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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
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Ogunyemi, J, 2Adetona, Z. A., 3Mbamaluikem, P. O. and 4Okufuye, O. A.
1,2,3
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering
4
Works and Services Department
The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ilaro.
ABSTRACT
For dynamic academic and research activities, a steady power supply ranks number one in the
list of infrastructural requirements. Most often, standby generators are used to keep the system
running with huge resources expended annually on fuel and maintenance. Solar energy is
abundantly available in Nigeria with an average of 5.25 kWh irradiation and is proposed for an
energy mix utilising mains utility supply, diesel generators and solar PV system for Federal
Polytechnic Ilaro. For a total daily energy demand of 10.72 MWh for the institution, when only
90% of the proposed system is implemented, the mix would be: mains 4 % (380.23 kWh), diesel
generators 5 % (526.13 kWh), proposed solar PV system 90 % (17.814 MWh), existing solar
PV/inverters 165.5 kWh of energy daily, reducing the 2.75 MWh currently supplied from diesel
generators daily by 81 % and saving the monthly cost of fuel by N6.48m. The total cost of the
proposed PV system is N 2.028 billion.
Keywords. Academic activities, energy mix, Nigeria tertiary institutions, solar PV renewable
energy.
1. INTRODUCTION Even so, half of the population in Nigeria is
Nigeria’s power sector is facing several predicted to stay without access to electricity
challenges, chiefly because of low up to 2030, regardless of the fact that the
generation capability that has restricted state is endowed with a variety of renewable
electricity supply, leading to low access and energy (RE) sources, including wind, solar,
self-generation through fossil-fuel based hydro, tidal, biomass, and so on. As a result,
power generation. However, fossil fuels are low academic research output in tertiary
the most expensive means for generating institutions, sustained economic growth, and
electricity, and this might be exacerbated by industrial development in Nigeria have been
high fuel costs. This, no doubt has hampered (Asiyai, 2013; Mukhtar et al.,
magnified the price of products and services 2021; Nwankwo & Njogo, 2013; Ohajianya,
in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Abumere, Owate, & Osarolube, 2014;
Electrical energy is required for rapid Olówósejéjé, 2020).
development in almost every aspect of life.
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
For Nigeria to fare well in the comity of energy (Ley, Gaines, & Ghatikar, 2019;
nations in terms of education, there is a need Olujobi, 2020). In Nigeria as a whole, solar
for a steady power supply across the energy alone is said to be capable of
institutions and research centres in the producing 207,000 GWh per year of
nation. A consistent power supply is the electricity if 1% of the total landmass were
most important infrastructural requirement to be used for the installation of the state-of-
for dynamic academic and research the-art polycrystalline PV modules with an
activities. Typically, standby generators are electricity yield of 1500Wh/Wp per year
used to keep the system running, with (NESP, 2015).
significant resources spent on fuel and
Thus, the solar energy PV system is
maintenance each year. To improve The
proposed as part of an energy mix that
Federal Polytechnic Ilaro (FPI) campus'
includes mains utility supply and diesel
insufficient power supply, and to reduce the
generators for continuous power supply at
huge resources expended annually on fuel
the minimum possible cost to the FPI.
and maintenance, RE (solar energy) is
Similar efforts have been made for other
proposed as a viable, sustainable energy
tertiary institutions and rural off-grid
mix. This is because, at an average of 5.25
communities, and these have been reported
kWh irradiation, solar energy is abundant in
in the literature (Ali, Ahmar, Jiang, &
Nigeria and ranks first among available RE
Alahmad, 2020; Babatunde et al., 2021).
sources in Ogun State. The State has
massive solar resource of 3.5 kWh/m2–7.0 RE should be made to account for the lion's
kWh/m2 daily (4.2 x 106 MWh/day using share of the energy mix in order to achieve
0.1 per cent land area), of which an ecologically sustainable environment,
approximately 6 MWh/day is produced, as low GHG emissions, and vibrant economic
shown in Table 1 (Khan, Pasupuleti, Al- growth (Holtz & Golubski,
Fattah, & Tahmasebi, 2018).Reducing 2021), (Anomohanran, 2011; Kweku et al.,
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 2018; Mohammed et al., 2012). Exploiting
invariably overreliance on fossil fuels RE sources and liberalizing the energy
necessitated the search for new technologies sector to attract private-sector participation
coupled with advanced technology resulting could reduce the cost of producing
in lower prices of these materials. Globally, electricity and increase access to it.
RE has gained a tremendous position in the Although the short-term cost of generating
energy mix. Figure 1 shows the installed electricity from RE sources may be
solar PV capacity per capital in some of the prohibitive, in the long run, fixed costs are
EU countries with Germany in the lead. likely to be offset by the implementation of
feed-in tariff schemes and economies of
Furthermore, many locations in Nigeria have
scale.
been assessed and identified as having the
potentials to provide sustainable solar
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Table 1: Nigeria’s RE and non-RE reserves, and potentials (Emodi & Boo, 2015; Ley,
Gaines, & Ghatikar, 2019)
Germany 590.4
Netherlans 400.6
Belgium 395.5
Italy 345.7
Malta 305.1
Greece 260.5
Luxemborg 229
United Kingdom 204.3
Czechia 197.2
Spain 196.7
Austria 187.5
Denmark 186
France 157.9
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
spent on utility energy bills depending on the public power supply. There is a litany of
availability and consumption for each month other small generators virtually in every
with the least monthly cost of N 600,000 Department and section to augment these
only. main ones as well. Generally, in the evening,
a dedicated generator is usually turned on by
There are 14 diesel generator sets serving 7 pm and shut down by 11 pm or 12 am,
the entire FPI campus. These generators and leaving 6-9 hours without power supply on
their locations, sections served and total days with a total outage from the mains
ratings are identified in Table 2. Few of supply.
these (Gbokoto and East Campus
generators) are centralised and connected to The data collected from the FPI Department
two 0.415/11 kV transformers linked to the of Works, showed that the cost of mains
central distribution network to supply power utility supply for one year is about N5
to the entire Polytechnic. Others produce million and the cost for diesel for the
415V to be used in various buildings served generators is about N 48 million, servicing
using a change-over switch at the location. cost and other expenses for electricity,
These generators are the main ones operated engine oil, etc are close to N10 million
by the Polytechnic Management to augment (about N833,000 per month). The fuel
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
consumption rate of a 500 kVA diesel generator is about 110 litres per hour.
Generally, all the generators consume FPI. As is indicated in the Table, a total of
33,000 litres per month. This quantity of 165.4 kVA of solar PV/inverter system is
fuel is rationed among the generators within available to augment the mains and diesel
the month to ensure continuity of services in generating sets on the campus. Note that few
all sections when there is power failure from of these installations are only inverter-
the mains. With the present cost of diesel operated without any solar panel
being N 242.43 per litre, the total cost of installations.
diesel in a month is therefore given as 33000
x N242.43 = N 8,000,190. Thus, in a year 2.3 Current Energy Mix and Electric
this will translate to N96,002,280. Power Requirement for FPI
The current energy mix is derived
Apart from the mains and diesel generators
considering the hours of usage of the power
operated in the FPI campus, there are
supply from the various sources on the
installed RE systems in form of solar
polytechnic campus. Average monthly
photovoltaic systems and AC inverters.
mains energy consumption stands at
Table 3 gives the number, location, capacity
1,140.69 MWh per month on the average of
and ownership of these RE installations in
5 hours daily supply. Generating sets total
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Solar
PV/
In- Mains
verte 10%
r
17%
Generating sets
73%
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
Therefore, total Watt-peak (Wp) needed for or 4,660 panels of 270 Wp, 24 V rating. The
kWh design can be modified for higher wattage of
total
PV modules = day PV modules say 300W or 320W to reduce
Panel generation factor the number required.
(3)
2.5.3 Deep Cycle Battery Sizing
8,580
¿ ¿ 2,516.13 kWp A depth of discharge of 60% is used in this
3.41
design to ensure that the battery is returned
Minimum number of PV Panels to fully charge again every day and the
total ℘ lifespan is maintained. Therefore,
¿ (4)
Rated output ℘ of Panel
Wh∗DOA
Battery capacity (Ah) ¿
Using a panel output power of 270 W as BLF∗DOD∗NBV
given in Table 5: (5)
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
mm2 16mm2
9 Cost of power house 0.09895 % of total 1.00 19.879 19.879
construction and system
installation
Total Cost 2,028.842
The cost requirement is presented in Table The PV system setup would require some
6. Due to the skyrocketing cost of materials level of maintenance such as highlighted by
and devalued naira currency, the cost of Adetona, Ogunyemi, & Bitrus, 2020. When
implementation of the proposed energy mix such maintenance work is routinely carried
is quite high. As can be observed in Table 6, out, the system is expected to last its entire
the total cost of implementation is over design lifetime. This maintenance would
N2.028 billion at the current rate. also require a minimum cost to achieve.
Proceedings of the 2021 National Engineering Conference of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) November 2021
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Ogunyemi, J, Adetona, Z. A., Mbamaluikem, P. O. And Okufuye, O. A.
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A Viable Energy Mix Option For Nigeria Tertiary Institutions: Federal Polytechnic Ilaro As A Case Study
at various locations on the FPI campus. this system is adopted, the total estimated
Thus, the implementation can be carried out cost would increase in the course of
in phases depending on needs and funds implementation due to skyrocketing cost of
availability. Such a modular approach is component parts required for the
suggested to focus on the areas of critical implementation.
needs for implementation. However, when
Generators Utility
Existing PV/Inverter Incoming PV
5% 4% 2%
90%
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