HTML - Notes - 1

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AIM TEC AIM TECHNOLOGIES –HTML NOTES - 2023
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AIM Technologies –HTML Notes - 2023
HTML Introduction
A Brief History of HTML
1993 - Present
The first version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993. Since then, there have
been many different versions of HTML. The most widely used version throughout the 2000's
was HTML 4.01, which became an official standard in December 1999.
Another version, XHTML, was a rewrite of HTML as an XML language. XML is a standard
markup language that is used to create other markup languages. Hundreds of XML languages
are in use today, including GML (Geography Markup Language), MathML, MusicML, and
RSS (Really Simple Syndication). Since each of these languages was written in a common
language (XML), their content can easily be shared across applications. This makes XML
potentially very powerful, and it's no surprise that the W3C would create an XML version of
HTML (again, called XHTML). XHTML became an official standard in 2000, and was
updated in 2002. XHTML is very similar to HTML, but has stricter rules. Strict rules are
necessary for all XML languages, because without it, interoperability between applications
would be impossible. You'll learn more about the differences between HTML and XHTML
in Unit 2.
Most pages on the Web today were built using either HTML 4.01 or XHTML 1.0. However, in
recent years, the W3C (in collaboration with another organization, the WHATWG), has been
working on a brand new version of HTML, HTML5. Currently (2011), HTML5 is still a draft
specification, and is not yet an official standard. However, it is already widely supported by
browsers and other web-enabled devices, and is the way of the future. Therefore, HTML5 is
the primary language taught in this course.
Examples of types of content that can be included on web pages
The following table shows a list of many of the types of content that can be added to web pages
using different versions of HTML. In the early days of the Web, HTML (version 1.2) was very
simple, but over time new versions were released that added more and more features. Still, if
web designers wanted to add content or features that HTML didn't support, they would have to
do so with non-standard proprietary technologies such as Adobe Flash. These technologies
would require users to install browser plug-ins, and in some cases meant that certain users
would be unable to access the content (for example, iPhones and iPads don't support Flash).
HTML5 has added support for many new features that will make it possible to do more with
HTML, without relying on non-standard proprietary technologies.
Type of HTML HTML

HTML5 Purpose
content 1.2 4.01
Organize page content by adding headings and

Heading Yes Yes Yes subheadings to the top of each section of the
page
Paragraph Yes Yes Yes Identify paragraphs of text
Identify a block of text that contains contact

Address Yes Yes Yes
information
Anchor Yes Yes Yes Link to other web content
List Yes Yes Yes Organize items into a list
Image Yes Yes Yes Embed a photograph or drawing into a web page
Table No Yes Yes Organize data into rows and columns
Add CSS to control how objects on a web page

Style No Yes Yes
are presented
Add JavaScript to make pages respond to user

Script No Yes Yes
behaviors (more interactive)
Audio No No Yes Add audio to a web page with a single tag
Video No No Yes Add video to a web page with a single tag
Add an invisible drawing pad to a web page, on

which you can add drawings (animations,
Canvas No No Yes
games, and other interactive features) using
JavaScript
HTML is a very evolving markup language and has evolved with various versions updating.
Long before its revised standards and specifications are carried in, each version has allowed its
user to create web pages in a much easier and prettier way and make sites very efficient.
 HTML 1.0 was released in 1993 with the intention of sharing information that can be
readable and accessible via web browsers. But not many of the developers were involved
in creating websites. So the language was also not growing.
 Then comes HTML 2.0, published in 1995, which contains all the features of HTML 1.0
along with a few additional features, which remained the standard markup language for
designing and creating websites until January 1997 and refined various core features of
HTML.
 Then comes HTML 3.0, where Dave Raggett introduced a fresh paper or draft on HTML.
It included improved new features of HTML, giving more powerful characteristics for
webmasters in designing web pages. But these powerful features of the new HTML
slowed down the browser in applying further improvements.
 Then comes HTML 4.01, which is widely used and was a successful version of HTML
before HTML 5.0, which is currently released and used worldwide. HTML 5 can be said
for an extended version of HTML 4.01, which was published in the year 2012.
As you all are familiar with web pages and websites, do you know how these pages are created
and displayed? Who started developing the HTML language for sharing information on the
World Wide Web (WWW)? In this lesson and further lessons, you will know the answers to all
these questions and learn the skills required to create a web page.
What is HTML?
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the only markup language for creating web pages. It
provides some titles, headings, paragraphs, lists, tables, embedded images, etc., to describe the
structure of text-based and multimedia information in HTML documents.
Here is some key information to easily describe HTML:
 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a language for publishing text-based and

multimedia information on the World Wide Web.
 HTML is a straightforward Computer Coding Language. It was developed in the 90s.
HTML is the basis of a web page, and the web page is the basis of a website. HTML uses
'tags' to create web documents.
 HTML is a hypertext markup language, a predetermined set of markup tags used to
design web pages.
 HTML is the first language of web designing. CSS is also used along with HTML to
improve web page design further. JavaScript is used with HTML to make web pages
dynamic.
 HTML is relatively easy to learn because every tag is predefined, so only we need to
know the work of tags and their attributes.
 Web browsers (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and other web browsers) are
software' to read HTML and display web page design as output.
 You can write HTML in any simple editor, such as Notepad. And other software, such
as Adobe Dreamweaver, Sublime, NetBeans, Notepad ++, etc., are mainly used for
writing and editing HTML.
 ".html" or ".htm" are the two extensions used to write and save HTML files; we can write
HTML code in any text editor and save it as "filename.html" or "filename.htm".
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
What is HTML?
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph",
"this is a link", etc.
A Simple HTML Document
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page
 The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's
title bar or in the page's tab)
 The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible
contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph
What is an HTML Element?
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none
Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called
empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and
display them correctly.
A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the
document:
HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: The content inside the <body> section (the white area above) will be displayed in a
browser. The content inside the <title> element will be shown in the browser's title bar or in the
page's tab.
HTML History
Since the early days of the World Wide Web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Year Version
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www
1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML
1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+
1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0

1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2
1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01
2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0
2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft
2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard
2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5
2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition
2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2
HTML Editor
A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.
Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.
However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit
(Mac).
We believe in that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.
Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)
Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.
Windows 7 or earlier:
Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad
Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)
Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit
Also change some preferences to get the application to save files correctly. In Preferences >
Format > choose "Plain Text"
Then under "Open and Save", check the box that says "Display HTML files as HTML code
instead of formatted text".
Then open a new document to place the code.
Step 2: Write Some HTML
Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Step 3: Save the HTML Page
Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for
HTML files).
Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.
Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser
Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or right-click - and
choose "Open with").
The result will look much like this:

It is the perfect tool when you want to test code fast. It also has color coding and the ability to
save and share code with others:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
HTML Basic Examples
HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

</body>
</html>
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web
pages correctly.
It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:
Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:
Example
HTML Block and Inline Elements
Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what type of element it is.
There are two display values: block and inline.
Block-level Elements
A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some
space (a margin) before and after the element.
A block-level element always takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right
as far as it can).
Two commonly used block elements are: <p> and <div>.
The <p> element defines a paragraph in an HTML document.
The <div> element defines a division or a section in an HTML document.
The <p> element is a block-level element.
The <div> element is a block-level element.

Example
<p>Hello World</p>
<div>Hello World</div>
Here are the block-level elements in HTML:
<address>
<article>
<aside>
<blockquote>
<canvas>
<dd>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<fieldset>
<figcaption>
<figure>
<footer>
<form>
<h1>-<h6>
<header>
<hr>
<li>
<main>
<nav>
<noscript>
<ol>
<p>
<pre>
<section>
<table>
<tfoot>
<ul>
<video>
Inline Elements
An inline element does not start on a new line.
An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary.
This is a <span> element inside a paragraph.
Example
<span>Hello World</span>
Here are the inline elements in HTML:
<a>
<abbr>
<acronym>
<b>
<bdo>
<big>
<br>
<button>
<cite>
<code>
<dfn>
<em>
<i>
<img>
<input>
<kbd>
<label>
<map>
<object>
<output>
<q>
<samp>
<script>
<select>
<small>
<span>
<strong>
<sub>
<sup>
<textarea>
<time>
<tt>
<var>
Note: An inline element cannot contain a block-level element!
The <div> Element
The <div> element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.
The <div> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content:
Example
<div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
The <span> Element
The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a
document.
The <span> element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:
Example
<p>My mother has <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">blue</span> eyes and my father
has <span style="color:darkolivegreen;font-weight:bold">dark green</span> eyes.</p>
Chapter Summary
 There are two display values: block and inline

 A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available
 An inline element does not start on a new line and it only takes up as much width as
necessary
 The <div> element is a block-level and is often used as a container for other HTML
elements
 The <span> element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a
document
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:
Example
<a href="https://www.aimtec.in">This is a link</a>
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.
You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.
HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:
Example
<img src="aim.jpg" alt="aimtec.in" width="104" height="142">
How to View HTML Source?
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
View HTML Source Code:
Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in
Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML source code
of the page.
Inspect an HTML Element:
Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or "Inspect Element" to see
what elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the
HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles panel that opens.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.
HTML Elements
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>
Examples of some HTML elements:

Start tag Element content End tag
<h1> My First Heading </h1>
<p> My first paragraph. </p>
<br> none none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These elements are called
empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!
Nested HTML Elements
HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
The following example contains four HTML elements (<html>, <body>, <h1> and <p>):
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

</body>
</html>
Example Explained
The <html> element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
Then, inside the <html> element there is a <body> element:
<body>

</body>
The <body> element defines the document's body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
Then, inside the <body> element there are two other elements: <h1> and <p>:

The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>:
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>:
Never Skip the End Tag
Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>
However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur if you forget the end
tag!
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
The <br> tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:
Example
<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>
HTML is Not Case Sensitive

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in
HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.
At W3Schools we always use lowercase tag names.
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
Tag Description
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
HTML Attributes
HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes
 All HTML elements can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about elements
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
The href Attribute
The <a> tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes
to:
Example
<a href="https://aimtec.in">Visit AIM Technologies</a>
The src Attribute
The <img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path
to the image to be displayed:
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg">
There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:
1. Absolute URL - Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example:
src="https://www.aimtec.in/images/img_girl.jpg".
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you
may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can
suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL - Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not
include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current
page. Example: src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the
domain. Example: src="/images/img_girl.jpg".
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.
The width and height Attributes
The <img> tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specifies the width and
height of the image (in pixels):
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">
The alt Attribute
The required alt attribute for the <img> tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image
for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to slow connection, or an error in
the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader.
Example
<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
Example
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">
The style Attribute
The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
Example
<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>
The lang Attribute
You should always include the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, to declare the language of the
Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.
The following example specifies English as the language:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute. So, the first two
characters define the language of the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.
The following example specifies English as the language and United States as the country:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
The title Attribute
The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.
The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:
Example
<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes
The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or lowercase
like title or TITLE.
However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML, and demands lowercase attributes
for stricter document types like XHTML.
We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values
The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types
like XHTML.
Good:
<a href="https://www.aimtec.in/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Bad:
<a href=https://www. aimtec.in /html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly,
because it contains a space:
Example
<p title=About W3Schools>
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.
Single or Double Quotes?
Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also
be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use
single quotes:
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">
Chapter Summary
 All HTML elements can have attributes

 The href attribute of <a> specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
 The src attribute of <img> specifies the path to the image to be displayed
 The width and height attributes of <img> provide size information for images
 The alt attribute of <img> provides an alternate text for an image
 The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more
 The lang attribute of the <html> tag declares the language of the Web page
 The title attribute defines some extra information about an element
HTML Headings
HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a webpage.
Example
Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Example
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>
Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a heading.
Headings Are Important
Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document
structure.
<h1> headings should be used for main headings, followed by <h2> headings, then the less
important <h3>, and so on.
Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Bigger Headings
Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for any heading with
the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:
Example
<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>
HTML Paragraphs
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.
HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.
A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a
margin) before and after a paragraph.
Example
HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML
code.
The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the page is displayed:
Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of spaces
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
HTML Horizontal Rules
The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a
horizontal rule.
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:
Example
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>
The <hr> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
HTML Line Breaks
The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>
The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.
The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:
Example
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>
Solution - The HTML <pre> Element
The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.
The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it
preserves both spaces and line breaks:
Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>
HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their
attributes.
Tag Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content
<br> Inserts a single line break
<pre> Defines pre-formatted text
HTML Styles
The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
Example
I am Red
I am Blue
I am Big
The HTML Style Attribute
Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.
The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
<tagname style="property:value;">
The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

Background Color
The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.
Example
Set the background color for a page to powderblue:
<body style="background-color:powderblue;">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
</body>
Example
Set background color for two different elements:
<body>
<h1 style="background-color:powderblue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="background-color:tomato;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Text Color
The CSS color property defines the text color for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Fonts
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Text Size
The CSS font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>
Text Alignment
The CSS text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:
Example
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>
Chapter Summary
 Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements

 Use background-color for background color
 Use color for text colors
 Use font-family for text fonts
 Use font-size for text sizes
 Use text-align for text alignment

HTML Text Formatting
HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.
Example
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is subscript and superscript

HTML Formatting Elements
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:
 <b> - Bold text

 <strong> - Important text
 <i> - Italic text
 <em> - Emphasized text
 <mark> - Marked text
 <small> - Smaller text
 <del> - Deleted text
 <ins> - Inserted text
 <sub> - Subscript text
 <sup> - Superscript text
HTML <b> and <strong> Elements
The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.
Example
<b>This text is bold</b>
The HTML <strong> element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically
displayed in bold.
Example
<strong>This text is important!</strong>
HTML <i> and <em> Elements
The HTML <i> element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is
typically displayed in italic.
Tip: The <i> tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a
thought, a ship name, etc.
Example
<i>This text is italic</i>
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in
italic.
Tip: A screen reader will pronounce the words in <em> with an emphasis, using verbal stress.
Example
<em>This text is emphasized</em>
HTML <small> Element
The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:
Example
<small>This is some smaller text.</small>
HTML <mark> Element
The HTML <mark> element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:
Example
<p>Do not forget to buy <mark>milk</mark> today.</p>
HTML <del> Element
The HTML <del> element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will
usually strike a line through deleted text:
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>
HTML <ins> Element
The HTML <ins> element defines a text that has been inserted into a document. Browsers will
usually underline inserted text:
Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> <ins>red</ins>.</p>
HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines subscript text. Subscript text appears half a character below
the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Subscript text can be used for
chemical formulas, like H2O:
Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>
HTML <sup> Element
The HTML <sup> element defines superscript text. Superscript text appears half a character
above the normal line, and is sometimes rendered in a smaller font. Superscript text can be used
for footnotes, like WWW[1]:
Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>
HTML Text Formatting Elements
Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
<small> Defines smaller text
<strong> Defines important text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
In this chapter we will go through the <blockquote>,<q>, <abbr>, <address>, <cite>,

and <bdo> HTML elements.
Example
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For nearly 60 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading
conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by more than one
million members in the United States and close to five million globally.
HTML <blockquote> for Quotations
The HTML <blockquote> element defines a section that is quoted from another source.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.
Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>
HTML <q> for Short Quotations
The HTML <q> tag defines a short quotation.
Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.
Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>
HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations
The HTML <abbr> tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like "HTML", "CSS", "Mr.",
"Dr.", "ASAP", "ATM".
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-
engines.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the abbreviation/acronym when you
mouse over the element.
Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>
HTML <address> for Contact Information
The HTML <address> tag defines the contact information for the author/owner of a document or
an article.
The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address, phone number, social
media handle, etc.
The text in the <address> element usually renders in italic, and browsers will always add a line
break before and after the <address> element.
Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
HTML <cite> for Work Title
The HTML <cite> tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a poem, a song, a movie, a
painting, a sculpture, etc.).
Note: A person's name is not the title of a work.
The text in the <cite> element usually renders in italic.
Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>
HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override
BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the current text direction:
Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>
HTML Exercises
Exe
HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<cite> Defines the title of a work
<q> Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Comments
HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your HTML
source code.
HTML Comment Tags
You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in the end tag.
Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML
source code.
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML code:
Example


Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of
code, one at a time, to search for errors:
Example

HTML Colors
HTML colors are specified with predefined color names, or with RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, or
HSLA values.
Color Names
In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:
Tomato
Orange
DodgerBlue
MediumSeaGreen
Gray
SlateBlue
Violet
LightGray
HTML supports 140 standard color names.

Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>

<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
Text Color
You can set the color of text:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>

<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>
Border Color
You can set the color of borders:
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA
values, and HSLA values.
The following three <div> elements have their background color set with RGB, HEX, and HSL
values:
rgb(255, 99, 71)
#ff6347
hsl(9, 100%, 64%)
The following two <div> elements have their background color set with RGBA and HSLA
values, which adds an Alpha channel to the color (here we have 50% transparency):
Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1>
HTML RGB and RGBA Colors
An RGB color value represents RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.
An RGBA color value is an extension of RGB with an Alpha channel (opacity).
RGB Color Values
In HTML, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:
rgb(red, green, blue)
Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color with a value between 0
and 255.
This means that there are 256 x 256 x 256 = 16777216 possible colors!
For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255), and
the other two (green and blue) are set to 0.
Another example, rgb(0, 255, 0) is displayed as green, because green is set to its highest value
(255), and the other two (red and blue) are set to 0.
To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).
To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255, 255).
Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:
rgb(255, 104, 71)
RED
255
GREEN
104
BLUE
71
Example
rgb(255, 0, 0)
rgb(0, 0, 255)
rgb(60, 179, 113)
rgb(238, 130, 238)
rgb(255, 165, 0)
rgb(106, 90, 205)
Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all three parameters:
Example
rgb(60, 60, 60)
rgb(100, 100, 100)
rgb(140, 140, 140)
rgb(180, 180, 180)
rgb(200, 200, 200)
rgb(240, 240, 240)

RGBA Color Values
RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an Alpha channel - which
specifies the opacity for a color.
An RGBA color value is specified with:
rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not transparent at all):
Experiment by mixing the RGBA values below:
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)
RED
255
GREEN
99
BLUE
71
ALPHA
0.5
Example
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0)
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.2)
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.4)
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.6)

rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.8)
rgba(255, 99, 71, 1)
HTML HEX Colors
A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB, where the RR (red), GG (green) and BB
(blue) hexadecimal integers specify the components of the color.
HEX Color Values
In HTML, a color can be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form:
#rrggbb
Where rr (red), gg (green) and bb (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00 and ff (same as
decimal 0-255).
For example, #ff0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (ff), and the other
two (green and blue) are set to 00.
Another example, #00ff00 is displayed as green, because green is set to its highest value (ff), and
the other two (red and blue) are set to 00.
To display black, set all color parameters to 00, like this: #000000.
To display white, set all color parameters to ff, like this: #ffffff.
Experiment by mixing the HEX values below:
#ff6347
RED
ff
GREEN
63
BLUE
47
Example
#ff0000
#0000ff
#3cb371
#ee82ee
#ffa500
#6a5acd
Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all three parameter:
Example
#404040
#686868
#a0a0a0
#bebebe
#dcdcdc
#f8f8f8
HTML HSL and HSLA Colors
HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness.
HSLA color values are an extension of HSL with an Alpha channel (opacity).
HSL Color Values
In HTML, a color can be specified using hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL) in the form:
hsl(hue, saturation, lightness)
Hue is a degree on the color wheel from 0 to 360. 0 is red, 120 is green, and 240 is blue.
Saturation is a percentage value, 0% means a shade of gray, and 100% is the full color.
Lightness is also a percentage value, 0% is black, and 100% is white.
Experiment by mixing the HSL values below:
hsl(0, 100%, 50%)
HUE
SATURATION
100%
LIGHTNESS
50%
Example
hsl(0, 100%, 50%)
hsl(240, 100%, 50%)
hsl(147, 50%, 47%)
hsl(300, 76%, 72%)
hsl(39, 100%, 50%)
hsl(248, 53%, 58%)
Saturation
Saturation can be described as the intensity of a color.
100% is pure color, no shades of gray
50% is 50% gray, but you can still see the color.
0% is completely gray, you can no longer see the color.

Example
hsl(0, 100%, 50%)
hsl(0, 80%, 50%)
hsl(0, 60%, 50%)
hsl(0, 40%, 50%)
hsl(0, 20%, 50%)
hsl(0, 0%, 50%)
Lightness
The lightness of a color can be described as how much light you want to give the color, where
0% means no light (black), 50% means 50% light (neither dark nor light) 100% means full
lightness (white).
Example
hsl(0, 100%, 0%)
hsl(0, 100%, 25%)
hsl(0, 100%, 50%)

hsl(0, 100%, 75%)
hsl(0, 100%, 90%)
hsl(0, 100%, 100%)

Shades of Gray
Shades of gray are often defined by setting the hue and saturation to 0, and adjust the lightness
from 0% to 100% to get darker/lighter shades:
Example
hsl(0, 0%, 20%)
hsl(0, 0%, 30%)
hsl(0, 0%, 40%)
hsl(0, 0%, 60%)
hsl(0, 0%, 70%)
hsl(0, 0%, 90%)

HSLA Color Values
HSLA color values are an extension of HSL color values with an Alpha channel - which
specifies the opacity for a color.
An HSLA color value is specified with:
hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha)
The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not transparent at all):
Experiment by mixing the HSLA values below:
hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.5)
HUE
SATURATION
100%
LIGHTNESS
50%
ALPHA
0.5
Example
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.2)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.4)

hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.6)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.8)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 1)

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AIM TEC AIM TECHNOLOGIES –HTML NOTES - 2023

Our AIM is to make you success | AIM Technologies

Examples of types of content that can be included on web pages

Type of HTML HTML

Organize page content by adding headings and

Paragraph Yes Yes Yes Identify paragraphs of text

Identify a block of text that contains contact

Anchor Yes Yes Yes Link to other web content

List Yes Yes Yes Organize items into a list

Table No Yes Yes Organize data into rows and columns

Add CSS to control how objects on a web page

Add JavaScript to make pages respond to user

Audio No No Yes Add audio to a web page with a single tag

Video No No Yes Add video to a web page with a single tag

Add an invisible drawing pad to a web page, on

Here is some key information to easily describe HTML:

 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a language for publishing text-based and

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A Simple HTML Document

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

What is an HTML Element?

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

1989 Tim Berners-Lee invented www

1991 Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

1993 Dave Raggett drafted HTML+

1995 HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0

1997 W3C Recommendation: HTML 3.2

1999 W3C Recommendation: HTML 4.01

2000 W3C Recommendation: XHTML 1.0

2008 WHATWG HTML5 First Public Draft

2012 WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard

2014 W3C Recommendation: HTML5

2016 W3C Candidate Recommendation: HTML 5.1

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.1 2nd Edition

2017 W3C Recommendation: HTML5.2

A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

The result will look much like this:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>