 1 contains sand and water.

Mixture 2 contains salt and water.
Which method of separation could be
used to obtain each of the required
products from each mixture?

6. The diagram shows a method for separating a substance that contains X and Y.

Which types of substance can be separated as shown?

A compounds B elements
C mixtures D molecules

7. Which two methods can be used to separate a salt from its solution in water?

1 crystallisation 2 decanting 3 distillation 4 filtration

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

8. Silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride to produce silver chloride and sodium nitrate. The equation for the reaction
is shown.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3(aq)
How is silver chloride separated from the reaction mixture?
A crystallization B distillation C evaporation D filtration
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9. Zinc sulfate is made by reacting an excess of zinc oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.
The excess zinc oxide is then removed from the solution.
Which process is used to obtain solid zinc sulfate from the solution?
 A crystallization B dissolving C filtration D fractional distillation

10. Chromatography is used to find out if a banned dye, P, is present in

foodstuffs.
The results are shown in the diagram.
Which foodstuff contains P?

11. What is always true for a pure substance?

A It always boils at 100 °C. B It contains only one type of atom.

C It has a sharp melting point. D It is solid at room temperature.

12. A compound, X, has a melting point of 71 °C and a boiling point of 375 °C.
Which statement about X is correct?
A It is a liquid at 52 °C and a gas at 175 °C. B It is a liquid at 69 °C and a gas at 380 °C. C It is a
liquid at 75 °C and a gas at 350 °C. D It is a liquid at 80 °C and a gas at 400 °C.

13. A student takes 2 g samples of calcium carbonate and

adds them to 20 cm3samples of dilute hydrochloric
acid at different temperatures. She measures how
long it takes for the effervescence to stop. Which
apparatus does she use?

14. Part of the instructions in an experiment reads as follows. Quickly add 50 cm3 of acid.
What is the best piece of apparatus to use?
A a burette B a conical flask C a measuring cylinder D a pipette

15. Solid W melts at exactly 54 °C and boils at exactly

302 °C.
Solid X, when dissolved in water and examined
using paper chromatography, shows a blue
colour and a red colour.
Which row is correct?

Grade 9 – Revisions Abdulla Ikram – Teacher Chemistry