2014 PAPER 4 QUESTIONS

1. An experiment was performed to find the relationship between the load hung
on a spring and the extension of the spring. Fig 1.1 shows the spring with
some of the loads used in the experiment.

(a) Record the extension, e , produced by the 2N and the 4N loads in Table 1.1

(b) Plot the graph of extension (y – axis) against the load ( x – axis )
(c) Calculate the gradient , G , of the graph

(d) Calculate the force constant, k , using the equation shown

1
k=
𝐺

(e) State one possible source of error in this experiment

2. A student has a copper wire and a nichrome wire. He wishes to do an
experiment to find which wire is the best conductor of electricity. To do so,
he intends to measure the resistance of each wire.

(a) State one variable which should be kept the same throughout the
experiment
……………………………………………………………..
(b) Describe how the student should carry out an experiment to measure the
resistance of each wire. Draw a diagram of the circuit he should use.

(c) Fig 2.1 shows the ammeter and the voltmeter readings for the experiment
using one of the wires.

(i) Record the ammeter reading and the voltmeter reading for the experiment
Ammeter reading , I =
Voltmeter reading , V =
(ii) Calculate the resistance of the wire
Use the equation
𝑉
R=
𝐼

3. A sample of water was collected and analyzed to find the ions it contained.
The sample was divided into four portions. Table 3.1 shows some tests,
observations and conclusions made on the sample of water.
 Complete Table 3.1 by writing in the missing test methods, observations
and conclusions.

Table 3.1
TEST OBSERVATION RESULT

(a)(i) to the first portion ………………………… Carbonate ( CO32- ) ions

of the sample , dilute ………………………… are present
hydrochloric acid was
added

(ii)The gas given off was ………………………..

tested with limewater ………………………..

b)To the second portion, White precipitate formed

dilute nitric acid and ………………………
silver nitrate solution ……………………….
were added

(c)…………………….. Brown precipitate formed

………………………..
……………………….
Precipitate does not …………………………
dissolve
Acidify with dilute nitric Sulphate ions, SO42- not
acid ………………………… present

Add aqueous Silver …………………………..

Nitrate

4. Fig 4.1 shows a set – up used to collect and measure the volume of gas
produced during a reaction between excess dilute hydrochloric acid and
calcium
Fig 4.2 shows the gas syringe readings recorded at 1 minute intervals for 5
minutes

(a) (i) Record the gas syringe readings in Table 4.1

Time / minutes Volume of gas / cm3

0 0
1
2
3
4
5
(ii)Explain why the readings after 4 minutes and 5 minutes are the same
…………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………
(b) The student was asked to repeat the experiment using the same mass of
calcium and excess dilute hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.
Fig 4.3 shows the flasks containing the calcium used in both experiments.

(i) Predict the final volume of the gas collected in the repeat experiment
…………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Compare the rate of reaction for the second experiment with that of
the first experiment. Explain your answer
Comparison ……………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Name the apparatus shown in Fig 5.1

 a) …………………………………………
b) …………………………………………..
c) ……………………………………………..

6. A student carried out an experiment using a mixture of yeast and 10%

glucose solution to investigate anaerobic respiration, as shown in Fig 6.1

(a) Explain why it is important to have a layer of oil over the glucose and yeast
mixture
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What observation will be made in the limewater after 15 minutes?
………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) After 60 minutes, there were no bubbles coming out of the delivery tube.
Suggest a reason why the bubbles were not coming out of the delivery tube
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) Suggest a control for this experiment
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

(e) A similar experiment was carried out at varying temperatures. The volume of
gas produced after 25 minutes for each experiment is recorded in Table 6.1

Fig 6.2 shows the thermometer reading when the volume of the gas produced
was 22cm3

(i) Complete Table6.1 by filling in the temperature shown on the

thermometer scale.

(ii) Suggest the optimum temperature for anaerobic respiration in yeast.

(iii) Explain how you arrived at your answer in (e)(ii)

…………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………….

7. Fig 7.1 shows a photograph of a leaf taken from a green plant

(a) Draw an enlarged diagram of the leaf

(b) Measure and record the length of the longest side of the photograph and
your drawing. Draw a line on Fig 7.1 and your drawing to indicate where
each measurement was taken

(i) Photograph

Longest length =

(ii) Drawing
 Longest length =

(c) Calculate the magnification

(d) Describe an experiment that can be performed to show that

photosynthesis was taking place in a leaf before it was collected

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

2014 PAPER 4 SOLUTIONS

QUESTION 1
Table 1.1
Load / N Extension / cm
0.0 0.0
1.0 0.9
2.0 1.8

3.0 2.7
4.0 3.6
5.0 4.8
6.0 5.8
 𝑦2 −𝑦1
c) The gradient of the graph should be calculated thus =
𝑥2 −𝑥1

e) Elasticity of the spring

QUESTION 2
a) Cross sectional area of the wires ( Use the same wires throughout the
experiment)
b)
1. Measure and record the length of each wire accurately and make sure
they are equal in length and cross-sectional area.
2. Measure, observe and record the potential difference and current of each
wire.
3. use appropriate apparatus( shown in the diagram )and methods to
measure current and potential difference to work out the resistance

resistance =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
c)i. Ammeter reading = 0.14A
Voltmeter reading = 2.1V

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
ii) Resistance =
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
2.1𝑉
resistance = = 15 Ohms
0.14𝐴

QUESTION 3
TEST OBSERVATION RESULT

(a)(i) to the first portion Effervescence occurs, Carbonate ( CO32- ) ions

of the sample , dilute CO2 is produced [ 1] are present
hydrochloric acid was
added

(ii)The gas given off was Limewater turned milky

tested with limewater [1]

b)To the second portion, White precipitate formed Chloride (Cl-) ions are
dilute nitric acid and present
silver nitrate solution
were added

(c) Add aqueous sodium Brown precipitate formed Iron (III)Fe 3+ ions are
hydroxide present

Add aqueous ammonia Precipitate does not

dissolve
Acidify with dilute nitric Yellow precipitate Sulphate ions, SO42- not
acid formed present

Add aqueous Silver

Nitrate
e) Calcium Carbonate , Iron (III) oxide

QUESTION 4
Time / minutes Volume of gas / cm3
0 0
1 36
2 48
3 55
4 60
5 60

ii) The reaction is complete

b)(i) 60cm3
(ii)Comparison – The repeated experiment is faster than the previous one
Explanation – in the second experiment, there is increased surface area for
reaction hence faster reaction.
QUESTION 5
a)Condenser
b)Measuring cylinder
c)Conical flask

QUESTION 6
(a)To exclude atmospheric oxygen
(b) It will turn milky
(c) The reaction was complete / one of the reactants was used up
(d)Use the same procedure as before but use yeast killed by boiling
(e)i. 34°C
ii)42°C
iii)At 42°C, the highest volume of gas is produced.

QUESTION 7
d)Boil the leaf in water to break open the cells. Then boil the leaf in alcohol to
get rid of chlorophyll and soften the leaf. Put the leaf on a white tile using
forceps and add few drops of Iodine solution. Colour changes to be observed are
from red to blue to indicate presence of starch which shows that indeed
photosynthesis took place.

2018 PAPER 4 QUESTIONS

Question 1
Fig 1.1 shows a set – up used to determine the mass m of a uniform metre rule.
A pivot is placed at the 40cm mark of the rule.

Different masses are used to balance the rule with the pivot still at the 40cm
mark.

(a) Fig 1.2 shows the set- up when a mass of 80g is used.
Table 1.1 shows some of the results of the experiment.
Use Fig 1.2 to determine the value of d when the mass is 80g. Record the value
in Table 1.1

mass / g d / cm 1 1
/
𝑑 𝑐𝑚
40 30.0 0.03
60 19.8 0.05
80 15.0 0.07
100 12.1 0.08
120 10.0 0.10

1
(b) Complete Table 1.1 by calculating the values of
𝑑

1 1
(c) Plot a graph of mass / g against /
𝑑 𝑐𝑚
 (d) Determine the gradient G of the graph
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑌
G=
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑋
80−40
=
0.07−0.03

= 1000
𝐺
(e) Calculate the mass of the metre rule using the equation m = where k =
𝑘
10cm
1000
m=
10

m = 100g
Question 2
An experiment is performed to find out which material , cotton wool or sheep
wool, is a better thermal insulator. There is a supply of hot water and two
identical containers.
(a) Name two other pieces of apparatus which are needed to perform this
experiment.
1. 2 Thermometers
2. 2 Stopwatches

(b) Describe the experiment that should be performed to determine which

material is a better insulator. You may draw a diagram to help you

• First cover the two containers using the given material being sheep wool
and cotton wool. Pour hot water into the same containers at the same
time and insert the two thermometers to both containers. Start the
stopwatches to time the temperature drop of both containers. The one
whose temperature drops quickly is a poor insulator and the one whose
temperature drops slowly is a good insulator.
(c)State one source of inaccuracy when carrying out this experiment.
Ans: human reaction time error (one may not be able to start the stopwatches at
the exact same time )
(d)Suggest one possible way in which this experiment can be improved.
Ans: sealing the containers and leaving only the space for insertion of the
thermometer

Question 3
A student determines the concentration of a dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl ) by
titrating the acid against 25.0cm3 of 0.010mol/ dm3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution.
(a) The diagrams shows parts of the burette with the acid levels before and
after each digestion
(i) Use the burette readings of the three titrations to complete the table.
Titration number 1 2 3
Final burette reading /cm3 24.4 49.6 35.1
Initial burette reading /cm3 0.00 25.4 6.90
Volume of acid used /cm3 24.4 24.2 28.2
Tick the best results ✓ ✓

(ii) Calculate the average volume of hydrochloric acid from the ticked values
𝟐𝟒.𝟒+𝟐𝟒.𝟐
= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟐
(b)The number of moles of sodium hydroxide is 0.00025 moles. The number of
moles of the acid is equal to the number of moles of sodium hydroxide.

Use the formula given to calculate the concentration of the acid

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Concentration of acid =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Convert volume to dm3 , so 24.3cm3 = 0.0243dm3

Concentration = 0.00025 moles / 0.0243dm3
= 0.0103 mol /dm3
Question 4
Some tests are conducted on solid X
Table 4.1 shows the tests, observations, and conclusions

Tests Observations Conclusions

(a) Solid X is dissolved X is not a compound of
in water and the Does not form a a transition metal.
solution is divided coloured compound
into two portions

(b)To the first portion Gas produced has a Ammonia gas produced
aluminium foil pungent smell
followed by sodium NH +4 ions present
hydroxide
is added and the mixture
is warmed gently.
(c)To the second portion Yellow precipitate is X contains Iodide
acidified lead (II) nitrate formed Ions
solution is added.
Question 5
Fig 5.1 (a) shows a longitudinal section of a banana fruit and Fig 5.1 (b) shows
a longitudinal section of a cucumber fruit.

(a) Make a large drawing of the cucumber in Fig 5.1 (b)

(b) (i) Measure and record the longest length of the photograph in Fig 5.1(b)

Measure and record the corresponding length in your drawing

Length =

(ii)Calculate the magnification, using the formula

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
Magnification =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
(c)State two visible differences between the banana in Fig 5.1 (a) and the
cucumber in Fig 5.1 (b)

1. Cucumber has visible seeds while the banana does not

2. Their shapes are also different

(d)(i)Describe how a piece of the fruit in Fig 5.1 (a) can be tested for protein

• Take a small quantity of the banana

• Grind the piece of banana and put it into a test tube.
• Add 10 drops of water and shake the test tube.
• Using a dropper add two drops of copper sulphate solution to the test tube.
• Add 10 drops of caustic soda solution and shake the test tube.
• Observe the colour of the mixture.

(ii)State the result that shows that proteins are present

• Violet colour indicates the presence of proteins in the banana sample.

Question 6
Fig 6.1 (a) and Fig 6.1(b) show an experiment to investigate the action of an
enzyme on egg white cubes at different temperatures.
The enzyme is mixed with the egg white cubes after 5 minutes. The egg white
cubes becomes transparent after some time when mixed with the enzyme.
(a) State two variables that should be kept constant in this experiment

1. Amount of enzyme used

2. Amount of egg white used

(b) Suggest one improvement to the experiment

• Cover the test tube containing the egg white and the enzyme to avoid
contamination

(c) Suggest why the test tubes are left in water baths for 5 minutes before
mixing the enzyme with egg white

• So that the enzymes can reach the temperature of the water in the water
baths
(d) Predict and explain how the result for the experiment shown in Fig 6.1 (a)
would differ from that in Fig 6.1(b)
Prediction
………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation
………………………………………………………………………………….

Iodine test for starch

Method:
Place one spatula of the food sample on a dish or 1 cm3 if the sample is liquid.
Using a dropper, place a few drops of iodine solution onto the food.
Record any change in the colour of the solution.
Starch is detected using iodine solution. This turns blue-black in the presence of
starch.
 Benedict's test for reducing sugars
1. Place two spatulas of the food sample into a test tube or 1 cm 3 if the sample is
liquid. Add about 1 cm3 depth of water to the tube and stir to mix.
2. Add an equal volume of Benedict's solution and mix.
3. Place the tube in a water bath at about 95°C for a few minutes.
4. Record the colour of the solution.
Reducing sugars are detected using Benedict's solution.

Reducing sugars include:

• monosaccharides – such as glucose and fructose

• disaccharides – such as maltose.
Benedict's solution gradually turns from blue to cloudy orange or brick red when
heated with a reducing sugar. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar and does not react
with Benedict's solution.

Biuret test for proteins

1. Place one-two spatulas of the food sample into a test tube or 1 cm 3 if the
sample is liquid. Add about 1 cm3 depth of water to the tube and stir to mix.
2. Add an equal volume of potassium hydroxide solution to the tube and stir.
3. Add two drops of copper sulfate solution and stir for two minutes.
4. Record the colour of the solution.
Proteins are detected using Biuret reagent. This turns a mauve or purple colour
when mixed with protein.

Emulsion test for lipids

 1. Place two spatulas of the food sample into a test tube or 1 cm3 if the sample is
liquid.
2. Add 2 cm3 of ethanol to the tube. Cover the end of the tube and shake the tube
vigorously.
3. Allow the contents to settle.
4. Pour the liquid from the top of the mixture into a test tube half-filled with water.
5. Record the level of the food and whether the water is cloudy or clear.

2016 PAPER 4
Question one
Fig 1.1 shows the set – up for an experiment used to determine the mass m of a
metre rule.
P is the scale reading position of the mass and Q is the scale reading position of
the pivot when the rule is balanced.

Fig 1.2(a) and Fig 1.2(b) shows the positions of the string, P , holding the
100g mass and the line of the pivot position, Q, on the rule.
 (a) Record the scale reading positions of P and Q for the mass and the
pivot
P = 10.5cm
Q = 30.7cm

(b) W is the weight of the metre rule. W acts at the 60cm position on the
scale as shown in Fig 1.1
Determine the lengths 𝑥1 and 𝑥2
x1 = 30.7cm – 10.5 cm = 20.2cm
x2 = 60cm – 30.7cm = 29.3cm

(c)Calculate the mass m of the rule. Use the equation

𝑘𝑥1
m= where k = 100g
𝑥2
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈 ×𝟐𝟎.𝟐𝒄𝒎
m= = 68.94197952g
𝟐𝟗.𝟑𝒄𝒎

m = 68.9g

(d)The experiment is repeated by placing the pivot at the 20cm mark. The
string holding the 100g mass is moved until another position is found.
(i) Explain why it is important to repeat the experiment
Ans : to make the results as accurate as possible
(ii)State how this will affect the mass of the metre rule
Ans: it will not change
(e) State one source of inaccuracy when measuring length using a metre rule.
Ans: Zero error

Question 2
(a)Describe how you would carry out an experiment to determine how load
affects the extension of a spring. You are provided with a ruler, spring, slotted
masses and a mass hanger. You may draw a diagram
Aim of the experiment
• To investigate how adding a mass to a spring affects its extension

Method
1. Set up the apparatus as in the diagram. Measure the length of spring before
adding any load to it
2. Add a 10g mass to the mass hanger and record the new spring length
3. Add another 10g mass and record the new spring length
4. Subtract the previous spring length from the new length to calculate the
difference ( extension)
5. Repeat by adding 10g masses until 100g is reached
Variables
• The independent variable is the mass
• The dependent variable is the extension
• Controlled variables include using the spring and masses used

Mass used Force Spring length Extension

 0g 0N 20mm 0mm
10g 0.1N 25mm 5mm (25mm –
20mm
20g 0.2N 30mm 5mm
30g 0.3N 35mm 5mm
40g 0.4N 40mm 5mm
50g 0.5N 45mm 5mm

Meaning of results
• The spring extended by 5mm each time a 10g mass is added (which
increased the force due to gravity by 0.1N). This follows Hooke’s Law
which states that the extension of an elastic object (like a spring) is directly
proportional to the force added.

(b)An electromagnet is used to investigate the effect of the strength of the

electromagnet on the extension of a spring. The spring is attached to soft iron, a
magnetic material as shown in Fig 2.1. The current through the electromagnet
and the extension of the spring are measured

Some of the results of the experiment are shown in Table 2.1

 current / A extension/ cm
0.00 0.0
0.20 0.5
0.44 1.0
0.58 1.6
0.80 2.0
1.00 2.5

(i)Fig 2.2 shows the ammeter reading when the extension was 1.6cm

Complete Table 2.1 by filling in the value of the current for the extension at
1.6cm
(ii)Plot a graph of extension/ cm(y – axis ) against current / A( x – axis )

(iii)Determine the gradient G of the graph. Show clearly on your graph how you
obtained the necessary information

G =

(iv)What is the conclusion that can be made from the experiment?

(v)The current is switched on for only a short time when making each reading.
Suggest why

Question 4
Some tests are conducted on solid X.
The table shows observations and conclusions of the test.
Complete the table

Test Observation Conclusion

(a)Solid X is placed into colourless solution is

a test – tube and formed
distilled water is added.

The solution is divided

into three (3) portions
White precipitate,
(b)(i) To the first portion soluble in excess giving
, a few drops of sodium a colourless solution
hydroxide solution are
added.
X contains either Al3+
(ii)and then excess or Zn2+
sodium hydroxide

(c)(i) To the second • White precipitate

portion, a few drops of X contains Zn2+
ammonia solution are
added. precipitate soluble in
excess
(ii)and then excess
ammonia solution is
added
–
(d)To the third portion, X contains Cl
silver nitrate solution is White precipitate
 added until no further
change

Question 5
Fig 5.1 (a) shows a photograph of a cross – section of a garlic bulb.
Fig 5.1 (b) shows a photograph of a cross – section of an onion bulb.

(a) (i) Draw a large diagram of the garlic bulb shown in Fig 5.1 (a) in the
space provided.

(ii)Measure the diameter of your garlic bulb drawing

Diameter of drawing =

(iii)The diameter of the actual garlic bulb is 64mm. Calculate the magnification
of your drawing. Use the equation

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔
Magnification =
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏
(b)(i) State one visible difference between Fig 5.1 (a) and Fig 5.1(b)
* Their veins are not the same
(ii)State one visible similarity between Fig 5.1(a) and Fig 5.1(b)
• Their veins are both circular

(c)A student wanted to compare the amount of reducing sugar in garlic and
onion. Describe how the student would safely carry out this test.
* Put a garlic and onion sample in separate test tubes filled with hot water
in order to break open the cells.
* Put the samples on white tile and add Benedict solution to each sample
and observe colour changes
* If there are any reducing sugars in the samples, the solution would
change colour from blue to orange or brick red depending on the intensity
of reducing sugars in the sample.

2017 PAPER 4
Question 1
(a) A student has a transparent parallel – sided perspex block, plain paper, a
ruler, protractor, and some optical pins.
Method
- Draw around the transparent parallel – sided perspex block.
- At an angle, shine a ray of light (from a light box) through it. Trace the
incident and emergent rays.
- Take away the parallel – sided perspex block, draw the refracted ray (by
joining up the incident and emergent rays).
- At the point where the ray entered the block, draw the normal at 90º to the
edge of where the block was.
- Use a protractor to measure the angle if incidence (i) and the angle of
refraction (r). NOTE: remember to measure from the normal line
- Calculate the refractive index (n) using the equation n = sin i / sin r

(b)Fig 1.1 shows a set – up used by a student to determine the refractive index n
of water. The student measured the real depth hd and apparent depth ha of a
rule.

(i)Measure and record the lengths hd and ha

(ii)Determine the refractive index n of water. Use the equation

ℎ𝑑
n=
ℎ𝑎

(iii)Suggest one source of inaccuracy when doing this experiment.

(iv)The experiment was repeated using the same water with a smaller real depth
ℎ𝑑 . The student suggests that the refractive index will be smaller since ℎ𝑑 is
smaller.
State whether the suggestion of the student is correct or wrong. Explain your
answer

Statement ……………………………………………………………………
Explanation
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Question 2
An experiment is performed to find the relationship between the length l of a
wire and its resistance R. The total length of the wire is 100cm.
Fig 2.1 shows the set – up that is used, with the wire connected between points
P and Q. The connection near Q is a sliding contact which can be moved.

Fig 2.2 (a) and Fig 2.2(b) show the readings of an ammeter and a voltmeter
when the sliding contact is placed at l = 20cm from P.
(a) Table 2.1 shows some of the results of the experiment
l / cm I / …. V/V R/…
0 0.00 0.0
10 0.45 0.9
20
30 0.44 2.8
40 0.45 3.7
50 0.43 4.4

Complete Table 2.1 by

(i) Writing the SI units of I and R at the headings
(ii) Recording the ammeter and voltmeter readings for I = 20cm as shown
in Fig 2.2 (a) and Fig 2.2(b)
(iii) Calculating R, of each length of wire. Use the equation
𝑉
R=
𝐼

l / cm I/A V/V R /Ω
0 0.00 0.0 0.00
10 0.45 0.9 0.50
20 0.46 1.9 0.24
30 0.44 2.8 0.16
40 0.45 3.7 0.12
50 0.43 4.4 0.10
 (b) Plot a graph of R( y – axis ) against l ( x – axis )

(c)What is the conclusion that can be made from this experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d)State one precaution which should be taken when doing this experiment

…………………………………………………………………………………
(e)The average ammeter reading for the experiment is 0.45A

Use your graph to determine the voltmeter reading when the length of the wire
is 45cm from P. Use the equation

V = IR

Question 3
Some tests are made on solid P and solution Q. Table 3.1 shows the tests,
observations, and conclusions.
Complete Table 3.1

Tests Observations Conclusions

(a)Solution Q is divided
into two portions.

A blue litmus paper is ………………………….

dipped into one portion of Blue litmus paper
solution Q turns red

Solid P contains
b)A few drops of
acidified barium nitrate ……………………
solution are added to
another portion of
solution Q

Production of
(c)Solid P is dissolved in bubbles
solution Q

The gas produced is

tested with lime water Lime water turns
milky
(d)To a portion of a
mixture from (c) add
(i) …………………. …………………
…….. Zn2+ or Ca2+
…………………….
…………………
(ii)…………………. ……..
Ca2+
……………………….
…………………
……

…………………
…….

Solution
Tests Observations Conclusions
(a)Solution Q is divided
into two portions. The solution is acidic

A blue litmus paper is

dipped into one portion of Blue litmus
solution Q paper turns red

b)A few drops of acidified White Solid P contains

barium nitrate solution are precipitate
Sulphate ions
 added to another portion of
solution Q

Production of Carbon dioxide gas is

(c)Solid P is dissolved in bubbles present
solution Q

The gas produced is tested

with lime water Lime water
turns milky
(d)To a portion of a
mixture from (c) add

(i) Aqueous sodium White Zn2+ or Ca2+

hydroxide precipitate,
soluble in
excess giving a
colourless
solution

(ii) Aqueous White Ca2+

Ammonia precipitate
insoluble in
excess

(e)Identify solid P and solution Q

Solid P : Calcium carbonate

Solution Q : Zinc Sulphate

Question 4
Fig 4.1 shows the set – up of an experiment used to determine the concentration
of hydrochloric acid by titration with sodium hydroxide solution.
(a) Name the apparatus used to measure accurately 25.0cm3 of sodium
hydroxide solution

Ans : burette

(b) Fig 4.2 shows the burette readings before and after each titration

Complete Table 4.1 by recording the burette readings

Table 4.1

Titration 1 Titration 2
Reading before titration/cm3 0.20 1.50
Reading after titration / cm3 24.7 26.0
Volume added / cm3 24.5 24.5

(c)Calculate the average volume of the acid used

(24.5 + 24.5 ) / (2)
= 24.5cm3

(d)The equation for the reaction is

NaOH(aq) +HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid

(e)A student is given 4.0g of solid sodium hydroxide. The student is asked to
prepare 1.0dm3 of 0.100mol/ dm3 stock solution of sodium hydroxide.
Describe how the student can prepare the solution
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
Question 5
A student cuts a potato strip and tests it for starch by adding iodine solution to it.
(a) State the result of a positive test for starch

(b) A student investigates the action of amylase solution on starch. She uses
the set – up shown in Fig 6.1

(i)Suggest a control for the experiment

(ii)After 30 minutes , the student used iodine solution to test the contents of the
test tube for starch.
Predict and explain the result that she would obtain
Result
Explanation

(iii)Explain why the potato strip and amylase solution should be placed in warm
water.
(c)The student suggests that a potato strip contains less sugar than a pumpkin
strip. Describe an experiment that can be carried out to find whether the
suggestion is correct.

(d)A student cuts strips from stem tubers of plants E and F. She places the strips
in sugar solution .
Fig. 6. 2 shows the strips before they were placed in the sugar solution.

Plant E strip Plant F strip

(i)Measure and record the lengths of the strips

Plant E length of strip =
Plant F length of strip =

(ii)Fig 6.3 shows the strips after they have been left in the sugar solutions for 30
minutes.

Plant E strip Plant F strip

Measure and record the new lengths of the strips.

Plant E length of strip =

Plant F length of strip =
(iii)The student suggests that the cell sap of plant F has more sugar than the cell
sap of plant E, since it has a greater increase in length.

Do the results of the experiment support the suggestion. Justify your answer
Result

Justification

2000 PAPER 4

1. Fig 1.1 shows some pieces of heat resistant glassware used in a laboratory.

(a) Write the letter which shows

(i) A beaker
Ans: D

(ii) The piece of apparatus you would use to measure 200cm3 of water most
accurately
Ans: A

(iii) The piece of apparatus you would use as a container in which to boil
250cm3 of water safely
Ans : D
(b) Describe exactly how you would use a thermometer to accurately measure the
temperature of some water while it is being heated
Ans : use tongs to hold the thermometer to avoid being scalded by steam. Dip
the thermometer into the water being heated.
Question 2
A student investigated the effect of wind speed on the transpiration rate of a leafy
shoot. She could not measure transpiration directly, so she decided to measure
the rate of uptake of water by the shoot.

Fig 2.1 shows the apparatus used

First, the student placed the apparatus in a corner of laboratory where the air was
still. Fig 2.2 shows the level of water in the glass tube at the beginning of her
experiment and at the end.
(a) (i) Read the scales in Fig 2.2 and record the level of water in the tube at the
beginning and at the end of the experiment.
level at the beginning …………………………………………………….
level at the end …………………………………………………………… .

(ii)Calculate the volume of water that was taken up by the plant during the
experiment
……………………………………………………………

(b) What other measurement would the student need to take in order to be able to
calculate the rate at which the water was taken up by the shoot?

………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) The student the placed the apparatus near an open window where the air was
moving so that she could find out if moving air increased the plant’s rate of
transpiration. She made sure that all other variables were constant.
 (i) State two variables that the student should keep constant in order to find
out if the moving air affected the rate of transpiration of the plant.

1.
2.

(ii)She found that the plant took up more water when it was by the open window
than when it was in the corner of the laboratory.

What conclusion can the student draw from her results?

……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………

(d)Explain one way in which the student could change or improve her experiment
to make her results more reliable.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..

Question 3
A student decided to investigate whether there was any relationship between the
size of a crater formed when a sphere hit the ground and the height from which it
fell.

He dropped a steel ball from different heights into a bed of sand and measured
the depth of crater formed
(a) Fig 3.2 shows six craters
Measure the depth of each one and record the measurement in the space provided.
The first and last are done for you.

The height from which the steel ball was dropped, h , was measured each time.
Four of the measurements are given opposite.
Take the readings of the height, h, for the other two from Fig 3.3 and record them
in the spaces opposite.
Measurements of height , h
(i) 200mm (ii) ………….. (iii) 420mm
(iv) 490mm (v) 600mm (vi) …….

(c)(i) Plot a graph of depth of crater against height, h

(ii) Draw the best line through the points

(iii) Read off the value of the depth of crater when h = 0 and record it.
depth =

(d) Why is there a value for the depth when h = 0 ?

(e) Tow students each made a statement about the graph.

1. There is a linear relationship between the depth of the crater and the height
from which the ball fell.
2. The depth of the crater is directly proportional to the height from which the
ball fell.
Which of these two statements is correct?
Explain your answer

(f) The teacher suggested that the density of the sphere might make a difference
to the results. The students were asked to carry out an experiment to decide
whether this was so.
First they carried out an experiment to determine the density of the steel ball
already used. This is what they did.
(i) 50cm3 of water was placed in a measuring cylinder.

The sphere was carefully placed in the water, as shown in Fig 3.4 and the new
volume read
Read and record this value below
New volume :

(ii) The mass of the sphere was 200g. Calculate the density using the
following formula. State the units

Density = mass / volume

(iii) Would this be suitable for finding the density of the sphere made from
cork?
Explain your answer
………………………………………………………………………………..

(g) Describe how you would carry out an experiment to test the suggesting made
by the teacher
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………..

Question 4
A student was asked to investigate how the rate of the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate changed when the concentration of the
acid was changed.
She decided to measure the rate of the reaction by passing the gas given off
through a glass tube into water. She counted the number of bubbles given off
every minute for five minutes.
(a) Draw a diagram of suitable apparatus that she could use

(b) The same volume of acid was used each time, measured in a cylinder. Read
off the volume used from Fig 4.1 and record it in the space below.
(c)The same mass of calcium carbonate was used each time, weighed on a
balance. Fig 4.2 shows the reading of the balance. Record this mass in this space.

(a) Fig 4.3 shows a graph of the results obtained for two different
concentrations of the acid.

Which of the two concentrations, X and Y is the most concentrated?

Give a reason for your answer
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

Question 5
Lactose is a sugar found in milk. It is a reducing sugar, so when it is heated with
Benedict’s solution an orange – red precipitate is formed. The more lactose
present, the greater the mass of precipitate formed.
(a) A student has two samples of milk, sample A and sample B.
Describe how she could use the Benedict’s solution to find out which sample of
milk contains the greater concentration of lactose.
(b) The student carried out two other tests on sample A. Her results are shown
in Fig 5.1
Tests Results Conclusion
Biuret solution added Solution became
violet/ purple

No starch present

Complete the table by writing

• The conclusion the student could make from the biuret test,
• The test she carried out, and the results she obtained, that enabled her to
conclude that no starch was present.
 (c) The student also wanted to test the milk samples for fates. However, she
decided that she could not use the ethanol test, because she would be unable
to interpret the results.
Using your knowledge of the appearance of milk, and also of the ethanol test for
fats, explain why the student’s decision is correct.

Question 6
When aqueous ammonia is added to the aqueous copper (II) is a precipitate of
copper (II) hydroxide is formed, which is formed, which then dissolves as more
aqueous ammonia is added.
A student was asked to use this reaction to discover the ratio in which these two
substances react.
She placed 20cm3 of the aqueous copper (II) Sulphate in each of the 8 test – tubes.
Different volumes of aqueous ammonia were added to each tube, together with a
volume of water to make a total volume of 60cm3 in each tube. Each tube was
shaken and left to stand for an hour. The height of the precipitate was then
measured in each tube. The results are shown in Fig 6.1

Volume of aqueous 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ammonia added / cm3
Volume of water added 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
/cm3
7 13 22 28 21 15 8 0
|Height of precipitate /mm

(a) (i) Draw a graph of height of precipitate against volume of aqueous

ammonia added.
 (ii) Explain the shape of your graph
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) If the concentration of the aqueous copper (II) Sulphate is 1.0 mol/dm3
and of the aqueous ammonia is 2 mold/ dm3, which of the following
statements about the formation of copper (II) hydroxide, A, B or C, is
correct?

A 1 mole of copper (II) sulphate requires 1 mole of ammonia to form 1 mole

of copper (II) hydroxide
B 1 mole of copper (II) sulphate requires 2 moles of ammonia to form 2 moles
of copper (II) hydroxide
C 2 moles of copper (II) sulphate require 1 mole of ammonia to form 2 moles
of copper (II) hydroxide
 Answer

Explain your answer

…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….

(b) Describe all the changes you would see when 40cm3 of ammonia is
gradually added to 20cm3 of copper (II) sulphate.

(c) The reaction between ammonia and copper (II) sulphate is exothermic.
Describe another method of finding the ratio in which these two substances react
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

PAPER 4, 2001
Question 1
Fig 1.1 shows a 50cm3 and a 10cm3 measuring cylinder
(a) Which measuring cylinder would you use to measure 8cm3 of a liquid?
Explain your choice
…………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

(b) 8cm3 of the liquid has a mass of 4g. Calculate the density of the liquid using
the formula shown.

Density = mass / volume

Question 2
Fig 2.1 shows apparatus used to determine the resistance of a wire AB

(a) Draw this circuit using standard circuit symbols. Use the symbol for a resistor
for the wire AB
(b) The variable resistor is used to vary the current.
Fig 2.2 shows five values of the current and the corresponding voltmeter readings

Current/ A Voltmeter reading / V Voltmeter reading / current( V/ A)

0.10
0.21
0.32
0.39
0.51

(i)Read and record the voltmeter readings in the table

(ii) Calculate the values for the voltmeter reading / current (V / A) and complete
the table by writing these values into the third column of the table.
(iii)Calculate the average of the V / A values
Question 3
Fig 3.1 shows a balanced uniform stick pivoted at the centre with a stone and
mass M either side of the pivot. Fig 3.1 is drawn to scale, M = 0.04kg

(a) (i) Measure and record lengths a and b

a . ……………………………………………………..
b. …………………………………………………….

(iii)Find the weight W of the stone using the equation shown

W = 10 × m

Question 4
A student was given two aqueous solutions, A and B. She carried out tests on the
two solutions to identify the salts. Her results are shown in the table below.
Solution Result of adding Results of adding silver Result of adding
sodium hydroxide nitrate solution barium chloride
solution solution

A Blue precipitate White precipitate No change

White precipitate, No change White precipitate
B soluble in excess

Identify the ions in A and B

Positive ions negative ions
A ……………………………. ………………………….
B …………………………….. ………………………………

Question 5
The table shows the pulse rate of a person who did vigorous exercise for one
minute
time /min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pulse rate / beats 72 108 96 84 78 76 72 72

per minute

(a) State the pulse rate before exercise

………………………………………………………………
(b) State the effect of exercise on the pulse rate
………………………………………………………………
(c) Describe what happened to the pulse rate after the exercise stopped
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) How long did it take for the person to recover from the exercise
………………………………………………………………………………..
Question 6
2.0g of lithium reacted with excess water and the volume of hydrogen produced
was measured at intervals. The results are shown in the table
Time / minutes Volume of hydrogen /cm3
1 8
2 2
3 72
4 138
5 172
6 172
(a) Draw a graph of volume of hydrogen against time on the graph paper on the
next page.

(b) Calculate the rate of reaction, in volume of hydrogen produced per minute,
between 3 and 4 minutes

(c) Explain why the volume of hydrogen did not change between 5 and 6 minutes
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(d) In the reaction, lithium hydroxide was also produced
Write a balanced equation for the reaction
………………………………………………………………..
(e) What is the result if the solution is tested with litmus paper?
…………………………………………………………………………

Question 7
25cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide was titrated with sulphuric acid, using
methyl orange indicator. The results of the titrations are shown in the following
table.
Titration 1 2 3
Final reading /cm3 12.55 25.60 39.50
Initial reading / cm3 0.00 13.00 27.00
Volume used /cm3 12.55 12.60

(a) Complete the table

(b) What is the average volume of sulphuric acid used in the three titrations?
 (c) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used during the
reaction.

The equation below represents the reaction taking place between the sodium
hydroxide and the sulphuric acid.

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(d) Use your answer from (c) to calculate the number of moles of the sulphuric
acid.

(e) Use your answers from (b) and (d) to calculate the concentration of the
sulphuric acid.

Question 8
A student wants to find out if osmosis occurs when two solutions A and B, made
from the same solute, are separated by a partially permeable membrane. He used
the following materials.

- Visking / dialysis tubing

- String
- Capillary tube
- Beaker
- Solution A (dilute )
- Solution B (concentrated )

(a) Draw a diagram of the experiment the student would set up. Labels are not
required

(b) The student found that the water moved into the visking tubing. On your
diagram, use label lines to show where he had placed solutions A and B

(c) The student decided to investigate whether strips of potato tuber would
absorb water by osmosis when he placed them into solutions A and B.
solution A is less concentrated than the cell sap, while solution B is more
concentrated. Two potato strips X and Y, peeled on one side, were used, as
shown in Fig 9.1
(i)State two ways in which the strips should be similar before the experiment.
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)If X is placed in solution A and Y in solution B, show the appearance of each
strip after an hour.

Question 9
Fig 10.1 shows an experiment to investigate seed germination

(a) In which Petri dishes would the seeds germinate?

………………………………………………………
(b) Explain why the seeds would not germinate in the other Petri dishes
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) State one factor that is available to the seeds in all the Petri dishes
……………………………………………………………………..

2011 PAPER 4
1. Fig 1.1 shows a set – up used by a student to investigate the effect of current
on the number of iron nails an electromagnet can fit.

Fig 1.2(a) and Fig. 1.2(b) show some of the ammeter readings obtained during
the experiment.

Record the readings in Fig 1.2(a) and Fig 1.2(b)

Reading in Fig 1.2(a) = …………………………………..
Reading in Fig 1.2 (b) = …………………………………..

(b)Another student performed the experiment with a similar set – up. Complete
Table 1.1 by filling in the missing number of nails lifted by the electromagnet.

Table 1.1
Current / A Number of nails lifted
0.0 0
0.2 3
0.4
0.6 9
0.8 12
1.0
1.2 18