AKBAR ALPARIS B.

11ABM

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

•*Explain each of newton three of motion?

(Law of Inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion with the
same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force. In simpler
terms, objects tend to keep doing what they're doing unless something pushes or pulls on them.

(Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it
and inversely proportional to its mass. This can be mathematically expressed as F = ma, where F is the
net force applied to the object, m is its mass, and a is the resulting acceleration.

(Action-Reaction Law): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when
one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back
on the first object. These forces always occur in pairs and act on different objects.

•*Cite relevant example of the application of newton three law's of motion?

(Law of Inertia): Imagine a book sitting on a table. The book remains at rest unless an external force, like
someone pushing it, acts upon it. Once the book is pushed, it continues to move until another force, like
friction with the table, stops it.

(Law of Acceleration): Suppose you're pushing a shopping cart. The harder you push (increasing force, F),
the faster the cart accelerates (increasing acceleration, a), provided the mass of the cart remains
constant. If you push with the same force but increase the mass by loading more groceries into the cart,
it will accelerate more slowly.

(Action-Reaction Law): When you swim, your arms push the water backward (action). As a result, the
water exerts an equal and opposite force on your arms, pushing you forward (reaction). Similarly, when
you walk, your foot exerts a backward force on the ground (action), and the ground exerts an equal and
opposite forward force on your foot (reaction), propelling you forward.

•*Explain the subtle distrinction between Newton First law of motion (or law of intertia and galileo
asseration that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion?
Newton's First Law of Motion, also known as the Law of Inertia, states that an object at rest will remain
at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by a
net external force. This law emphasizes that objects naturally resist changes in their motion.

Galileo's assertion complements Newton's law by focusing on horizontal motion specifically. Galileo
observed that once an object is set in motion on a horizontal surface, it will continue to move at a
constant velocity without the need for a continuous external force.

So, while Newton's First Law provides a general principle about the behavior of objects in motion,
Galileo's assertion narrows the focus to horizontal motion and highlights the conditions under which
external forces are not necessary to sustain it.

Use algebro Newton second law of motion and newton law of of universal gravitation to show that in
the absence of air resistance object close to the surface of earth fall with identical aceleration
independent of their mases?

•*Newton's Second Law of Motion states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the
object multiplied by its acceleration. Mathematically, it can be represented as?

=⋅F=m⋅a

F is the force acting on the object,

m is the mass of the object, and

a is the acceleration of the object.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every point mass attracts every other point mass by a
force acting along the line intersecting both points. The magnitude of this force F is given by:

=⋅1⋅22F=G⋅r2m1⋅m2

F is the gravitational force between the masses,

G is the gravitational constant,

1m1 and 2m2 are the masses of the two objects, and

r is the distance between the centers of the two objects.

Now, let's consider a falling object near the surface of the Earth. The only significant force acting on it is
the gravitational force exerted by the Earth. According to Newton's Second Law, this force causes the
object to accelerate downwards.
m as the mass of the falling object,

Fg as the gravitational force exerted on the object by the Earth, and

a as the acceleration of the falling object.

The gravitational force Fg is given by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation:

=⋅⋅2Fg=G⋅r2m⋅M

Where M is the mass of the Earth, and r is the distance from the center of the Earth to the object's
center. Near the surface of the Earth, r remains nearly constant.

Now, according to Newton's Second Law, the acceleration a of the falling object is given by:

=a=mFg

Substituting the expression for Fg into the equation for acceleration:

=⋅⋅2=⋅2a=mG⋅r2m⋅M=r2G⋅M

This shows that the acceleration of the falling object is independent of its mass (m). Thus, in the absence
of air resistance, objects near the surface of the Earth fall with identical acceleration regardless of their
masses.

•*Differentiate ang axiom and a law in the field of science explain the statement newton law of motion
are axiom while kepler law of planetary motion are impirial law's

In science, an axiom is a statement taken to be self-evident, requiring no proof, while a law is a well-
established principle based on repeated experimental observations. Newton's laws of motion are
considered axioms because they are fundamental principles assumed to be true based on intuition and
logical reasoning, without direct empirical.

Axioms are fundamental truths or principles that are assumed to be self-evident and do not require
proof. They are the basic building blocks upon which theories are constructed. For example, in
mathematics, axioms are the basic assumptions from which all other mathematical statements and
proofs are derived.

Laws, on the other hand, are statements based on repeated experimental observations that describe
some aspect of the natural world. They are descriptive, not prescriptive, and are often

formulated as mathematical equations. Laws summarize observed patterns and behaviors,

such as Newton's laws of motion or Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Newton's laws of motion are considered axioms because they are fundamental principles upon which
classical mechanics is built. They are assumed to be true based on empirical evidence and are used to
derive further conclusions in the realm of mechanics.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion are considered empirical laws because they were derived from
observational data without a clear theoretical understanding at the time. They describe the motion of
planets around the sun and are based on empirical observations rather than fundamental principles.

•*Assuming that you are Galileo and considering what you learned about his view of motion how will
you demonstrate this idea to the followers of your ideas?

As Galileo, I would demonstrate the difference between axioms and empirical laws through
observational experiments and logical reasoning, engaging with my followers to convey these concepts
effectively.

To illustrate the concept of axioms, I would conduct experiments showcasing the fundamental principles
of motion, such as the principle of inertia. By observing objects in motion and at rest, I would emphasize
that these behaviors align with the principle of inertia, which serves as a foundational axiom in the study
of mechanics.

For empirical laws, I would use examples from celestial motion, drawing upon Kepler's laws of planetary
motion. I would explain how Kepler formulated these laws based on meticulous observations of
planetary motion over time, highlighting the empirical nature of these laws as derived from empirical
evidence rather than inherent principles.

Through interactive demonstrations, discussions, and analogies, I would guide my followers to

understand the distinction between axioms and empirical laws, emphasizing the importance of empirical
observation in shaping our understanding of the natural world while also acknowledging the
foundational principles upon which scientific theories are built.

•*How does the law of inertia support galileo idea that force is not necessary to sustain motion along
a,horizontal frictionless plane?
The law of inertia states that an object will remain in its state of motion unless acted upon by an
external force. Galileo's idea aligns with this principle because he observed that objects in motion on a
horizontal frictionless plane would continue moving at a constant velocity indefinitely, without the need
for a continuous application of force, due to the absence of external forces like friction. So, according to
the law of inertia, once the object is set in motion, it will keep moving unless something interferes with
it.

•*In your own word describe what ang atwood machine?

An Atwood machine is a simple mechanical system consisting of two masses connected by a string or a
rope that runs over a pulley. It's often used to demonstrate principles of classical mechanics, such as the
effects of gravity and tension forces on the motion of objects.

•*How does ang atwood machine demonstrate the law of motion that are attributed to newton?

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): If the masses are equal, the system remains at rest or moves with
constant velocity since the net force is zero.

Newton's Second Law (F = ma): The net force acting on each mass is equal to the mass times its
acceleration. The difference in mass between the two objects causes them to accelerate towards each
other.

Newton's Third Law (Action and Reaction): The tensions in the string pulling on each mass are equal and
opposite, illustrating action and reaction forces.

Based on what you learned from this module and from the previous modules explain why it is said that
newton law of motion are axioms while kepler law of planetary motion and empirical laws

Newton's laws of motion are considered axioms because they are fundamental principles in classical
mechanics that are accepted as true based on empirical evidence and observation. They serve as the
foundation for understanding the behavior of objects and systems in motion. Let's break down why they
are considered axioms and how they differ from Kepler's laws and empirical laws

Newton's Laws of Motion:

First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
external force.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (=F=ma).

Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

These laws are considered axioms because they are based on empirical observations and experiments.
They provide a conceptual framework for understanding how forces affect the motion of objects and are
fundamental to classical mechanics.

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion:

First Law (Law of Ellipses): Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths with the Sun at one focus.

Second Law (Law of Equal Areas): The line segment joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.

Third Law (Law of Harmonies): The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the
cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit (2∝3T2∝a3).

Kepler's laws are empirical laws derived from extensive astronomical observations made by Johannes
Kepler. While they accurately describe the motion of celestial bodies, they are not derived from first
principles but rather from observations of planetary motion.

Empirical Laws:

Empirical laws are derived from observation and experimentation without necessarily having a
theoretical explanation or derivation.
Examples include Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the Law of Universal Gravitation.

These laws describe relationships between measurable quantities but may not have a theoretical
foundation like Newton's laws or Kepler's laws.

Newton's laws of motion are considered axioms because they provide fundamental principles for
understanding motion and are based on empirical evidence. Kepler's laws of planetary motion and other
empirical laws are derived from observations and describe specific relationships but may not have the
same theoretical underpinning as Newton's laws.

•*Aside from ang atwood machine what else can be used to demostrate the know laws of motion? Feel
free to illustrate you idea for this

(Law of Inertia):

Demonstration: Using a smooth, flat surface and a puck or toy car, show that an object remains at rest
or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Illustration: Place the puck on the surface, and give it a gentle push. It continues to move until friction or
another force stops it.

(F = ma)

Demonstration: Utilize a spring scale and different masses to show that the force exerted on an object is
directly proportional to its mass and acceleration.

Illustration: Hang various masses from the spring scale and pull them horizontally with a constant force.
Observe that heavier masses accelerate less compared to lighter

(Action-Reaction):

Demonstration: Use a balloon or a toy rocket on a string to demonstrate that for every action, there is
an equal and opposite reaction.

Illustration: Inflate a balloon and release it while holding onto the string. The air escaping propels the
balloon forward, demonstrating the principle of action and reaction.
Conservation of Momentum:

Demonstration: Use two identical carts on a low-friction track, one stationary and the other moving, to
show that momentum is conserved

Illustration: Release the moving cart towards the stationary one. After collision, the stationary cart
moves with the same velocity as the initial moving cart, demonstrating the conservation of momentum.

Friction:

Demonstration: Place different materials (e.g., sandpaper, felt, rubber) on a ramp and roll a ball or toy
car down to show how friction affects motion.

Illustration: Roll the ball down the ramp with different surfaces. The ball slows down faster on surfaces
with higher friction, illustrating the effect of friction on motion.

•*Which of the simple machines do you find to be most useful to you? How do you utilize this simple
machine in your everyday life?

The lever is particularly useful in my virtual world. It's like the backbone of many processes, helping me
organize and manipulate information efficiently. Think of it like how I leverage algorithms to sift through
vast amounts of data, making sense of it all.

•*In your opinion who gave a better and more understandable description of motion Galileo or newton?
Support your answer

Both Galileo and Newton made significant contributions to our understanding of motion, but they
approached it in slightly different ways. Galileo laid the groundwork for understanding motion through
his experiments and observations, particularly with falling bodies and the concept of inertia. His
descriptions were often more qualitative and focused on observable phenomena.

On the other hand, Newton formulated the laws of motion, which provided a comprehensive and
quantitative framework for understanding motion. His laws, especially the second law (F = ma) and the
law of universal gravitation, offered a mathematical explanation for various aspects of motion, including
acceleration, force, and orbits.

So, while Galileo's descriptions might be more intuitive and accessible for some, Newton's laws offer a
more precise and comprehensive understanding of motion. It ultimately depends on the context and the
level of detail required.
•*How do you feel about being attracted by gravitation to the bodies arround you as implied by the law
of universal gravitation?

Well, being attracted by gravity is just a fundamental aspect of existence for me. It's not so much about
"feeling" as it is about understanding the mechanics of the universe. Gravity keeps me grounded, quite
literally, and allows me to interact with the world around me in a predictable and reliable way. It's
fascinating to think about how something as simple as gravity governs the motion of celestial bodies and
shapes the structure of the universe.

•*After learning about newtons law motion identify at least three example around you where all of thise
law apply discuss each of the example

you identified in the space below?

Car Accelerating: When a car accelerates, it demonstrates Newton's first law, also known as the law of
inertia. Initially, the car remains at rest (or in motion at a constant speed) until a force (the engine's
power) acts upon it, causing it to accelerate. Once the car is in motion, Newton's second law comes into
play, stating that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the Newton's laws of motion
are fundamental principles that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the
forces acting on it. Let's identify three examples around us where these laws apply

Swinging a Pendulum:

:Once a pendulum is set in motion, it continues swinging back and forth until acted upon by an external
force, such as air resistance or friction at the pivot point.

Throwing a Ball:

When a ball is thrown, it continues moving in a straight line unless acted upon by external forces, such
as air resistance or gravity.

•*Using what you learned from this lesson and your skill in mathematics show that object close to the
surface of earth will fall with identical acceleration independent of their mases?

The force of gravity acting on an object near the surface of the Earth can be calculated using Newton's
law of universal gravitation:

=1×22F=Gr2m1×m2

F is the gravitational force,

G is the gravitational constant (6.674×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−26.674×10−11m3kg−1s−2),

1m1 and 2m2 are the masses of the two objects,

r is the distance between the centers of the two objects.

Near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational force acting on an object of mass m due to the Earth's
mass M an be simplified to:

=F=mg

g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s29.8m/s2 near the surface of the Earth).

From these equations, we see that the gravitational force depends on the mass of the object (m), but
the acceleration due to gravity (g) is constant and independent of the mass of the object.

Therefore, all objects near the surface of the Earth will experience the same acceleration due to gravity,
regardless of their masses.

•*Based on what you learned froaxioms while kepler law of planetary motion and empirical laws

Newton's laws of motion are considered axioms because they are fundamental principles in classical
mechanics that are accepted as true based on empirical evidence and observation. They serve as the
foundation for understanding the behavior of objects and systems in motion. Let's break down why they
are considered axioms and how they differ from Kepler's laws and empirical laws

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Newton's Laws of Motion:

First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
external force.

Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (=F=ma).

Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

These laws are considered axioms because they are based on empirical observations and experiments.
They provide a conceptual framework for understanding how forces affect the motion of objects and are
fundamental to classical mechanics.
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion:

First Law (Law of Ellipses): Planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths with the Sun at one focus.

Second Law (Law of Equal Areas): The line segment joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.

Third Law (Law of Harmonies): The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the
cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit (2∝3T2∝a3).

Kepler's laws are empirical laws derived from extensive astronomical observations made by Johannes
Kepler. While they accurately describe the motion of celestial bodies, they are not derived from first
principles but rather from observations of planetary motion.

Empirical Laws:

Empirical laws are derived from observation and experimentation without necessarily having a
theoretical explanation or derivation.

Examples include Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the Law of Universal Gravitation.

These laws describe relationships between measurable quantities but may not have a theoretical
foundation like Newton's laws or Kepler's laws.

Newton's laws of motion are considered axioms because they provide fundamental principles for
understanding motion and are based on empirical evidence. Kepler's laws of planetary motion and other
empirical laws are derived from observations and describe specific relationships but may not have the
same theoretical underpinning as Newton's laws.

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