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Aggie Grammar Guide: Adjectives That Come from Verbs

One type of adjective derives from and gets its meaning from verbs. It is often called a participial
adjective because it is formed from a verb’s participle form. To learn more about adjectives in
general, see the adjective glossary entry.

How to Form Adjectives That Come from Verbs

There are two types of participial adjectives: one comes from the verb’s present participle (-ing form)
and the other comes from the past participle (-ed/-en form, but often irregular). Take the verbs
confuse and fall as an example:

While the forms derive from a verb (to confuse; to fall), they can function as adjectives to describe
a noun. Note that not all verbs can do this; you can check whether the verb you want to use can
describe a noun by searching for it in online published writing, books, magazines, newspapers, or
academic journals.

Using participial adjectives can help reduce wordiness from multiple phrases. In this example, the
adjective is bolded and the changed phrase is underlined.
⮚ Example: Making friends can help you create connections in case you need to copy notes or
ask for information on something you might have missed.
⮚ Revision: Making friends can help you create connections in case you need to copy notes or
ask for missed information.

The phrase “on something you might have missed” describes the information but is wordy. The only
necessary word in this phrase is missed, and this single word can be placed in front of the noun
information as an adjective. The revision “missed information” accurately describes the original
sentence and uses fewer words, so it is preferable.

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Meaning Difference between the Two Forms

As verbs, the -ing ending indicates progressive form (also known as the continuous form) and can
only be used in the active voice. The -ed/-en verb ending indicates perfect form and is the form
used for passive voice sentences. When verbs become adjectives, they no longer function as verbs
but still have a verb-like meaning. As a general pattern, the -ing adjective has an active or
continuous meaning, and the -ed/-en adjective has a passive or completed meaning.

When choosing which adjective form to use, ask yourself if you are (1) describing an active or passive
meaning (only true for transitive verbs that can be made passive) and (2) describing a continuous or
completed state.

Let’s start with the difference between confusing and confused, starting with their use as verbs.
Ask yourself whether you want the active or passive meaning of confuse.

-ing -ed/-en

Example as verb: The coach is Example as verb: The coach is

confusing the players. (active voice) confused by the players. (passive
voice)
The coach is doing the action
(causing the confusion) The coach is receiving the action
(the players are causing the
confusion)

Example as adjective: The Example as adjective: The confused

confusing coach began practice. coach began practice.
The noun (the coach) is the doer The noun (the coach) is the recipient
(causing the players confusion) (caused confusion by the players)

Thus, the choice between confusing and confused as an adjective is a similar decision for choosing
active or passive voice for the verb form.

Now let’s look at the difference between falling and fallen, starting with their use as verbs. Ask
yourself whether you want the continuous or completed meaning of fall.

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-ing -ed/-en

Example as verb: The leaves were Example as verb: The leaves have
falling. (past progressive form) fallen. (present perfect form)
The action of leaves falling was This sentence is active, unlike the
continuous. passive example above, but the
action is completed.

Example as adjective: The falling Example as adjective: The fallen

leaves signaled the end of summer. leaves signaled the end of summer.
The description of leaves falling is The description of leaves indicates
also a continuous motion. that the action is completed and they
are on the ground.

Thus, the choice between falling (image on the left) and fallen (image on the right) as an adjective
is a similar decision for choosing the progressive or perfect form for the verb.

This same decision applies to more abstract and academic concepts although the meaning differences
may be more subtle. Take increasing and increased for example.
⮚ Example: Nature provides climbers with this increasing opportunity.
⮚ Example: Nature provides climbers with this increased opportunity.

The first example means that the opportunity still has the potential to go up (continuous meaning).
The second example means that the opportunity is higher compared to something else (completed
meaning).

Which pattern applies to which adjectives? For intransitive verbs, the active/passive meaning
(confusing/confused) will never apply; you can understand their adjective meanings as
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continuous/completed (falling/fallen). Unfortunately, for all other verbs there is no clear reason
why some adjectives are explained like confusing/confused (active/passive meaning) while others
are explained like falling/fallen (continuous/completed meaning). Try both explanations to see
which makes more sense in your context.

Missing Endings on Adjectives (Hard to Hear “d” Sound/Letter)

One common difficulty with the participial adjective ending in -ed is that it is hard to hear this ending
pronounced in spoken conversations, especially for words ending in a vowel. This can lead speakers
to leave off the ending of the word in writing, which makes the word look like a verb, not an adjective
(e.g. *The confuse coach began practice.).

To avoid this type of mistake, make sure you double-check that any word functioning as an adjective
has the correct ending. If one word is describing another word (e.g. advanced placement; relaxed
requirement; professor who is retired), it is likely an adjective.

Adjective Tests
If you’re not sure when a word is acting as an adjective, try either the substitution test, very test, or
seem test. These tests can also be found in the Adjective glossary entry.

Substitution Test: Can you substitute the word with another adjective like happy, weird, or old?
⮚ Example: There will always be people who have doubted themselves while there are others
who are motivated and have a deep inspiration.
× The word doubted is not an adjective because this sentence is illogical: “*There will
always be people who have happy themselves…”
✓ The word motivated is an adjective because this sentence is logical: “…there are
others who are happy and have a deep inspiration.”

Very Test (also found in online Adjectives glossary entry): Can you modify the word with very?
⮚ Example: The sentences in the articles are not complex or long.
× The word in is not an adjective because this sentence is illogical: “*The sentences
very in the articles…”
✓ The words complex and long are adjectives because this sentence is logical: “…are
not very complex or very long.”

Seem Test (also found in online Adjectives glossary entry): Can you logically fit the word into the
sentence frame “[Noun/pronoun] seems _____.”?
⮚ Example: Perhaps they leave this small yet meaningful detail aside because attending school
for several years seems tedious.
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✓ The word meaningful is an adjective because this sentence is logical: “It seems
meaningful.”
× The word detail is not an adjective because this sentence is illogical: “*It seems
detail.”
× The word school is not an adjective because this sentence is illogical: “*It seems
school.”
✓ The word tedious is an adjective because this sentence is logical: “It seems tedious.”

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