Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 10 views

    Part 23

    Uploaded by

    Kerlos Saeed
    The document contains two engineering problems involving fluid mechanics calculations. Problem 6 discusses constitutive relations for stress terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Problem 7 estimates the minimum power needed for a water jet device and calculates the power output of a small wind turbine.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Part 23

    Uploaded by

    Kerlos Saeed
    10 views6 pages
    The document contains two engineering problems involving fluid mechanics calculations. Problem 6 discusses constitutive relations for stress terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Problem 7 estimates the minimum power needed for a water jet device and calculates the power output of a small wind turbine.

    Original Title

    part 23

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document contains two engineering problems involving fluid mechanics calculations. Problem 6 discusses constitutive relations for stress terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Problem 7 estimates the minimum power needed for a water jet device and calculates the power output of a small wind turbine.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views6 pages

    Part 23

    Uploaded by

    Kerlos Saeed
    The document contains two engineering problems involving fluid mechanics calculations. Problem 6 discusses constitutive relations for stress terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Problem 7 estimates the minimum power needed for a water jet device and calculates the power output of a small wind turbine.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    PROBLEM 6.

    106
    Substituting in the constitutive relations gives

    ∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂2u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂w
    + + = 2µ 2 + µ ( + )+µ ( + )
    ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x
    This can be written as
    ∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂w
    + + = µ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + µ ( + + )
    ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
    The last term is equal to zero from the Continuity principle equation for an incom-
    pressible flow, so

    ∂τ xx ∂τ yx ∂τ zx ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
    + + = µ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
    ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

    552
    PROBLEM 7.1
    Situation: An engineer is estimating power for a water pik.
    Water jet diameter is d = 1/8 in. = 3.175 mm. Exit speed is V2 = 40 m/ s.

    Find: Estimate the minimum electrical power in watts.


    Properties: At 10 ◦ C, density of water is ρ = 1000 kg/ m3 .
    Assumptions: 1.) Neglect all energy losses in the mechanical system—e.g. motor,
    gears, and pump.
    2.) Neglect all energy losses in the fluid system—that is, neglect losses associated with
    viscosity.
    3.) Neglect potential energy changes because these are very small.
    4.) Assume the velocity distribution in the water jet is uniform (α = 1) .

    APPROACH

    In the water pik, electrical energy is converted to kinetic energy of the water. Balance
    electrical power with the rate at which water carries kinetic energy out of the nozzle.
    ANALYSIS

    Amount of kinetic energy that leaves the nozzle


    Power =
    Each interval of time
    V22
    ∆m 2
    =
    ∆t
    where ∆m is the mass that has flowed out of the nozzle for each interval of time (∆t) .
    Since the mass per time is mass flow rate: (∆m/∆t = ṁ = ρA2 V2 )
    ṁV22
    Power =
    2
    ρA2 V23
    =
    2
    553
    Exit area
    ¡ ¢2
    A2 = π/4 × 3.175 × 10−3 m
    = 7.917 × 10−6 m2

    Thus.
    (1000 kg/ m3 ) (7.917 × 10−6 m2 ) (40 m/ s)3
    Power =
    2

    Power = 253 W
    COMMENTS

    Based on Ohm’s law, this device would draw about 2 amps on a standard household
    circuit.

    554
    PROBLEM 7.2
    Situation: A turbine is described in the problem statement.
    Find: Power output.

    APPROACH
    Apply the energy principle.

    ANALYSIS
    Energy principle

    Q̇ − Ẇs = ṁ[(h2 − h1 ) + (V22 − V12 )/2]


    −10 − Ẇs = 4, 000[(2, 621 − 3, 062) + (502 − 102 )/(2 × 1, 000)] kJ/hr
    Ẇs = 489 kW

    555
    PROBLEM 7.3
    Situation: A small wind turbine is being developed.
    Blade diameter is D = 1.0 m. Design wind speed is V = 15 mph = 6.71 m/ s.
    Air temperature is T = 50 ◦ F = 10 ◦ C. Atmospheric pressure is p = 0.9 bar = 90 kPa.
    Turbine efficiency is η = 20%.

    Find: Power (P ) in watts that can be produced by the turbine.

    APPROACH
    Find the density of air with the idea gas law. Then, find the kinetic energy of the
    wind and use 20% of this value to find the power that is produced.

    ANALYSIS
    Ideal gas law
    p
    ρ =
    RT
    90, 000 Pa
    =
    (287 J/ kg · K) (10 + 273) K
    = 1.108 kg/ m3

    ANALYSIS

    Amount of kinetic energy


    Rate of KE =
    Interval of time
    ∆mV 2 /2
    =
    ∆t

    556
    where ∆m is the mass of air that flows through a section of area A = πD2 /4 for
    each unit of time (∆t) . Since the mass for each interval of time is mass flow rate:
    (∆m/∆t = ṁ = ρAV )

    ṁV 2
    Rate of KE =
    2
    ρAV 3
    =
    2
    The area is A2 = π/4 × (1.0 m)2 = 0.785 m2

    (1.103 kg/ m3 ) (0.785 m2 ) (6.71 m/ s)3


    Rate of KE =
    2

    Rate of KE = 130.9 W
    Since the output power is 20% of the input kinetic energy

    P = (0.2) (130.9 W)

    P = 26.2 W
    COMMENTS

    The amount of energy in the wind is diffuse (i.e. spread out). For this situation,
    a wind turbine that is 1 m in diameter in a moderately strong wind (15 mph) only
    provides enough power for approximately one 25 watt light bulb.

    557

    You might also like