AI-Study Material - Final

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Ahmedabad
CLASS X
SUPPORT MATERIAL
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417)

Based on Latest CBSE Exam Pattern
Session 2022-2023
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OUR PATRON
SMT SHRUTI BHARGAV

Deputy Commissioner,KVS RO Ahmedabad
SMT VINITA SHARMA

Assistant Commissioner,KVS RO Ahmedabad
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SUBJECT CO-ORDINATION BY
Sh. Alok Kumar Tiwari

(Regional co-ordinator for AI, Ahmd Region)
Principal, KV No 3 ONGC , Surat
CONTENT TEAM
SH SATISH KUMAR MALI PGT CS KV NO 3, ONGC, SURAT

SH KASHIRAM BILHARIYA PGT CS KV NO 2, KRIBHCO,SURAT
SH MANGILAL KARVA PGT CS KV NO 1, ICCHHANATH SRT
SH ABHISHEK ARYA PGT CS KV AFS MAKARPURA
SH MANISH PARMAR PGT CS KV VV NAGAR
SH RAHUL AWASTHI PGT CS KV JUNAGARH
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, AHMEDABAD REGION
SPLIT-UP OF SYLLABUS
SUB: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417)
CLASS – X (SESSION 2022-23)
Total Marks: 100 (Theory-50 + Practical-50)
NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS
UNITS for Theory and for Theory and
Practical Practical
Employability Skills
P
A Unit 1: Communication Skills-II* 10 -
R Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-II 10 3
T
A Unit 3: ICT Skills-II 10 3
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15 4
Unit 5: Green Skills-II* 05 -
Total 50 10
Subject Specific Skills Marks
Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI) 10
Unit 2: AI Project Cycle 10
P
Unit 3: Advance Python*(*To be assessed in Practicals only)
A
R Unit 4: Data Science*(*To be assessed in Practicals only)
T
B Unit 5: Computer Vision*(*To be assessed in Practicals
only)
Unit 6: Natural Language Processing 10
Unit 7: Evaluation 10
Total 40
Practical Work:
PAR ● Unit 3: Advance Python
TC ● Unit 4: Data Science
● Unit 5: Computer Vision
Practical Examination
35
Viva Voce
Total 35
Project Work / Field Visit / Practical File /

PART Student Portfolio
D 15
Viva Voce
Total 15
GRAND TOTAL 200 100
Note: * marked units are to be assessed through Internal Assessment/ Student Activities.
They are not to be assessed in Theory Exam
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MONTH- WISE DISTRIBUTION
No of
periods
Month Portion to be covered
April 2022 Part A - Employability Skills: 10
1.Communication Skills: Methods of communication, Verbal
communication,
2.Non-verbal communication, Communication Cycle
3.Importance of feedback,
4.Barriers of effective communication, Writing
Skills – Part of Speech, Writing Skills - Sentences
June 2022 Part B – Subject Specific Skills 10
Unit 1: Introduction to AI Foundational Concepts of AI
1.What is intelligence?
2.Decision Making
3.What is Artificial Intelligence and what is not?
4.Basics of AI: Let’s Get started
5.Introduction to AI and related terminologies
6.ntroducing AI, ML, & DL
7.Introduction to AI Domains (Data, CV & NLP)
8.Applications of AI – A look at real life AI implementations
AI ethics
July 2022 Unit 2 : AI Project Cycle Introduction: 10
Introduction to AI Project Cycle
1.Problem Scoping
2.Understanding problem scoping and Sustainable
Development Goal
3.Data Acquisition Simplifying data acquisition Data
Exploration
4.Visualizing Data Modelling
Introduction to modelling
1.Introduction to Rule Based & Learning Based AI Approaches
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2.Introduction to Supervised Unsupervised & Reinforcement
3.Learning Models
4.Neural Networks
5.Evaluation
6.Evaluating the idea!
August 2022 Part A - Employability Skills 10
Unit 2: Self-management Skills
1.Stress Management
2.Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis
3.Self-motivation
4.Self-regulation — Goal Setting
5.Self-regulation — Time Management
Part B – Subject Specific Skills
Unit 3 – Advance Python (To be assessed through
practicals)
1.Recap Jupyter Notebook
2.Introduction to Python
3.Python Basics
Unit 4 Data Sciences (To be assessed through practicals)

1.Introduction
2.Introduction to Data Science
3.Applications of Data Science
4.Revisiting AI Project Cycle
5.Concepts of Data Sciences
6.Python data Sciences
7.Statistics Learning & Data Visualization
8.K-nearest neighbour model (Optional)
September Part A : Employability Skills 10
2022
Unit 3-Information and Communication Technology Skills
1.Basic Computer Operations
2.Performing Basic File Operations
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3.Computer Care and Maintenance
4.Computer Security and Privacy
Part B – Subject Specific Skills
Unit 5 – Computer Vision (To be assessed in practicals)
Introduction
1.Introduction to Computer Vision
2.Applications of CV
3.Concepts of Computer Vision
4.Understanding CV Concepts, Pixels, How do computers see
images?
5.Image features
Open CV
6.Introduction to Open CV
7.Image Processing
8.Convolution Operator (Optional)
9.Understanding Convolution Operator
10.Convolution Operator
11.Convolution Neural Network
12.Introduction CNN, Understanding CNN, Kernel, Layers
Testing CNN
October 2022 Part A - Employability Skills 15
Unit 4- Entrepreneurial Skills
1.Entrepreneurship and Society
2.Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur
3.Myths about Entrepreneurship
4.Entrepreneurship as a Career Option
November Part B Subject Specific Skills 10

2022
Unit 6 Natural Language Processing Introduction
1.Introduction to Natural Language Processing
2.NLP Applications
3.Revisiting AI project cycle
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4.Introduction to Chatbots
5.Human Language VS Computer Language Concepts of
Natural
6.Language Processing
7.Text Processing, Data Processing
8.Bag of Words, TFIDF(Optional), NLTK
December Part A : Employability Skills 05
2022
Unit 5 Green Skills
1.Sustainable Development
2.Our Role in Sustainable Development
Part B: Subject Specific Skills

Unit 7 Evaluation
1.Introduction to model evaluation
2.Confusion Matrix
3.Understanding Accuracy, Precision, Recall & F1 Score
Practice Evaluation
January Thorough Revision for the Final Examinations(Theory and 10
2023 & Practical)
February
2023
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Unit 2 Self-Management Skills
Self-management
Self-management is the ability to control and regulate our emotions, thoughts

and behaviour as per the situation. Self-management is also known as self-
control or self-regulation. It helps us in determined achieving pre- goals by
regulating our actions, organising our time and taking responsibility for our
decisions. Self-management can be defined as our ability to: manage our tasks
and goals successfully. function amicably with others. control feelings,
emotions and activities. tolerate unpleasant situations. deal with difference of
opinion with others. learn new ideas sincerely. handle ourselves and work
towards reaching goal.
Stress and Its Types
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It is our body's reaction to

a challenge or demand. It can come from any event or thought that makes us
feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress means different things to different
people. To an executive, the challenge of meeting a deadline may be equally
stressful as to a singer performing at a live concert. To a driver it can be the
hassles of heavy traffic. To a student it can be the pressure of doing well in the
exams.
Stress can be either positive (Good) or negative (Bad).
Positive Stress: Stress which results from exhilarating experiences, can be

positive. A little stress is important to keep us going. It gives a zing to life and
the edge that rejuvenates us. Just imagine you have received an unexpected
promotion in office. Doesn't your heart start beating faster? Think of a student
who was not expecting good marks in English but when the results were
announced he got the highest marks in the class. He smiles with flushed face
and perspiration dripping down his body. This is 'eustress' which is the stress
of wining and achieving.
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Negative Stress: Mostly stress strikes us in negative way. It stems from the
fear of losing, falling, overworking or not being able to cope. In such a situation,
we see stress as a destructive, debilitating force. It's true of negative stress
because negative stress causes distress. Such stress affects us in a harmful
manner.
Meaning and Importance of Stress Management
Stress management is all about taking charge of your lifestyle, thoughts,

emotions, and the way you deal with problems. Stress management starts with
identifying the sources of stress in your life. This is not as easy as it sounds.
The true sources of stress are not always obvious, and it is all too easy
to overlook your own stress-inducing thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Sure,
you may know that you are constantly worried about work deadlines. But
maybe it is your procrastination, rather than the actual job demands, that leads
to deadline stress. To identify the true sources of stress, look closely at your
habits, attitude, and excuses. Until you accept responsibility for the role you
play in creating or maintaining it, your stress level will remain outside your
control. Being well versed with stress coping mechanisms helps people lead
and healthy and happier life. Adequately managed stress prevents medical and
physical illnesses.
Stress management is vital because it leads to following benefits.
• Improves mood
• Boosts immune system
• Promotes longevity
• Leads to burst of physical strength, which is vital for goal achievement
• Complete mental and physical engagement for task accomplishment
• Increases efficiency and effectiveness
• Prevents psychological disorders and behavioural problems.
Sources of Stress
On the basis of its stimulus, these are the factors that are the sources of
stress.
Mental Stress
It is often spoken of as emotional stress and involves powerful feelings and

emotions. It hampers the power of our own mind in how we think, rationalize
and make meaning of our stress, hassles and worries. It is about how our brain
perceives the stress in our life. Very high expectations from our own selves can
leave us with chronic anxiety and mental stress.
This source of stress revolves around critical incidents and significant events in
our life. There are significant events that may occur in our life and give us
stress. It may be positive stress like making a speech in school's annual
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function or winning a sporting event. However, there are also significant events
that involve negative stress. These may involve a serious accident, or failure,
etc. Students may feel this stress, if they are unable to handle their assignment
submission deadlines or their examinations grades drop. Such events give rise
to high degree of mental stress and anxiety. They are often associated with
continuing trauma after the event for an unnecessary longer period, often
referred to as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Physical Stress
Physical stress refers to how our body reacts and responds to stressful
situations. It is a common response to situations where do-or die situation
arises. This kind of stress puts us on high alert with instinctive fight or flight
response. During this type of stress, the adrenal glands of the body naturally
respond with a surge of hormones like adrenalin
and cortisol in the bloodstream which pumps burst of energy in the body
helping us to deal with the stress. Physical stress is often generated by the
fatigue and overwork that we build up over a period of time.
Social Stress
Social stress relates to the stress involved in interacting, socializing and

communicating with other human beings. It revolves around our relationships
with other people. Some of these social interactions and relationships can be
very demanding and tension-filled experiences leading to stress.
Discord among the members of the family, peer pressure for doing things
against their will and maintaining balance between life and studies, may lead
to stress at times. Inhibiting feelings like worries, frustrations, apprehensions
within our inner self keep on building up inside our body and hinder our open
outlook towards life. These may arise due to situations over which we have no
control, hence they give us stress thus obstructing our performance
Financial Stress
Financial stress is caused when we face problems in finances. Mostly this type
of stress is faced by adults who have to make the ends meet within their
income. Youngsters may have aspirational financial stress. It may be a cause
of worry for them to become financially independent soon so that they are not
dependent on their parents for long. Sometimes financial stress is caused when
they are not able to manage their spending within the means of their pocket
money due to rising costs and peer pressure. Students living in hostels, away
from home, face this stress more often than those who are living with their
parents.
Coping with Stress
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It may seem that there's nothing you can do about stress. The bills won't stop
coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and your career and family
responsibilities will always be demanding. But more control than you might
think. In fact, the simple realization that you are in control of your life is
foundation of stress management. Managing stress is all about taking charge
of your thoughts, emotio, schedule, and the way you deal with problems. Here
are some ways for reducing stress:
Identify the cause of stress by monitoring your state of mind write down the
cause, your throughout the day. If you feel stressed, thoughts and your mood.
Once you know what's bothering you, develop a plan for addressing it.
Build strong relationships because relationships can be a source of stress. The

negative, hostile reactions can cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive
hormones. But relationships can also serve as stress buffers.
Reach out to family members or close friends and let them know you are having
a tough time. They may be able to offer support, useful ideas or just a fresh
perspective as you begin to tackle whatever is causing your stress.
Walk away when you are angry. Before you react, take some time by counting
to 10. Then reconsider. Walking or other physical activities can also help you
work off steam.
Get help from professionals. If you continue to feel overwhelmed, consult a

professional who can help vou identify situations or behaviors that contribute
to your chronic stress and then develop an action plan for changing them.
Stress Management Strategies
Let's learn about strategies that help us to manage stress.
Stress Management Strategy :
Avoid Unnecessary Stress: Not all stress can be avoided, and it is not healthy
to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed. You may be surprised by the
number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate. Learn how to say "no".
Know your limits and stick to them. Taking on more than you can handle is a
sure-fire recipe for stress.
Avoid people who stress you out: If someone consistently causes stress in your
life and you cannot turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time you
spend with that person.
Take control of your environment: If the evening walk makes you anxious, turn
to the treadmill. If traffic's got you tense, drive on a longer but less-travelled
route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping
online.
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Avoid hot-button topics: If you get upset over religion or politics, cross them
off your conversation list.
Stress Management Techniques
Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle You can increase your resistance to stress by

strengthening your physical health. helps in maintaining good physical health.
Adopting a healthy lifestyle Eat a Healthy Diet Well-nourished bodies are better
prepared to cope with stress, so start your day with healthy breakfast, and
keep your energy up with balanced, nutritious meals throughout the day.
Get Enough Sleep
Adequate sleep fuels your mind as well as your body. Feeling tired will increase
your stress because it may cause you to think irrationally.
Physical Exercise
A Common sign of getting stressed is that your muscles contract leading to

headache, back pain, muscle null and high blood pressure. It is very important
to exercise regularly. Physical activity plays a key role in reducing and
preventing the effects of stress. Make time for at least 30 minutes of exercise,
three times per week. Nothing beats aerobic exercise for releasing pent-up
stress and tension.
Yoga
Yoga is another form of exercise. It has all sorts of exercises - physical exercise,
breathing patterns and meditation. Yoga keeps the mind and body relaxed and
healthy. Depending upon your physical fitness, choose the yogasanas and do
them regularly for better physical and mental health.
Meditation
Meditation helps in enhancing our mind power. Regular meditation brings peace
and calm to mind and composure to the body. By doing meditation every day,
we can manage day-to-day stress besides meditation, relaxing the muscles by
deep breathing, lying down with closed eyes is also a good idea to deal with
stress.
Self-awareness
Our lives revolve around us and there is always something happening in life.
We are what we believe we are. Self-awareness helps in knowing ourselves
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better. Self-awareness is to have a clear perception of our personality. It is to
be conscious of our strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation, and
emotions Self-awareness allows us to understand other people, how they
perceive us, our attitude and our responses towards them.
Relative Scale
We might quickly assume that we are self-aware, but it is helpful to have a

relative scale for awarerness if we have ever been in a tricky situation, we may
have experienced everything happening in slow motion and noticing details of
our thought process and the event. This is a state of heightened awareness.
With practice we can learn to engage these types of heightened states and see
new opportunities for interpretations in our thoughts, emotions, and
conversations.
Developing Self-awareness
Selfawareness is developed through practice in focusing our attention on the

details of our personality and behaviour. It cannot be learned from reading a
book. When we read a book we are focusing our attention, the conceptual
ideas in the book. With our attention in a book we are practicing not paying
attention to our own behaviour, emotions and personality.
Types of Self-Awareness
Self-awareness of Strengths
You should be aware of your own strengths. Discover them by paying attention
to the work at hand and how well you are able to perform. This will give you
an idea of your strengths and what kind of projects you should do.
Self-awareness of Weaknesses
As you already know, you cannot do everything. Discovering your weaknesses

help you to look for support from others. It builds humility and makes you a
humble person instead of being an egoist.
Self-awareness of Flaws
We all have flaws and we need to be aware of them. Do not hide them and
suffer. Instead accept them and try to overcome them with the help of family
and friends.
Self-awareness of Emotional Triggers
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Everyone has some trigger points that make them aggressive or stressed.
Knowing your emotional triggers. helps you develop a strategy to keep your
calm in such situations. Keeping calm and composed in the worst scenarios
help in your professional success.
Motivation
Motivation is a driving force that compels an action toward a desired goal. The
motivation to go to the dining table is the hunger that elicits a desire to eat.
Motivation is the purpose towards an action.
Motivation can be categorized in two types
Intrinsic Motivation
It is the motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in thetask itself,

and exists within you rather than relying on external pressures. It is free from
any desire for reward. Intrinsic motivation is a natural motivational tendency
which arrives from the feeling of having things under control.
Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic

motivations are rewards in the form of money for showing the desired behavior,
and the threat of punishment following misbehaviour. Competition is also an
extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat
others. A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy also act as extrinsic
incentives.
Self-motivation
Self-motivation is a force that keeps pushing us to go on and achieve our goals.

It is our internal drive to keep moving forward. It is a fundamental tool for
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reaching our goals, achieving our dreams, and succeeding in life. Some people
are highly self-motivated while others require the imposition of With self-
motivation, you will learn and grow - regardless of the specific situation. That
is why it is such a fundamental tool for reaching your goals, achieving your
dreams, and succeeding, in this journey of life.
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Eight Steps to Self-motivation
Start Simple: Keep motivators around your work area - things that give you
that initial spark to get going. These motivators will be the triggers that
remind you to get going.
Keep Good Company: Make more

regular encounters with positive and
motivated people. This could be as
simple as a quick discussion with a
friend who likes sharing ideas. Positive
and motivated people are very
different from the negative ones. They
will help you grow and see
opportunities during tough times.
Keep Learning: Read and try to take in

everything you can. The more you
learn, the more confident you become
in starting projects.
See the Good in Bad: When

encountering obstacles or challenging
goals, you want to be in the habit of
finding what works to get over them.
So be positive and find good in
everything.
Stop Thinking: Just do the work. If you

find motivation for a particular project
lacking, try getting started on
something else. Something trivial
even, then you'll develop the
momentum to the more begin
important stuff. When you're thinking
and worrying about it too much, you're
just wasting time
Know Yourself: Keep notes on when your motivation sucks and when you feel
like a superstar. There will be a pattern that, once you are aware of, you can
work around and develop.
Track Your Progress: Keep a tally or a progress bar for ongoing projects When
you see something growing you will always wish to nurture it.
Help Others: Helping others actually helps yourself. Share your ideas and help
friends get motivated. Seeing others do well will motivate you to do the same.
Write about your success and get feedback from the readers.
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Self-regulation
Self-regulation can be defined as the ability to control one's behaviour,

emotions, and thoughts in the pursuit of long-term goals. More specifically,
emotional self-regulation refers to the ability to manage disruptive emotions
and impulses.
Self-regulation is like an invisible magic. You cannot see it or smell it, but its
effects are amazing. It can transform fat into slim, ignorant into expert, Door
into rich, misery into happiness. It prepares you for that bumpy ride all the way
to the shore. It makes you happier and gives you that sense of real
achievement earned through sheer intensity of sustained focus. If you really
want to succeed at a task then self-regulation is essential. It is easy to feel that
success comes easily; that it is just a question of self-belief. But anyone who
has achieved anything has done so because they have been able to control and
direct their own inner lives and actions to the extent that has enabled them to
become proficient at what they do.
Strategies for Self-regulation
If self-regulation is so important, why were most of us never taught strategies

for using this skill? Most often
we all expect to do this naturally. While this is true for the most part, all children
and adults can benefit from learning these concrete strategies for self-
regulation.
Mindfulness:
Mindfulness involves the cultivation of moment-to-moment awareness through

deep breathing. This helps with self-regulation by allowing you to delay
gratification and manage emotions. In a 2018 review of 27 research studies,
mindfulness was shown to have an effect on attention, which in turn helped to
regulate feelings and higher-order thinking.
Cognitive Reappraisal:
Cognitive reappraisal is a strategy that can be used to improve self-regulation

abilities. This strategy involves changing your thought patterns. Cognitive
reappraisal means thinking about a situation in an adaptive way, rather than
one that is likely to increase negative emotions. For example, imagine a friend
did not return your calls or texts for several days. Rather than thinking that
this retlected something about yourselí, such as "my friend hates me," you
might instead think, "my friend must be really busy."
Acceptance and problem solving:

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Another strategy for self-regulation is acceptance of a situation and then finding
ways to tackle it. Till the time we accept a problem, we will not get down to
find its solution. Once acceptance comes the solution to the problem is easy to
find. For this self-regulation and open minded attitude are required. people who
are adept at self-regulating tend to see the good in others, view challenges as
opportunities, and can calm themselves when upset and cheer when feeling
down.
Following are some of the skills you must master to succeed in life:
• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality

and work-specific proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions and how you
handled situations well or could have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very important. Taking

ownership is the step towards self-development. For example, if you have been
assigned a task by a teacher; ensure you take complete ownership. Even if you are
unable to complete the task on time, you must report it and then correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste and
redundancy from work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up on new information
always. Prepare yourself for new changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.
Session 1: Stress Management
What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors.
Stressors are the reason for stress.
For example,
• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.
• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.
• you are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or
cannot speak confidently.
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Stress Management
Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily
pressures. The ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships,
relaxation, and fun. By doing this, you are able to deal with daily stress triggers
and meet these challenges head-on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management
A: Adversity or the stressful event
B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event
Management Techniques
Here are a few simple stress management techniques.
• Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective

stress-relieving techniques.
• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students.
Stress is generally lower in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga,
meditation and deep breathing exercises help in proper blood circulation and
relaxes the body. Even taking a walk or playing in the park will help you get a lot of
fresh oxygen, which will help you become more active.
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• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a
balanced diet, such as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to
do your daily work efficiently.
• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead,
learn to look at the good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling
upset over a scoring less in a test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look at
ways to improve the next time.
• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain
and body gets recharged to function better the next day.
• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your
grandparents’ house or a new place during your summer vacations can help you
break from the normal routine and come back afresh.
Ability to Work Independently
If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the ability to work
independently, which means.
1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring, and self-correcting.
2. knowing what you need to do.
3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.
4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as
well as the emotions of others.
• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like
thinking and problem solving.
• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s own emotions when

necessary and help others to do the same.
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Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below.
• Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the things you
need to work on. You can then work on the things you need to improve.
• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.
• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.
Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis
Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses
Finding Strengths (or abilities)
• Think of anything that you are always successful at.

• Think about what others like in you.
• Take out time and think about what you do well.
Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about
it. Take it as an area of improvement.
Difference between Interests and Abilities (Strengths)
Interests
1. Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy. An acquired or
natural capacity
2. Things you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it.
3. Things you want to learn or would like to do in the future
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Ability
1. An acquired or natural capacity
2. nable you to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency.
Session 3: Self-motivation
Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-
motivation is what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our
quality of life. In other words, it is our ability to do the things that need to be done
without someone or something influencing us.
Qualities of Self-motivated People
1. Know what they want from life

2. Are focussed
3. Know what is important
4. Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams
Building Self-motivation
• Find out your strengths

• Set and focus on your goals
• Develop a plan
• to achieve your goals
• Stay loyal to your goals
Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting
Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving
pocket money to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on
how to achieve them.
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How to Set Goals?
We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:
• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who is involved in the
goal? What do I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start and finish? Which
means do I use? Why am I doing this?
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching classes
after my
school everyday, and in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate
competition.”
Measureable : A measureable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How

many?” and “How do I know that I have achieved results?”
Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”

Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in
my hand at the
end of this year.”
Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal
achievable. Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my school.”
Realistic : A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can
work towards.
Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my entire year’s syllabus in one day and
get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my
subjects to get
good marks in the exams.”
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• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to
be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.
Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”
Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”
Session 5: Self-regulation — Time Management
Time Management and Its Importance
Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to

• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.
Four Steps for Effective Time Management Organise

1.Organise: We plan our day today activities.
2. Pritortis: We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in
the order of importance.
3. Control: We have a control over our activities and time.
4. Track: We identify and note where we have spent our time.
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Unit 3 Basic ICT Skills
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Topics to Study:
Lesson 1: Basic Computer Operations
Lesson 2: Performing Basic File Operations
Lesson 3: Computer Care and Maintenance
Lesson 4: Computer Security and Privacy
Lesson 1: Basic Computer Operations
Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts—
Hardware- The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is
the machinery of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
Software: The part which cannot be seen but it makes hardware to work. Example:
Windows, MS office etc.
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts working as soon as we switch
on a computer. It displays the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems for laptops and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and
Mac OS.
An operating system is a software that serves as an interface between the user and
computer.
Basic Functions of Operating system are:
It manages all the devices of a computer.

It checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
It controls software resources of the computer.
It manages the computer memory.
It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.
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Types of Operating Systems :
1) Interactive (GUI-based) : A graphical user interface in which commands can be
entered by clicking/double-clicking/right clicking a mouse. for example Windows
2) Single-user, single-task operating system : This type of operating system allows

only one user to do a task on
the computer and one thing at a time.
3) Single-user, multi-task operating system : This type of operating system where a

single user can operate on several programs at the same time. for example Windows,
Apple MacOS.
4) Multi-user : A multi-user operating system enables multiple users to work on the

same computer at different
times or simultaneously.
5) Real Time : A real time operating system is used to control machinery, scientific
instruments like robots. A real-time operating system is a computing environment
that reacts to input within a specific period of time. Windows CE and Lynx OS are
examples of real-time operating systems.
6) Distributed : A distributed operating system combines different computers in the

network into a single integrated computer and storage location. for example
Windows, UNIX, and LINUX .
Some commonly used operating systems are:

DOS (Disk Operating System)
Windows : It is an operating system developed by Microsoft.
Linux : It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and
open-source software.
Mobile operating Systems
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Android
Symbian
Windows Phone
Ios
Components of Windows 7 / 8 / 10 Desktop :

1) Desktop : The first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop.
2) Wallpaper : A picture for the desktop background is called wallpaper.
3) Icons : Small pictures on the desktop are called icons.
4) Taskbar : The long bar at the bottom of the desktop is called taskbar. The main
components of Taskbar are : Strat button, Active applications, Notification Area,
Date/Time icon
Some of the commonly used icons are :

1) Computer : It displays all storage areas of the computer . Through the Computer
icon, you can access all
drives, files and folders on the computer.
2) Recycle Bin : Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin.
From Recycle Bin, you can retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.
• Starting a Computer
To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating
system and display the desktop on the monitor.
Basic Functions performed when a computer starts a computer automatically runs a
basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on
or the power button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test
shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System.
• Login and Logout
When you login to the computer with your login-ID and password (as shown in Figure
3.5), the computer knows that you are an authorised person and allows you to work
on the applications in the computer.
• Shutting Down a Computer
You can shut down the windows computer clicking Star button at the bottom left
corner and then click Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System
will close all the applications and turn off the computer.
• Using the Keyboard
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A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the
computer.
• Function Keys
Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You use them to perform specific
functions.
(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK
and TAB, are special control keys
(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on
the brand of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to
move the cursor to the beginning of a new line.
(c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as
colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double
quotation marks (“ ”). (d)
(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE
DOWN are navigation keys.
(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE
are command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the
right of the
cursor
(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu
• Using a Mouse
a small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer
screen.
• Roll Over or Hover
Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you
bring the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file
• Point and Click
As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your
screen.When you click a particular file, it gets selected
• Drag and Drop

To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down,
move the item to a new location. After you move the item to the new location, you
release the mouse button. This is called drag and drop.
• Double-click
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Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double-
click on a file, it will open the file.
Lesson 2: Performing Basic File Operations File :
Files and Folders
A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored

Everything you store on your computer is stored in the form of a file. File system is
a way in which you give name to a file, store it and retrieve it. Files can be separately
placed into groups, called folders/directories
All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Each file is given a file name and
has a file name extension that identifies the file type. Example: .txt, .jpg, .mp3.
• Creating a folder : The steps to create a new folder are:
Double-click the Computer icon.
Select the drive in which you want to create a new folder.
Click New Folder on the toolbar.
Type a name for the folder & Press Enter key.
Or
Right-click anywhere in the blank area of the right column. A shortcut menu
appears. Select New Folder from the shortcut menu. Type a name for the folder &
Press Enter key.
• Creating a file : Steps to create new file are :

Right-click anywhere in the blank area .
In the Shortcut menu, click New and select the type of file you want to create.
Renaming folders and files : Steps to rename file or folder are :
Right-click the file or the folder.
From the shortcut menu, select Rename option.
Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.
OR
Select the file/folder and press function key F2.
Type the new name or edit the existing name and press the Enter key.
Deleting files or folders : Steps to delete files or folder are :
Click the file or the folder.
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Press the Delete key from the keyboard.
Or
Right-click and select Delete option from the Shortcut menu.
• Copying Files and folders : You can copy a file or a folder in any one of the
following ways:
1) Shortcut menu: Steps are
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.
b. Select Copy option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to make a copy of the selected file
or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu
2) Drag and Drop method: To copy a file or a folder, hold down the Ctrl key while
copying it to the new
location.
3) Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + C to copy the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
• Moving Files and folders : You can move a file or a folder in any one of the
following ways
1) Shortcut menu:
a. Right-click the file or the folder you want to copy.
b. Select Cut option from the Shortcut menu.
c. Select the drive or the folder where you want to move the selected file or folder.
d. Right-click and select Paste option from the Shortcut menu.
2) Drag and Drop method: To move a file or a folder, select the file and drag it to a
new location.
3) Using Keyboard:
a. Select the file or the folder.
b. Press Ctrl + X to cut the file or the folder.
c. Open the destination folder.
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d. Press Ctrl + V to paste the copied file.
• Permanently Deleting Files : You can permanently delete the contents of

the Recycle Bin in any one of the following ways:
1) Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then
2) Click Empty Recycle Bin.
• Restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin
To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore.
Or
Select the file and click Restore this item.
Computer systems require maintenance so that the system works efficiently. Poor
maintenance may lead to system failure.
Regular care and maintenance may help you detect any issues at an early stage
and keep it functioning well. Computer virus can cause damage to the working of
the computer. If anti-virus is installed in the computer, and is updated and run
periodically, then any loss of data can be prevented.
Both internal and external parts of the computer system should be taken care of.
• Keep the computer dust free.
• Do not eat or drink while working on the computer. .
• To keep the keyboard clean, make sure your hands are clean before using it.
• CDs and DVDs should be handled carefully so that they do not get damaged.
• Keep keyboard covered when not in use.
General precautions to be taken while cleaning the computer components
are :
• Always Power Off the computer system before cleaning.
• Never spray cleaning fluid directly on the component of the computer.
• Do not allow the cleaning liquid to drip near the circuit board
• Regular maintenance of the computer system is very important. Some of the
maintenance activities are:
• Run anti-virus periodically.
• A regular disk defragmentation should be done to remove all unnecessary
information that slows down the computer
• Take regular backup of the data on your computer.
• System should be upgraded like increasing RAM, storage space.
• Temporary internet files should be deleted from time to time.
Basic Shortcuts
CTRL+z — undo
CTRL+y — redo
CTRL+a — select all
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CTRL+x — cut
CTRL+c — copy
CTRL+v — paste
CTRL+p — print
CTRL+s — save.
Lesson 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance of Computers
Taking care of electronic devices, such as computer and mobiles helps them to
work properly.
• Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices
• Keyboard: You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush
• Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger
marks.
• Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid
dropping or banging it against a hard surface.
• Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets
overheated, the internal parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to
keep it cool. We should make sure the fan is functioning.
• Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for
charging even after it is fully charged.This reduces the battery life. Always
unplug the device once it
is charged 100%.
• Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or
computer such as a USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It should
not be forced into the port.
• Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running
at the same time, the computer can become slow and even crash.
• Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
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i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance

(i) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(ii) Clean up e-mail contact list
(iii) Update your operating system
(iv) Check for expiry of anti-virus software
and renew
• Backup Your Data
Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another
device, such as CD/DVD drives Data can recovered from here in case the computer
stops working completely. Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and
natural disasters, such as floods can happen
• Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer from such attacks we can install
anti-virus software. This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean
any viruses that may enter our system before they affect the data.
Increasing Computer Performance If we have been using a computer for a long time
we
have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as temporary files and images. When
they use too much hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes down. It
is important that we keep cleaning by removing any extra files.
• Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get emails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond
to SPAM and delete it on a regular basis.
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Lesson 4: Computer Security and Privacy
A computer virus is a software program that attaches itself to other programs and
alters their behavior. VIRUS is an acronym for Vital Information Resource Under
Seize. A virus may get attached to e-mail messages and spread from one computer
to another.
To prevent our computer from virus, we should install anti-virus software, run it
periodically and keep it updated. examples of antivirus software are McAfee Virus
Scan, Norton AntiVirus, Microsoft Security essentials, and Quick Heal..
• A computer can get infected with virus in any of the following ways:
• Infected files
• Infected pen drives
• Infected CD-ROMs/DVD-ROMs
• Through infected file attachment of e-mails
A computer virus cannot do the following:
• It cannot infect files on CD or DVD, if they are closed for writing.
• It cannot infect computer hardware like, keyboard, mouse, etc.
• Common signs of a virus attack are:
• Computer runs very slow
• There is change in the file size
• Computer often stops responding
• There is an increase in number of files (unusual)
• Unusual error message appears on the screen
• Computer restarts on its own
• Install and use anti-virus software.
• Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer
without our knowledge.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These may be of three
types:
• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your
identity. Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account
information or perform illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing
unlicensed and unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.
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(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software
programs or steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are
Worms and Trojan Horse.
Worms: These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once they
Information and Communication Technology Skills 81 attack a computer. This makes
it very difficult to remove them.
Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software
program but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying
data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate
relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing illegal
activities
online and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have
won huge money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain
amount of money. When you deposit the money using credit card or online banking,
you not only lose the deposit money but your card/account information may be
misused later.
• Protecting your Data
(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to
guess. Passwords are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c
d’) and capital letters (For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and
special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using your
computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming
in and out of a computer and prevent and viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can
also detect and clean viruses that may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important
customer information is stored. They can encrypt their entire hard disk using the
encrypting feature in Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use a decryption
password (or key) before starting the computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites.
See in the address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a
lock symbol, then it is safe to give your credit card and bank details.
The following points should be kept in mind to prevent virus infection:
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• Keep anti-virus software updated.
• Scan all the files that you download from the Internet
• Do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender
• Don’t allow any untrustworthy person to use your system.
• Removing Temporary Files :
Temporary files are created when you are running computer programs. Microsoft
Windows and Windows programs often create a .TMP file as a temporary file.
Temporary files are also created by web browsers to store your web browser history.
These temp files take up a large amount of disk space so should be removed to clear
space.
The steps to remove temporary files are:
• Double-click Computer icon on the desktop.

• The Computer Window opens.
• Right-click Local Disk C: and select Properties option from the Shortcut menu
• The Properties window opens. Click Disk Cleanup.
• The Disk Cleanup for C: window appears
• Click the Check box next to Temporary Files, Temporary Internet files, etc. that
you want to delete.
• Click OK.
• A confirmation message will appear
• Click Delete Files.
• Windows will delete all the temporary files on the computer.
• Removing files of Temporary Folder : The steps to remove files of temporary
folder are:
• Press Windows button + R on the keyboard.
• The Run dialog box appears.
• Type %temp%
• The Temp folder opens. Click Ctrl + A to select all the files in the folder. Press
Delete key.
• A message box appears. Click Yes to confirm.
• All the files in the Temp folder will be deleted.
Firewall :
Computer firewall could be a programmable device or a software or a network
security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on user-defined security rules.
Cookies :
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Cookies are small files which are stored on a user’s computer when you visit a website
on the internet. These files typically contain information about your visit to the
webpage or record your login information. This may not always be bad.
For example, if you are exploring an online shopping website, most of the online
retailers use cookies to keep track of the items in a user’s shopping cart, otherwise,
your shopping cart would be reset to zero every time you click on a new link on the
website.
Unit 4 Entrepreneurial Skills
Topics to Study:
Lesson 1: Entrepreneurship and society.
Lesson 2: Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
Lesson 3: Role and importance of an entrepreneur.
Lesson 4: The myth about entrepreneurship.
Lesson 5: Entrepreneurship as a career option.
Lesson 1: Entrepreneurship and society.
Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has people who buy
products and services and people who sell them also. When people are buying and
selling from each other, it is helpful for everyone because everyone involved makes
money. This is how entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they live in.
what do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?
Fulfil Customer Needs

Demand means a product or service that people want. Entrepreneurs find out what
people want. Then, they use their creativity to come up with a business idea that will
meet that demand.
Use Local Materials

Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products
at low cost.
Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make profits through
activities that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving
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the environment, some give money to build schools and hospitals. This way, the
people and area around them becomes better.
Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them.
They buy more material, and from more people. The also hire more people to work
for
them. In this way, more people have jobs. Sharing of Wealth Wealth means having
enough money to live a comfortable life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the
people
Lower Price of Products

As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down.
For example, when more mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of the
phone became lesser.
Bharti, the Jewellery Queen ( A Story)
Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear earrings. She
buys jute from a farmer and makes earrings from that. Her business is called Manavi
Natural Handicrafts. She sees that most women in her village do not work. So, she
hires two women to help her. As her orders increase, she buys more jute. She hires
three more women to work for her. The farmer, and the women working for her now
earn more money.
Lesson 2: Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
Qualities of an Entrepreneur :
• Hard work: Without working hard, no entrepreneur can be successful. On
an average, successful
• entrepreneurs are found to be working anywhere between 60 to 90 hours
per week
• Optimism: Positivity and belief in what they do is what takes entrepreneurs
far in their journey.
• Independence: Entrepreneurs are confident and like the independence to
drive a business on their own.
• Energetic: Energy is always high in successful entrepreneurs which makes
them extremely proactive.
• Self-confident : Entrepreneurs are confident to take decision.
Functions of an Entrepreneur :
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• Organisation Building and Management : An entrepreneur builds the
organization by taking various steps such as hiring employees, organizing
the factors of production, sourcing finance etc.
• Risk taking: Risk taking is about taking responsibility and planning for a
loss or mishap that may occur in the future due to unforeseen contingencies.
• Innovation: Entrepreneurs innovate by introducing new concepts,
products, services, designs, ideas etc
• Detailed Investigation: An entrepreneur conducts research, investigates
and evaluates an idea considering various factors and estimates the total
demand for a new product or service.
• Financing: Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions that
entrepreneurs perform themselves at all the stages of business.
• Planning: An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a
business plan, to detail each element of the business such as product or
service description, operations, marketing, finance etc.
• Leadership: Leadership is more of a skill than a function for an
entrepreneur. As a leader, an entrepreneur guides, directs, and influences
the work of others to attain specific goals.
• Communication : An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day,

in the form of writing, responding, drafting emails, verbal instruction,
discussion etc.
Lesson 3: Role and importance of an entrepreneur.

Role of Entrepreneurs:
• Innovator’s Role : Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new
products and services into the market.
• Agent’s role : Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify
opportunities, solve problems, offer effective solutions, establish
enterprises, set up industries and bring positive change for the economy.
• Coordinating role: An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as
factors of production, delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different
business departments etc
• Employment Generation role: Entrepreneurship solves the problem of
unemployment, which is a major problem in economic development.
Importance of Entrepreneurs :
• Free market evolution: In a free market, entrepreneurs bring change in
technology, trends and markets. For example, with increase in digital
services, entrepreneurs have created companies that offer many home
delivery services such as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories
etc.
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• New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer
a more ethical product to the world and are transparent about it.
• New markets: Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an
established industry. They do this by creating new markets for existing
products and slightly innovating in small ways to suit the needs of a new
target market.
Lesson 4: Myths about Entrepreneurship
Misconceptions
• The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or special.
• The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to start a
business.
• A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is an
entrepreneur.
• A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.
Lesson 5: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option
A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a person
can earn a living.
• self-employment
• wage employment
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process
is as follows:
ENTER
When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do business.
For example, Sanjana is starting a small grocery store in a locality.
SURVIVE
There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to remain in a
competitive
market.
For example, there are many other grocery stores in the area. Yet, Sanjana’s store
survives
the competition and does well. She also expands the store to two more floors.
GROW
Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or her
business.
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For example, after five years, Sanjana has opened a chain of four more grocery
stores in the same city. In the next two years, she plans to expand to tow other
cities.
Entrepreneurs are independent-minded, innovative business people who have skill

sets, which
make them self-starters. An Entrepreneur can be an artist, educator, professional,
homemaker,
restaurateur, businessman, service sector worker or an inventor. The
Entrepreneurship are
career option is as follows:
• Entrepreneurs create products, services, companies and even industries.
• New Entrepreneurial venture creation includes launching a company, buying a
business,
• taking a franchise, starting a new venture in a family business.
• Join existing Entrepreneurial ventures as a working/investing partner.
• Enter-partnership with startups, small business, educational ventures,
research,
• development sector, corporate Entrepreneur or strategic Entrepreneurial unit
etc.
• Work with traditional companies as support/service provider.
• In a new start-ups they draw up a business plan and decide a career path,
source funds for the project from both private and government lenders, decide
location suitable for the business and lease space, form a team of
workers/partners and formerly launch a company.
Qualities/Characteristics of a Good Entrepreneur
The major qualities/characteristics of a good entrepreneur are linked below.
• Leadership An entrepreneur must possess the characteristics of leadership

and must lead a team for achievement of goals. leader is able to clearly
articulate their ideas and has a clear vision. An entrepreneurial leader realises
the importance of initiative and reactiveness and they go out of their way to
provide a support to the team.
• Risk Taking An entrepreneur with rational planning and firm decisions bear
the risks. They have differentiated approach towards risks. Good entrepreneurs
are always ready to invest their time and money but they always have a back
up for every risk they take.
• Innovativeness With the changing needs and requirements of customers
production should meet requirements with the help of innovative ideas. An
entrepreneurial venture does not have to restrict itself to just one innovation
or even one type of innovation. Success can be built on combination of
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innovation. For example, a new product delivered in a new way with a new
message.
• Goal-oriented Goal-oriented entrepreneurs achieve the maximum results from
their efforts in business due to the fact they work towards clear and measurable
targets.
• Decision-maker An entrepreneur has to take many decisions to put his
business idea into reality. He chooses the best suitable and profitable
alternative. • Highly Optimistic A successful entrepreneur is always optimistic
and the present problems does not matter to them. He is always hopeful that
the situation will became favourable for business in future.
• Motivator An entrepreneur has to create a spirit of team work and motivate
them. So that he gets full cooperation from the employees.
• Self-confident An entrepreneur should have confidence to achieve his goals
otherwise he won’t be able to convince his team to achieve his goals. • Action-
oriented An entrepreneur should have an action oriented vision and ideology to
plan things well.
• Dynamic Agent An entrepreneur creates new needs and new means to satisfy
them. He has the ability to visualise new ventures and new plans. High Achiever
An entrepreneurs are high achievers as they have a strong urge to achieve.
The most important characteristic is his achievement motivation.
• Trust in Self An entrepreneur believes on their own decisions and actions as
he has trust in his perseverance and creations. He does not believe in luck
Functions of an Entrepreneur
The various functions of an entrepreneur may be classified and described as under
• Innovation It includes introducing new products, opening new markets, new

sources of raw material and new organisation structure.
• Risk Taking An entrepreneur has to take risk by choosing one among various
alternatives.
• Decision-making It includes stabilising organisation’s aims and objectives
and changing them according to changing conditions, taking decisions on
effective techniques, utilisation of financial resources etc. So, decision-making
is an important function of an entrepreneur
• Organisation and Management An entrepreneur organise and manage
various economic and human factors through planning, coordination, control,
supervision and direction
• Size and Scale of Business Unit An entrepreneur has to decide about the
size of business unit as he wants to establish one production unit or more
dependent upon the demand of the product Similarly, he has to decide about
scale of production Le small scale, midklle scale in large scale.
• Appointment of Managerial and Other Work Force It is the entrepreneur
who appoints the management staff as well as other work force as per the
requirement and needs of the enterprise.
• Factors of Production The factors of production i.e. land, labour, capital etc.,
should be in appropriate proportion and to maximise output of these factors is
the responsibility of the entrepreneur.
• Control and Direction He must exercise control over all departments and
direct them on a timely basis.
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• Finding Suitable Market A proper research must be done to find a suitable
market for selling the products. Other functions like advertisement and
publicity, appointment of selling agents, providing incentives to various selling
intermediaries to promote sales should be Given priority. * New Inventions
and Innovations New inventions and innovations must be encouraged and
introduced in production, sales, marketing, advertisement etc.
• Establishing Relations with Government An entrepreneur must establish
good relations with government and its functionaries. His functions are to
obtain licences, payment of taxes, selling the product to government, provision
for export-import etc.
• Establishing Contacts with Competitors An entrepreneur must form
contacts with the competitors to analyse the market. He must be in a position
to make opportunities out of the given situation.
Role and Significance/Importance of Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is the builder of economic growth. He promotes the prosperity of

a country by his initiative and skill for innovation and dynamic leadership. He
creates wealth, opens up employment opportunities and fosters the other segments
of economic system.
The role and significance of an entrepreneur are given under the following headings
• Organiser of Society’s Productive Resources An entrepreneur is the

organiser of society’s productive resources. He is the person who assembles
the unused natural, physical and human resources of the society, combines
them properly, establishes effective coordination between them and makes the
economic activities dynamic.
• Helpful in Capital Formation An entrepreneur is helpful in capital formation
as we know that increase in the rate of capital formation is quite essential for
the economic development of any country. Those nations which are not able to
increase the rate of capital formation or does it nominally remain backward
from industrial development’s point of view.
• Increase in Employment Opportunities An entrepreneur creates maximum
employment opportunities in the society by way of establishing new industries,
developing and expanding the existing industries and by undertaking
innovative activities.
• Development of New Production Techniques An entrepreneur does not
feel contended only with the existing techniques of production. Hence, he
carries out various experiments for saving time, labour and capital in the
production, as also to improve the variety and quality of the product and
service.
• Visionary Leader An entrepreneur has a good vision towards the achievement
of his goals. He is able to recognise profitable opportunities and conceptualise
strategies.
• Contribution of the Execution of Government Policies An entrepreneur
provide an important contribution in implementing government policies and
achieving the national goals. An entrepreneurs cooperate with the government
for implementations of development plans of the country.
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• Higher Productivity Entrepreneur have the ability to produce more goods and
services with less inputs. They play an important role in raising productivity.
• Initiator An entrepreneur is the one who initiates the process of creating an
enterprise by coming up with the idea for the business and planning out how
to turn that idea into reality.
• Backbone of Capitalist System Capitalist economy is one in which there is a
freedom to save and invest to compete and operate any business. An
entrepreneur plays a vital and prominent role in the enterprise because he
controls market by assuming the role of a competitor and a leader.
• Ingredient of Modern Production System An entrepreneur has become the
balancing wheel of modern global economy. They seek the unique product,
change the technical frontiers and reshape public desires. Today, entrepreneurs
act as an ingredient of modem production system as they create wealth and
employment.
Myths of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is a set of activities performed by the entrepreneur. It is the

process of identifying opportunities in the market place. It is the attempt to create
value. Many entrepreneurs believe a set of myths about entrepreneurship and the
most common are as follows.
• Starting a Business is Easy In reality, it is a very difficult and challenging

process to start a successful business. The rate of failure of new ventures is
very high but small entrepreneurship are comparatively easier to start.
• Lot of Money to Finance New Business Successful entrepreneurs design
their business with little cash also.
• Startups cannot be Financed Under the schemes like MUDRA, entrepreneurs
can raise loans from banks.
• Talent is more Important than Industry This is not true as the nature of
industry an entrepreneur chooses greatly effects the success and growth of the
business.
• Most Startups are Successful Mostly in the developing countries startups fail
as they could not manage to earn high profits.
Advantages of Entrepreneurship
The main advantages of adopting entrepreneurship as a career are discussed

below
• Independence An entrepreneur is himself a boss or owner and he can take

all the decisions independently.
• Exciting Entrepreneurship can be very exciting with many entrepreneurs
considering their ventures highly enjoyable. Everyday will be filled with new
opportunities to challenge your determination, skills and abilities.
• Wealth Creation The principal focus of entrepreneurship is wealth creation
and improved livelihood by means of making available goods and services.
Entrepreneurial venture generates new wealth, new and improved products,
services or technology form entrepreneurs, enable new markets to be
developed and new wealth to be created.
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• Flexibility As an entrepreneur you can schedule your work hours around other
commitments, including quality time you would spend with your family. –
Status Success in entrepreneurship beings a considerable fame and prestige
within the society.
• Ambition Fulfilment Through entrepreneurship one can fulfil his ambitions
into original products or services.
Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship
Some of the disadvantages of entrepreneurship as a career are discussed below
• Huge Amount of Time You have to dedicate a huge amount of time to your own
business. Entrepreneurship is not easy and for it to be successful, you have to
take a level of time commitment.
• Risk An entrepreneurship involves high risk of loss. If the business fails then it
will wipe away all the personal savings.
• Hard Work An entrepreneur has to work very hard to make the new business
very successful.
• Uncertain Income There is no regular or fixed income available to an
entrepreneur. So, there is uncertain kind of income received by an
entrepreneur.
• Incompetent Staff A new entrepreneur may not be able to hire qualified and
experienced staff so there are chances of incompetency by the staff due to lack
of experience and knowledge.
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Part 2 Subject Specific Skills
Unit 1 : INTRODUCTION TO AI: BASICS OF AI
Data science
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in

which the system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives
meaning/sense out of them. The information extracted through data science
can be used to make a decision about it.
OR
Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise,
programming skills, and knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract
meaningful insights from data.
OR
Data Sciences, it is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine
learning and their related methods in order to understand and analyses actual
phenomena with data.
For example: a company that has petabytes of user data may use data
science to develop effective ways to store, manage, and analyze the data.
Computer Vision
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the

capability of a machine to get and analyze visual information and afterwards
predict some decisions about it. The entire process involves image acquiring,
screening, analyzing, identifying and extracting information.
OR
Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers
can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.
OR
The Computer Vision domain of Artificial Intelligence, enables machines to
see through images or visual data, process and analyze them on the basis of
algorithms and methods in order to analyze actual phenomena with images.
For Example: - Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars, Face Lock in Smartphones
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial
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intelligence that deals with the interaction between machine/computers and
humans using the natural language. Natural language refers to language that
is spoken and written by people, and natural language processing (NLP)
attempts to extract information from the spoken and written word using
algorithms.
OR
Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is the sub-field of AI that is focused on
enabling machine/computers to understand and process human languages.
AI is a subfield of Linguistics, Computer Science, Information Engineering,
and Artificial Intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers
and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to
process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.
OR
In NLP, we teach machines how to understand and communicate in
human language. Natural language refers to speech analysis in both audible
speeches, as well as text of a language. NLP systems capture meaning from
an input of words (sentences, paragraphs, pages, etc.)
For Example: Email filters, Smart assistants: - Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa
1. Where do we collect data from?
Data can be collected from various sources like –

• Surveys
• Sensors
• Observations
• Web scrapping (Internet)
• Interviews
• Documents and records.
• Oral histories
2. Why do we need to collect data?
Data to a machine is similar to food for human being to function. The world
of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small
or big is collecting data from as many sources as possible. Data is called the
New Gold today. It is through data collection that a business or management
has the quality information they need to make informed decisions from
further analysis, study, and research. Data collection allows them to stay on
top of trends, provide answers to problems, and analyze new insights to great
effect.
3. What is data mining? Explain with example.
Data mining is the process of analyzing large data sets and extracting the
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useful information from it. Data mining is used by companies to turn raw
data into useful information. It is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer
science and statistics with an overall goal to extract information
OR
Data mining is an automatic or semi-automatic technical process that
analyses large amounts of scattered information to make sense of it and
turn it into knowledge. It looks for anomalies, patterns or correlations among
millions of records to predict results, as indicated by the SAS institute, a world
leader in business analytics.
Example:
Price Comparison websites- They collect data about a product from different
sites and then analyze trends out of it and show up the most appropriate results.
Data mining is also known as Knowledge Discovery in

Data (KDD) To be moved to chapter no. 3
4. What do you understand by Data Privacy?
The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Proper and ethical
handling of own data or user data is called data privacy. It is all about the
rights of individuals with respect to their personal information.
Data privacy or information privacy is a branch of data security concerned

with the proper handling of data – consent, notice, and regulatory
obligations. More specifically, practical data privacy concerns often revolve
around: Whether or how data is shared with third parties
5. Is data which is collected by various applications ethical in nature?

Justify your
Yes, most of the times, the data collected by various applications is ethical in
nature as the users agree to it by clicking on allow when the application
asks for various permissions. They ask for our data for various facilities like
- to show us personalized recommendations and advertisements and to make
their app more accurate and efficient.
OR
No, the data collected by various applications is not always ethical in nature.
Sometimes, we just share our data to non – trusted third party applications
without reading what happens to our data. This may lead to unethical use of
our data. If one does not want to share his/her data with anyone, he/she can
opt for alternative applications which are of similar usage and
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keep the data private. For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the
Telegram app which does not collect any data from us.
Note: This is an open-ended question, so both the answers yes/no will be

considered right with correct justification.
Machine Learning
Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables
machines to improve at tasks with experience (data). The intention of
Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using the
provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.
OR
Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that
can access data and use it to learn for themselves.
OR
Machine learning is a data analytics technique that teaches computers to
do what comes naturally to humans and animals: learn from experience.
Deep Learning
Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence. In Deep

Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it
in training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to
develop algorithms for themselves.
OR
Deep learning is an artificial intelligence (AI) function that imitates the
workings of the human brain in processing data and creating patterns for
use in decision making.
OR
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning where artificial neural
networks, algorithms inspired by the human brain, learn from large
amounts of data.
Intelligence
Intelligence refers to the ability to think, perceive information and apply

knowledge within the behavioural environment. Intelligence can be defined as :
• Ability to interact with the real-world – To perceive, understand and act

• Reasoning and Planning – Modelling the external world, given input
• Learning and Adaption – Continuous learning and adapting graph
List out the types of intelligence.

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The different types of intelligence are as follows:
1. Mathematical Logical Reasoning

2. Linguistic Intelligence
3. Spatial Visual Intelligence
4. Kinaesthetic Intelligence
5. Musical Intelligence
6. Intrapersonal Intelligence
7. Existential Intelligence
8. Naturalist Intelligence
9. Interpersonal intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits or copy human
behaviours or make decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its
own. In other words, machines are intelligent artificially by collecting data,
understanding it, analysing it, learning from it and improving it.
Some popular AI apps and tools.
The following are some powerful AI apps and tools.
1. Google: Google uses AI for responding to our queries through keywords.

Gmail spam filter is also using AI technology. Google maps help through
navigation in travelling.
2. Virtual Assistants: Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and MS
Cortana are some examples of Virtual Assistants. These assistants are used
to accept the command in terms of voice and provide assistance.
3. Gaming: AI is used to enhance the gaming experience for gamers. Along
with this AI can help in enhancing graphics, come up with new difficulty
levels, encourage gamers etc.
4. Recommendations: As you have seen some recommendations on amazon,
Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. These are all recommendations based
on your interests and engagements likes, dislikes and comments. Some
recommendations are based on preferences on social media like Facebook
and Instagram. Sometimes AI also sends some notifications about online
shopping details, and auto-create playlists according to requests.
5. Chatbots: Chatbots are generally available on many websites. Chatbots are
software applications integrated with AI technology used for online chat
support. Sophia was the first humanoid bot.
6. Health Apps: Health apps are also created and integrated with AI which
helps users to monitor physical and mental health aspects.
7. Others: Moreover, there are some other AI applications like face locks in
smartphones, language translators, weather forecasts, and many more.
Three domains of AI
• Data Science/ Big Data

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• Computer Vision
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
AI bias
AI bias is the underlying prejudice in data that’s used to create AI

algorithms, which can ultimately result in discrimination and other social
consequences.
AI Bias can creep into algorithms in several ways. AI systems learn to make
decisions based on training data, which can include biased human decisions
or reflect historical or social inequities, even if sensitive variables such as
gender, race, or sexual orientation are removed. Amazon stopped using a
hiring algorithm after finding it favored applicants based on words like
“executed” or “captured” that were more commonly found on men’s
resumes, for example. Another source of bias is flawed data sampling, in
which groups are over- or underrepresented in the training data.
For Example
Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is only now that
some companies have understood this bias and have started giving
options for male voices but since the virtual assistants came into
practice, female voices are always preferred for them over any other
voice. Can you think of some reasons for this?
If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for
female salons. This is based on the assumption that if a person is
searching for a salon, in all probability it would be a female. Do you
think this is a bias? If yes, then is it a Negative bias or Positive one?
Data Privacy
Data privacy, sometimes also referred to as information privacy, is an

area of data protection that concerns the proper handling of
sensitive data including, notably, personal data but also other
confidential data, such as certain financial data and intellectual property
data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the
confidentiality and immutability of the data. It focuses on how to collect,
process, share, archive, and delete the data in accordance with the law.
Privacy, in the broadest sense, is the right of individuals, groups, or
organizations to control who can access, observe, or use something they
own, such as their bodies, property, ideas, data, or information.
Control is established through physical, social, or informational boundaries
that help prevent unwanted access, observation, or use. For example:
A physical boundary, such as a locked front door, helps prevent others

from entering a building without explicit permission in the form of a key
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to unlock the door or a person inside opening the door.
A social boundary, such as a members-only club, only allows members
to access and use club resources.
An informational boundary, such as a non-disclosure agreement,
restricts what information can be disclosed to others.
Privacy of information is extremely important in this digital age where
everything is interconnected and can be accessed and used easily. The
possibilities of our private information being extremely vulnerable are very
real, which is why we require data privacy.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is incorporating human intelligence to machines. Whenever a
machine completes tasks based on a set of rules that solve problems
(algorithms), such an “intelligent” behavior is what is called artificial
intelligence.
Machine Learning (ML)
ML is a subset of AI that uses statistical learning algorithms to build

smart systems. The ML systems can automatically learn and improve
without explicitly being programmed.
Deep Learning (DL)
In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data

which helps it in training itself around the data. Such machines are
intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
How they differ?

Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of
these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is intermediately
intelligent and Artificial intelligence covers all the concepts and algorithms
which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
Therefore, AI is the umbrella term which covers ML and DL.
About AI replace laborious jobs
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AI should replace laborious jobs.
● AI can replace laborious jobs like lifting of heavy items, working in mines
etc.
● AI can indeed automate most repetitive and physical tasks.
● In future, AI would be a good option in the field of architecture and
construction.
OR
No, AI should not replace laborious jobs completely as if it replaces laborious
jobs completely, then there will be no source of income for the daily wage
workers due to unemployment. So, industry owners can use some machines
but more of man power. Hence the production will not get affected as humans
are smarter than machines since they were the ones who invented AI.
Note: As this is an open-ended question so both the answers (yes/No) are
correct but it must be with correct justification.
Is there an alternative for major unemployment?

● AI taking over laborious jobs won’t create unemployment. It is just a
groundless fear. The standard view of technical change is that some jobs
are displaced by the substitution of machines for labour, but that the fear
of total displacement is misplaced because new jobs are created, largely
due to the technology-fuelled increase in productivity. Humans have
always shifted away from work suitable for machines and to other jobs.
● The basic fact is that technology eliminates jobs, not work. If this level of
AI revolution will happen, lots of job opportunities will be created. For
example: 20-30 years ago, being an accountant was a lucrative job, but
AI took over this job but this created a lot of opportunities, it raised the
demand of a software engineer, data scientist, etc.
● It will open doors to skillful jobs rather than doing laborious tasks.
● Thus, we will be able to cope with the level of major unemployment, if AI
took over laborious jobs.
UNIT 2 : AI PROJECT CYCLE INTRODUCTION:
1. Introduction to AI Project Cycle

2. Problem Scoping
3. Understanding problem scoping and Sustainable Development Goal
4. Data Acquisition Simplifying data acquisition Data Exploration
5. Visualizing Data Modeling
Introduction to modeling
1. Introduction to Rule Based, Learning Based AI Approaches
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2. Introduction to Supervised Unsupervised, Reinforcement
3. Learning Models
4. Neural Networks
5. Evaluation
6. Evaluating the idea!
What is Project Life Cycle :

Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven scientific
methods and drawing conclusions about them.
AI Life Cycle :
The AI life cycle involves various stages or phases i.e. from data collection, data
analysis, algorithm selection (Selecting Suitable Method) to model building, testing,
deployment, management, monitoring and feedback loops/cycle for continuous
improvement.
Creating an AI model from scratch needs a huge amount of effort and
investment for collecting datasets, labeling data, choosing algorithms, defining
network architecture, etc. Apart from this choice of language (programming
language), frameworks and libraries along with client preferences, etc.
Steps or Components of AI Project Cycle AI project cycle?
Components of the AI project life cycle are the steps that contribute to completing
the Project. The Components of AI Project Cycle are:
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a) Problem Scoping / Problem Identification – Understanding the Problem.
b) Data Acquisition / Data Collection– Collecting accurate and reliable data.
c) Data Exploration – Arranging the data uniformly.
d) Data Modeling – Creating Models from the data.
e) Data Evaluation – Evaluating the project.
a) Problem Scoping : Problem Scoping refers to understanding a problem,

finding out various factors which affect the problem, define the goal or aim of
the project. It Has 4 W’s, Who, What Where and Why?
1. Who – “Who” part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all

are affected directly and indirectly with the problem and who are called
the Stake Holders
2. What – “What” part helps us in understanding and identifying the

nature of the problem and under this block, you also gather evidence to
prove that the problem you have selected exists.
3. Where – “Where” does the problem arise, situation, and location.
4. Why – “Why” is the given problem worth solving.
b) Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition is the process of collecting accurate and reliable data to work
with. Data Can be in the format of the text, video, images, audio, and so on
and it can be collected from various sources like interest, journals, newspapers,
Surveys, API (Application Program Interfaces), Sensors, Cameras, Observations
etc.
c) Data Exploration
Data Exploration is the process of arranging the gathered data uniformly for a
better understanding. i.e. data can be arranged in the form of a table, plotting
a chart, or making a database.
Tools for Data Exploration : Google Charts , Tableau, Fusion Charts,

High Charts etc
d) Modelling
Modelling is the process in which different models based on the visualized

data can be created and even checked for the advantages and
disadvantages of the model. To Make a machine learning model there are 2
ways/Approaches Learning-Based Approach and a Rule-Based Approach.
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Learning Based Approach: It May be Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning ,
Reinforcement Learning
Supervised learning is where a computer algorithm is trained on input data that
has been labeled for a particular output. For example a shape with three
sides is labeled as a triangle, Classification and Regression models are also type
of supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning In terms of machine learning, unsupervised learning is in which a
system learns through data sets created on its own. In this, the training is not
labeled.
Learning on its own is termed Unsupervised learning.

Basically, in unsupervised learning where the data is un-tagged or un-named,
the machine creates a learning algorithm using its structural data-sets present in
its input.
Example: Suppose a boy sees someone performing tricks by a ball, so he also

learnt the tricks by himself. This is what we call unsupervised learning.
Reinforcement Learning
Learning through feedback or trial and error method is called

Reinforcement Learning. In this type of learning, The system works
on Reward or Penalty policy. In this an agent performs an action positive or
negative, in the environment which is taken as input from the system, then
the system changes the state in the environment and the agent is
provided with a reward or penalty.
The system also builds a policy, that what action should be taken under a
specific condition.
Example: A very good example of these is Vending machines. Suppose

you put a coin (action) in a Juice Vending machine(environment), now the
system detects the amount of coin given (state) you get the drink
corresponding to the amount(reward) or if the coin is damaged or there is any
another problem, then you get nothing (penalty).
Here the machine is building a policy that which drink should be provided under
what condition and how to handle an error in the environment.
Rule Based Approach

Datasets :is a collection of related sets of information that is composed of
separate elements but can be manipulated by a computer as a unit.
• Rule Based Approach Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or

patterns in data are defined by the developer.
• That means the machine works on the rules and information given by the
developer and performs the task accordingly.
For example: Suppose you have a dataset containing 100 images of apples and
bananas each. Now you created a machine using Computer-Vision and trained
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it with the labeled images of apples and bananas. If you test your machine with
an image of an apple it will give you the output by comparing the images in
its datasets. This is known as the Rule-Based Approach.
In the Rule-based Approach we will deal with 2 divisions of the dataset:
1. Training Data – A subset required to train the model

2. Testing Data – A subset required while testing the trained the model
e) Evaluation
Evaluation is the method of understanding the reliability of an API
Evaluation and is based on the outputs which are received by feeding the data into
the model and comparing the output with the actual answers.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) CLASS 10

Brief History of SDGs
In 1992 there was earth summit in a Brazil city of Rio De Janeiro.

After the 20 years of this earth summit, again there was a earth summit named Rio
+ 20. In this summit the foundational steps were taken towards sustainable
development.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were adopted by all United Nations (UN)
members in 2015 to ensure peace and prosperity all over the world by the year 2030.
Why SDG ?
Sustainable means to use something for a long time. To use natural resources and
energy in such a way that it remains conserve for the future generations, is called
Sustainable Development.
For example: Natural resource like coal takes a long time to get refresh. have to be
completed in 2015 but it failed due to certain reasons. SDG is also known as Global
Goals as it have to be achieved by all UN Members.
Goal 1: No Poverty
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
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Goal 10: Reduce Inequality
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnership To Achieve Goal
AI, ML, DL
Machile Learning (ML) It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence that enables

machines to improve at tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine
Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using the provided data and
make accurate algorithms for Predictions/ Decisions.
Now let’s understand Machine Learning in a simple way. In literal Machine

Learning is “Machine” + “Learning”.
How Humans Learn ?
To understand the human learning process, let us illustrate it through a simple

sequence of activities involved.
Machine Learning Process (ML)

computer learns in a similar way. However, it needs a lot of information, to ensure
that it recognizes things accurately. Machines need to be trained to make decisions
and to act based on goals
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE VS MACHINE LEARNING
But even though both AI and ML are based on statistics and mathematics, they are
not the same thing.
Artificial Intelligence Machine learning
Machine Learning is the learning in

It is the study of how to train computers
which a machine can learn on its
so that computers can do things which at
own without being explicitly
present humans can do better.
programmed.
Perform tasks that require human Helps machines to learn certain

intelligence. things on their own.
The aim is to increase the chance of The aim is to increase accuracy,

success and not accuracy. but it does not care about success.
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Artificial Intelligence Machine learning
It works as a computer program that does it is a simple concept machine that

smart work. takes data and learns from data.
ML allows systems to learn new

AI is decision making
things from data.
AI leads to intelligence or wisdom. ML leads to knowledge.
What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that
imitates the way humans gain certain types of knowledge. Deep learning is an
important element of data science, which includes statistics and predictive
modeling.
Deep learning utilizes both structured and unstructured data for training.
Practical examples of deep learning are Virtual assistants, vision for driverless cars,
money laundering, face recognition and many more.
Deep learning is an AI function that mimics the workings of the human brain in
processing data for use in detecting objects, recognizing speech, translating
languages, and making decisions.
How Deep Learning works :
Deep learning is based on ML but it can work with unstructured data and learns on
its own through reading the data, so it requires large amount of datasets called Big
Data which is drawn from sources like social media, internet search engines, e-
commerce plat-forms, etc.
Machine Learning vs Deep Learning
MACHINE LEARNING DEEP LEARNING
Machine Learning is a superset of Deep Deep Learning is a subset of Machine

Learning Learning
The data represented in Machine

The data representation is used in
Learning is quite different as compared
Deep Learning is quite different as it
to Deep Learning as it uses structured
uses neural networks(ANN).
data.
Machine learning consists of thousands

Big Data: Millions of data points.
of data points.
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Machine Learning is highly used to stay
Deep Learning solves complex machine
in the competition and learn new
learning issues.
things.
NEURAL NETWORKS
What is Neural Network ?
A Neural Network is essentially a system of organizing machine learning algorithms
to perform certain tasks. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which the
dataset is very large, such as in images.
Neural Networks are collection of Neurons containing specific algorithm which are
networked together to solve a particular set of problems irrespective of data size
The key advantage of Neural Networks, are that they are able to extract data
features automatically without needing the input of the programmer.
Why Neural networks ?

To understand clearly, lets dive to its earlier stage!
If Else Era : In earlier times people tried to solve big data related problems using if
else statements, for better understanding let's go through a example.
Example: Suppose we want to build a AI enabled chat app which will talk to people
just like any other human. for that we will write if statements (programming
concept) checking if he/she says "hello" we will reply "hi" but the problem in this is
that we need to write 100 or 1000 lines of if else logic which is very inefficient and
a bad practice in programming world. So we take apply concept of our brain to a
machine cause we don't have to think "if he says hello i will say hi" it's not a
command, the reply changes based on situation.
Neural Networks are base of an AI model. As input data increases the accuracy of
Ai increases
FEATURES OF NEURAL NETWORKS:
• Neural Network systems are modeled on the human brain and nervous system.
• They are able to automatically extract features without input from the
programmer.
• Every neural network node is essentially a machine learning algorithm.
• It is useful when solving problems for which the data set is very large.
Unit 6 AI – Natural Languge Processing
Natural Languge Processing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an

intelligent systems using a natural language such as English.
Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like
robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a
dialogue based clinical expert system, etc.
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The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural
languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be –
• Speech
• Written Text
Application of Natural Language Processing :
- Automatic Text Summarization

- Sentiment and Emotion Analysis
- Text Classification
- Virtual Assistants
-
NLA and AI Project Life Cycle :
- Problem Scoping
- Data Acquisition
- Data Exploration
- Modeling
- Evaluation
- Chatbots
Data Processing for NLP :
- Text Normalization
- Sentence Segmentation
- Tokenization
- Removing Stopwords, Special Characters and Numbers
Converting Text to a Common Case :
- Stemming
- Lemmatization
- NLP Algorithms
BAG of Words :
- Text normalization
- Create Dictionary
- Create Document Vectors
- Create Document Vectors for all the Documents
TF – IDF : Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency :
TF-IDF is an information retrieval techniques that weights a term’s frequency (TF)

and its inverse document frequency (IDF). Each word of term in the document has
its respective TF and IDF score. The product of the TF and IDF scores of a term is
called the TF-IDF weight of that term.
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This means that higher the TF-IDF score or weight, the more relevant the term. The
TF-IDF algorithm is used to weigh a word in any document and assign the
importance to that keyword based on the number of times it appears in the
document.
For a term t in a document d, the weight Wt,d of term t in document d is given by:
Wt,d = TFt,d log (N/DFt)
where,
TFt,d is the number of occurrences of t in document d

DFt is the number of documents containing the term t
N is the total number of documents in the corpus
Getting Started with NLTK :
Python has a library called NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) for building programs
for text analysis.
- Installing NLTK
pip install nltk
If we are using Anacondas, then a Conda package for NLTK can be built by
using the following command :
conda install – c anaconda nltk
- Downloading NLTK’s Data
import nltk
nltk.download ()
- Other Packages
Some other Python packages like gensim and pattern are important for text
analyses as well as building NLP applications in python.
gensim : It is a semantic modelling library which can be used for many NLP
applications. We can install it by the following command :
pattern : It can be used to make gensim package work properly.
Tokenization : It can be used to divide the input text into sentences.
Keyword Extraction :
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Keyword extraction is a text analysis technique that extracts the most used
and important words form a text. It helps summarize the content of texts and
recognize the main topics discussed.
Components of NLP :
There are two components of NLP as given −
Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

Understanding involves the following tasks −
• Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations.
• Analyzing different aspects of the language.
Natural Language Generation (NLG)

It is the process of producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural
language from some internal representation.
It involves −
• Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge
base.
• Sentence planning − It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful
phrases, setting tone of the sentence.
• Text Realization − It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure.
The NLU is harder than NLG.
Difficulties in NLU
NL has an extremely rich form and structure.

It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels of ambiguity −
• Lexical ambiguity − It is at very primitive level such as word-level.
• For example, treating the word “board” as noun or verb?
• Syntax Level ambiguity − A sentence can be parsed in different ways.
• For example, “He lifted the beetle with red cap.” − Did he use cap to lift the
beetle or he lifted a beetle that had red cap?
• Referential ambiguity − Referring to something using pronouns. For
example, Rima went to Gauri. She said, “I am tired.” − Exactly who is tired?
• One input can mean different meanings.
• Many inputs can mean the same thing.
NLP Terminology
• Phonology − It is study of organizing sound systematically.

• Morphology − It is a study of construction of words from primitive meaningful
units.
• Morpheme − It is primitive unit of meaning in a language.
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• Syntax − It refers to arranging words to make a sentence. It also involves
determining the structural role of words in the sentence and in phrases.
• Semantics − It is concerned with the meaning of words and how to combine
words into meaningful phrases and sentences.
• Pragmatics − It deals with using and understanding sentences in different
situations and how the interpretation of the sentence is affected.
• Discourse − It deals with how the immediately preceding sentence can affect
the interpretation of the next sentence.
• World Knowledge − It includes the general knowledge about the world.
Steps in NLP
There are general five steps –
• Lexical Analysis − It involves identifying and analyzing the structure of words.

Lexicon of a language means the collection of words and phrases in a language.
Lexical analysis is dividing the whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences,
and words.
• Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) − It involves analysis of words in the sentence

for grammar and arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship
among the words. The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected
by English syntactic analyzer.
• Semantic Analysis − It draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning

from the text. The text is checked for meaningfulness. It is done by mapping
syntactic structures and objects in the task domain. The semantic analyzer
disregards sentence such as “hot ice-cream”.
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•
• Discourse Integration − The meaning of any sentence depends upon the
meaning of the sentence just before it. In addition, it also brings about the
meaning of immediately succeeding sentence.
• Pragmatic Analysis − During this, what was said is re-interpreted on what it

actually meant. It involves deriving those aspects of language which require
real world knowledge.
Question Banks – MCQs :
1. What is NLTK tool in Python ?

(a) Natural Linguistics Tool (b) Natural Language Toolkit
(c) Neutral Language Kit (d) Neutral Language Toolkit
2. TF-IDF in NLP is defined as :

(a) Term Frequency and Definite Frequency
(b) Term Frequency and Indefinite Frequency
(c) Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency
(d) Term Frequency and Integrated Document Frequency
3. What do we call the process of dividing a string into component words ?

(a) Regression (b) Word Tokenization
(c) Classification (d) Clustering
4. What is the stem of the word “Making” ?

(a) Mak (b) Make (c) Making (d) Maker
5. What is the Lemma of the word “Making” ?

(a) Mak (b) Make (c) Making (d) Maker
6. Which of these is not a stop word ?

(a) This (b) Things (c) Is (d) Do
7. The higher the value, the more important the word in the document – this is
true of which model ?
(a) Bag of Words (b) TF-IDF (c) YOLO (d) SSD
8. Which of these is not an NLP library ?

(a) NLTK (b) NLP Kit (c) Open NLP (d) NLP Suite
9. What is a chatbot called which uses simple FAQs without any intelligence ?
(a) Smart Chatbot (b) Script Chatbot
(c) AI Chatbot (d) ML Chatbot
10. What is the process of extracting emotions within a text data using NLP called?
(a) Sentiment Analysis (b) Emotional Data Science
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(c) Emotional Processing (d) Emotional Classification
Subjective Type Questions :
1. Explain the key steps of NLP – based text analysis.

2. Compare Bag of words and TF-IDF and share your finding.
3. What are some of the applications of chatbots in health care ?
4. Explain the difference between Stemming and Lemmatization.
5. What is the difference between how humans interpret communication and how
NLP interprets ?
Unit 7 AI – Evaluation
What is evaluation?
Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on

outputs by feeding test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers.
There can be different Evaluation techniques, depending of the type and purpose of
the model.
The various terms which are very important to the evaluation process.
Model Evaluation Terminologies
There are various new terminologies which come into the picture when we work on
evaluating our model. Let’s explore them with an example of the Forest fire
scenario.
Consider developing an AI-based prediction model and deploying it in a forest that

is prone to forest fires. The model’s current goal is to make predictions about
whether or not a forest fire has started. We need to consider the two circumstances
of prediction and reality. The reality is the actual situation in the forest at the time
of the prediction, while the prediction is the machine’s output.
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Here, we can see in the picture that a forest fire has broken out in the forest. The
model predicts a Yes which means there is a forest fire. The Prediction matches
with the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed as True Positive.
Here there is no fire in the forest hence the reality is No. In this case, the machine
too has predicted it correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as True
Negative.
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Here the reality is that there is no forest fire. But the machine has incorrectly
predicted that there is a forest fire. This case is termed as False Positive.
Here, a forest fire has broken out in the forest because of which the Reality is Yes
but the machine has
incorrectly predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts that there is no
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Forest Fire.
Therefore, this case becomes False Negative.
Confusion matrix
The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in
what we call the confusion matrix. The confusion matrix allows us to understand
the prediction results. Note that it is not an evaluation metric but a record which
can help in evaluation. Let us once again take a look at
the four conditions that we went through in the Forest Fire example:
Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of this confusion
matrix.
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Evaluation Methods
Accuracy, precision, and recall are the three primary measures used to assess the
success of a classification algorithm.
Accuracy
Accuracy allows you to count the total number of accurate predictions made by a
model. The accuracy calculation is as follows: How many of the model predictions
were accurate will be determined by accuracy. True Positives and True Negatives
are what accuracy considers.
Here, total observations cover all the possible cases of prediction that can be True
Positive (TP), True Negative (TN), False Positive (FP) and False Negative (FN).
Precision
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases
where the prediction is true. That is, it takes into account the True Positives and
False Positives.
Recall
It can be described as the percentage of positively detected cases that are positive.
The scenarios where a fire actually existed in reality but was either correctly or
incorrectly recognised by the machine are heavily considered. That is, it takes into
account both False Negatives (there was a forest fire but the model didn’t predict it)
and True Positives (there was a forest fire in reality and the model anticipated a
forest fire).
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Which Metric is Important?
Depending on the situation the model has been deployed in, choosing between
Precision and Recall is necessary. A False Negative can cost us a lot of money and
put us in danger in a situation like a forest fire. Imagine there is no need for a
warning, even in the case of a forest fire. The entire forest might catch fire.
Viral Outbreak is another situation in which a False Negative might be harmful.

Consider a scenario in which a fatal virus has begun to spread but is not being
detected by the model used to forecast viral outbreaks. The virus may infect
numerous people and spread widely.
Consider a model that can determine whether a mail is spam or not. People would
not read the letter if the model consistently predicted that it was spam, which could
lead to the eventual loss of crucial information.
The cost of a False Positive condition in this case (predicting that a message is
spam when it is not) would be high.
F1 Score
F1 score can be defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.
Take a look at the formula and think of when can we get a perfect F1 score?
An ideal situation would be when we have a value of 1 (that is 100%) for both
Precision and Recall. In that case, the F1 score would also be an ideal 1 (100%). It
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is known as the perfect value for F1 Score. As the values of both Precision and
Recall ranges from 0 to 1, the F1 score also ranges from 0 to 1.
Let us explore the variations we can have in the F1 Score:
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Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Ahmedabad

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417)

SMT SHRUTI BHARGAV

SMT VINITA SHARMA

Sh. Alok Kumar Tiwari

SH SATISH KUMAR MALI PGT CS KV NO 3, ONGC, SURAT

Project Work / Field Visit / Practical File /

Unit 4 Data Sciences (To be assessed through practicals)

November Part B Subject Specific Skills 10

Part B: Subject Specific Skills

Self-management is the ability to control and regulate our emotions, thoughts

Stress and Its Types

Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It is our body's reaction to

Stress can be either positive (Good) or negative (Bad).

Positive Stress: Stress which results from exhilarating experiences, can be

Meaning and Importance of Stress Management

Stress management is all about taking charge of your lifestyle, thoughts,

Stress management is vital because it leads to following benefits.

It is often spoken of as emotional stress and involves powerful feelings and

Social stress relates to the stress involved in interacting, socializing and

Coping with Stress

Build strong relationships because relationships can be a source of stress. The

Get help from professionals. If you continue to feel overwhelmed, consult a

Stress Management Strategies

Let's learn about strategies that help us to manage stress.

Stress Management Strategy :

Stress Management Techniques

Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle You can increase your resistance to stress by

Get Enough Sleep

A Common sign of getting stressed is that your muscles contract leading to

We might quickly assume that we are self-aware, but it is helpful to have a

Selfawareness is developed through practice in focusing our attention on the

As you already know, you cannot do everything. Discovering your weaknesses

Self-awareness of Emotional Triggers

Motivation can be categorized in two types

It is the motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in thetask itself,

Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic

Self-motivation is a force that keeps pushing us to go on and achieve our goals.

Keep Good Company: Make more

Keep Learning: Read and try to take in

See the Good in Bad: When

Stop Thinking: Just do the work. If you

Self-regulation can be defined as the ability to control one's behaviour,

Strategies for Self-regulation

If self-regulation is so important, why were most of us never taught strategies

Mindfulness involves the cultivation of moment-to-moment awareness through

Cognitive reappraisal is a strategy that can be used to improve self-regulation

Acceptance and problem solving:

• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality

• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very important. Taking

Session 1: Stress Management

• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.

• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.

Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management

A: Adversity or the stressful event

B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event

C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Here are a few simple stress management techniques.

• Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective