ITP

Valves Basics

Vincenzo Tocci Rev 2

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February 24, 2014
 ITP

Valves Basics
This course is intended to give you an overview about:

 Valves Basic Theory;

 Types of Valves;
 Valves components description;
 Valves operation and Nomenclature.

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What is a valve ??

Any Device for closing or modifying the passage

through a pipe of a media.

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… Valves

Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, lever or pedal.

Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow.

These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn

activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are
safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.

More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control

based on an external input, require an actuator. An actuator will stroke
the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be
positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of
requirements.

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Valve Characteristics

Kv (Cv) is the control valve gain.

Defined as the capacity through the valve at a
pressure drop of 1 bar

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Valve Characteristics
The valve with the steep slope has a very high gain, meaning that small
changes in valve position cause very large changes in flow. This valve
would not be a good control valve. When two parts are in contact with
each other, they exhibit two kinds of friction. The interaction between
static and dynamic friction makes it very difficult to position a valve
exactly where you want it.

The low gain valve would not make a good control valve, because when
the valve stem moves, the flow hardly changes at all. A control valve, that
when it moves does not change the flow, is not much of a control valve!

Kv (Cv) is the control valve gain.

Defined as the capacity through the valve at a
pressure drop of 1 bar

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Valve Characteristics

TDv is the Valve Dead Time. TCv Control valve time constant.
Defined as the time the valve takes to start movement This is simply related to the stroking speed of
after a certain increment of signal. This is the result of the actuator and actuator/positioner
actuator type. combination.

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Liquid Flow in Control Valves
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control valve is
proportional to the square root of pressure drop. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow
reaches a point where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.

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Liquid Flow in Control Valves
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control valve is
proportional to the square root of pressure drop. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow
reaches a point where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.

If the vena contracta pressure drops below

the vapor pressure, vapor bubbles form at
the vena contracta. Because vapor takes
up a much larger volume that the liquid,
the vapor bubbles fill the vena contracta
and any additional lowering of the
downstream pressure simply results in the
bubbles getting bigger, but the flow does not
increase. It is the formation of these
bubbles in the vena contracta that causes
the flow to become choked.

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Liquid Flow in Control Valves
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control valve is
proportional to the square root of pressure drop. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow
reaches a point where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.

As the bubbles move down stream, the cross

sectional flow area opens up, the velocity
goes down and the pressure goes up. Now
we have bubbles with an internal pressure
equal to the vapor pressure surrounded by a
higher pressure. The bubbles collapse in on
themselves. This combination of bubble
formation and the resulting choked flow,
along with the collapse of the bubbles
downstream is called CAVITATION

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Liquid Flow in Control Valves
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control valve is
proportional to the square root of pressure drop. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow
reaches a point where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.

If we continue to decrease the downstream

pressure, we reach a point where the
pressure downstream of the valve is less
than the vapor pressure of the liquid.
This is called FLASHING

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Liquid Flow in Control Valves
The basic liquid sizing equation tells us that the liquid flow rate through a control valve is
proportional to the square root of pressure drop. As the pressure drop is increased, the flow
reaches a point where it no longer increases. Once this happens, additional increases in pressure
drop across the valve do not result in additional flow, and flow is said to be choked.

The value of ΔpT is a function of both the process conditions

(p1, the pressure upstream of the valve and pv, the vapor
pressure of the liquid) and the valve's internal geometry
represented by the experimentally determined Liquid
Pressure Recovery Factor, FL.

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Gas Flow in Control Valves
When observing flow through a control valve vs. pressure drop, both liquid and gas flows can
choke, that is, at some pressure drop, flow stops increasing with increasing pressure drop, but for
different reasons.

• The velocity of the gas

flowing through a valve
reaches a maximum at the
vena contracta.
• Due to conservation of
energy, as a result of the
velocity increase, the
pressure decreases to a
minimum at the vena
contracta.
• When the pressure
decreases the gas becomes
less dense.

• Since flow is proportional to the

square root of density at the
vena contracta, the decrease in
density causes the flow to be
less than it would be if gas were
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not compressible,
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Gas Flow in Control Valves
When observing flow through a control valve vs. pressure drop, both liquid and gas flows can
choke, that is, at some pressure drop, flow stops increasing with increasing pressure drop, but for
different reasons.

• As we continue to increase the pressure drop ratio, the velocity

at the vena contracta becomes greater and the pressure
becomes less, resulting in an even lower density. Now the flow
deviates even more from the straight line that assumes a
constant density at the vena contracta as would be the case
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for a liquid.
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Gas Flow in Control Valves
When observing flow through a control valve vs. pressure drop, both liquid and gas flows can
choke, that is, at some pressure drop, flow stops increasing with increasing pressure drop, but for
different reasons.

• At some point, as the

pressure drop ratio is
increased and the flow rate
increases, the velocity at the
vena contracta becomes
sonic.

• no increase in flow is possible, and flow becomes fully choked

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Gas Flow in Control Valves
When observing flow through a control valve vs. pressure drop, both liquid and gas flows can
choke, that is, at some pressure drop, flow stops increasing with increasing pressure drop, but for
different reasons.

The rated Terminal Pressure Drop

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Gas Flow in Control Valves
When observing flow through a control valve vs. pressure drop, both liquid and gas flows can
choke, that is, at some pressure drop, flow stops increasing with increasing pressure drop, but for
different reasons.

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Liquid-Gas Flow in Control Valves

Recovery Factor F 1

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Types of valves
English Italian P&ID Symbol

Normally Open
Globe Valves Valvole a globo
Normally Closed

Normally Open
Ball Valves Valvole a sfera Normally Closed

Butterfly Valves Valvole a farfalla

Gate Valves Valvole a disco Normally Open

Normally Closed

Non Return Valves Valvole di non ritorno

Safety Valves Valvole di sicurezza

Needle Valves Valvole a spillo Normally Open

Normally Closed

Pinch Valves Valvole a pinza

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 g Valves models
GE Infrastructure
API 15000
(1000)
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& Gas - Nuovo Pignone PVS map
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Special Antisurge
(API 6A)
(Low Emission)
API 10000
(700)

Steam turbine by pass

Bolier feed water Valves
Pressure (Bar)

GCV/SRV
Stop Ratio
Ansi 2500

Universal
Valves
(420)
250

Safety Valves
Self Regulating
Ansi 600

Top Entry
(100)

and Side
Check Valves
Entry
Antisurge Valves
50

Ball Valve
0 1/2” 6” 12” 20” 24” 30” 44” 48” 60”
Gate Valve
Size (inches)
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g
Valves distribution
GE Infrastructure vs Pignone
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Production
21% Transportation
15%

Power
Generation Petrochemical
31% 33% Europe: 80.000
Units
Africa: 26.000
Units
Asia & Middle 44.000
East: Units
America: 10.000
Units

160.000 UNITS
...and ...a huge fleet of control valves
worldwide based
September 2008
Types of valves

GLOBE valves – ITN64063

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GLOBE valves – ITN64063

Globe valves are so called because of the globular shape of their bodies.
It must be noted that other types of valves also may have globe shaped bodies. In a globe valve, the disk is attached to the valve
stem and seats against a seating ring or seating surface that shuts off the flow of fluid. When the disk is moved off its seat,
fluid can pass through the valve.
Globe valves may be used to limit fuel flow through the valve (called throttling) by partially opening the valve to meet
the desired flow.
Globe valves are most commonly found on pump discharges, tank manifolds, JP-5 purifier discharges, and any other place
where there is a need for throttling fuel flow. Globe valve inlet and outlet openings are arranged in several ways and are
used to suit the requirements of the flow. There are three common types of globe valve bodies.
In the straight body, the inlet and outlet openings are in line with each other.
In the angle body, the inlet and outlet openings are at an angle to each other.
The cross globe valve has three openings instead of two, and is frequently used in connection with bypass piping.

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GLOBE valves – ITN64063
Control Valves

Globe Valves
Also called globe valves, named for the shape of the body and are typical valves used
primarily for adjusting the flow rate (in reality they are also capable of regulating
temperature and pressure)

1 2 3

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GLOBE valves – ITN64063
Control Valves

Globe Valves
Also called globe valves, named for the shape of the body and are typical valves used
primarily for adjusting the flow rate (in reality they are also capable of regulating
temperature and pressure)

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Types of valves

BALL valves – ITN61000.02

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02

Ball Valves

In these valves, the plug is shaped like a sphere (ball) constrained to rotate around
an axis perpendicular to the flow of fluid, crawling on two ring seats, placed
horseback of the same plug into valve body. The sphere has a circular hole (bore or
port), which in the open position connects inlet & outlet of the valve body, allowing
fluid flow.

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02

Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. They
are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred to globe valves and
gate valves for this purpose). They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling
applications but are sometimes used for this purpose.
Ball valves are used extensively in industry because they are very versatile, supporting pressures up
to 700 bars and temperatures up to 200°C. Sizes typically range from 0.5 cm to 30 cm. They are easy
to repair and operate.

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02

• Bullonate (BB-1) Bolted Body

• Saldate (WB-1 e WB) Welded Body
• Top entry (BT2 e BT3) Bolted on Top

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02

Ball valves type BB-1

Ball valves type WB

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02
Ball valves type BT (Top Entry Dn 60”)

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BALL valves – ITN61000.02

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Types of valves

BUTTERFLY valves – ITN64068.01

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BUTTERFLY valves – ITN64068.01

A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing
mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for
quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve
designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned
in the center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the
outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the
flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow, therefore a pressure drop is
always induced in the flow, regardless of valve position.

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BUTTERFLY valves – ITN64068.01

A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. The "butterfly" is a metal
disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off
the passageway. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows
an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally to
throttle flow.

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Types of valves

GATE valves – ITN61000.01

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GATE valves – ITN61000.01

Gate valves are not designed for and cannot be used for throttling!!!
Most gate valves have a wedge-shaped gate, but some have a gate of uniform thickness. The
gate is connected to the valve stem and is positioned by rotating the hand wheel. The port is
the full size of the pipe and extends through the valve. Some types of gate valves have a
rising stem, and a glance at the valve will tell whether it is open or closed. In the type of
valve with the non rising stem, the stem revolves in the bonnet and the gate is raised or
lowered by the threads on the internal end of the stem. On this type of valve, a pointer is
usually installed to indicate the open or closed positions. Gate valves operate properly with
either face on the inlet side, thus simplifying installation.

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GATE valves – ITN61000.01

• Gate Valves
• In these valves the plug consists of a sluice gate that under opening conditions,
reconstitute exactly the circular section of passage of the pipes and the valve body.

• So in conditions of complete opening, losses (pressure drop) in this type of valve are almost
not significant (as with the ball valve).

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GATE valves – ITN61000.01
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR PLANTS
GAS RECOVERY ( CTH-1 HASSI R’MEL – ALGERIA)

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Types of valves

CHECK valves – ITN64064.01

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CHECK valves – ITN64064.01

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a

mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to
flow through it in only one direction.
Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in
the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave.
There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of
applications.
Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a
person or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve
handle or stem.
An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is
the minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will operate.
Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified
for a specific cracking pressure.

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CHECK valves – ITN64064.01

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CHECK valves – ITN64064.01

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Types of valves

SAFETY valves

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SAFETY valves

A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a

substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure
or temperature exceeds preset limits. It is part of a bigger set named
pressure safety valves (PSV) or pressure relief valves (PRV). The other parts of
the set are named relief valves, safety relief valves, pilot-operated safety
relief valves, low pressure safety valves, vacuum pressure safety valves.

Safety valves were first used on steam boilers during the industrial
revolution. Early boilers without them were prone to accidental explosion.
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SAFETY valves –

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SAFETY valves

Safety-relief valves are automatic discharge valves and have the function of
maintaining the pressure in a circuit below a set limit

A safety relief valve consists essentially of the three main parts:

Nozzle: which permits the discharge fluid to be piped away correctly;

Disc: which closes the nozzle discharge orifice;

Spring: which opposes the force of the fluid below the disc

When the force exerted by the pressure of the fluid on the disc exceeds the
spring force, the disc begins to lift

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Types of valves

INSTRUMENTATION valves – ITN64110

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INSTRUMENTATION valves – ITN64110

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INSTRUMENTATION valves – ITN64110

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Types of valves

PCV

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DPCV

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DPCV

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Types of valves

GCV/SRV

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GCV SRV

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GCV SRV

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GCV SRV

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Types of valves

MOOG

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Types of valves

Bleed

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Bleed Valves

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Bleed Valves

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Types of valves

Metering

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Metering
 Fuel gas shut-off valves (Point 1/2)
 Fuel gas metering valve (Point 3)

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Universal Valve UPC Model

Universal Parabolic
Contoured

See parts detail

Zona seggi valvola
VALVE TRIM TYPES

UPC (Universal Parabolic Countered)

• Parabolic plug (linear or exponential c.)

• Recovery factor 0.82
• Tightness class up to V
• Guide is performed by bush in the
bonnet

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UPC sect. dwg

Back to UPC model

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Universal Valve UCV Model

Universal Cage V-Port

See parts detail

VALVE TRIM TYPES

UCV (Universal Cage V-Port)

• Cage with V-port (linear or

exponential c.)
• Recovery factor 0.9
• Tightness class up to VI
• Cage guides the plug along all its
stroke

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UCV sect. dwg

Back to UCV model

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Universal Valve UCH Model

Universal Cage Holes

See parts detail

VALVE TRIM TYPES

UCH (Universal Cage Holes)

• Cage with holes (customized c.)

• Recovery factor 0.95
• Tightness class up to VI
• Cage guides the plug along all its
stroke

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UCH sect. dwg

Back to UCH model

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Universal Valve ULN Model

Universal Low Noise

ULN

See parts detail

VALVE TRIM TYPES

ULN (Universal Low Noise)

• Trim Cage Holes and Cylinders

• Recovery factor 0.98 and higher
• Tightness class up to VI

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ULN sect. dwg

Back to ULN model

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Another important part belonging to the valve’s

TRIM is the VECO
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The VECO consists of a co-axial cylinder assembly with a sliding piston plug.
The cylinders have sized bores with size and position specifically selected so
that the plug opens during its travel .

SLIDING
CYLINDERS PISTON
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The fluid fillets coming out of each cylinder are deviated by the cylinder walls
and, colliding, they dissipate part of the kinetic energy acquired into friction

Veco
(path
of the
fluid)

PATH of the fluid in VECO TRIM

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Packing assembly
The packing assembly is a device containing an elastic seal in order to
Packing
prevent leakage through the stem/bonnet connection.
Typical Reverse-Acting
Diaphragm Actuator

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Typical Double-Acting Piston Actuator with
Bias Spring

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Actuator
There is a wide range of actuators available covering most technical
requirements.

It must be said that normally the first choice and the most common practice is
the use of pneumatic diaphragm spring loaded actuators
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In the range between the limits given below a pressure of 150 psi and a
stroke up to 10”, a cylinder and piston actuator type is used.

Actuator piston reverse

Air supply side

(REVERSE)
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DIRECT OR REVERSE ACTING ??

Actuator:direct of reverse acting

The choice is based on “Fail mode position” (requested by Customer as a safety
precaution). We can have:

•“direct acting” when the pressure tight chamber is the one on the opposite
side of the stem (means that in case of air loss the valve tends to open);

•“reverse acting” when the pressure tight chamber is on the stem side (means
that in case of air loss the valve tends to close)
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Accessories
Most control valves are pneumatic, i.e. directly controlled by a pneumatic
accessories
signal which acts upon a diaphragm. The force generated is obtained by
means of a spring which is loaded by plug travel. The linear flow
characteristic of the spring causes the valve plug to be directly positioned by
the control signal .
Hence, pneumatic control valves generally require no accessories since they
can be directly commanded by a pneumatic signal and thus by a controller.
In practice, however, in order to achieve proper control characteristic, valves
are often equipped with accessories.
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ACCESSORIES

Table 1

The table 1 here shown, shows the operations it is possible to perform with the most commonly-used accessories.
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ACCESSORIES/
Positioner

Positioner
Positioner
A positioner is able to considerably improve a control valve’s operating
characteristic. Its major function is to make the actuator quickly and accurately
respond to the controller’s commands by overcoming the friction among the
moving parts and the dynamic and static thrust generated by the fluid being
controlled. Let us examine the case of a valve with a 3-15 psi range, subject to a
control pressure of 9 psi. The position of the valve stem, in the absence of a
process fluid, and thus of differential pressure and friction on the packing, results
midway along its travel with a tolerance of  3%.
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ACCESSORIES/
Positioner

However, as a result of the effect of the various forces acting on the plug during
operation (thrust due to pressure drops, additional dynamic forces, and friction of
the packing), the position of the stem differs from that required by the control
pressure on the actuator. Thus, the controller intervenes to constantly vary the
degree of valve aperture in order to keep it on the pre-set value.
Positioners are used to avoid continual intervention of the controller. Their purpose
is to increase or decrease air pressure on the actuator in order to keep the position
of the valve on the value required by the controller.

typical schematic POSITIONER/VALVE system

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ACCESSORIES/
Booster

Booster
The booster is a pneumatic amplifier that is normally used as an accessory to
Booster
the control valve to amplify the positioner’s pneumatic power.
The booster is used to increase the positioner- valve speed.

typical schematic BOOSTER installation