Notes 416

2849/2043 + Communs nred ‘Relative freq ‘ a A = 100 Yi > MH . DH 1 o.G4 7k Bo eG51\ Oils OYE sie pS IP, Ne4000 ] a MH = 48S/foo = ONE & oN © Mr = 508/499, 0-505 (we oS r _ Jb; +2 = 7D Be “Relative Frey and Probability perRormin N tricds fn a given ‘experiment for Gnd event AY Occuars Na times. of nm SN og NA C4 N The relative Prog “Nha With which evert A eccus in Mas YN ty incvemsed such that pes approach — Constant -Piob of occurence OCA) = Lim A ‘ N30 of event A oO < Lim DAS A “Noon, N O< PCA) <1 “Random Variable X=? KO 5Xy Xoy--- Xn F Sempde space S= 2H oT ¥ & neither rordom or variable Pn the Usually sence , Tks afuncton Cohich maps elemets fn the Sample space into real | number continous “Random Variable i d iscre te “Distribution Punction TRa pu xX moy be discrete or Contin’ ousKA is cluided fto two parts X gx X > x The comulative distri bution favetion, Fx cx) = pCxsx) Fx Cx) properties oO o< kms @ Frx(~26) =0 3 tk) 24 G FxCxn Ss Fete) Pox, ex, Exe. Assume a disctete vyoyiable x Vos Volues 3 -156-5,0-4,16,35 which occurs With prob Zo 130-2 0-450-4,02F Vespectivel y Find Tacx 2 Exc) =P Cx = NPHU% + NPG) 22+ + NPCLa) An a N KX? = 2, xi PCxé) ds here NN) represent the ne of trials ( Vis large oo a = Auge value = main EL x] | = bpecte Value = 4st moment J tet HK) i's a Pundion of Cv Cran Lgayr- f J) Porerchae £x77 = J <*pemdx = -Zy xP pcaiy | 6 ¥ mean sequare vilue = 2 swomenkTn general & ZH fon POL Oboe = MM mement of rev - ex? = SZ x Pex discrete Voriance of vv S$ Novi = << CX —m)? 75/H1O/ 2018 z /o bok Varian ce of rv LX 0 J > XX? J Rere average abot men =m Vor = <(x-mP> = mts var = feGQeomyy7 v o& = Stondard deutation a ae Exanyples of useful Clistribution 6 - au . 6.85v 4) Uniform . distribetion 7 i RLrinnnnenrnninnnninininnanagaasb a XCD) J -. _—— o ao 5 Cx fs 3 Pood < J 2°40 dx + [cot = =F a + [ome 3 \. - ED [b° a] = waabeat AJaniance ._ oe - LJ coer pood me “o% = [ % seatdec De cdf AP Coje 6 er PE 00) 24 : Free J pcode = iRe(oj= 1 erfela)0 . ‘ ey Pie) 2 2 fret dy Fig erPca) . 1 -erPex)oe Cles a= j eva dy van x whee erfc(25) = QCx) 3) “Roy Leigh distribution pak “5 Raoy= Se os rT ) Low Fi peicdic i = Pag = Le) Peal dt TE Perictlic Yoxg TZ, Yneigg E yt Rey Fdt — power gus) _, out put Excitation ves ponse WO) Impulse mp mse A Cw) fronsher ‘Wwaction Gow)= FH) Freq, .clomain ch = J “Pee ne -e)de “ convelation Teregral Fe el im tes mia el nl8/10 / 2013 Correlations is mesure of clegice op Sjinilanity between signals - Arto - carelation feb) =f.) threl — Cross ~ conelction Th Rute) « Lin 4) Pew Pave) de Tom ’ ‘In gevetal. Periodic Dignol ( power signal ) Ja Race = ¥ J Ply Petrede T-peviedic ~W, tz Sear ching variable Fraigy, signal = Scanning variable . oo Ra (de J Pct) P.Ctrcyde Pay 00 Pause t - 1, £ Auto corelaton Te fw. Fc) = Fo Th Ree) 2 Him + J Plo hlrwole aa 2* ® @ 3) @ TA Roe Y& J Ply Pe rejdt Periodic sypal why 7 Re) = | P Ct) Fier) at Energy signal “6 If ceo : TA Reoy= tim 1 | ply Perdt Toe TA, Th 2 = diva | L J [ecey}olt - Tog ( Rover average) Wh a oo Reo). f feo Peode = J [Peso ~ Energy “Properties 8 Rie (%) 20 T% the two signals ave inck perdlenit or Ree) <0 J (uncorrelated) o€ Rez) § Ro) Rew _is an RE-e) RO) fev real sicnals | fen Fandion ] iP signal is periodic , RCE) is pericclic LTnanonanpox Se Cos AwsB= fy (Cos (A-8) + costA418)] @sC-A) = cost) Tp fc = J2 wscwtse) Pind Ree) 29 periodic Signal Rete Yo fi Leos Cwl +O) (to texe)+0 dt Th. a Th Q(z) = aaf [eo i eh Te Rez). 2b] cs T ae RCD) = Cos We + Power dlensity spectrum (pds ) go pee e wt) + Cs(wletrey+ 26) ] de we dt = 4 oswe rT tru ov is measure of distri bution of aweroge power as & Punction of : . d’Pavg S oP). Crews P Stw). 9m ARs du Freq Pay - J Sch de -~ a Pug - d, | Sooidw ee Paty 5 Rowe’ signal BSE ay, ow© Feces Rh Ta Ff (o= Poe YSst Fw) te fw a Faw) “0° dim 1 {” * | Pca |Pat T300 Sig. . Tio 2, Yay = in, } peat = tim f Heol te Sa => nergy sa time domatn = Energy tn Preqcncy domain | [iPao|at = P |-F, coorpP so. persevol theorm CE - iin (Fr Gw)] “dw = \rwo fd Feu - hin nd “ dy J dnl = = Li Frc) |” 5 Sw (w) a fim LE & Ja tie —o Energy spectral clensity Ew). an dé a» Cw % oo EL bon f E Cw) dw at {Eco yl: 2/EPdf E 6 ° - ta 2 oe z Es f [fusfae - kgf Fou) dw 4 J Ecwse [Fol SC-#)-§ cw) T EC-w) = ECw) | wo 00 “Reg = as SePdP = A JScwidw ° ° Even Punction Rw ca Slw) Netwok :. | network Flw) HOw) Cw) GW) 2 Fly) Hw)12/0/2013 2, 3 ro) | Network few) Lo \Cw) Gow) = Fs) Hw) power spectro density So(w) Psd ak output Si(w). Lim (Frcw)\* ak ‘input Toe TO Sol wy= Lim WGréw)]” Tso 7 Fw) > Gcw) Griw) = Ep(w) Hlw) Sol wy = din [Fi Geyl [Howl = Siw) [Hew] Sow) = Sitw) I Hew Veouls Fos Fu oa signoh. (Fools Fou) red signal. LionnnnnnnannnnnnnnanaEnergy Spectral density z Ext) =] Few) at tnput F.cw) = 1GCw)|" oct output Gow) = Fan How) Sw) = [Gews)= Feo ptaaif = Feu) [Howl (wo) = Eitwd| Hw) R= Vai Ma J Sitw) dw — power aby tpt by Sew 4S 5,Coo) [ Hcl clw oy pee ok owkpub R= 4 J Siw) ] Hows)" even Punction. DP- 2 fein L; J Eicwyaw = af EiCea) cha TJotak i, 19 at cape 5 -J Sw) dw: fe coo) |Heusl dew = -2f/l aquiz L - Pod ay? a* Notse any undesired Signal is ancise __-» notuned Noise ~ 2» mannade * Rando Prowss s Where Candom Vanoble aries oPunckion QP time Pt fs qmed random processes A N \ epi ee’ X30 2 Hn f- eal niger KGa Puce, Xr CH) , CE), F # Abise 1S ovordom ProcessX(€) nc | ae ) ow } Xalg J sa / SL sey nd | Se — . ot bt; 3 In Engineering, we have two [precess. © ™) Exgedlic proces Ey) Stecbioncany QGcess K = IA f vet) dt Gerieclic) T> period average ; ° © . power = = % J (vce Pat =» Ged SotonaErgodic Procesie 8. when ime ower: awe equal bo statistical aweragcs the Processes fs called Cfgodic Processes . * Ail engineeting Proceses oxe ergpaic Stats onary Processut - The Plocesse is Stationary when wetages ave endlepen derct of time Shifting 2 All stakinarg Ploceger one er gpalic Dub not +1/ %s Quersa, = onstek i CUXH)> = Gastant but =RAct)-Rer) zatub & = & =14 /10 / 9.013 _ Thermal noise s is produced as aves of thermody excited Tondom moon ofp Pree electons go @ Concluctor Ror x Small ee ot+x — < uey>=0 Spc) psd hw 2 OKT walk/j Saw) eae QKT H2 x Ror iwi < &lkT - nlw| _4 h @ Po ad te # On (wi constant + Cndependont €P) & = - 1000 GHz # Ts Jempemtwe tn Kelutn y ke bolteznan Cows ” 1°38 x 40% y/e hz Plank constant 2 6-676.X16" Joule sec liDD) p-s-d of themal noise Sn(w) = QRKT 5 » Satw)= KT Sn) ak output ep resistance which represorit the Piet oP conductor Fn oper Clemeits C May ) Th is clear that the Pod is Gnstant i usable Spec trum af ineemicbion system hile noise s_ when sed oh noise ts Constomi e all Frogs Ht coed white noise HOR ay One sided Two sede Dawe pethunSn (uy) = UY, my KW = Sn nda) © NE) E ne) We Un Copelebed (They ore indepenclent j if Ate *While Gaussian Note [WGN) & f Sekyity curve. it Ad we SY sme RDP 7 GN ait) » BF ° Keays . , = Nes a sk qvakoud = i ; ; 2 He) Srp()= Snlw) | Heo)] * Sno (w)= a Wit oe “ Le synod Nel ond nsct) ore Lp Sisal ignak. noonanKids Ne CH CasWeb— Nslt) Stawet é Fyphase ‘Quadrakwre componertt Componente overaye no: erad oubouk 2 BoP aye EMT AN Ee GBP No = a J Sn(w) dw = 16 o properties f nitt) © G Sn Cwhsns (we [S» (w-we)+ Sny (wot wd] te26 H10/ 8018 LTI System ¢. Ainear — Destinckon wo “4 Ra | Wht) signal xia np nisevecl vicky odditic noise AWGN Kf Pass on goin Jol O= pct) + Fp) Average power ok oubput Xl) « kX) 6 KYECHS = S xg S+2 Se eurnpt)> +Sn'stesd Xpliend MptD ove unite lated Shobisteally Prete pendent Total here juwer= bial signal power + averge nobe Gower So = Sept, 4» Noe Signal bo votse vatio( YW) =» SNR SNRpe So = <2? 0 < niptt> 4Mosetly pneite is agumed whike yoise with gaussian distribution (WGN) (AWGN) addiive. Sn Cw) = Vy Siw) Y KT ywily Cane select Beokek 4 5 fe USO kKH2 ACivence oe 3.4 |} : | eee _ A= Ach To Acer D Lut) [eos (eget Cos Cursrwet )] trate Prqrency “FS stondowkElements op Cireat one Flew _ Reefer e 3) Usteg conerert — defector a) “DSB-SC QE TFs mixer Arn ose) vel) CUE), melt} Ly pat @ ‘Volt > Wott) = ok put Be Signal coleulattion »- UG) = Uh) « Ame) GSC Wyck) Utd) = Vik COS WL = Amer CuzCO) = A Uli [rca Vo tt)< Ame 2 2 2a j wer: bre XU = A* = A Soup. A’< atu) S G 2 = thNose calculation: nt) WGN my LE ne Le) Co Welt) — 1s (4) Shh wit) walt: mit) cos wrt) = meee | ty ces Meer] ~ ns) sm 2urc)) = %® Welt) 2 Melo 2 Ni= Smit d=7 8 *C4)> SNRo 88 AX <8 A mew No ~ 7 By, - -= W14 = A
+ A a Siz AP Smuyd Sos 4 atup Py 3 So _ 1 S74 Notse — collculaction » sa Vg 2 Bmawidth 8 -& 2 Nt = = re abe mesh Gell SNRy Nez Nos - Snécwd. 16 ce SNR 8° Abc sg lo 2 eB HTAFRAARAARAnAnnnaAnnanoananht,Qo Am-Signal Sonal calculation Ulbs UA) J AL) +m ety Joos(wat) Ved) = Vic €os Wpt= AT ik mc] [ t+ coswrt] VWt)= A mle de -rejeched j Sez Sp. At = APC I+ Ply) Se aly 2 Tata Noise calrwlation Nis eee Re 16ee aa aaa2A Yors Noise ta FM fet) j Auli 1 ve W) divcrinioly ai] Ampahal .0,) xe cif AUT i) Xe fu) UCU. Ac cos (wet + Kfmétldt ) TO calculate noise , Let ylt)= Actos wet (cosrier only) Ville) FiCH= Ud) +r (Y = (Ace Wc) ) suck ~ nse) Gin wick “= RdjeosCwt+ OW) Ret). J rerncio? + rit : Acts Pace - ‘a 1. ely Actneli)s Ac Ne te) and nsit) << Ac pa = foal PS) deal ms Te WAC aCe) EO) $ Ae we ii~ = = = = - = = = = = - = ~ = —_ = — = = = = = = — — = = = = —xX. U)= Ac cost tie t+ Ast ) Ko lt). Se xay=- \ ef) dt ) Alu +J Envelope = Ac( e+ Yi teees ) ast) [A g, | He Ye | nr &) L | Ay md) - At of _nslo Ac dt . c oe Sn, Cw) =Sns Cw) | Cw) } Sn, Cw) = o. wt SngCs) a Sst) dnslet [Sinfuctage dt eo”Ss Cue] (SulWl-we) +SnyCwewe J] i. 0 pay? Mr Seek tft . —2we “na | TBE we we Suitw) = A& 2, . ae 7% q ) ; Transition Bw af Fm = B= 2 ime df os JP. | Trenknknnn nn nun ePower Spectral of noise at output: Snes Cw) =(# Jute |iwl/ Se A> hems | SNRo- Sku Sotw> , de Ww m* tm —s notse ty baseln Im ceyf ~ eu = Kim, B- “Win wm SNR, -8B* mlyy Sc | . Vin ONR: ta pase band SWRi= Se Um SNRo = 3 B'S mC) SVRi Chase band)In Am (B=2fm) 2 2 Bre flclenoise Bua SWRo- ATS? 2 Br SNR]. Secmuyd = < nf le) SNR ( bwve bud) am 77 By Aw Fn Gertie SURo} ¢,, = 3p SNRo}, FM Bread cast. 6 <5 SNRep,, = FS SN Ro pin S= tow Ve same SNR ower yecded in Em ts tow we need 15ow at pet for he game SNR ve = effective now’ Bw * “Typical EM band 88" og MHz AF = Fokte Bw=Re < Joo kz re 15 “ B-5 SNR = 7 BDHEBEBAAROARHARRARARHARAE

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