Wa0038.

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
CH 219 TUTORIAL 2
1. Distinguish between a disproportionation reaction and a redox reaction.
A redox reaction is the chemical reaction in which Oxidation (gaining oxygen, losing
hydrogen or losing one or more electrons) and Reduction (losing oxygen, gaining hydrogen
or gaining one or more electrons) take place simultaneously
In redox reaction one substance undergo oxidation and other substance undergo reduction
while in disproportionation reaction the same substance undergoes both oxidation and
reduction
2. Write a general balanced chemical equation to illustrate the thermal decomposition of the
peroxides of the Group 1 (IA) metals.
M2O2 (s) M2O(s) + O2(g)
3. Explain why potassium peroxide is thermally much less stable than caesium peroxide.
their thermal stabilities depend on cation size and electropositive character. So small size of
K+ compared to caesium ion so it easly for K+ to polarize the electron cloud of O22- that
make potassium peroxide decompose easly at small temperature.hence K2O2 is the least
stable peroxide, while Cs2O2 is the most stable.
4. Consider the lithium halides, lithium fluoride and lithium bromide. Which one is more soluble
in water? Explain your answer.
LiBr is more soluble in water than LiF, because The solubilities of the alkali metal halides
in water are determined by a delicate balance between lattice energies and free energies of
hydration. LiF has the highest lattice energy, so its ions are held very strong to ionic crystal
that oppose dissolution and interlation with water molecule while LiBr has covalent
character due to strongly polarized by small lithium cations then it has minimum value of
lattice energy and soluble in water
5. The charge density of Li+ differs from those of the other Group 1 (IA) metals. Give three
examples in which Lithium behaves differently as a result of the differing charge density.
 Li – Uniquely reactive to give the crystalline nitride Li3N (25oC).
6Li(s) + 2N2(g) → 2Li3N(s)
 When Li are burnt in air or oxygen at 1 Atm.Forms Li2O with only a trace of Li2O2.
4Li(s) + O2(g) →2Li2O(s)
 Shows high tendency to form complexe and organometallic compound

C2H5Cl + 2Li  C2H5Li + LiCl
6. Explain why Group 2 (IIA) metals form M2+ cations rather than M+ cations although the
ionization energy required to form M2+ cations is much larger than that required to form M+
cations.
Although the energy required to form M2+ ions are considerably greater than those
required to produce M+ ions, it is compensated by the high lattice energies in the solid salts
and the high hydration energies of the M2+ (aq) ions.
7. Explain the observation that although Mg and Sr are both in Group 2, the melting point of
MgO is much higher than that of SrO
Since the electrostatic force of attraction between Mg and O are very strong , Lattice
energy of MgO is much higher than SrO due to small size of Mg2+ ions,so the large amount
of energy is required to separate ions from MgO (s) and hence melting point of MgO is
also higher
8. Briefly describe the use of limestone in the manufacture of paper.
Its used for filling and coating
9.The metal radius of sodium (1.86 Å) is lower than that of rubidium (2.48 Å) whereas its
hydrated ionic radius (2.76 Å) is larger than that of the hydrated ionic radius of rubidium (2.28
Å). Explain.
Metallic radius of sodium is lower than of rubidium due to increase of principle quantum
number from sodium to rubidium that increase the metallic radius . but hydrated ion
radius of sodium is large because of small ionic size of sodium compared to rubidium so
sodium has higher charge density and hence highest hydration compared to rubidium ion ,
sodium ion is small in size so it accept large number of water molecule and become large
hydrated ion
10.Distinguish between Lattice energy and Ionization energy.
Lattice energyis the change in internal energy that accompanies the formation of one
mole of the solid from its constituent gas-phase ions at 0 K.while
ionization energy is the energy that must be absorbed to remove the outermost electron
from a gaseous atom
11. Explain why the halogens have the most negative electron affinities whereas all the noble
gases have positive values of electron affinities.
Since the atomic radii of the atoms of halogens are smallest in each period , these elements
have the maximum tendency to gain an electron to form M- ions . thus halogen have most
electron affinity but noble gases have stable ns2p6 configuration and hence the atoms either
donot accept any extra electron or have a little tendency to accept electron. Thus make
noble gases to undergo endothermic process and to have positive value of electron affinity.

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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

1. Distinguish between a disproportionation reaction and a redox reaction.

M2O2 (s) M2O(s) + O2(g)

 Li – Uniquely reactive to give the crystalline nitride Li3N (25oC).

6Li(s) + 2N2(g) → 2Li3N(s)

4Li(s) + O2(g) →2Li2O(s)

 Shows high tendency to form complexe and organometallic compound

8. Briefly describe the use of limestone in the manufacture of paper.

Its used for filling and coating

10.Distinguish between Lattice energy and Ionization energy.

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