RAMS Lecture 02-1

Element of RAMS and Affecting Factors (Part A)
Civil Engineering Department, Direktorat Sarana Perkeretaapian

Engineering Faculty, Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian (DJKA)
University of Lampung (UNILA) Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub)
Indonesia
Introduction & Background
 Railway-related standards introduce terms used in reliability, availability,

maintainability, and safety (also called RAMS) and require railway suppliers,
operators, maintainers, and duty holders to implement a comprehensive RAMS
management system (EN 50126 [CEN 2003], EN 50129 [CEN 2003], IEC 61508
[IEC 2000], IEC-DTR-62248-4 [IEC 2004], IEC 62267-2 [IEC 2011], and IEC
62278-3 [IEC 2010], SNI SNI 8723:2018 [IEC 62278:2002).
 RAMS management and its process are the way that a reliable, safe, cost-
optimal, and improved quality of railway systems may be achieved. To
achieve all these, a life cycle approach needs to be adopted.
 This life cycle approach provides basic concepts and structure for planning,
managing, implementing, controlling, and monitoring of all aspects of a railway
project, incorporating RAMS as well, as the project proceeds through the life cycle
phases.
 According to railway-related RAMS standards, safety is “freedom from

unacceptable risks, danger and injury from a technical failure in railways.”
Page 2 (Mahboob and Zio, 2018)

Committee on Technical Cooperation in the Development of the Rail Transport System / 11th July 2016
Objectives
 Major characteristics, definitions and basic terms related to the issue RAMS/LCC
 Goals, background and benefits of the reliability, availability and life cycle cost
calculations
 European and UK Standards to support the management and control of RAMS
 Reliability and LCC calculation based on real life example
Page 5 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

What is RAMS about?
Prediction is very difficult, especially if it’s about the future.
Niels Bohr, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
 Reliability
 Availability
 Maintainability
 Safety
Considering RAMS for railway applications is necessary because of
 Requirements stipulated in tenders.
 Obtaining a certainty in costs for maintaining the rail system.
 The prevention of image loss due to unreliable rail systems.
 The need to verify that safety-relevant incidents occur “seldom enough”.
Goal: The railway system achieves a defined level of rail traffic in a given time under
safe conditions.

How can RAMS standards help to achieve the goal?
 RAMS standards provide guidance what to do in order to increase the confidence that the system
guarantees the achievement of this goal.
 RAMS standards describes how to specify targets in terms of reliability, availability, maintainability
and safety.
 RAMS standards define systematic processes to demonstrate that these targets are achieved.
 RAMS standards define the responsibilities within the RAMS process throughout the life cycle, i.e.
who is doing what in which phase of the life cycle of the railway system.
 Railway RAMS has a clear influence to system functionality, frequency of service, regularity of
service, fare structure, etc. and thus help to increase the quality of transport service delivered to
the customer.

Definitions – RAMS
R
Reliability
Probability that an item can perform a required function under given conditions for a given time interval.
A
Availability
Ability of a product to be in such a state to perform a required function under given conditions at a
given time interval.
M
Maintainability
Probability that a given active maintenance action, for an item under given conditions of use can be
carried out within a stated time interval.
S
Safety
Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm.

Definitions – Reliability
R
Reliability is quantified as Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF).
The MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of a system.
 Mean time between failures (MTBF) describes the expected time between two failures for a repairable system
 Example:
- Three identical systems starting to function properly at time 0 are working until all of them fail.
- The first system failed at 100 hours, the second failed at 120 hours and the third failed at 130 hours.
- The Reliability of the system is described by the average of the three failure times, which is MTBF = 116.67
hours

Definitions – Reliability
 A different, more manageable unit is used in practice: FIT = Failure in time

 FIT stands for the number of failures during a time interval of 1,000,000,000 hours.
 Failure rates of individual components in a system in [FIT] are simply added up:
Ȝ1 + Ȝ2 + Ȝ3 + … = Ȝtotal
Key words: failure/ defective event, failure rate, failure mode

Definitions – Availability
A
Availability, expressed as A, is the ratio of the total time a system is capable of being used (MTBF)
during a given interval which includes both the operational periods (MTBF) and all downtimes (MDT).
 Mean down time (MDT) is the average time that a system is non-
operational. It includes repair, corrective and preventive maintenance,
self-imposed downtime, and any logistics or administrative delays
 Example: A unit that is capable of being used 100 hours per week (168 hours) would have an Availability of
100/168 = 0.595

Definitions – Maintainability
M
Maintainability is quantified as the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR).
MTTR is the basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items and represents the average time
required to repair a failed component or device.
 Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time for failures divided by the total number of
corrective maintenance actions for failures during a given period of time.
 It generally does not include lead time for parts not readily available or other administrative or logistic
downtimes.

Definitions – Safety
Safety can be described by means of the Safety Integrity Level (SIL).
S
The assignment of SIL is an exercise in risk analysis where the risk associated with a specific hazard to be
protected against is calculated .
The Tolerable Hazard Rate (THR) is a figure which guarantees that the resulting risk does not exceed
the target risks
 Based on the international standard IEC 61508 (published by the International Electrotechnical Commission),
there are four SILs defined, with SIL 4 the most and SIL 1 the least dependable.
SIL 4 = 10-9 < THR < 10-8 per hour and per function
SIL 3 = 10-8 < THR < 10-7

SIL 2 = 10-7 < THR < 10-6
SIL 1 = 10-6 < THR < 10-5

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Element of RAMS and Affecting Factors (Part A)

Civil Engineering Department, Direktorat Sarana Perkeretaapian

 Railway-related standards introduce terms used in reliability, availability,

 According to railway-related RAMS standards, safety is “freedom from

Page 2 (Mahboob and Zio, 2018)

Page 5 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 6 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 7 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 8 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 13 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

 A different, more manageable unit is used in practice: FIT = Failure in time

Key words: failure/ defective event, failure rate, failure mode

Page 14 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 15 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Page 16 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

Safety can be described by means of the Safety Integrity Level (SIL).

SIL 3 = 10-8 < THR < 10-7

Page 17 S. Wollny, 11th July 2017

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