2ND TERM EXAM ARTS REVIEWER

Literature - represents man’s life- the culture and tradition of people. It provides blueprint of important
events in the society.
Poetry is another form of literature with words strung together using rhyme and meter.
Short story is a narrative prose that has a single event, one setting, few characters and one climax that
can be read in one setting.
Plot serves as the overall structure of the story. It is concerned with the sequence of actions and it
presents the characters in the story.
A poem is a literary piece that uses the rhythms of a language to bring a deeper comprehension of the
words.
The word poem comes from the Greek word poema , a variant of poiema meaning fiction. Originally, the
word poem came from poiein ,meaning to create.

Elements of the Plot

a. Exposition. It tells about the whole story in few sentences. You can write it in five to six sentences.
Although it is written short, but the thought is complete.
b. Conflict. This refers to the problem/ struggle of the character particularly the lead character.
Kinds of Conflict
b.1. Inner conflict . The character has a problem within himself.
b.2. External conflict. The character has a problem with other characters in the story.
b.3. Physical conflict. The character uses objects to hurt another character.
b.4. Nature conflict. The characters experience calamities such as flood, typhoon, or
earthquake.
c. Climax. This is the highest point in the story. It is on this part that readers seek an answer to the main
problem.
d. Denouement. This is the falling down of the story. The answer to the main problem has been
answered on this part.
e. Anagnorisis. It is on this part that the characters realize their faults.
f. Catastrophe. The characters experience the consequences of the decision they made with their
problem.
g. Symbolism. It is a thing/ object that represents for an idea that is connected with the story.
Types of Character
1. Protagonist. The character whose goal and transformation drives the story. This type of character
sacrifices something to undergo a psychological transformation. He battles through obstacles that would
stopped him at the beginning of the story. He shows his transformation through concrete changes in
action, attitude, values, clothing or habits.
2. Antagonist. The character who sets off in pursuit of his goal in a way that propels the protagonist into
action.
3. Round character. He is a well-developed character who demonstrates varied and sometimes
contradictory traits. Round characters are usually dynamic or developing character ( change in some
way over the course of a story).
4. Flat character. This character reveals only one, maybe two personality traits in a story/ novel and the
trait/s do not change. Stock character is a special kind of flat character who is instantly recognizable to
most readers
5. Static character. This character remains primarily the same throughout a story/ novel. Events in the
story do not alter a static character’s outlook, personality, motivation, perception and habits.
6. Foil character. This character is used to enhance another character through contrast. Cinderella’s
grace and beauty as opposed to her nasty, self centered stepsister is an example.

Sound Patterns in Poetry

1. Alliteration is a literary device where words in the poetry line begin with the same consonant sound,
or this may be found near the beginning of the word.
Example: She sells seashells by the sea
2. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sound within the line. This repetition may be found at the
beginning, at the middle or at the end of the words in the line.
Example: Hear the mellow wedding bells (by Edgar Allan Poe)
The steamboat is a slow poke.
(Remember we are talking of the sound, and not of the spelling of the word).
3. Consonance is a repetition of a consonant sounds at the beginning, at the middle ,or at end of the
words within the line.
Examples:
Bring the singer, bring the nester.
Blank and think
Borrow and sorrow
Pitter patter
4. Repetition is the recurrence of word/s within the line to give emphasis with the thought being
expressed.
Example: But we love with a love that was more than love (Unknown author)
5. Onomatopoeia refers to fitting the sound to the meaning of the word.
Example : Grandfather’s clock hangs on the wall It has gone tick-tock, tick-tock since I wassmall
6. Rhyme is the similarity of sounds usually at the end of the lines.
Kinds:
a. End rhyme is the similarity of sounds at the end of two consecutive lines.
Example : I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree ( Kilmer Joyce)
b. Alternate rhyme has a similar sound at the end of two alternating lines.
Example : The air is like a butterfly ( sound of ‘ay’ in fly)
With flair blue wings
The happy earth looks at the sky ( sound of ‘ay’ in sky)
c. Internal rhyme has a similar sound at the middle and at the end of the line.
Example: For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams

Types/Forms of Poetry
1. Columnar Arrangement
2. Alphabet
3. Concrete
ARCHITECTURE
concerned with styles, methods and design of buildings

10 Categories of Architectural /Types according to Alan Gowans

MONUMENT AND TOMB -to commemorate the past of a society
SHRINE AND SANCTUARY – a place of ceremonies and rituals, binding a community together.
WALL AND FONT - protection against attacks, such as the Great Wall of China, or the tower of London, a
military barracks, or an armory
SHELTER – basic protection against the elements; a barn for animals, bus shelters, etc.
HOMESTEAD – a place to raise a family.
PALACE – a living and working space for rulers. A place where the government meets the people.
PUBLIC WORKS – foundations of civilized life, such as windmills, roads, bridges, water works, subways,
etc.
MANSION – a large homestead; includes servants. Includes in the Mansion category is the apartment
house and hotels.
SHOPS AND OFFICES – facilities for distributing goods or services.
AMENITIES – places for community welfare and recreation, such as hospitals, orphanages, libraries,
museums, institutional housing such as nursing homes, fairgrounds, or a union hall.

Architects must consider the following functions in planning a building:

 Site
 Climate
 Materials

Architects must consider the following factors in designing a house:

 Geographical location
 Climate
 Historical
 Social
 Religious aspect
ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
Egyptian Architecture -pyramid is the famous structure
The Great Sphinx - World’s best known and most admired ancient treasures
Greek Architecture
 Posts – surmounted by a horizontal piece
 Lintel – it’s long and enough to reach from to other
Principal Materials of Greek Architecture
 WOOD- used for supports and roof beams
 UNBAKED BRICK – used for walls, especially of private houses
 METALS – especially bronze, used for some decorative details
 LIMESTONE AND MARBLE – used for columns, walls, and upper portions of temples and
other public buildings
 TERRACOTTA (baked clay) – used for roof tiles and architectural ornaments

Two Types of Greek Buildings:

SACRED ARCHITECTURE – buildings where most Greeks worship their gods and goddesses
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE – public structures for commercial, social and governmental functions.

Three Greek Orders

 Corinthian
 Doric
 Ionic
 Parthenon

Mesopotamian Architecture - “land between two rivers”

Colosseum - 50,000 people could seat. The walls had 80 entrance arches called vomitoria
Romanesque Architecture - Has very heavy walls with small window openings
Gothic Architecture
Characterized by pointed arch, making the buildings and cathedrals larger and taller. There are also
three doorways, with a lintel and a tympanum over each.
MAIN HALL – usually called kondo, hondo, butsuden, amidado or hatto.
Lecture Hall - For meetings and lectures. Also displays objects of worship
Pagoda - store remains of the Buddha such as a tooth, usually in a form of a representation.
Philippine Architecture
 Elusive thing
 Leandro Locsin- late national hero for Philippine architecture
 MATERIALS
 Wood
 Bamboo
 Nipa
 Grass
 Other native materials
 Huts- best example of Philippine architecture
 Nipa Hut ( Bahay Kubo)- traditional house of the Philippines
 Luna House – located in Badoc, Ilocos Norte; a 19th century architecture
 Bahay na Bato- principle of open ventilation and elevated apartment
 Torogan – The ancestral house of the maranao sultan with salakot as their bubong
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