Lec 5 - Stress Transformation (Mohr's Circle)

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 21

CE-212: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

STRESS AND STRAIN


TRANSFORMATION

Courtesy of:
PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
• This stress transformation using Mohr’s Circle Method was devised by a German Engineer Otto Mohr in 1882.
• In this method a circle is drawn between normal stress and shear stress, from which stress at any orientation can
be obtained.
• If the circle is drawn to the scale, the stress can be obtained graphically from the circle, usually, however, a rough
sketch is drawn, and results are obtained analytically using some mathematical rules.
• To derive expressions for center and radius of Mohr’s circle, consider the normal and shear stress transformation
equations:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎= + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 ⇒ 𝜎 − = cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 −− −(𝑎)
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏= sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 −− −(𝑏)
2
Squaring and adding equations (a) and (b)
2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎− + 𝜏 = cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2 2 2
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Simplifying the equation
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎− + 𝜏 2
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 2
= cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 −2 cos 2𝜃 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
+2 cos 2𝜃 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜎− + 𝜏 = cos2 2𝜃 + sin2 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos2 2𝜃 + sin2 2𝜃
2 2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎− + 𝜏 = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 −− −(𝑐)
2 2
Equation (c) is of the form:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 2 2 2
𝜎−𝑐 + 𝜏 = 𝑅 −− − 𝑑 Where 𝑐 = and R = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

Equation (d) is equation of a circle where c defines position of its center and R is its radius.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
• A typical Mohr’s Circle is shown in the figure where
x and y planes, principle planes, max./min. shear
planes are shown as various points om Mohr’s Circle
• Each point of the Mohr’s Circle shows a stress plane.
• The angle between two radial lines drawn from two
points (stress planes) on Mohr’s Circle is double
than the angle between these planes.
• The angle between max. and min. normal and shear
stress planes are 90o, but in Mohr’s Circle their
radial lines are separated by 180o.
• The angle between x and y planes is 90o, but in
Mohr’s Circle their radial lines are separated by
180o.
• Therefore the angle θ between x and x’ planes shall
be shown as 2θ between the radial lines.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Steps in Mohr’s Circle Method:
• For the given state of stress calculate the center
(c) and radius (R).
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦
• 𝑐= and
2

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2
• R= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2

• Selecting appropriate scale, locate center (c) and


draw Mohr’s Circle of radius (R).
• Write coordinates of principle planes and
max./min. shear planes.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Steps in Mohr’s Circle Method:
• Locate x-plane on Mohr’s Circle with coordinate
(𝜎𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ). Join this point with center of Mohr’s
Circle and extend the radial line to locate y-plane.
• Determine the angle 2𝜃𝑁 using trigonometric
relation:
• sin 2𝜃𝑁 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 /𝑅

• Similarly locate maximum shear plane (2𝜃𝑆 ) from


2𝜃𝑁
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Steps in Mohr’s Circle Method:
• To locate x’-plane, draw a radial line at an angle of
2𝜃 from x-radial line. Extend the radial line to
locate y’-plane.
• Calculate angle (α) between x’-radial line and +𝜎
axis.
• Calculate stresses at x’ and y’ planes from:
• 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 𝛼
• 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = ±𝑅 sin 𝛼
• 𝜎𝑦′ = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 𝛼
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Example 2.1b: For the given state of stress, using Mohr’s Circle
Method, determine:
• Principle Plane and Stresses
• Maximum Shear Plane and Stresses
• Stress components on a plane at a clockwise angle of 30o with x-plane.

Solution: For the given state of stress:


𝜎𝑥 = +10 MPa (tensile stress)
𝜎𝑦 = −15 MPa (compressive stress)
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −12 MPa (counter clockwise)
𝜃 = −30𝑜 (clockwise)
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Example 2.1b:

• For the given state of stress calculate the center (c)


and radius (R).
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 10+ −15
• 𝑐= = = −2.5
2 2

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2 10− −15 2


• R= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + −12 2 =
2 2
17.3

• Selecting appropriate scale, locate center (c) and


draw Mohr’s Circle of radius (R).

• Write coordinates of principle planes and max./min.


shear planes.
𝜎1 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 = −2.5 + 17.3 = +14.8
𝜎2 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = −2.5 − 17.3 = +19.8
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +𝑅 = +17.3
𝜎𝑆 = 𝐶 = −2.5
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Example 2.1b :
• Locate x-plane on Mohr’s Circle with coordinate
(10, −12). Join this point with center of Mohr’s
Circle and extend the radial line to locate y-plane.

• Determine the angle 2𝜃𝑁 using trigonometric


relation:
sin 2𝜃𝑁 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 /𝑅 = −12 /17.3 = 0.694
2𝜃𝑁 = sin−1 0.694 = 43.90
𝜃𝑁 = 43.9/2 = 21.90 C. C. W.

• Similarly locate maximum shear plane (2𝜃𝑆 ) from


2𝜃𝑁
2𝜃𝑆 = 2𝜃𝑁 + 90 = 43.9 + 90 = 133.9
𝜃𝑆 = 133.9/2 = 66.90 C. C. W.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Example 2.1b:
• To locate x’-plane, draw a radial line at an angle of
2𝜃 = 60 from x-radial line. Extend the radial line
to locate y’-plane.
• Calculate angle (α) between x’-radial line and +𝜎
axis.
𝛼 = 2𝜃𝑁 + 2𝜃 = 43.9 + 60 = 103.9

• Calculate stresses at x’ and y’ plane from:


𝜎𝑥′ = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = −2.5 - 17.3 cos 103.9 = −6.6
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = −𝑅 sin 𝛼 = −17.3 sin 103.9 = −16.8
𝜎𝑦′ = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = −2.5 − 17.3 cos 103.9 = +1.6
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Prob. 929: For the state of pure shear shown in figure, find the stress
components on planes whose normal are at +30O and +120O with x-
axis. Show your answer on complete sketch of differential element..
Solution: For the given state of stress:
𝜎𝑥 = 0
𝜎𝑦 = 0
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −8000
𝜃 = +30𝑜 and + 120𝑜
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
• For the given state of stress calculate the center
(c) and radius (R).
𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 0+0
• 𝑐= = =0
2 2

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2
• R= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
2

0−0 2 2
+ −8000 = 8000
2

• Selecting appropriate scale, locate center (c) and


draw Mohr’s Circle of radius (R).
8000
• Write coordinates of principle planes and
max./min. shear planes.
𝜎1 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 = 0 + 8000 = +8000
𝜎2 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = 0 − 8000 = −8000
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +𝑅 = +8000
𝜎𝑆 = 𝐶 = 0
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 929 :
• Locate x-plane on Mohr’s Circle with coordinate
(0, −8000). Join this point with center of Mohr’s
Circle and extend the radial line to locate y-plane.

• Determine the angle 2𝜃𝑁 using trigonometric


relation:
sin 2𝜃𝑁 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 /𝑅 = −8000 /8000 = 1.00
2𝜃𝑁 = sin−1 1.00 = 900
𝜃𝑁 = 90/2 = 450 C. C. W.

• Similarly locate maximum shear plane (2𝜃𝑆 ) from


2𝜃𝑁
2𝜃𝑆 = 2𝜃𝑁 + 90 = 90 + 90 = 180
𝜃𝑆 = 180/2 = 900 C. C. W.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 929 :
• To locate x’-plane, draw a radial line at an angle of
2𝜃 = 60 from x-radial line. Extend the radial line
to locate y’-plane where 2𝜃 = 240 .
• Calculate angle (α) between x’-radial line and +𝜎
axis.
𝛼 = 2𝜃𝑁 + 2𝜃 = 90 + 60 = 30𝑜

• Calculate stresses at x’ and y’ plane from:


𝜎𝑥′ = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 0 + 8000 cos 30 = 6928
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = −𝑅 sin 𝛼 = −8000 sin 30 = −4000
𝜎𝑦′ = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 0 − 8000 cos 30 = −6928
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Prob. 935: For the element shown in figure, determine the values of 𝜎𝑥 and
𝜎𝑦 if the principle stresses are known to be 2000 psi and -8000 psi

Solution: For the given state of stress:


𝜎1 = +2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎2 = −8000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = +3000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎𝑥 =?
𝜎𝑦 =?

As principle stresses for the given state of stress are known, the center
and radius of Mohr’s Circle can be determined from:
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 2000 + −8000
𝑐= = = −3000
2 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2000 − −8000
𝑅= = = 5000
2 2
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 935:

• Using appropriate scale, locate center and draw


Mohr’s Circle.

• Locate x-plane (𝜎𝑥 , 3000) on Mohr’s Circle. Join this


point with center of Mohr’s Circle and extend it to
obtained y-plane on Mohr’s Circle.

• Calculate angle 2𝜃𝑁 from:


sin 2𝜃𝑁 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 /𝑅 = 3000 /5000 = 0.60
2𝜃𝑁 = sin−1 0.60 = 36.870
𝜃𝑁 = 36.87/2 = 18.430 C. W

• Calculate 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 from:


𝜎𝑥 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 cos 2𝜃𝑁 = −3000 + 5000 cos 36.87 = 1000
𝜎𝑦 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 cos 2𝜃𝑁 = −3000 − 5000 cos 36.87
= −7000
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 967: A 2” diameter bracket, securely fastened to the wall as shown, carries the given loads.
Find the maximum resulting stresses at point A on the upper surface of the shaft. If the direction of
the 800 lb load is reversed, will the magnitude of the resultant stresses at A be changed? Why or
why not?

Solution: From the free body diagram the force acting at the desired section are:
𝑃𝑥 = 0, 𝑉𝑦 = −800 𝑙𝑏, 𝑉𝑧 = 1000 𝑙𝑏
𝑇𝑥 = 800 5 = 4000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛, 𝑀𝑦 = − 1000 3 = −3000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛,
𝑀𝑧 = − 800 3 = −2400 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛

Geometric properties are:


2
𝜋 2 2
𝜋 2 4 𝜋 2 4
𝐴= = 3.141 𝑖𝑛 , 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑧 = = 0.785 𝑖𝑛4 , 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 = = 1.571 𝑖𝑛4
4 64 32
The normal stresses at A are given by:
𝑃𝑥 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 −2400 −3000
𝜎𝑥 = − 𝑦+ 𝑧 =0− +1.0 + 0 = 3057 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 0.785 0.785
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 967:

The shear stresses at A due to Vz are given by:


2
𝜋 𝑑 2𝑑 𝑑 3 2 3
𝑄𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦ത = = =
8 3𝜋 12 12
= 0.667 𝑖𝑛3
𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦 1000 0.667
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = = = 427 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑦 𝑏𝑦 0.785 2

The shear stresses at A due to Tx are given by:


𝑇𝑥 𝜌 16 𝑇𝑥 16 4000
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = = = = 2546 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐽 𝜋 𝑑 3 𝜋 2 3
Combined shear stresses at A are given by:
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 427 + 2546 = 2973 𝑝𝑠𝑖
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Prob. 967:
• Calculate c and R for Mohr’s Circle
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 3057 + 0
𝑐= = = 1528
2 2
2
3057 − 0 2
R= + 2973 = 3343
2

• Using appropriate scale, locate center and draw Mohr’s


Circle.
• Principle stresses and maximum shear stress are:
𝜎1 = 𝐶 + 𝑅 = 1528 + 3343 = +4871 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜎2 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = 1528 − 3343 = −1815 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +𝑅 = +3343 𝑝𝑠𝑖

• When the 800 lb load is reversed, normal stress will not


change but direction of torque, therefore shear stress will
change:
𝑉𝑧 𝑄𝑦 𝑇𝑥 𝜌
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = + = 427 − 2546 = −2119 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐼𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝐽
STRESS TRANSFORMATION (MOHR'S CIRCLE)
Some Common State of Stress

You might also like