HNT Pace Booklet

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS Rg.
2019 - 2021
PREFACE
The branch of Physics that deals with the changes in the properties of systems that occur
when work is done on (or by) them and heat energy is added to (or taken from) them is
called thermal physics. This booklet deals with temperature, a concept that deeply
underlies all of the laws of thermodynamics & we take a microscopic approach and seek
to account for the macroscopic properties of a gas in terms of the properties of its
molecules.
This booklet consists of summarized text coupled with sufficient number of solved
examples of varying difficulties, which enables the students to develop problem solving
ability along with emphasis on physical concept. The problems are categorized into five
section, namely Exercise – I (objectives where only one of the option is correct),
Exercise – II (objectives where more than one option may be correct), Exercise – III
(matrix matches and paragraph type questions), Exercise – IV (subjective questions),
Exercise- V (old JEE questions) to help the student assess his understanding of the
concept and further improvise on his problem solving skills. Solutions to all the
questions in the booklet are available and will be provided to the students (at the
discretion of the professor). Every possible attempt has been made to make the booklet
flawless. Any suggestions for the improvement of the booklet would be gratefully
accepted and acknowledged.
(Dept. of Physics)
IIT – ian’s PACE
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS Rg. 2019 - 2021
IIT–JEE SYLLABUS
Thermal physics: Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction
in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling; Ideal gas
laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes,
bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications
(only for ideal gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff’s law; Wien’s
displacement law, Stefan’s law.
CONTENTS
SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.


1. HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS THEORY 167 – 199
2. SOLVED PROBLEMS (OBJECTIVE) 200 – 202
3. SOLVED PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE) 202 – 211
4. EXERCISE # I 212 – 225
6. EXERCISE # II 226 – 230
7. EXERCISE # III 231 – 234
8. EXERCISE # IV 235 – 241
9. WINDOW TO IIT-JEE 242 – 258
10. ANSWER KEY 259 – 263
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS : Tentative Lecture Flow

(Board Syllabus & Booklet Discussion Included)
Lecture no.1 Thermometers, Heat, Expansion of solids, liquids and
Lecture no.2 Ideal gas equation
Lecture no.3 Degrees of freedom, internal energy of an ideal gas, law of equipartition of energy
Lecture no.4 Specific heat capacity, Kinetic theory of gases
Lecture no.5 First laws of thermodynamics, different thermodynamics process, efficiency of
cycle
Lecture no.6 Calorimetry, phase change, latent heat
Lecture no.7 Heat transfer, radiation
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI
THERMAL EXPANSION
TEMPERATURE
Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. A hot body has more
internal energy in comparison to cold body. When these two bodies are brought in contact with
each other, they exchange energy. Energy is transferred from hot body to cold body till, their
temperature become equal. We say that both bodies are in thermal equilibrium.
DIFFERENT SCALES FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE
The temperature is measured with the help of thermometers. A thermometer can be graduated
into following scales.
a. The centigrade or Celsius scale (0C)

b. The Fahrenheit scale (0F)
c. Kelvin scale of temperature or absolute scale
Relation between different temperature scales
K  273 C F  32
 
5 5 9
Illustration-1: What is the temperature at which we get the same reading on both the centigrade and
Fahrenheit scale?
Solution: as reading shown by both thermometers is same, we can say C= F

C C  32
   9C  5C  32  5  C  40
5 9
HEAT: ENERGY IN TRANSIT

Heat is a form of energy which is transferred between a system and its surrounding as a result of
temperature difference only. Once it is transferred, it becomes the internal energy of the receiving
body. When we say that a body is heated, it means its molecules begin to move with greater kinetic
energy.
Heat is meaningful only as long as the energy is being transferred. Expression like “heat in a body
“or “heat of a body” is meaningless.
S.I unit of heat energy is Joule (J). Another common unit of heat energy is calorie (cal).
1 calorie = 4.18 J
1 calorie: the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from 14.5 0 to
15.50C at one atmospheric pressure is 1 calorie.
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT:

In early days heat was not recognized as a form of energy. Heat was supposed to be something
needed to raise the temperature of a body or to change its phase. Calorie was defined as the unit of
heat. A number of experiments were performed to show that the temperature may also be
increased by doing mechanical work on the system. These experiments established that heat is
CENTERS: MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI # 167
equivalent to mechanical energy and measured how much mechanical energy is equivalent to a
calorie. If mechanical work W produces the same temperature change as heat H, then we can write,
W=JH
Where, J is called mechanical equivalent of heat. J is expressed in joule/calorie.
THERMAL EXPANSION
Thermal expansion can be defined as expansion due to increase in temperature. When
temperature of a body increases, the distance between any two points on the object increases. The
expanded object is like a photographic enlargement. Figure shows a plate with a hole in it. The hole
expands in the same proportion as the metal, it does not get smaller.
As the temperature of body increases, the side

length, diameter of circle, circular hole all
increases by same factor. Thermal expansion arises because the well is not
symmetrical about the equilibrium position. As the
temperature rises the energy of the atom increases. The
average distance is different at different temperature.
At atomic level, thermal expansion may be explained by considering how the potential energy of
the atoms varies with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be at the minimum of the
potential energy well if the well is symmetric. But if the potential energy curve is asymmetric about
the r0, then the average position of an atom will not be at the minimum point. When the
temperature is raised the amplitude of the vibration increases and the average position is located
at a greater inter-atomic separation. This increased separation is certified as expansion in the
material.
Illustration: 2 Two square holes are made in a metallic sheet as shown in

the figure. On an increase in temperature what happens to
the size of each square and the distance BC between them?
Solution: When temperature of a substance increases the distance between atoms of that substance also
increases. Therefore, sides of the square will increase as well as distance between BC will
increase.
LINEAR EXPANSION
When temperature of a rod increases, length of rod also increases.
The increase in length is directly proportional to its original length L0
and change in temperature ∆T.
dL   L0 dT  L   L0 T if  is constant & T  1
1 L
  lim
T 0 L0 T
Where, α is called the coefficient of linear expansion whose unit is 0C-1 or K-1.
L  L0 (1  T ) Where, L is the length after heating the rod.
Variation of α with distance and temperature
a. If α varies with distance, ( say   ax  b)

Choose an element ‘dx’ at a distance of x. expansion in this element ‘dx’ can be written as
dl  dx  T
Total expansion L   dl   Tdx  T   dx  T  (ax  b)dx .
b. If α varies with temperature, ( say   aT  b)
Then total expansion L    L0 dT   ( aT  b) L0 dT
SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION

When a solid plate is heated and its area increases, then the thermal expansion is called superficial
or areal expansion. The increase in area is directly proportional to its original area A0 and change in
temperature ∆T.
dA   A0 dT  A   A0 T if  is constant & T  1
1 A
  lim
 T 0 A0 T
Where, β is called the coefficient of areal expansion whose unit is 0C-1 or K-1.
A  A0 (1  T ) Where, A is the area after heating the plate.
CUBICAL OR VOLUME EXPANSION
When a solid is heated and its volume increases, then the thermal expansion is called volume or
cubical expansion. The increase in volume is directly proportional to its original volume V0 and
change in temperature ∆T.
dV   V0 dT  V   V0 T if  is constant & T  1
1 V
  lim
T 0 V0 T
Where γ is called the coefficient of cubical expansion whose unit is 0C-1 or K-1.
V  V0 (1  T ) Where, V is the volume after heating the solid.
RELATION BETWEEN  ,  AND 

  
For isotropic bodies :  :  :   1: 2 : 3 or  
1 2 3
a. For anisotropic bodies or non-isotropic bodies:   1   2 and   1   2  3 . Here 1 ,  2 and 3

are coefficient of linear expansion in X,Y and Z directions.
Illustration-3: If percentage change in length is 1% with change in temperature of a cube, then what is
percentage change in its area and its volume?
L
Solution: Percentage change in length with temperature is = 100  T 100  1
L0
A
Percentage change in area = 100   T 100  2T  100  2%
A0
V
Percentage change in volume =  100  T 100  3T 100  3%
V0
VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
With increase of temperature, volume increases, therefore density decreases.
0
 For solid, values of  are generally small so we can write
(1  t )
  0 (1  t ) (Using binomial expansion)
i.  For liquids are in order of 103 .

ii. For water density increases from 0 to 40C so  is –ve (0 to 40C) and for 40C to higher
temperature  is +ve. At 4 0C density is maximum.
APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID IN A CONTAINER
Initially container was full.

With temperature change T
Change in volume of liquid VL  V0 (1   L T )
Change in volume of container VC  V0 (1   C T )
So, overflow volume of liquid relative to container: V  VL  VC V  V0 (  L   C ) T
So coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid w.r.t. container  apparent   L   C
Increase in height of liquid level in tube when bulb was initially completely filled:
apparent change in volume of liquid A0 (1  2 g T )

h
area of tube
V0 (  L   g ) T
h ;
A0 (1  2 g T ) V  V0 (  L   g )T
 apparent   L   g
Initially Finally
Illustration-4: A glass vessel of volume 1000 cm3 is filled with liquid and is heated from 250 to 750C. What
volume of liquid will overflow? ( given : glass  1.8 106 / 0 C,  liquid  1.8  104 / 0 C )
Solution: V  V0 ( l   c )T  1000(1.8  10 4  3  1.8  10 6 )  50
 V  8.7 cm3 .
VARIATION OF FORCE OF BUOYANCY WITH TEMPERATURE
If a body is submerged inside the liquid, Buoyancy force on a solid body
FB =Vin ρ L g
here, Vin =volume of solid inside the liquid
ρ L =density of liquid.
Volume of the solid after increase in temperature V  V0 (1   s T )
L
Density of liquid after increase in temperature  Lnew 
(1   L T )
Buoyancy force after increase in temperature, FBnew   LnewVg
FBnew  LnewVg (1   s T )
Or,    [1  ( s   L )T ]
FB  LV0 g (1   L T )
Illustration 5: The densities of wood and benzene at 0 0C are 880 kg/m3 and 900 kg/m3 respectively. The
coefficient of volume expansion is .0012 /0C for wood and .0015/0C for benzene. At what
temperature will a piece of wood just sink in benzene?
Solution: Just sink means gravitational force = buoyancy force
 mg  FB  V 1 g  V 2 g  1   2
Therefore we can say that a body sinks when density of body is equal to density of liquid.
880 900
   T  830 C
1  .0012 T 1  .0015 T
BIMETALLIC STRIP
If two strip of different metals are welded together to form a bimetallic strip, when heated
uniformly it bends in form of arc, the metal with greater coefficient of linear expansion lies on
convex side. The radius of arch thus formed by bimetal can be calculated as following:
Using …
L  R
 ( R   / 2)   0 (1  1T )..................(i) l R 
 ( R   / 2)   0 (1   2 T )..................(ii)
Dividing equation (i) and equation (ii)

( R   / 2) (1  1T )

( R   / 2) (1   2 T )
Solving for R, we get

 R
( 2  1 )T
A bimetallic strip, consists of a strip of brass and a strip of steel welded together, at temperature T0
in figure. The strip bends as shown at temperatures above the reference temperature. Below the
reference temperature the strip bends the other way. Many thermostats operate on this principle,
making and breaking an electrical contact as the temperature rises and falls.
VARIATION OF TIME PERIOD OF PENDULUM CLOCK
The time represented by the clock hands of a pendulum clock depends on the number of
oscillations performed by pendulum.
Let time period of pendulum clock be T and length at temperature 0 and  be L0 and L
respectively.
L L
As we know time period on a simple pendulum is T  2 , therefore we can write T0  2 0
g g
L
at temperature 0 and T  2 at temperature  . As L  L0 (1   ) ,
g
T L0 (1   ) 1
We can say,   1  
T0 L0 2
T  T0 1
Therefore change (loss and gain) in time period per unit time lapsed is =  
T0 2
 gain or loss in time in duration ‘t ‘ is t  1  t
2
If  < 0 , T < T0 clock becomes fast and gain time, we say clock is leading or if  > 0 , T > T0 clock
becomes slow and lose time, we say clock is lagging.
Illustration 6: A pendulum clock consists of an iron rod connected to a small, heavy bob. If is designed to
keep correct time at 200C, how fast or slow will it go in 24 hours at 400C? (Coefficient of
linear expansion of iron = 1.2 106 / 0 C )
Solution: The time difference occurred in 24 hours (86400 seconds) is given by
1
t   T t
2
1
 1.2 10 6  20  86400  1.04sec
2
As the temperature increases, the time period also increases. Thus the clock will go slow.
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH BY METALLIC SCALE

If object and metallic scale both expand with temperature, then
Measured value = calibrated value [1  ( o   s )T ]
Here, αo is the coefficient of linear expansion of object and αs is the coefficient of linear expansion
of scale.
Measured value is the reading shown by scale at some temperature T, whereas calibrated value is
the reading shown by the scale at calibrated temperature T0.
Illustration 7: A bar measured with a vernier caliper is found to be 180 mm long. The temperature during
the measurement is 100C. What will be the measurement error if the scale of the vernier
caliper has been graduated at a temperature of 200C: (   1.1 105 0C 1. assume that
length of the bar does not change.)
Solution: measured value =calibrated value [1  ( o   s )T ]
Here, α0=0 and measured value =180 mm, ∆T=-100C
Therefore, 180 = calibrated value [1  (1.1 105 ) 10]
Error in measurement = measurement value – calibrated value = 1.98 102 mm .
THERMAL STRESS OF A MATERIAL
If a rod is free to expand then there will be no stress and strain. Stress or strain is produced only
when an object is restricted to contract or expand according to change in temperature. Stress can
be tensile or compressive type depending upon change in temperature.
Consider a rod of length l0. For t change in temperature

F
stress  (area assumed to be constant)
A
length of rod at newtemperature  natural length of rod at newtemperature l

strain  
natural length of the rod at newtemperature l0 (1  T )
As α is very small, we can assume l0 (1  T )  l0
F / A Fl0 F
So, Y   
l / l0 Al At
or F  YA | t |
F F
l  YA  lo
or F  YA    l
l0  l 0 
1 YA 1
Energy stored in the rod E  (l )2   stress × strain × volume
2 l0 2
For increase in temperature, stress will be compressive and for decrease in temperature, stress will
be tensile.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Two rods of length 1 and  2 are made of materials whose coefficients of linear expansion are 1
and 2 . If the difference between two lengths is independent of temperature then,
1 1 1  2 12  22
(a)  (b)  (c)  22 1   12  2 (d) 
 2 2  2 1 1  2
Solution : If change in length is l , Then    0T

1  11T &  2   2 2 T
As difference in lengths of two rod is independent of temperature, this is possible only when increase
in length of both rods is same.
1  2
 11T   2 2 T   11   2  2   .
 2 1
2. A one litre glass flasks contain some mercury. It is found that at different temperatures the volume
of air inside the flask remains the same. What is the volume of mercury in this flask.
(  glass  9 106 / 0 C ,  Hg  1.8 104 / C  )
Solution: If V is the volume of flask, VL volume of mercury and VA volume of air in it, V  VL  VA
Now as with change in temperature volume of air remains constant, the expansion of mercury will be
equal to that of the whole flask i.e., V  VHg
or V G   VHg  Hg  [as V  V  ]
Here V  1 litre = 1000 cc and  G  3 G  27 106 / C
So, VHg  (1000  27  106 /1.8 104 )  150 cc.
3. A spheres of diameter 7 cm and mass 266.5 gm floats in a bath of liquid. As the temperature is
raised, the sphere just begins to sink at a temperature of 35ºC. If the density of the liquid at 0ºC is
1.527 gm / cm3 , find the co-efficient of cubical expansion of the liquid. Neglect the expansion of
the sphere.
Solution: The sphere will sink in the liquid, when its density becomes equal to the density of liquid at 35ºC.
2.66.5
The density of sphere, 35  3
 35  1.483 gm / cm3
4  22   7 
  
3  7  2
0 1.527
Now, 35   1.483 
[1  T ] [1    35]
1.029  1
 1.029  1    35    0.00083 / C .
35
4 A light steel wire of length ‘L’ and area of cross-section ‘A’ is hanging vertically downward from
a ceiling. It will cool to the room temperature (30ºC) from the initial temperature 100ºC. Calculate
the weight which should be attached at its lower end such that its length remains same. Young’s
Modulus of steel is Y and coefficient of linear expansion is α.
Solution: Stress due to temperature change(compressional stress)   Y (100  30)
Stress due to weight(Tensile stress)  W / A .
Since no change in length
Compressional stress = Tensile stress
W
   Y .(100  30)  W  70 A  Y .
A
In Chapter Exercise -1
1. Does the change in volume of a body when its temperature is raised depend on whether the body has
cavities inside, other things being equal?
(a) may be (b) may be not (c) depends upon shape (d) no
2. A circular disc is rotating with a constant angular velocity ‘w’. Now the temperature of the disc is
decreased. What would happen to the angular velocity
(a) Increase (b) decrease (c) remains constant (d) depends upon material
3. A concrete slab has a length of 10 m on a winter night when the temperature is 00C. Find the length
of the slab on a summer day when the temperature is 35 0C. The coefficient of linear expansion of
concrete is 1.0 105 / 0 C .
(a) 10.035 (b) 10.00035 (c) 10.35 (d) 10.0035
4. The design of some physical instrument requires that there be a constant difference in length of 10
cm between an iron rod and a copper cylinder laid side by side at all temperatures. Find their
lengths? (  Fe  11106 0C 1 ,  Cu  17  10 6 0C 1 )
(a) 28.33, 18.33 (b) 26.3 , 16.3 (c) 17.2, 7.2 (d) none
5. A clock with a metallic pendulum gains 5 sec each day at a temperature of 150C and loses 10 sec
each day at a temperature of 300C. Find the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pendulum metal.
(in 10 -5/0C)
(a) 1.3 (b) 2.3 (c) 3.3 (d) 4.3
6. A metallic rod 1 cm long with a square cross-section (A) is heated through t°C. If Young’s modulus
of elasticity of the metal is E and the mean coefficient of linear expansion is  per degree Celsius,
then the compressive force required to prevent the rod from expanding along its length is :(Neglect
the change of cross-sectional area)
(A) EAαt (B) EAαt/(1 + αt) (C) EAαt/(1-αt) (D) E/αt
7. A steel rod is clamped at its two ends and rests on a fixed horizontal base. The rod is in unstrained
condition at 20 0C. Find the longitudinal strain developed in the rod if the temperature rises to 50 0C.
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.2 105 / 0 C .
8. If rod is compressed by ∆L length then what is the strain on the rod when the temperature (a) is
increased by θ0C (b) is decreased by θ0C.
9. A pendulum clock having copper rod keeps correct time at 200C. It gains 15 seconds per day if
cooled to 0 0C. Calculate the coefficient of linear expansion of copper.
10. The density of water at 00C is .998 g/cm3 and at 40C is 1.000 g/cm3. Calculate the average coefficient
of volume expansion of water in the temperature range from 00C to 40C?
CALORIMETRY
SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat of a substance is equal to heat gained or released by that substance to raise or fall its
temperature by 10C for a unit mass of substance.
The gain or loss of heat is directly proportional to:
i. Mass of the substance dQ  m
ii. Change in temperature of substance dQ  dT
Or, dQ  m dT
dQ  m s dT  Q   dQ   m s dT
Where s is a constant and is known as the specific heat of the body.
Q
s
mT
S.I. unit of specific heat‘s’ is joule/kg-Kelvin and C.G.S. unit is cal/gm0C.
Specific heat of water:s=4200 j/kg0C = 1000 cal/kg0C = 1cal/gm0C.

Specific heat of ice: s=2100 j/kg0C = 500cal/kg0C = .5cal/gm0C.
Illustration 8:What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of .5 kg of water by 50C?
Solution: heat required = Q  msT  Q  500 g 1cal / g 0C  50 C
 Q  2500 cal .
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY
Molar heat capacity of a substance is equal to heat gain or released by that substance to raise or
fall its temperature by 10C for a unit mole of substance. It is denoted by ‘c’.
Heat supplied or released by ‘n’ mole of a substance is
 Q   dQ   n c dT or , Q  n c T if c is constant.
HEAT CAPACITY OR THERMAL CAPACITY

Heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 10C. It
is denoted by ‘C’.
Heat supplied or released by body is
 Q   C dT or , Q  C T if , C is constant.
If ‘m’ is the mass of the body and‘s’ is the specific heat then, heat capacity C = ms.
WATER EQUIVALENT
If thermal capacity of a body is expressed in terms of mass of water it is called water-equivalent of

the body, i.e., It is the amount of water which requires the same amount of heat for the same
temperature rise as that of the object. it is denoted by ‘W’.
ms
msT  mw swT  mw 
sw
In calorie sw = 1
So, water equivalent ‘W’ = mw = ms.
PHASE CHANGE AND ENERGY RELATED TO PHASE CHANGE
Heat supplied or released by a substance for the change of phase is
Q  mL Where, L = latent heat.
Latent heat (L): the heat supplied to a substance which changes its state at constant temperature is
called latent heat of the body. S.I. unit of latent heat ‘L’ is J/kg and C.G.S. unit is cal/gm.
Latent heat of fusion (Lf): the heat supplied to a substance which changes it from solid to liquid
state at its melting point and 1 atm pressure is called latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of fusion of
ice is 80 cal/gm.
Latent heat of vaporization (Lv): the heat supplied to substance which changes it from liquid to
vapour state at its boiling point at 1 atm pressure is called latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat
of vaporization of water is 540 cal/gm.
Journey from ice at 00C to steam at 1000C

Q= mLF Q= ms∆T Q= mLV
Ice at 00C Water at 00 C Water at 1000C Steam at 1000C
Suppose mass of ice is m gram. During state change from

ice to water at 0 0C, ice absorbed heat (Q) = mLF. After that
temperature of water increases and water consumes heat
(Q) = ms∆T (where ∆T=100 0C). Now water at 1000C
converts into steam at 100 0C and absorbed heat (Q) =
mLV.
PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY OR LAW OF MIXING

When two substances at different temperatures are mixed together, then exchange of heat take
place till temperature of both substance become equal. This temperature is called as final
temperature of the mixture or equilibrium temperature.
If no heat loss to surrounding then by conservation of energy, we can say that:
Heat given by one substance = Heat taken by another substance
Consider a hot substance P of mass m1, specific heat capacity s1 at temperature θ10C, mixed with a
cold substance Q of mass m2, specific heat capacity s2 at a temperature θ20C , such that they attain
a constant equilibrium temperature θ.
Heat lost by hot substance: ( − );
Heat gained by cold substance: ( − )
According to principle of Calorimetry:
Heat lost by hot substance = Heat gained by cold substance
 m1s1 1     m2 s2    2 
Illustration: 9 40 g of hot water is poured in 100 g of cold water, when temperature of cold water rises by
10oC. If the temperature of hot water is 60 oC, calculate the initial temperature of cold
water.
Solution
Substance Mass S.H.C. Initial Temp. Final Temp.= x
Hot water 40g 4.2 Jg -1oC-1 60oC  F = (60 – x)
-1o -1
Cold water 100g 4.2 Jg C ?  R = 10oC
Heat given out by hot water = mc  F

= 40  4.2  (60 – x)
Heat absorbed by cold water = mc  R
= 100  4.2  10
 Heat given out by hot water= Heat absorbed by cold water.
 40  4.2  (60 – x) = 100  4.2  10
2400 – 40 x = 1000
1400
40 x = 2400 – 1000  x= = 35 oC
40
Thus, temperature of mixture = 35oC
Initial temperature of cold water = (35 - 10) = 25oC.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Problem 1: How should 1 kg of water at 50C be divided into two parts so that if one part turned into ice at
00C, it would release enough heat to vaporize the other part? Latent heat of steam = 540
cal/gm and latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm.
Solution: Let the mass be divided into x grams ice and (1000-x) grams for vapour. Heat released by x grams
of water = x 1 5  x  80
Heat absorbed by (1000-x) grams of water = (1000  x) 1 95  (1000  x)  540
Heat released to form ice = heat gained to form vapour
 85 x  95(1000  x)  540(1000  x)
 x  882 g
Thus mass is to be divided into 882 grams for conversion into ice and 118 grams for conversion into
vapour.
Problem: 2 In a calorimeter (water equivalent =40 gm) there is 200 gm of water and 50 gm of ice all at
00C. Into this 30 gm of water is poured at 900C. What will be the final condition of the system?
Solution: let us assume all 30 gm water (900C) converts into water at 0 0C. Then energy released by water =
30 1 90 cal  2700 cal
if all ice converts into water at 0 0C, then energy absorbed by ice = 50  80 cal  4000 cal
as we have only 2700 cal energy available, therefore all ice would not melt.
Let’s assume ‘m’ gram of ice melts and converts into 00C water.
Energy absorbed by ice = m  80 cal =2700 cal
 m  33.75 gm
So final temperature of system would 00C and there will be 16.25 gm of ice with 266.75 gm of water.
Problem: 3 Temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and C are 100C, 15 0C and 200C
respectively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is 130C and when B and C are mixed, it
is 160C. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
Solution: when A and B are mixed
ms A (13  10)  msB (15  13)  3s A  2 sB
When B and C are mixed
msB (16  15)  msC (20  16)  sB  4 sC
Using above two equations we can say 3s A  8sC
When A and C are mixed
ms A (  10)  msC (20   )
140 0
Solving above equations we get   C.
11
Problem: 4 A bullet of mass 5 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s strikes a target and loses its energy. Then
calculate rise of temperature of bullet. Assuming all the loss in kinetic energy is converted into
heat energy of bullet if its specific heat is 500 J/kg 0C.
1
Solution: kinetic energy of bullet   5 10 3  400  400  400 J
2
Suppose temperature of bullet raised by T amount, then
5 103  500  T  400 J  T  1600 C
1. A bullet of mass 10 gm is moving with speed 400 m/s. finds its kinetic energy in calories?
2. Calculate amount of heat released to convert 1 kg steam from 1000C to 200C water?
3. Calculate heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water through 10C?
4. 420 J of energy supplied to 10 gm of water will raise its temperature by?
5. The ratio of the densities of the two bodies is 3:4 and the ratio of specific heats is 4:3. Find the ratio
of their thermal capacities for unit volume?
6. 200 gm water is filled in a Calorimeter of negligible heat capacity. It is heated till its temperature is
increase by 200C. Find the heat supplied to the water.
7. 1 kg of ice at -10 0C is mixed with 1 kg water 1000C. Then find equilibrium temperature.
8. 1 kg ice at -10 0C is mixed with 1 kg water at 50 0C. Then find the equilibrium temperature.
9. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and C are 15 0C, 200C and 300C
respectively. The temperature when A and B are mixed is 18 0C and when B and C are mixed, it is
220C. What will be the temperature when A and C are mixed?
10. Two liquids A and B are at 320C and 240C. When mixed in equal masses the temperature of the
mixture is found to be 28 0C. Their specific heats are in the ratio of?
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Gases are made-up of tiny particles, consisting of molecules, atoms or even ions (sometimes) which
retain the chemical properties of the sample of which they are composed.
The kinetic theory of gases develops a model of the molecular behavior which results in the
observed behavior of an ideal gas.
ASSUMPTIONS OF KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

i. A gas consists of very large number of molecules. These molecules are identical, perfectly elastic
and hard sphere. They are so small that the volume of molecules is negligible as compared with the
volume of gas.
ii. Molecules move in all direction randomly. Molecules do not exert any appreciable force on one
another or on the walls of the container except during collision.
iii. All collisions between the molecules or with the wall of the container are perfectly elastic. It means
kinetic energy of molecules is conserved in each collision.
iv. These molecules travel in straight line. The duration of a collision is negligible in comparison to the
time spent by a molecule between collisions.
v. In steady state, the density and the distribution of molecules with different velocities are
independent of position, direction and time. This assumption is justified if the number of molecules
is very large.
vi. The molecules obey Newton’s Laws of motion.
The assumptions of kinetic theory are close to the real situation at low densities.
Can ideal gas be liquefied?

PRESSURE OF AN IDEAL GAS
Y
Considering an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical vessel of edge L. let
there be N identical molecules, each having mass ‘m’.
vy
Considering a molecule moving with velocity
    Face 2 v vx
X
v  vx  v y  vz
Face 1

| v | v x2  v y2  v z2 Z
The change in momentums of the molecule on collision with face 1
P  (mvx )  (mvx )  2mvx
 Momentum imparted to the wall = 2mvx
2L
Time between two successive collisions on face 1 t 
vx
(2 m x ) m x 2
 Rate at which momentum is imparted to the wall F  P / t  
(2 L / vx ) L
 Total force on the face 1 due to the all molecules
F  mvx2 / L  (m / L) vx2 …(i)
Since molecules do not favour any particular direction, therefore
2 2 2
v  v  v
x y z
1 1
  v  3  v  v
2
x
2
x
2
y  v z2  
3
 v2 …(ii)
2
 F
1m
 v2 
1 mN v
3L 3 L N
2
Force F 1 mN  v
Now, Pressure   2 
Area L 3 L3 N
2
1 v mN
P  where   3
3 N L
2
1
P  v 2 , v 2 
 v is the mean square speed.
3 N
ROOT MEAN SQUARE SPEED

1
2 1
 v 2dN 
It is defined as vrms 
  vrms
 N v 2  N 2 v22  ....... 
 1 1
2

  dN   N1  N 2  ...... 
Here N1 molecules have speed v1 , N2 molecules have speed v2 ……..

1 mN 2 1 nM 2
Since P  v  vrms
3 V 3 V
total mass mN
Here V  L3 ; mole ' n '  
Molecular mass M
From ideal gas equation PV=nRT

1 2 1 2 3RT
 PV  n.M vrms  nRT  n.M vrms  vrms 
3 3 M
KINETIC INTERPRETATION OF TEMPERATURE

Total Kinetic energy for random motion can be given as
1 2 1 3R T 3 3
KETot  m N vrms  nM  n R T  PV
2 2 M 2 2
Here we have considered kinetic energy of translation only.
2
 T KETot i.e. T  KETot
3nR
This means, temperature of a body depends on its internal KE. At absolute zero temperature KEint
becomes zero.
MAXWELL- BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION LAW

A Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describes the probability that a particle is moving with a
particular speed at a given temperature, and we note how the distribution shifts to higher speeds
as temperature increases.
 The Maxwell-Boltzmann equation is a probability density function for speed u.
 Maximum number of molecules have speed lying within a small range centered about the speed
corresponding the peak of the curve. This speed is called the ‘most probable speed’ vp
 Curve is not symmetric - there is more of an elongated "tail" at high speeds. Therefore, the average
speed vav is slightly greater than the most probable speed vmp.
8kT
Average (or Mean speed) speed: v
m
2kT
Most probable speed: vmp 
m
3k T
Root mean square speed: vrms 
m
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
The degrees of freedom of a particle are the number of independent motions, which the particle
can undergo, or the number of independent methods of gaining energy. It is denoted as ‘f’.
1 1 1
Maximum possible translational degree of freedom is 3. ( mvx2  mv y2  mvz2 )
2 2 2
1 1 1
Maximum possible rotational degree of freedom is 3 . ( I xx2  I y y2  I z z2 )
2 2 2
Vibrational degree of freedom is 2 (kinetic energy of vibration + potential energy of vibration)
Monoatomic gas: all inert gas (He, Ar…etc) f = 3 (only translational)

Diatomic gas: gases like (H2, N2… etc) f = 5 (3 translational + 2 rotational)
Polyatomic gas: f = 6 (3 translational + 3 rotational)
We consider vibrational degree of freedom only at very high temperature.
LAW OF EQUIPARTITION OF ENERGY
For a system in equilibrium at absolute temperature T, the average energy per molecule associated
1
with each degree of freedom is kT ;Where k is Boltzmann’s constant.
2
1
If degree of freedom of a molecule is f, then total kinetic energy of that molecule = fkT
2
INTERNAL ENERGY OF IDEAL GAS
The internal energy of an ideal gas is entirely the kinetic energy of its molecules, as there is no
interaction between the molecules, there is no Potential energy of the system.
 Internal energy of N molecules, having ‘f’ degrees of freedom

1 1
U  N  f  kT  f n RT (as n R  k N )
2 2
Illustration: 10The mass of hydrogen molecule is 3.23 1027 kg . If 10 23 hydrogen molecules strike 2 cm2
of a wall per second at an angle of 450 with the normal when moving with a speed of 105 cm
s-1, what pressure do they exert on the wall?
Solution: Velocity of each molecule along the normal = v cos  , where θ is the angle made by the velocity of
the molecule with the normal.
Therefore, change in momentum of a single molecule = 2mv cos 
If N particles is striking the wall per sec then force exerted on wall = 2mNv cos
Force 2mNv cos  2  3.23  10 27  1023  103 cos 450
Pressure =  =  2.28  103 Nm 2 .
Area A 2  10 4
Illustration: 11A light container having diatomic gas enclosed within is moving with velocity v. Mass of
the gas is M and number of moles is n. find
i. What is the kinetic energy of gas w.r.t. center of mass of the system?
ii. What is the K.E. of gas w.r.t. ground?
5
Solution : (i) K.E in center of mass frame = nRT
2
(ii) Kinetic energy w.r.t. ground frame = kinetic energy of gas w.r.t center of mass + kinetic energy
of center of mass w.r.t. ground.
1 5
K .E.  Mv 2  nRT
2 2
Illustration:12One mole ideal monatomic gas is taken at temperature of 300K. Its volume is doubled
keeping its pressure constant. Find the change in the internal energy.
Solution: Since pressure constant
Vi V f Vf
 V T    Tf  Ti  2Ti  600K
Ti T f Vi
f 3
 U  n R T  1.R.(600  300) = 450 R.
2 2
Illustration: 13 Calculate (i) root mean square speed and (ii) the translational kinetic energy of 1 mol of
hydrogen at S.T.P. (given that density of hydrogen is .09 kg/m3).
Solution : (i) As we know that pressure of a gas is
1 2 3P 3 1.01105
P   vrms  vrms   vrms   1837 m / sec
3  .09
1 2 1
(ii) Translational Kinetic energy = Mvrms   2 10 3  (1837) 2  3374.56 J
2 2
1. When an ideal gas is compressed isothermally then its pressure increases because
a. Its potential energy decreases
b. Its kinetic energy increases and molecules move apart
c. Its number of collisions per unit area with walls of container increases
d. Molecular energy increases
2. Which of the following is correct for the molecules of a gas in the thermal equilibrium
a. All have the same speed
b. All have different speeds which remain constant
c. They have a certain constant average speed
d. They do not collide with one another
3. Consider a collision between an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen molecule in a mixture of

oxygen and hydrogen kept at room temperature. Which of the following are possible?
a. The kinetic energies of both the molecules increase.
b. The kinetic energies of both the molecules decrease
c. The kinetic energy of the oxygen molecule increases and that of the hydrogen molecule
decreases
d. The kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecule increases and that of the oxygen molecule
decreases
4. Which of the following quantities is zero on an average for the molecules of an ideal gas in
equilibrium?
a. Kinetic energy b. momentum c. density d. Speed
5. The average momentum of a molecule in a sample of an ideal gas depends on

a. Temperature b. number of molecules
c. volume d. None
6. The temperature at which the r.m.s velocity of oxygen molecules equal that of nitrogen
molecules at 1000C is nearly
a. 426.3 K b. 456.3 K c. 436.3 K d. 446.3 K
7. The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a gas is v. if the temperature is doubled and the O2
molecule dissociate into oxygen atoms, the rms speed will become
a. v b. v 2 c. 2v d. 4v
2E
8. The pressure of an ideal gas is written as P  . here E refers to
3V
a. translational kinetic energy b. rotational kinetic energy
c. vibrational kinetic energy d. total kinetic energy
9. Which of the following quantities is the same for all ideal gases at the same temperature
a. the kinetic energy of 1 mole b. the kinetic energy of 1 gm
c. the number of molecules in 1 mole d. the number of molecules in 1 gm
10. Consider the quantity MkT PV of an ideal gas where M is the mass of the gas. It depends on
the
a. Temperature of the gas b. volume of the gas
c. pressure of the gas d. Nature of the gas
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is mainly the study of exchange of heat energy between bodies and conversion of
the same into mechanical energy and vice versa.
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
Collection of an extremely large number of atoms or molecules confined within certain boundaries
such that it has a certain value of pressure P, volume V and temperature T is called a
thermodynamic system. Anything outside the system with which energy or matter can be
transferred is called as surrounding.
Thermodynamic system can be defined in 3 ways:

(i) Open system: a system is said to be open system, if it can exchange both energy and matter with
the surrounding.
(ii) Closed system: a system is said to be closed system, if it can exchange energy but not matter
with the surrounding.
(iii) Isolated system: a system is said to be isolated system, if it cannot exchange energy as well as
matter with the surrounding.
Thermodynamic process:
If a system has fix value of pressure P, volume V and temperature T at some particular instant then
we say that system is in a particular thermodynamic state. A well defined path from one
thermodynamic state to another thermodynamic state is called as thermodynamic process.
REPRESENTATION OF A THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS (INDICATOR DIAGRAM)

A graph representing the variation of pressure, temperature or volume with each other is called as
indicator diagram.
(P,V) P
P2
Indicator
Diagram (P,T)
P1
(V,T)
V1 V2
V
i. Every point of Indicator Diagram represents a unique state (P, V, T) of gases.
ii. Every curve on Indicator Diagram represents a unique process.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
It states that if two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium and A and C are also in thermal
equilibrium, then B and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
First law of Thermodynamics

It is the consequence of conservation of energy for gaseous system.
Heat supplied to the gas = Increase in internal energy + work done by the gas.
Q  U  W Q = +ve  heat is supplied to the gas
In differential form dQ  dU  dW Q = –ve heat is taken out from the gas
And dQ  nCdT C = molar specific heat
WORK DONE BY A GAS
Let P and V be the pressure and volume of a gas. If A be the area of the piston, then force exerted
by gas on the piston is, F  P  A
Let the piston moves ‘dx’ distance during the expansion of the gas. Work done by gas in the small
displacement is dW  F dx  P Adx
Since change in volume is ‘dV’ = A dx
 dW  P dV
V2
Or, total work done W   P dV  Area enclosed in P  V curve

V1
W  +ve, if work is done by the gas (in expansion of gas)

W  –ve, if work is done for the gas (in contraction of gas)
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITIES FOR AN IDEAL GAS

The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in
the temperature. It is denoted as ‘C’.
dQ dW  dU
So, C  , from 1st law of thermodynamics we can say, C 
n dT n dT
For a gas, we define two types of molar heat capacities
i. Molar heat capacity at constant volume (CV)
At constant volume, work done by the gas dW = 0,
dU
 Cv 
n dT
 dU  n C V dT
f nRT f n R dT
As internal energy is U   dU  ,
2 2
Comparing above two expression of dU,
f n R dT fR
 dU   nCV dT  CV 
2 2
ii. Molar heat capacity at constant pressure (CP)
At constant pressure, work done is dW = PdV.

dQ
 CP   dQ  nCP dT
n dT
dW  dU PdV  nC V dT
 CP  
n dT ndT
From ideal gas equation, we can say PdV=nRdT (as pressure is constant)
n R dT  n CV dT
 CP   CP  CV  R
n dT
fR (f  2)
As C V   CP  R
2 2
The relation CP  CV  R is called as Mayer’s relation.
 f 
 1 R
CP  2  1 2
 Ratio of the two specific heats 
Cv f f
R
2
Here γ is called as adiabatic index / exponent of the gas.
Value of CP and CV in terms of γ
R R
CV  and CP 
 1  1
Values of molar heat capacities for different gases
C Monoatomic (f = 3) Diatomic (f = 5) Polyatomic (f = 6)

CV  ( f / 2) R (3/2) R (5/2) R 3R
f 2
CP  R (5/2) R (7/2) R 4R
2
2
 1 5/3 7/5 4/3
f
However if the atoms of the molecule are arranged in one line (like the molecule of CO2) then the
degrees of freedom are only 5 and its Cv , CP &  values will be similar to those of the diatomic
gases.
DETAILED STUDY OF DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
I. ISOBARIC PROCESS
V
P = constant   constant
T
Indicator curve for isobaric process
P P V
V T T
V2
Work done W   PdV  P (V 2  V1 )  P V  n R(T2  T1 )

V1
II. ISOCHORIC PROCESS

P
V = constant   constant
T
Indicator curve for isochoric process
P V P
V T T
As change in volume is zero, work done W = 0
III. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

T = constant  PV  constant
Indicator curve for isothermal process
T T P dP P

dV V
V P V
Work done in isothermal process:

V2
nRT
  dW  PdV  W  (nRT )  dV / V ( P )
V1 V
V2 P  V2 P1 
 W  nRT ln  nRT ln 1 Here    compression ratio 
V1 P2  V1 P2 
IV. ADIABATIC PROCESS

dQ = 0 but if Q  0 , it is not necessarily adiabatic.
Process equation for an ideal gas in adiabatic process
(i) First Law of Thermodynamics with process condition

nRdT R
dU  dW  ( as CV  )
 1  1
(ii) Differential form of gas law
d ( PV )  d (nRT )
PdV  VdP  nRdT
nRdT PdV  VdP

But dW  PdV   
 1  1
dP dV
So VdP  PdV   P    V
Which result PV   constant
Indicator curve for adiabatic process:

dP P

dT (   1)T
V dV V P P
 dP P
dT (  1)T 
dV V
T T V
Work done in adiabatic process: By First Law of Thermodynamics

dW   dU
T2
nRdT nR (T1  T2 ) PV  PV
W     1 1 2 2
T1
  1   1  1
Comparison of slopes of isothermal and adiabatic process
dP dP

dV adiabatic dV isothermal
Isobaric
P
dP dP
 Isothermal
dV adiabatic dV isothermal poly
di
mono } Adiabatic
V
Wmono  Wdi  Wpoly  Wisothermal  Wisobaric
V. CYCLIC PROCESS
In a cyclic process initial and final states are same.
Change in internal energy U  0
As work done = area enclosed in P-V diagram.
 Q  W
If the process on P-V curve is clockwise, then the net work is (+ve) and if the process on P-V curve is
anti-clockwise then the net work done is (-ve).
work   ve work   ve
P work   ve work   ve
P P P
V V V V
Efficiency of a cyclic process (η)

total mechanical work done by the gas in the whole process

Heat given to the gas (only  ve)
Q Qin  Qout
  
Qin Qin
Qout
  1
Qin
T2
Efficiency of a Carnot cycle   1 
T1
VI. POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process which follows following relation:
PV x  K Where K, is a constant and x is any real number.

  x P dV  VdP
Differential form of ideal gas equation
nRdT
PdV  VdP  nRdT  PdV 
1 x
nRdT nRT
Work done in polytropic process W   PdV   
1 x 1 x
From 1st law of thermodynamics
nRT
Q  W  U  nCT   nC V T
1 x
Molar heat capacity in polytropic process
R R R
C   CV 
 1 1  x 1 x
Therefore, molar heat capacity C is constant for polytropic process.
FREE EXPANSION
If a system, say a gas expands in such a way that no heat enters or leaves the system and also no
work is done by or on the system, then the expansion is called the “free expansion”. This case easily
possible if gas is allowed to expands in vacuum.
MIXTURE OF NON REACTING GASES

Suppose two non reacting gases are mixed at same temperature then
n M  n 2M2
a. Molecular weight of mixture M Mi x  1 1
n1  n 2
b. Molar heat capacities of mixture
If in the mixing process, there is no heat transfer with the surrounding, then
By energy conservation, we can say
(n1  n 2 ) C V Mix T  n1C V1T  n 2CV 2T
n1CV1  n 2C V2
 C V Mix 
n1  n 2
n1CP1  n 2C P2
Also, C P Mix 
n1  n 2
C P Mix n1CP1  n 2C P2
 Mix  
C V Mix n1CV1  n 2C V2
Illustration: 14Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300K are kept in a non conducting container enclosed by a
piston. Gas is now compressed to increase the temperature from 300 K to 400 K. find work
done by the gas.
Solution: As container is non-conducting therefore Q  0  W  U
fnRT
 W  U  
2
2  5  8.314  (400  300)
 W    4157 J
2
Illustration: 15 One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is taken through the cycle
A
shown in figure. B
A  B Adiabatic expansion
P D
B  C Cooling at constant volume C
C  D Adiabatic compression
V
D  A Heating at constant volume
The pressure and temperature at A, B etc., are denoted by PA , TA ; PB , TB etc. respectively.

Given TA  1000 K , PB  (2 / 3)PA and PC  (1/ 3) PA . Calculate
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A  B
(b) The heat lost by the gas in the process B  C and
(c) Temperature TD given (2 / 3) 2 / 5  0.85 and R  8.31 J/mol K.
Solution : (a) As for adiabatic change PV   constant

 nRT 
i.e. P   constant [as PV  nRT ]
 P 
 1
T T   P  5
i.e. 1
 constant, so  B    B  where  
P  TA   PA  3
1
1 2/5
2  2
i.e. TB  TA    1000    850 K
3
  3
nR[TF  TI ] 1  8.31[1000  850]
so WAB  
[1   ] [(5 / 3)  1]
i.e. WAB  (3/ 2)  8.31 150  1869.75 J
(b) For B  C , V  constant so W  0

so from first law of thermodynamics
3  3
Q  U  W  nCvT  0 or Q  1   R  (TC  850) as Cv  R
2  2
Now along path BC, V = constant; P  T
PC TC (1/ 3) PA T 850
i.e.  , TC   TB  B   425 K …(ii)
PB TB (2 / 3) PA 2 2
3
So Q  1   8.31(425  850)  5297.625 J
2
[Negative heat means, heat is lost by the system]
(c) As A and D are on the same volume line

V= constant;
PD TD TD
 , i.e. PD  PA
PA TA TA
  1  1
T   P  PT 
As C and D are on the same adiabatic curve  D    D   A D 
 TC   PC   PC TA 
1
1 2/5
 P   T  PA 
TD   TC  A  , i.e. TC3 / 5   B  
1/ 
or 
 PC TA   2   (1/ 3) PA1000 
 1  2 2 / 3   3 2 /5
i.e. TD3 / 5      1000    i.e. TD  500 K
 2  3   1000 
In Chapter Exercise-4
1. First law of thermodynamics is a statement of
(a) conservation of heat (b) conservation of work
(c) conservation of momentum (d) conservation of energy
In (Problem-2 and Problem-3)an ideal gas goes through from state A to P B

state B as shown in the diagram then,
2. What can we say about the volume of the gas

A
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) remains constant (d) depend upon type of gas T
3. Internal energy of the gas from state A to state B

(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) remains constant (d) depend upon type of gas
4. Heat is withdrawn in an isothermal process, this means

(a) positive work is done on the gas
(b) positive work is done by the gas
(c) total work done in the process is zero
(d) can’t say
5. In isobaric heating of hydrogen gas, work done by gas is Q. The heat supplied to the gas is
Q 3Q 5Q 7Q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
6. In a thermodynamic process a graph between heat supplied to gas ‘Q’ and work done by the gas ‘W’
is plotted. If the slop of the curve is 1, then the process is
(a) isothermal (b) isobaric (c)isochoric (d) adiabatic
7. Work done by 1 mole of a gas to increase its temperature by 120C at constant pressure is
(a) 100 J (b) 150 J (c) 200 J (d) none
8. Change in internal energy to increase temperature of 10 mole of an ideal gas by 30 0C. (adiabatic
constant is 1.5)
(a) 300 R (b) 400 R (c) 500 R (d) 600 R
9. For the process shown in the figure, what can we say about the work
done
P
(a) continuously increases
(b) continuously decreases A B
(c) first increases then decreases
(d) first decreases then increases
V
10. In the above question, what can we say about the internal energy
(a) continuously increasing
(b) continuously decreasing
(c) state B has more internal energy as compare to A
(d) state A has more internal energy as compare to B
HEAT-TRANSFER
Heat transfer from one body to another body can take place in three ways
1. Conduction
2. Convection (not in JEE syllabus)
3. Radiation
CONDUCTION
Transfer of energy due to vibration and collision of medium particles without dislocation from their
equilibrium position.
1. Conduction in Variable State

When we start heating one end of a rod, heat transfer begins from hot end to cold end. At this
time, every small part gains some energy from hotter part, it absorbs some energy and passes rest
of the energy to next section. This process results in increased temperature of that small part. Heat
transfer to this small part can be defined using differential form of Ohm’s Law
dQ dT T T - dT
 KA
dt dx
dT
Here  temperature gradient dx
dx
In the following figure small part ‘dx’ is taking dQ1 heat and transferring dQ2 heat to next section.
dQ  dQ1  dQ2 (In steady state dQ  0 , i.e. dQ1  dQ2 )

dT1 dT
 mS dT  KA dt  KA 2 dt
dx dx
dT KA  dT1 dT2 
   
dt mS  dx dx 
dT  Increase in temperature of the section in time dt

As the system approaches to steady state, temperature of all cross section become constant
dT
 0
dt
Therefore we can say following things in variable state.
dT
a. At a particular position ‘x’ (where x is the distance from heating end of the rod), as t  
dt
b. If we move along the rod at a particular time ‘t’, as x  T
2. Thermal conduction in steady state

dT
In this state net ∆Q=0 and temperature gradient throughout the rod becomes constant i.e. 
dx
constant. Let the two ends of rod of length  is maintained at temp T1 and T2 , then the rate of heat
flow is:
dQ KA(T1  T2 ) T1  T2
Thermal current  
dt L RTh

Where thermal resistance RTh 
KA
a. Electrical analogy for thermal conduction
Electrical conduction
Thermal conduction
Electrical charge flows from higher potential Heat flows from higher temperature to lower
to lower potential temperature
The rate of flow of charge is called the electric
The rate of flow of heat may be called as heat
dq dQ
current, I  current H 
dt dt
The relation between the electric current and Similarly, the heat current may be related with
the potential difference is given by ohm’s law the temperature difference as
V T
I , where R is the electrical resistance of
H , where R Th is the thermal resistance
R R Th
the conductor. of the conductor.
The electrical resistance is defined as The thermal resistance is defined as
L L L
R  , where  = resistivity and  = R Th  where K= thermal conductivity of
A A KA
electrical conductivity the conductor.
dq V dQ T KA(T2  T1 )
I H 
dt R dt R Th L
b. Combination of conductors:
(a) Series combination of rods (b) Parallel combination of rods

1 1 1
Equivalent thermal resistance  
Equivalent thermal resistance RTh= R1+R2 R Th R 1 R 2
dQ T1  T2
dQ T1  T2 Heat current 
Heat current  dt RTh
dt RTh
Illustration: 16 Two walls have thickness in the ratio 1:3 and thermal conductivities in the ratio 3:2 form
a composite wall of a building. If the free surfaces of the walls are at temperatures 300C
and 200C, respectively, what is the temperature of the interface?
Solution: Let us assume temperature of wall is T.
At steady state, the rate of heat flow across the two walls will be the same.
So, considering an area normal to the heat flow A. then the rate of heat flow
dQ K1 A(30  T ) K 2 A(T  20)

 
dt L1 L2
K1 (30  T ) L1 (T  20) 3(30  T ) 1(T  20)
   
K2 L2 2 3
0
Solving we get T=28.12 C
Illustration:17One end of a uniform brass rod 15 cm long and 20 cm2cross-sectional area is kept at
100 0C. the other end is at perfect contact with an iron rod of identical cross-section, but
length 8 cm. the lateral surface of the composite rod is surrounded by a heat insulator and
the free end of the iron rod is kept in ice at 00C. if 684 gm of ice melts in 1 h, determine the
thermal conductivity of iron. Thermal conductivity of brass = .25 cal/sec-cm0C and latent
heat of ice = 80cal/gm.
Solution: let the thermal conductivity of iron be K.
L
The thermal resistance of brass rod R1  1  3
K1 A
L 2
The thermal resistance of iron rod R2  2 
K 2 A 5K
Since, the two rods are in series; their effective thermal resistance is given by
2
 R  R1  R2  3 
5K
dQ mL 684  80
Now the heat flow through the rods=    15.2
dt t 3600
dQ (T1  T2 ) (T  T ) 100
Since,   R 1 2 
dt R (dQ / dt ) 15.2
2 100
Also R= 3  =  K  .111 cal / sec cm 0 C
5K 15.2
RADIATION
It is the process in which transfer of energy takes place in the form of wave from one place to
another through a medium or space.
Some important points about the thermal radiation:
i. Everybody radiates electromagnetic radiation of all possible wavelengths at all temp > 0K
ii. Medium not required for the propagation of these.
iii. Their intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance of point of observation from the
source. (i.e. I  1 2 )
r
PREVOST THEORY OF HEAT EXCHANGE
i. Everybody emits heat radiations at all finite temperatures (except 0 K) as well as it absorbs
radiation from the surroundings. It is a continuous phenomenon.
ii. If the amount of radiation absorbed by a body is greater than, amount of radiation emitted then
temperature of body will increase, or if the amount of radiation absorbed is less than amount of
radiation emitted, then temperature of body decreases. This is a continuous phenomenon, till body
comes to thermal equilibrium with surrounding.
PERFECTLY BLACK BODY

A perfectly black body is that, which absorbs all the radiations of all wave lengths incident on it. As
a perfectly black body it neither reflects nor transmits any radiation.
When perfectly black body is heated to suitable high temperature, it emits all type of radiations of
all possible wavelengths.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS REGARDING RADIATION

A. Spectral emissive power
It is defined as the radiant energy (dE) emitted in (    d) interval per second per unit area of
the surface per unit wavelength dλ about λ.
Energy
Spectral emissive power (Eλ) =
Area  time  wavelength
J
Unit: o
m 2  sec A
B. Total emissive power

It is defined as the total amount of thermal energy emitted per unit time, per unit area of the body
for all possible wavelengths.

E   E  d
0
J Watt
Unit: 2

m  sec m2
C. Absorptive power (a)

It is defined as
Amount of energy absorbed per sec
Absorptive power (a) =
Total energyincident per sec
The absorptive power of black body is a = 1.
D. Emissivity (e)
Emissivity of a body at a given temperature is defined as the ratio of the total emissive power of the
body to the total emissive power of a perfect black body at that temperature.
E body
Emissivity (e) =
E black body
So for a perfectly black body, value of emissivity is 1.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
The ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is the same for all bodies at a given temperature
and is equal to the emissive power of a blackbody at that temperature. Thus
E body
 E black body
a body
STEFAN BOLTZMANN’S LAW
Rate of heat emitted by a blackbody at temp T ºK is given as

dQ
Radiation power E= AT 4 watt
dT
power from general body
Emissivity or emissive power e 
power from black body
Therefore, power generated by general body is
dQ
 E  eAT 4 A = area of the body in contact with surrounding
dt
But from Kirchhoff’s radiation law
E body
 E black body , therefore we can say a = e.
a body
A good absorber is a good emitter.
Heat absorbed by a body = a  heat absorbed by perfectly black body.

= aA T 4
If the surrounding temperature is Ts, then the net heat emitted by a body is,
dQ
 eAT 4  aA TS4
dt
dQ
As a = e , we can say  eA(T 4  TS4 )
dt
If temperature of body falls by dT in time dt
dT eA 4
 (T  TS4 ) (dT / dt  Rate of cooling)
dt mS
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

From the above equation,
dT eA 4
 (T  TS4 )
dt mS
If temp difference of body with surrounding is small i.e. T  Ts , we can say : T  Ts  T
T 4  Ts4  (Ts  T) 4  Ts4
 Ts4 {(1  T )4  1}
Ts
 Ts4 (1  4T  1)
Ts
 4Ts3 T
dT 4eA 3 dT
Then,  TS (T  TS ) Therefore,  (T  TS )
dt mS dt
So if the temperature of body is not very different from surrounding, rate of cooling is proportional
to temperature difference between the body and the surrounding. This law is called Newton’s law
of cooling.
By solving and integrating T (from T0 to T) and time (0 to t). We get

T  TS  (T0  TS )e Kt / ms , where K = 4eATs3
So temperature of a body decays exponentially.
AVERAGE FORM OF NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

If a body cools from T1 to T2 in time t
T1  T2
We can say dT  T1  T2 and average temperature Tavg =
2
So above expression for cooling can be rewritten as:
T1  T2 K  T1  T2 
   TS 
t mS  2 
WEIN’S BLACK BODY RADIATION

According to the Wien’s displacement law there is an inverse
relationship between the wavelength of the peak of the emission of
a black body and its temperature.
So if the wavelength corresponding to maximum energy is  m and T
is the temperature of the body, then
Then  mT  b where b is a constant (Wein’s constant)
For a black body, value of b = .288 cmK.
From the above result we can say that the wavelength distribution
of thermal radiation from a black body at any temperature has
essentially the same shape as the distribution at any other
temperature, except that each wavelength is displaced on the graph.
Illustration:18A spherical body with radius 12 cm radiates 450 W power at 500 K. if the radius is halved
and the temperature is doubled, what would be the power radiated?
Solution :By Stefan’s law, power radiated
E   AT 4   (4 r 2 )T 4
When radius is halved and temperature is doubled, power radiated
r
E1   (4 ( ) 2 )(2T ) 4  4 E  1800W
2
Illustration: 19Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivity of .01 and .81 respectively. The outer surface
areas of the two bodies are same. The two bodies emit total radiant power at the same rate.
The wavelength of B corresponding to maximum spectral radiation is shifted from the
wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral radiation from A by 10-6m. The
temperature of A is 5802K. Find temperature of B and wavelength corresponding to
maximum spectral radiation.
Solution: if TA and TB are the temperature of bodies A and B, respectively then
1/4
4 4  
 A ATA   B ATB  TB   B  TA  1934 K
A 
By Wien’s displacement law, we have
ATA  BTB
B
 A  5802  B1934  A 
3
Also B   A  10 6 , solving both equations, we get B  1.5 106 .
1. The thermal conductivity of a rod depends on
(a) length (b) mass (c) area of cross section (d) material of the rod
2. The thermal radiation emitted by a body is proportional to T n where T is its absolute temperature.
The value of n is exactly 4 for
(a) a black body (b) all bodies
(c) bodies painted black only (d) polished bodies only
3. One end of a metal rod is kept in a furnace. In steady state, the temperature of any small portion of
the rod (neglect heat loss by convection and radiation from rod)
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant (d) non uniform
4. In the above problem, if we do not neglect heat loss by radiation then the temperature of any small
portion of the rod is
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant (d) non uniform
5. A body cools down from 700C to 600C in 10 min, then it will cool down from 600C to 50 0 in
(a) more than 10 min (b) less than 10 min
(c) in 10 min (d) depending upon its mass
6. A body cools down from 700C to 600C in 10 min, then its final temperature may be in next 10 min is
(a) 50 0C (b) 550C (c) 47 0C (d) 49.5 0C
7. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate are made of same substance and all have same mass. These
are heated to 2000C and then placed in a room. Then the
(a) temperature of sphere drops to room temperature at last
(b) temperature of cube drops to room temperature at last
(c) temperature of thin circular plate drop to room temperature at last
(d) all three bodies come to room temperature at same time
8. A cup of tea cools from 800C to 60 0C in 1 min. the ambient temperature is not known. In cooling
from 600C to 500C it may take
(a) 30 sec (b) 20 sec (c) 10 sec (d) 50 sec
9. If we move along the rod from the hot end of the rod, then the temperature of rod
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains constant (d) first increases then decrease
10. Temperature of a point on the rod increases with time, till it reaches steady state. Then what can we
say about heat current passing through that point
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains constant (d) first increases then decrease
SOLVED PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVE TYPE
Problem 1: Two identical containers A and B with frictionless pistons contain the same ideal gas at
the same temperature and the same volume V. The mass of gas contained in A is mA and
that in Bis mB . The gas in each cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the
same final volume 2V. The change in the pressure in A and B are found to be P and
1.5 P respectively. Then
(a) 4mA  9mB (b) 2mA  3mB (c) 3mA  2mB (d) 9mA  4mB .
 mA  RT
Solution : For gas in A, P1   
 M  V1
 m  RT  RT  mA
P2   A  (Putting V1  V and V2  2V ) We get P   
 M  V2 M  2V
 RT  mB
Similarly for gas in B, 1.5 P    from eq. (i) and (ii), we get 2mB  3mA .
 M  2V
Problem 2. Two different masses m and 3m of an ideal gas are heated B

separately in a vessel of constant volume, the pressure P 3m
A
and absolute temperature T, graphs for these two cases P
m
and shown in the figure as A and B. The ratio of slopes of
curves B to A is T
(a)3 : 1 (b)1 : 9 (c)9 : 1 (d)1 : 9

m
Solution : For a gas, PV  nRT  RT
M
m B
For graph A, PV  RT
M 3m
A
P m R P
Slope of graph A    …(i) m
T  M V
T
3m
For graph B, PV  RT
M
P 3m R
Slope of graph B,    …(ii)
T  M V
3m R
Slope of curve B M V 3
 
Slope of curve A m R 1
MV
th
1
Problem 3: A monoatomic gas (   5 / 3) is suddenly compressed to   its volume adiabatically. The
8  
pressure of the gas will change to
24 40
(a) (b) 8 (c) (d) 32
5 3

V  5
Solution : 
PV  P V
1 1 2 2

 P2  P1  1   P (8)   P(8) 3  32 P
 V2 
Problem 4: Two insulating cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of an ideal
diatomic gas at temperature 300K. The piston A is free to move, while that of B is held
fixed. The same amount of heat is given to the gas in each cylinder. If the rise in
temperature of the gas in A is 30K. Then the rise in temperature of the gas in B is,
(a) 30K (b) 18K (c) 50K (d) 42K.
Solution : For cylinder A. For cylinder B
Q  nCP T dQ  nCv dT2
 n(Cv  R)30  nCv T2
(Cv  R )30
Using above 2 equations nCvT2  n(Cv  R)30  T2 
Cv
5
For diatomic gas Cv  R  T2  42 K .
2
Problem 5. A mass of 8 grams of oxygen at the pressure of one atmosphere C (400K)

and at temperature 27ºC is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
frictionless piston. The following operations are performed in P c b
the order given : A B
a
(i) The gas is heated at constant pressure till temp. 127ºC 300K 400K
(ii) Then it is compressed isothermally to its initial volume O V
(iii) Finally it is cooled to its initial temperature at constant volume.
Calculate the following:
(a) What is the heat absorbed by the gas during operation (i)
(b) How much work is done by the gas in state (ii)
(c) What is the work on the gas in stage (ii)
(d) How much heat is extracted from the gas in stage (iii)
(Specific heat of Oxygen (   1.4) , Molecular weight of Oxygen = 32 and
Solution : According to Avogadro’s hypothesis
8 300 560
VA   22.4  litre   103 m 3
32 273 91
Because the gas is heated at constant pressure
VB VA 400 4
 or VB  VA   VA  VB  VA  (4 / 3)VA  VA  VA / 3
TB TA 300 3
(a) According to first law of thermodynamics
dQ  dU  dW  mCV T  P(VB  VA )
 560  10 3 
 (8  103 )  (670)  100  1.013  105    536  208.7  743.8 J
 3  91 
(b) dW  P(VB  VA )  207.8 J
(c) Work done on the gas in stage (b) or in isothermal compression
= - ( m / M ) RT loge (VB / VA )
8 4
  8.31  400  log e  831  0.2877  239.1 J
32 3
(d) Heat extracted from the gas in stage C  mCV T  (8  103 )  670 100  536 J
Problem 6. n1 and n2 moles of two ideal gases of thermodynamics constant 1 and  2 respectively are
C
mixed, P for the mixture is
CV
  n n  n n  n  (   1)  n2  2 ( 1  1)
(a) 1 2 (b) 1 1 2 2 (c) 1 2 2 1 (d) 1 1 2
2 n1  n2 n1  n2 n1 (  2  1)  n2 ( 1  1)
Solution : n  n1  n2
From energy conservation
U  U1  U 2
R R R R
nCV  n1CV 1  n2CV 2  n1  n2 nC P  n11  n2  2
1  1 2 1 1  1 2  1
n1 1 R R
 n2  2
nCP C  1  2 1
  P 1
nCV CV n R n1R
b g b g
2

 2 1  1 1
n1 1 (  2  1)  n2  2 ( 1  1)

n1 (  2  1)  n2 ( 1  1)
Problem 7: In a room where temperature is 30ºC, a body cools from 61ºC to 59ºC in 4 minutes. The
time taken by the body to cool from 51ºC to 49ºC will be :
(a) 4 minutes (b) 6 minutes (c) 5 minutes (d) 8 minutes
Solution : Rate of cooling  difference in temperature

dT dT
    K  In first case
dt dt
dT 2 1
dT  61  59  2    60  30  30  dt  4 minute K  
dt 30  4 60
For second case
dT 2
dT  2  d  50  30  20  dt    6 min.
K  1  60
2
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
Problem :1 A copper and a tungsten plate having a thickness   2 mm each are riveted together so
that at 0ºC they form a flat bimetallic plate. Find the average radius of curvature of this
plate at t  200C . The coefficients of linear expansion for copper and tungsten are
 c  1.7  10 5 K 1 and t  0.4  10 5 K 1 .
Solution : From figure,
Using …
L  R
R 
 ( R   / 2)   0 (1  1T )..................(i) l
 ( R   / 2)   0 (1   2 T )..................(ii)
Dividing equation (i) and equation (ii) 
( R   / 2) (1  1T )
 Solving for R, we get
( R   / 2) (1   2 T )

R  0.769 m .
(1   2 ) t
Problem: 2 Given: Avogadro’s number N  6.02  1023 and Boltzmann’s constant
k  1.38 10 23 J / K . Calculate
(i) The average kinetic energy of translation of the molecules of an ideal gas at 0ºC
and at 100ºC.
(ii) Also calculate the corresponding energies per mole of the gas.
Solution : (i)According to the kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of translation per molecule
of an ideal gas at Kelvin temperature. T is (3 / 2) kT , where k is Boltzmann’s constant.
3
At 0ºC (T  273K ) , the kinetic energy of translation  kT
2
3
  1.38  10 23 )  273  5.65  1021 J / molecule
2
At 100C, (T  373 K ) , the energy is
3
  (1.38  1023 )  373  7.72  10 21 J / molecule
2
(ii)1 mole of gas contains N (  6.02 10 23 ) molecules. Therefore, at 0ºC, the kinetic energy
of translation of 1 mole of the gas is  (5.65  10 21 )(6.02  10 23 )  3401 J / mole
and at 100ºC, the kinetic energy of translation of 1 mole of gas is
 (7.72 1021 ) (6.02  10 23 )  4647 J / mole.
Problem: 3 The first excited state of hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV above its lowest state. At what
temperature the hydrogen atom will be excited to this state? k  1.38  10 23 J / K .
Solution : 1eV  1.6  1019 J  10.2 eV  16.32  1019 J

Let T K be the temperature at which the hydrogen atom will have an average kinetic energy
3
of 16.32  1019 J . Then, by the law of equi-partition of energy, we have kT  16.32  10 19 J
2
Now, the Boltzmann’s constant k  1.38  10 23 J / K
2 16.32 10 19 2 16.32  10 19
 T     8  10 4 J / K
3 k 3 1.38  10 23
Problem: 4 How many degrees of freedom have the gas molecules, if under standard conditions the
gas density is   1.3 mg / cm3 and the velocity of sound propagation in it is v  330 m / s .
Solution :
P v 2
 v or  
 P
If f be the number of degree of freedom, then
2 2
f   P  1.013 105 N / m 2
  1   v / P   1
2
 
  1.3 mg / cm3  1.3 kg / m3 , v  330 m / s .
f 5
Problem: 5 Find atmosphere pressure as a function of height from the ground level in terms of M
and Po where P0 is the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth and M is average
molecular weight of air.
Solution : Considering a layer of air of cross-sectional area A, having thickness dy at a height y from
the surface of earth. Let P and P+dP be the pressure on the two sides of the layer.
 For equilibrium of the layer P+dP
( P  dP) A  dy. A. . g .  pA dy
or dP  gdy …(i)
y P
Since PV  nRT

or P RT (Because  / M  no. of moles per unit volume )
M
Substituting  in the equation (i)
PM
or  g.dy …(ii)
RT
P h
PM dP Mg
 dP   g .dy or P P   RT 0 dy
RT 0
M = Average molecular weight,

Mg
 h
P0  Atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth. or P  P0 e RT
Here, temperature of atmosphere has been assumed to be constant with height.
Problem: 6 Suppose the pressure P and the density  of air are related as P /  n = constant
regardless of height (n is constant here). Find the corresponding temperature gradient.
(Take average molecular weight of air = M)
dT dT d  dP
Solution : The temperature gradient is given by  . . …(i)
dh d  dP dh
dP
 dP  gdh   g …(ii)
dh
Given that P / n  c (constant)  P  c n
dp d 1
 cnn 1   …(iii)
d dp cn n 1
R
We know that P   T or cn  ( R / M )T  T  ( M / R )cn 1
M
dT M
or  c (n  1)n 2 …(iv)
d R
dT Mg (n  1)
From (ii), (iii) an (iv) substituting these values in (i), and solving we get, 
dh nR
Problem: 7 One mole ideal monatomic gas is taken at temperature of 300K. Its volume is doubled
keeping its pressure constant. Find the change in the internal energy.
Solution : Since pressure constant

 v T
vi v f vf
   Tf  Ti  2Ti  600K
Ti T f vi
f 3
 U  n.RT  1.R.(600  300) = 450 R.
2 2
Problem: 8 Two mole diatomic ideal gas is taken through the process PT  const. Its temperature is
increased from T0 K to 2T0 K . Find work done by the system?
Solution : W   Pdv
PV ncR
Here PT  PT
1 1  P2T2  c (Constant)  PT  c  P.  c  P 2V  ncR  P 
nR V
v2
1
  Pdv  ncR  V
dv  ncR  2
   
V2  V1   2[ nR.P2T2V2  nRPTV
1 1 1 ]  nR (T2  T1 )  8 RT0 .
v1
Problem: 9 An ideal gas is taken through a process in which the pressure and the volume are
changed according to the equation P = KV. Show that the molar heat capacity of the gas
for the process is given by
C = Cv +R/2.
Solution : PV = nRT . . . . . (i)

P = KV . . . . . (ii)
From (i) and (ii), KV2 = nRT
Differentiating 2 KVdV= nRdT
PdV = nRdT/2 dQ = dU + PdV
nCdT = nCVdT + nRdT/2 C = CV + R/2
Problem :10 One mole of an ideal gas whose pressure changes with volume as P  V , where  is a
constant, is expanded so that its volume increase  times. Find the change in internal
energy and heat capacity of the gas.
Solution : Let V be the initial volume of the gas. It is expanded to a volume  V. The work done in this
process is given by
V V V
V 2  V 2 2
W  PdV  V VdV    V      1
V V
2 
The pressure of the gas varies withy volume as P  V . So, the initial and final pressure will
be  V and  V. The change in internal energy is given by
Pf V f  PV 2  V 2   V 2  V 2 2
U
i i
 1

 1

 1
   1
The heat exchange in this process is given by
V 2 2 V 2 2 V 2 2    1
Q U W    1 
   1     1  
 1 2 2    1
PV V 2 PV  2 V 2
Here Ti  i i  and T f  f f 
nR nR nR nR
Q
Now heat capacity C 
T f  T1
1  V 2 2    1  nR  V 2 2    1
C     1        1  
   1  V    1  2
2 2
T f  Ti  2    1
nR    1  R   1
 ( Here n = 1)  C  .
2    1  2   1 
Problem: 11 An ideal gas, whose adiabatic exponent is equal to  , is expanded so that the amount of
heat transferred to the gas is equal to the decrease of internal energy. Find
(a) The molar heat capacity of the gas in this process,
(b) The equation of the process in the variables T, V;
(c) The work performed by one mole of the gas when its volume increases times if
the initial temperature of the gas is T0 .
Solution : (a) Q  U 1  U 2  (U 2  U 1)  U
R
(as given in the problem) so dQ  dU  nCv dT  n dT
 1
dQ R
Hence, molar heat capacity C  
ndT  1
(b) dQ  dU  dW
For this problem
 dU  dU  dW  dU  dW
R nRT
 2nCvdT  pdV  2n dt  dV
 1 V
dT (   1) dV
  0  TV ( 1)/2  constant
T 2 V
(c) dW  2dU
 W  2 dU  2U
T   T 
 2Cv(T  T0 )  2CvT0   1   2CvT0 1  
 T0   T0 
( 1) / 2 ( 1) / 2
( 1)/ 2 ( 1)/ 2 T  V0  1
Since TV  constant  T0V0    
T0  V  
(  1) / 2
 T   1  2 RT0 [1  1/  ]
so, W  2CvT0 1    2CvT0 1  ( 1) / 2   .
 T0     (   1)
Problem: 12 At 27ºC two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expends
adiabatically to a volume 2 V. Calculate
(a) Final temperature of the gas
(b) Change in its internal energy and
(c) The work done by the gas during the process. [R = 8.31 J/mol K]
Solution : (a) In case of adiabatic change

PV   constant with PV  nRT
1
so that TV 1 1  T2V21 [with   (5 / 3) ]
i.e. 300  V  T (2V ) or T  300/(2)2 / 3  189 K
2/ 3 2/ 3
nR T  R 
(b) As U  nCvT  as Cv  
(   1)  (   1) 
3
so U  2     8.31(189  300)  2767.23 J
2
Negative sign means internal energy will decrease.
(c) According to first law of thermodynamics
Q   U  W
And as for adiabatic change Q  0, W  U  2767.23 J.
Problem: 13 One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is taken through the
A
cycle shown in figure. B
A  B Adiabatic expansion
P D
B  C Cooling at constant volume C
C  D Adiabatic compression
V
D  A Heating at constant volume
The pressure and temperature at A, B etc., are denoted by PA ,TA ; PB , TB etc/ respectively.
Given TA  1000 K , PB  (2 / 3)PA and PC  (1/ 3) PA . Calculate
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A  B
(b) The heat lost by the gas in the process B  C and
(c) Temperature TD given (2/ 3)2/ 5  0.85 and R  8.31 J/mol K.
Solution : (a) As for adiabatic change PV   constant


 nRT 
i.e. P   constant [as PV  nRT ]
 P 
 1
T T   P  5
i.e. 1
 constant t so  B    B  where  
P  TA   PA  3
1
1 2/5
2  2
i.e. TB  TA    1000    850 K
3 3
nR[TF  TI ] 1  8.31[1000  850]
so WAB  
[1   ] [(5 / 3)  1]
i.e. WAB  (3/ 2)  8.31 150  1869.75 J
(b) For B  C , V  constant so W  0

so from first law of thermodynamics
3  3
Q  U  W  nCvT  0 or Q  1   R  (TC  850) as Cv  R
2  2
Now along path BC, V = constant; P  T
PC TC (1/ 3) PA T 850
i.e.  , TC   TB  B   425 K …(ii)
PB TB (2 / 3) PA 2 2
3
So Q  1   8.31(425  850)  5297.625 J
2
[Negative heat means, heat is lost by the system]
(c) As A and D are on the same system]

PD TD TD
 , i.e. PD  PA
PA TA TA
  1  1
 TD   PD  PT 
But C and d are on the same adiabatic      A D 
 TC   PC   PC TA 
1
1 2/5
 P   T  PA 
TD   TC  A  , i.e. TC3 / 5   B  
1/ 
or 
 PC TA   2   (1/ 3) PA1000 
 1  2 2 / 3   3 2 /5
i.e. TD3 / 5      1000    i.e. TD  500 K
 2  3   1000 
Problem: 14 A piston can freely move inside a horizontal cylinder x

closed from both ends. Initially, the piston separates
the inside space of the cylinder into two equal parts P1 A
each of volume V0 , in which an ideal gas is contained
Fagent P2 A
under the same pressure P0 and at the same
temperature. What work has to be performed in
order to increase isothermally the volume of one part
of gas  times compared to that of the other by
slowly the piston?
Solution : Let the agent move as shown.
In equilibrium position,
P1 A  Fagent  P2 A
Fagent  ( P2  P1 ) A
Elementary work done by the agent
Fagent dx  ( P2  P1 ) A  dx  ( P2  P1 )dV
Applying PV = constant for two parts, we have
0 0 and P2 (V0  Ax )  PV
P1 (V0  Ax)  PV 0 0
PV
0 0 PV
0 0 P0V0 (2 Ax) 2 PV V
P1  and P2   P2  P1  2 2 2
 20 0 2
(V0  Ax) (V0  Ax) V0  A x V0  V
When the volume of the left end is  times the volume of right end, we have
(V0  V )  (V0  V )
  1 
V   V0 …(ii)
  1 
V V
2 PV0 0V
The work done is given by W   ( P2  P1 ) dv   2 2
dv
0 0
(V 0 V )
0 0 [ln V  V ]   PV
0 0 [ln V  V   ln V
2 2 2 2 2 2
  PV 0 0 0 0 ]
2
     1  2    (  1) 2 
2 2 2
  PV
0 0
 ln V
 0   V0   ln V0    PV 
0 0  ln{4 /(  1) } 0 0  4  .
  PV ln
    1    
Problem: 15 Three moles of an ideal gas being initially at a temperature T0  273 K were isothermally
expanded   5.0 time its initial volume and then isochorically heated so that the
pressure in the final state became equal to that in the initial state. The total amount of
heat transferred to the gas during the process equals Q  80 KJ. Find the ratio
  Cp / Cv for this gas.
Solution : In isothermal process, the heat transferred to the gas in given by

Q1  nRT0 ln(V2 / V1 )  nRT0ln …(i)
[   (V2 / V1 )  ( P1 / P2 )]
In isochroric process, Q2  U (W = 0)
 Q2  nCvT  n{R /(  1)}T …(ii)
P2 T0 P
Now  T  T0  1   T0
or
P1 T  P2 
 T  T0  T0  (  1)T0 …(iii)
substituting the value of T from equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get
 R   R 
Q2  n   (  1)T0  Q  nRT0 ln  n   (  1)T0
  1    1 
Q   1   1  1
or  ln     or   1    1
nRT0   1  Q Q
 ln  ln
nRT0 nRT0
Substituting given values, we get
(5  1)
 1 Solving we get   1.4
80  103
 ln5
3  8.3  273
Problem 16. As insulated container is divided into two equal portions. One portion containers an
ideal gas at pressure P and temperature T, while the other portion is a perfect vacuum.
If a hole is opened between the two portions, find the change in internal energy and
temperature of the gas.
Solution : As the system is thermally insulated, Q  0

Further as here the gas is expanding against vacuum (surroundings), the process is called free
expansion and for it,
W   PdV  0 [as for vacuum P = 0]
So in accordance with first law of thermodynamics, i.e. Q  U  W , we have
0  U  0, i.e. U  0 or U  constant
So in this problem internal energy of the gas remains constant, i.e. U  0 . Now as for an
ideal gas
f
U nRT , i.e. U  T [Where f is degrees of freedom of ideal gas]
2
So temperature of the gas will also remain constant, i.e. T  0 .
Problem: 17 An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic thermodynamic process through four steps. The
amount of heat involved in these steps are Q1  5960 J ; (   5 / 3) ; Q3  2980 J ; and
Q4  3645 J respectively. The corresponding works involved are
W1  2200 J ; W2  825 J ; W3  1100 J and W4 respectively.
(a) Find the value of  (b) What is the efficiency of the cycle?
Solution : (a) According to the given problem

Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  5960  5585  2980  3645
Q  9605  8565  1040 J
W  W1  W2  W3  W4  2200  825  1100  W4  275  W4
and as for cyclic process U F  U I , U  U F  U I  0
So from first law of thermodynamics, i.e., Q  U  W , we have
1040  (275  W4 )  0, i.e. W4  765 J
(b) As efficiency of a cycle is defined as

Network W Q
  
Input heat (Q1  Q4 ) (Q1  Q4 )
1040
  0.1082  10.82% .
9605
Problem: 18 One end of a rod of length 20 cm is inserted in a furnace at 800 K. the sides of the rod
are covered with an insulating material and the other end emits radiation like a
blackbody. The temperature of this end is 750 K in the steady state. The temperature of
the surrounding air is 300 K. Assuming radiation to be the only important mode of
energy transfer between the surrounding and the open end of the rod, find the thermal
conductivity of the rod. Stefan constant   6.0  10 8 W / m2  K 4
Solution : Quantity of heat flowing through the rod in steady state
dQ K . A.d 
 …(i)
dt x
Quantity of heat radiated from the end of the rod in steady state
dQ
 A T 4  T04  …(ii)
dt
From (i) and (ii)

K .d 
   T 4  T04 
x
K  50
 6.0  10 8 [(7.5) 4  (3) 4 ]  108
0.2
or K = 74 W/m – K.
Problem: 19 Find temperature as a function of radius r in case of spherical shell. Inner and outer
surfaces temperature are fixed at 1 and 2 respectively. The inner and outer surfaces
have radius r1 and r2 respectively.
Solution : Considering a spherical shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 , maintained at temperature
1 and 2 respectively (2  1 ) .
Considering an elementary spherical shell of thickness dr at a temperature difference d .
Rate of radial flow of heat in steady state
dQ d
H   K (4 r 2 )
dt dr
r2  r 1
dr K 4 2 r1
or r r 2   d dr
1
H 1 r2
2
 1 1  K 4
   [1  2 ]
 r1 r2  H
dQ K 4(1   2 ) 4Kr1r2 (1   2 )
Rate of flow H   
dt 1 1  ( r2  r1 )
r  r 
 1 2
Considering the temperature of the layer as  at a distance r from the centre.
r 
dr K 4
r r 2   d
1
H 1
r2 
 1 1  K .4 dr K .4 2
   [1  2 ] …(i) and r r 2  H  d 
 r1 r  H 1 1
 1 1  K .4 
   [1  2 ] …(ii)
 r1 r2  H
Dividing,
1 1 1 1
 
r1 r   r1 r
 1   1  (  2 )
1 1 1   2 1 1 1
 
r1 r2 r1 r2
Problem: 20: A 2m long wire of resistance 4 ohm and diameter  2
dr
0.64 mm is coated with plastic insulation of  1
thickness 0.06 mm. When a current of 5 ampere r a
flows through the wire, find the temperature
difference across the insulation in steady state if
[ K  0.16  102 cal / cm  C sec]
Solution : Considering a concentric cylindrical shell of radius r and thickness dr as shown in figure. The
radial rate of flow of heat through this shell in steady state will be
dQ d
H   KA Negative sign is used as with increase in r,  decreases
dt dr
Now as for cylindrical shell A = 2r L
b 2
d dr 2 LK
H  2rLK or a r   H  d
dt 1
which on integration and simplification gives

dQ 2LK (1   2 )
H  …(i)
dt ln b
a  
I 2 R (5) 2  4 cal J
Here, H   24 [H (Heat flow rate) = I2 R ]
4.2 4.2 sec sec
L  2m  200 cm
r1  (0.64 / 2) mm= 0.032 cm and R2  r1  d  0.032  0.006  0.038 cm
So (1  2 )

24  ln 38
32 
2  2.3026[log10 38  log10 32]
24  2.3026[log10 38  log10 32]


3.14  0.64
55  [1.57  1.50]
or (1   2 )   2 ºC.
2
Problem: 21 The temperature of the filament of a 100watt lamp is 40000C in the steady state and the
radius of the glass bulb is 4 cm and the thickness of the wall is 0.4 mm. Assuming that
there is no convection calculate the thermal conductivity of glass. The temperature of
the outside air is 27 0C. There is no variation of k with temperature. (where k is thermal
conductivity of the material).
Solution : In the steady state heat generated is conducted through the wall of the bulb
2
k  4   4  10 2   4000  27 
i.e., 100 =  k = 5  10-4 Js-1m-1K-1
0.4  103
EXERCISE -I
THERMAL EXPANSION
1. A steel tape gives correct measurement at 20°C. A piece of wood is being measured with the steel
tape at 0°C. The reading is 25 cm on the tape, the real length of the given piece of wood must be:
(A) 25 cm (B) <25 cm (C) >25 cm (D) cannot say
2. A metallic rod l cm long with a square cross-section (A) is heated through t°C. If Young’s modulus
of elasticity of the metal is E and the mean coefficient of linear expansion is  per degree Celsius,
then the compressional force required to prevent the rod from expanding along its length is :( Neglect
the change of cross-sectional area)
(A) EAt (B) EAt/(1 + t) (C) EAt/(1t) (D) E/t
3. A metal ball immersed in Alcohol weights W1 at 0°C and W2 at 50°C. The coefficient of cubical
expansion of the metal ()m is less than that of alcohol ()Al. Assuming that density of metal is large
compared to that of alcohol, it can be shown that
(A) W1> W2 (B) W1 = W2 (C) W1< W2 (D) any of (A) , (B) or (C)
4. The coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid in a copper vessel is C and in a silver vessel is S.
The coefficient of volume expansion of copper is c. What is the coefficient of linear expansion of
silver?
C  C  S C  C  S C C  S C C  S
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
5. If α is the coefficient of linear expansion, the change in the period t of a physical pendulum with
temperature change of ∆T is
 t T  t T 3 t T  t T
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 4 3
6. Two rods of lengths  1 and  2 are made of materials whose coefficients of linear expansion 1 are
and  2 respectively. If the difference between the two lengths is independent of temperature, then
1  2  
(a)  (b)  12 2   221 (c) 1  1 (d)  1 22   212
 2 1  2 2
7. Two rods of length  1 and coefficient of linear expansion 1 are connected freely to a third rod of
length  2 of coefficient of linear expansion  2 to form an isosceles triangle. The arrangement is
supported on the knife edge at the midpoint of  2 which is horizontal. The apex of the isosceles
triangle is to remain at a constant distance from the knife edge if
1  2 1    1  2
(a)  (b)  12 2   221 (c) 2 1 (d) 1   
 2 1 2 2  2  2  1
8. A solid sphere of radius R made of material of bulk modulus K is surrounded by a liquid in a

cylindrical container. A massless piston of area A floats on the surface of the liquid. When a mass m
is placed on the piston to compress the liquid, the fractional change in the radius of the sphere R/R
is
(A) mg/AK (B) mg/3AK (C) mg/A (D) mg/3AR
9. The loss in weight of a solid when immersed in a liquid at 0°C is W0 and at t°C is W. If cubical
coefficient of expansion of the solid and the liquid by S and 1 respectively, then W is equal to :
(A) W0 [1 + ( s – l) t] (B) W0 [1 - (s – l)t]
(C) W0 [( s – l) t] (D) W0t/(s – l)
10. A thin walled cylindrical metal vessel of linear coefficient of expansion 10–3 °C–1 contains benzene of
volume expansion coefficient 10–3°C–1. If the vessel and its contents are now heated by 10°C, the
pressure due to the liquid at the bottom.
(A) increases by 2% (B) decreases by 1% (C) decreases by 2% (D) remains unchanged
11. An open vessel is filled completely with oil which has same coefficient of volume expansion as that
of the vessel. On heating both oil and vessel,
(A) the vessel can contain more volume and more mass of oil
(B) the vessel can contain same volume and same mass of oil
(C) the vessel can contain same volume but more mass of oil
(D) the vessel can contain more volume but same mass of oil
12. The coefficients of thermal expansion of steel and a metal X are respectively 12 × 10–6 and
2 × 10 –6per°C. At 40°C, the side of a cube of metal X was measured using a steel verniercalliper.
The reading was 100 mm. Assuming that the calibration of the vernier was done at 0°C, then the
actual length of the side of the cube at 0°C will be
(A) > 100 mm (B)< 100 mm (C) = 100 mm (D) data insufficient to conclude
13. A steel scale is to be prepared such that the millimeter intervals are to be accurate within 6 10 5 mm.
The maximum temperature variation during the ruling of the millimeter marks is:
(   12  106 K 1 )
(a) 4.0ºC (b) 4.5ºC (c) 5.0ºC (d) 5.5ºC
14. If I is the moment of inertia of a solid body, the change in I corresponding to a small change in
temperature is
 I T
(a)  I T (b) (c) 2 I T (d) 3 I T
2
15. A meter washer has a hole of diameter d1 and an external diameter d2, where d 2 =3 d1.On heating,
increases by 0.3%.Then d1will
(a)decrease by 0.1% (b)decrease by 0.3% (c)increase by 0.1% (d)increase by 0.3%
16. At 4ºC, 0.98 of the volume of a body is immersed in water. The temperature at which the entire body
gets immersed in water is (neglect the expansion of the body)(  L  3.3  10 4 K 1 )
(a) 40.8ºC (b) 64.6ºC (c) 60.6ºC (d) 58.8ºC
17. A sphere of diameter 7 cm and mass 266.5 gm floats in a bath of a liquid. As the temperature is
raised, the sphere just begins to sink at a temperature 35°C. If the density of a liquid at 0°C is 1.527
gm/cc, then neglecting the expansion of the sphere, the coefficient of cubical expansion of the liquid
is:
(A) 8.486 × 104 per 0C (B) 8.486 × 105 per 0C
(C) 8.486 × 106 per 0C (D) 8.486 × 103 per 0C
CALORIMETRY
18. 1 kg of ice at – 10°C is mixed with 4.4 kg of water at 30°C. The final temperature of mixture is:
(Specific heat of ice is 2100 J/kg/k)
(A) 2.3°C (B) 4.4°C (C) 5.3°C (D) 8.7°C
19. A volume of 120 ml of drink (half alcohol + half water by mass) originally at a temperature of 25°C
is cooled by adding 20 gm ice at 0°C. If all the ice melts, find the final temperature of the drink.
(density of drink = 0.833 gm/cc, specific heat of alcohol = 0.6 cal/gm/°C)
(A) 2°C (B) 3°C (C) 4°C (D) 6°C
20. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and C are 12ºC, 19ºC and 28ºC
respectively. The temperature when A and C are mixed is 23ºC. That temperature when A and B
mixed can be
(a) 18.2ºC (b) 20.3ºC (c) 22.2ºC (d) 24.2ºC.
21. 10 gm of ice at 0°C is kept in a calorimeter of water equivalent 10 gm. How much heat should be
supplied to the apparatus to evaporate the water thus formed? (Neglect loss of heat)
(A) 6200 cal (B) 7200 cal (C) 13600 cal (D) 8200 cal
22. A 2100 W continuous flow geyser (instant geyser) has water inlet temperature = 10°C while the
water flows out at the rate of 20 g/sec. The outlet temperature of water must be about
(A) 20°C (B) 30°C (C) 35°C (D) 40°C
23. The graph shown in the figure represent change in the temperature of 5 kg of a
substance as it absorbs heat at a constant rate of 42 kJ min–1. The latent heat of
vapourization of the substance is :
(A) 630 kJ kg–1
(B) 126 kJ kg–1
(C) 84 kJ kg–1
(D) 12.6 kJ kg–1
24. Some steam at 100°C is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent
0.02 kg at 15°C so that the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80°C. What is the
mass of steam condensing. (in kg)
(A) 0.130 (B) 0.065 (C) 0.260 (D) 0.135
25. The weight of a person is 60 kg. If he gets 100 kilocalories of heat through food and the efficiency of
his body is 28%, then up to how much height he can climb? Take g = 10 m s-2
(a)100 m (b)196 m (c)400 m (d)1000 m.
26. A thermally insulated vessel contains some water at 0 0C. The vessel is connected to a vacuum pump
to pump out water vapour. This results in some water getting frozen. It is given Latent heat of
vaporization of water at 0°C =21 × 10 5 J/kg and latent heat of freezing of water = 3.36 × 10 5 J/kg.
The maximum percentage amount of water that will be solidified in this manner will be
(A) 86.2% (B) 33.6% (C) 21% (D) 24.36%
27. Ice at 0°C is added to 200 g of water initially at 70°C in a vacuum flask. When 50 g of ice has been
added and has all melted the temperature of the flask and its contents are 40°C. When a further 80g
of ice has been added and has all melted, the temperature of the whole is 10°C. Calculate the specific
latent heat of fusion of ice.[Take Sw =1 cal /gm °C.]
(A) 3.8 ×10 5 J/ kg (B) 1.2 ×105 J/ kg
5
(C) 2.4 ×10 J/ kg (D) 3.0 ×10 5 J/ kg
KINETIC THEORY GASES

28. A gas behaves more closely as an ideal gas at
(a) low pressure and low temperature (b) low pressure and high temperature
(c) high pressure and low temperature (d) high pressure and high temperature.
29. According to kinetic theory of gases, which of following statement will be true.
(A) Ideal gases cannot be liquified
(B) The molecules of ideal gas do not obey newtons laws of motion.
(C) Pressure of gas is always inversely proportional to its volume
(D) molecules of gas never move in straight line.
30. According to kinetic theory of gases,
(A) The speed of molecules decreases for each collision
(B) The pressure exerted by a diatomic gas is proportional to the mean velocity of the molecule.
(C) The K.E. of the gas decreases on expansion at constant temperature.
(D) The mean translational K.E. of a diatomic gas increases with increase in absolute temperature.
31. A piston is slowly pushed into a metal cylinder containing an ideal gas. Which of the following
statements is/are incorrect?
(A) The pressure of the gas increases
(B) The number of the molecules per unit volume increases
(C) The average speed of gas molecules increases
(D) The frequency of collision of the gas molecules with the piston increases.
32. Three particles have speeds of 2u , 10u and 11u. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by about u.
(B) The mean speed exceeds the r.m.s. speed by about u.
(C) The r.m.s. speed equals the mean speed.
(D) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by more than 2u.
33. Find the approx. number of molecules contained in a vessel of volume 7 litres at 0°C at 1.3 × 105
pascal
(A) 2.4 × 1023 (B) 3 × 10 23 (C) 6 × 10 23 (D) 4.8 × 1023
34. A vessel of volume 0.02 m3 contains a mixture of hydrogen and helium at 20°C and 2 atmospheric
pressure. The mass of mixture is 5 gms. Find the ratio of mass of hydrogen to that of helium in the
mixture.
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
35. Five particles have speeds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 m/s. the average velocity of the particles is (in m/s)
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 2.5 (D) cannot be calculated.
36. Select the incorrect statement about ideal gas.

(A) Molecules of a gas are in incessant random motion colliding against one another and with the
walls of the container.
(B) The gas is not isotropic and the constant (1/3) in equation P = (1/3) is result of this property
(C) The time during which a collision lasts is negligible compared to the time of free path between
collisions.
(D) There is no force of interaction between molecules among themselves or between molecules and
the wall except during collision.
37. Average kinetic energy per molecule of an ideal monatomic gas at 0ºC (k = 1.38 10 -23 JK-1)is
(a) 5.8  1018 J (b) 9.5 1023 J (c) 5.6 1021 J (d) 11.3 1022 J
38. The rms speed of helium at 27ºC and 1 atm pressure is 900 m s-1. Then the rms speed of the helium
molecules at 27ºC and 2 atm pressure is :
(a) 450 m s-1 (b)1800 m s-1 (c)900 m s-1 (d)750 m s-1
39. The rms speed of oxygen molecules in a gas isv . If the temperature is doubled and the oxygen
molecules dissociate into oxygen atoms, the rms speed will become
(a) 4 times (b) 2 times (c) remains same (d) (1/2) times
40. An ideal gas follows a process PT = constant. The correct graph between pressure & volume is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
41. When 2 gms of a gas are introduced into an evacuated flask kept at 250C the pressure is found to be
one atmosphere. If 3 gms of another gas added to the same flask the pressure becomes 1.5
atmospheres. The ratio of the molecular weights of these gases will be
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
42. At temperature T, N molecules of gas A each having mass m and at the same temperature 2N
molecules of gas B each having mass 2m are filled in a container. The mean sqaure velocity of
molecules of gas B is v2 and mean square of x component of velocity of molecules of gas A is w2.
The ratio of w2/v2is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
43. The temperature of a gas is doubled (i) on absolute scale (ii) on centigrade scale. The increase in root
mean square velocity of gas will be
(A) More in case (i) (B) More in case (ii) (C) Same in both case (D) Information not sufficient
44. The expansion of an ideal gas of mass m at a constant pressure P is

given by the straight line B. Then the expansion of the same ideal gas
of mass 2 m at a pressure 2P is given by the straight line
(A) C (B) A (C) B (D) none
45. A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass 32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is P.
An identical vessel containing one mole of He gas (molar mass 4) at a temperature 2T has a pressure
of
(A) P/8 (B) P (C) 2P (D) 8P
46. Consider a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen kept at room temperature. As compared to a hydrogen
molecule an oxygen molecule hits the wall
(a) with greater average speed (b) with smaller average speed
(c) with greater average kinetic energy (d) with smaller average kinetic energy
47. An ideal gas mixture filled inside a balloon expands according to the relation PV2/3 = constant. The
temperature inside the balloon is
(A) increasing (B) decreasing (C) constant (D) can’t be said
48. A rigid tank contains 35 kg of nitrogen at 6 atm. Sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied to increase
the pressure to 9 atm, while the temperature remains constant. Amount of oxygen supplied to the
tank is :
(A) 5 kg (B) 10 kg (C) 20 kg (D) 40 kg
49. A perfect gas of a given mass is heated first in a small vessel and then in a large vessel, such that
their volumes remain unchanged. The P-T curves are
(A) parabolic with same curvature (B) parabolic with different curvature
(C) linear with same slopes (D) linear with different slopes
50. A container of volume 30 litres contains gas. The gas is at 0oC. Find the mass of gas leaked when
pressure falls by 0.78 atmospheres. Assume temperature of gas remains constant. Density of gas at
STP is 1.3 gms/litre. Initial pressure of gas is not known
(a) 15 gms (b) 20 gms (c) 25.5gms (d) 30.4 gms
51. An open and wide glass tube is immersed vertically in mercury in such a way that length 0.05 m
extends above mercury level. The open end of the tube is closed and the tube is raised further by 0.43
m. The length of air column above mercury level in the tube will be : Take Patm = 76 cm of mercury
(A) 0.215 m (B) 0.2 m (C) 0.1 m (D) 0.4 m
52. The process AB is shown in the diagram. As the gas is taken from A to B,
its temperature
(A) initially increases then decreases (B) initially decreases then increases
(C) remains constant (D) variation depends on type of gas
53. A barometer tube, containing mercury, is lowered in a vessel containing mercury until only 50 cm of
the tube is above the level of mercury in the vessel. If the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of mercury,
what is the pressure at the top of the tube?
(A) 33.3 kPa (B) 66.7 kPa (C) 3.33 MPa (D) 6.67 MPa
54. A vessel with open mouth contains air at 60°C. When the vessel is heated upto temperature T, one
fourth of the air goes out. The value of T is
(A) 80°C (B) 171°C (C) 333°C (D) 444°C
55. 28 gm of N2 gas is contained in a flask at a pressure of 10 atm and at a temperature of 57°. It is found
that due to leakage in the flask, the pressure is reduced to half and the temperature reduced to 27°C.
The quantity of N2 gas that leaked out is
(A) 11/20 gm (B) 20/11 gm (C) 5/63 gm (D) 63/5 gm
56. A cylinder containing gas at 27°C is divided into two parts of equal volume each 100cc and at equal
pressure by a piston of cross sectional area 10.85 cm2. The gas in one part is raised in temperature to
100°C while the other maintained at original temperature. The piston and wall are perfect insulators.
How far will the piston move during the change in temperature?
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 0.5 cm (D) 1.5 cm
57. 12gms of gas occupy a volume of 4×10–3 m3 at a temperature of 7 oC. After the gas is heated at
constant pressure its density becomes 6×10–4gm/cc. What is the temperature to which the gas was
heated.
(A) 1000K (B) 1400K (C) 1200K (D) 800K
58. Two identical containers joined by a small pipe initially contain the same gas at pressure p0 and
absolute temperatureT0 . One container is now maintained at the same temperature while the other is
heated to 2T0. The common pressure of the gases will be
2 4 5
(a) p0 (b) p0 (c) p0 (d) 2 p0
3 3 3
59. In the previous question, let be the volume of each containerV0. All other details remain the same.
The number of moles of gas in the container at the temperature 2T0 will be
pV pV 2p V pV
(a) 0 0 (b) 0 0 (c) 0 0 (d) 0 0
2 RT0 RT0 3RT0 3RT0
P T1
60. Figure shows graphs of pressure vs. density for an ideal gas at two T2
temperatures
(a) T1  T2 (b) T1  T2

(c) T1  T2 (d) any of the three is possible.
61. A gas is enclosed in a vessel of volume V at a pressure P. It is being pumped out of the vessel by
means of a piston pump with a stroke volume v. Pressure of the gas in the vessel after n stokes is
n n n
P v  v   V 
(a) (b) P   (c) P   (d) P  
n V   v V   v V 
62. Two containers of equal volume contain the same gas at pressure p1 and p 2 absolute temperature T1
and T2 respectively. On joining the vessels, the gas reaches a common pressure p and a common
temperature T. The ratio p/T is equal to
p p 1p p  p T  p2T1 p T  p2T1
(a) 1  2 (b)  1  2  (c) 1 2 (d) 1 2
T1 T2 2  T1 T2  T1  T2 T1  T2
63. The molecules of two ideal gases have the same rms speed. Their absolute temperatures areT1 and
T2 , and their molecular weights are M1 and M2.
T M T M1 T M T M2
(a) 1  1 (b) 1  (c) 1  2 (d) 1 
T2 M 2 T2 M2 T2 M 1 T2 M1
64. Two monoatomic ideal gas at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the
masses of molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and number of their molecules are n1 and n2
respectively. The temperature of the mixture will be :
T T n1 n2 nT  n T nT n T
(A) 1 2 (B)  (C) 1 2 2 1 (D) 1 1 2 2
n1  n2 T1 T2 n1  n2 n1  n2
THERMODYNAMICS
65. What is/are the same for O2 and NH3 in gaseous state
(A) ratio of specific heats (B) average velocity
(C) maximum no. of vibrational degree of freedom (D) None of these
66. The molar heat capacity for the process shown in figure is : P
K
(a) C = CP (b) C = Cv (c) C > Cv (d) C = 0 P
V
V
67. In the shown thermodynamic process, the correct statement is

(A) Heat given in the complete cycle ABCA is zero
(B) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is zero
(C) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is (1/2 P0V0)
(D) None
68. In an isobaric expansion of an ideal gas, which of the following is zero?

d 2V
(A) work done (B) Q (C) U (D)
dT 2
69. A perfect gas is found to obey the relation PV3/2 = constant, during an adiabatic process. If such a
gas, initially at a temperature T, is compressed adiabatically to half its initial volume, then its final
temperature will be
(A) 2T (B) 4T (C) 2T (D) 22T
70. In thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
releases 30 joule of heat and 18 joule of work was done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of
the gas was 60 joule, then, the final internal energy will be :
(A) 32 joule (B) 48 joule
(C) 72 joule (D) 96 joule
71. 1 gm water at 100°C and 105Pa pressure converts into 1841cm3 of steam at constant temperature and
pressure. If latent heat of vapourisation of water is 2250 J/gm. The change in internal energy of water
in this process is
(A) zero (B) 2250 J (C) 2066 J (D) none
72. An ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamics cycle as shown in figure.

Which of the following graphs represents the same cycle?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
73. If W1is the work done in compressing an ideal gas from a given initial state through a certain volume
isothermally and W2 is the work done in compressing the same gas from the same initial state
through the same volume adiabatically, then
(a) W1  W2 (b) W1  W2 (c) W1  W2 (d) W1  2W2
74. Figure shows a process on a gas in which pressure and volume both P
change. The molar heat capacity for this process is C.
(a) C = 0 (b) C = Cv
(c) C >Cv (d) C < Cv V
75. An ideal gas changes from state a to state b as shown in figure. b
What is the work done by the gas in the process?

T
(a) zero (b) positive
a
(c) negative (d) infinite.
P
76. A cyclic process is shown in the p-T diagram. Which of the curves C B
show the same process on a V-T diagram ?
C B p
C B
(a) A
p (b) p
O T
A
A
V
V
C B
p p
(c) (d) A C
B A
V V
77. A cyclic process is shown in the p-T diagram. Which of the curves show A B
the same process on a V-T diagram ?
p
A B B A D C
(a) (b) V
O T
V
D C C D
O T O T
C B
C
(c) (d)
D V D
V A
B
A
O T
O T
78. 70 calories of heat are required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant
pressure from 30ºC to 35ºC. The amount of heat required in calories to raise the temperature of same
gas through the same range (30ºC to 35ºC) at constant volume is
(a)30 (b)50 (c) 70 (d) 90
(3P, V) (3P, 3V)
79. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in C D
Following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
(a) PV (b) 2PV P
B A
(c) 4PV (d) zero. (P, V) (P, 3V)
O V
A B
80. A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the diagram. Which of the following curves
represent the same process?
p C
A B D C
D
(a) (b)
D V
T B
C V
A
p
T
B
A B
(c) A (d)
p C
D V
D C
T
T
81. Two samples A and B are initially kept in the same state. The sample A is expanded through an
adiabatic process and the sample B through an isothermal process. The final volumes of the samples
are the same. The final pressures in A and B are pA and pB respectively.
(a) pA> pB (b) pA = pB (c) pA< pB
(d) the relation between pA and pB cannot be deduced.
82. A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for an ideal gas passes through state A where
P=0.7×105 N/m–2 and v = 0.0049 m3. The ratio of specific heat of the gas is 1.4. The slope of path at
A is:
(A) 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (B) 1.0 × 107 Nm–5 (C) – 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (D) –1.0 × 107 Nm–5
83. If heat is added at constant volume, 6300J of heat are required to raise the temperature of an ideal gas
by 150K. If instead, heat is added at constant pressure, 8800 joules are required for the same
temperature change. When the temperature of the gas changes by 300K, the internal energy of the
gas changes by
(A) 5000J (B) 12600J (C) 17600J (D) 22600J
84. A polyatomic gas with six degrees of freedom does 25J of work when it is expanded at constant
pressure. The heat given to the gas is
(A) 100J (B) 150J (C) 200J (D) 250J
85. Three processes compose a thermodynamics cycle shown in the PV diagram.

Process 12 takes place at constant temperature. Process 23 takes place at
constant volume, and process 31 is adiabatic. During the complete cycle,
the total amount of work done is 10 J. During process 23, the internal
energy decrease by 20J and during process 31, 20 J of work is done on the
system. How much heat is added to the system during process 12?
(A) 0 (B) 10 J (C) 20 J (D) 30 J
86. 1 kg of a gas does 20 kJ of work and receives 16 kJ of heat when it is expanded between two states.
A second kind of expansion can be found between the initial and final state which requires a heat
input of 9 kJ. The work done by the gas in the second expansion is :
(A) 32 kJ (B) 5 kJ (C) – 4 kJ (D) 13 kJ
87. A vessel contains an ideal monoatomic gas which expands at constant pressure, when heat Q is given
to it. Then the work done in expansion is :
3 2 2
(A) Q (B) Q (C) Q (D) Q
5 5 3
88. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at temperature T0 expands slowly according to the law
P/V = constant. If the final temperature is 2 T0, heat supplied to the gas is :
(A) 2 R T0 (B) R T 0 (C) R T0 (D) R T0
89. A vertical cylinder with heat-conducting walls is closed at the bottom and is fitted with a smooth
light piston. It contains one mole of an ideal gas. The temperature of the gas is always equal to the
surrounding’s temperature, T0. The piston is moved up slowly to increase the volume of the gas to 
times. Which of the following is incorrect?
(A) Work done by the gas is RT 0ln.
(B) Work done against the atmosphere is RT0( 1).
(C) There is no change in the internal energy of the gas.
(D) The final pressure of the gas is 1/( 1) times its initial pressure.
90. A thermodynamic cycle takes in heat energy at a high temperature and rejects energy at a lower
temperature. If the amount of energy rejected at the low temperature is 3 times the amount of work
done by the cycle, the efficiency of the cycle is
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.33 (C) 0.67 (D) 0.9
91. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a diatomic gas at atmospheric pressure is

(A) 0 Nm – 2 (B) 1 Nm – 2 (C) 1.4 ×10 4 Nm – 2 (D) 1.4  10 5 Nm – 2
92. A diatomic gas follows equation PVm = constant, during a process. What should be the value of m
such that its molar heat capacity during process = R
(A) 2/3 (B) 1 (C) 1.5 (D) 5/3
93. 2 moles of a diatomic gas undergoes the process : PT2/V = constant. Then, the molar heat capacity of
the gas during the process will be equal to
(A) 5R/2 (B) 9R/2 (C) 3R (D) 4R
94. An ideal gas expands in such a way that PV2 = constant throughout the process.
(A) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a parabola.
(B) The graph of the process of T-V diagram is a straight line.
(C) Such an expansion is possible only with heating.
(D) Such an expansion is possible only with cooling.
95. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle , as shown in figure.

C B
2
If the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the
gas in the process is
V(m3)
(a) - 5 J (b) - 10 J 1 A
(c) - 15 J (d) - 20 J. 2
P(N/m ) 10
96. An ideal gas expands according to the law PV 2  const. The molar heat capacity C is
(a) CV  R (b) CV  R (c) CV  2 R (d) CV  3R
97. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown
V in litre
30
in figure, is
(a) 107  J (b) 104  J
(c) 102  J (d) 103  J 10
10 30
HEAT TRANSFER P in kPa
98. Four rods of same material with different radii r and length l are used to
connect two reservoirs of heat at different temperatures. Which one will conduct most heat?
(A) r =2cm, l =0.5m (B) r = 2cm, l = 2m
(C) r =0.5cm, l =0.5m (D) r = 1cm, l = 1m
99. Heat is conducted across a composite block of two slabs of thickness d A E C

and 2d. Their thermal conductivities are 2k and k respectively. All the
heat entering the face AB leaves from the face CD. The temperature in °C
of the junction EF of the two slabs is:
B F D
(A) 20 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D)80
100. A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional area has varying thermal conductivity which changes
linearly from 2K at end A to K at the other end B. The ends A and B of the rod are maintained at
constant temperature 100°C and 0°C, respectively. At steady state, the graph of temperature: T =
T(x)wherex = distance from end A will be
(A) (B) (C) (D)
101. A wall has two layer A and B each made of different material; both the layers have the same
thickness. The thermal conductivity of the material A is twice that of B. Under thermal equilibrium
the temperature difference across the wall B is 36°C. The temperature difference across the wall A is
(A) 6°C (B) 12°C (C) 18°C (D) 72°C
102. A ring consisting of two parts ADB and ACB of same conductivity k carries
an amount of heat H. The ADB part is now replaced with another metal
keeping the temperatures T1 and T2 constant. The heat carried increases to 2H.
ACB
What should be the conductivity of the new ADB part? Given = 3
ADB
7k
(A) (B) 2 k (C) k (D) 3 k
3
103. Three rods made of the same material and having same cross-sectional area
but different lengths 10cm, 20 cm and 30 cm are joined as shown. The
temperature of the joint is:
(A) 20°C (B) 23.7°C (C) 16.4°C (D) 18.2°C
104. Six identical conducting rods are joined as shown in figure. Points A
and D are maintained at temperature of 200°C and 20°C respectively.
The temperature of junction B will be:
(A) 120°C (B) 100°C (C) 140°C (D) 80°C
105. A hollow sphere of inner radius R and outer radius 2R is made of a material of thermal conductivity
K. It is surrounded by another hollow sphere of inner radius 2R and outer radius 3R made of same
material of thermal conductivity K. The inside of smaller sphere is maintained at 0°C and the outside
of bigger sphere at 100°C. The system is in steady state. The temperature of the interface will be:
(A) 50°C (B) 70°C (C) 75°C (D) 45°C
106. Three identical rods AB, CD and PQ are joined as shown. P and Q are mid
points of AB and CD respectively. Ends A, B, C and D are maintained at
0°C, 100°C, 30°C and 60°C respectively. The direction of heat flow in PQ is
(A) from P to Q (B) from Q to P
(C) heat does not flow in PQ (D) data not sufficient
107. Two sheets of thickness d and 3d, are touching each other. The temperature just outside the thinner
sheet side is A, and on the side of the thicker sheet is C. The interface temperature is B. A, B and C
are in arithmetic progressing, the ratio of thermal conductivity of thinner sheet and thicker sheet is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 9
108. A cylindrical rod with one end in a steam chamber and the outer end in ice results in melting of 0.1
gm of ice per second. If the rod is replaced by another with half the length and double the radius of
the first and if the thermal conductivity of material of second rod is 1/4 that of first, the rate at which
ice melts is gm/sec will be
(A) 3.2 (B) 1.6 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.1
109. A composite rod made of three rods of equal length and cross-section as shown in the fig. The
thermal conductivities of the materials of the rods are K/2, 5K and K respectively. The end A and
end B are at constant temperatures. All heat entering the face A goes out of the end B there being no
loss of heat from the sides of the bar. The effective thermal conductivity of the bar is
A B
K/2 5K K
(A) 15K/16 (B) 6K/13 (C) 5K/16 (D) 2K/13

50ºC
110. Three rods of the same dimensions have thermal conductivities 3K, 2K and K.
They are arranged as shown, with their ends at 100ºC, 50ºC and 0ºC. The 100ºC
2k
temperature of their junction is 3k

200 k
(a) 75ºC (b) ºC
3 0ºC
100
(c) 40ºC (d) ºC.
3
111. Five rods having thermal conductivities and are arranged as shown. The points A and Bare
maintained at different temperature such that no thermal current flows through the central rod.
k k2
1
A k5
B
k3 k4
(a) k1k4  k2 k3 (b) k1  k3 , k2  k4 (c) k1k3  k2 k4 (d) k1k5  k2 k4
112. A point source of heat of power P is placed at the center of a spherical shell of mean radius R. The
material of the shell has thermal conductivity k. If the temperature difference between the outer and
the inner surface of the shell is not to exceed T, then the thickness of the shell should not be less than
2 R 2 kT 4 R 2 kT  R 2 kT  R 2 kT
(a) (b) (c) (d)
P P P 4P
113. The temperature of a liquid drops from 365 K to 361 K in 2 minute. The time during which
temperature of the liquid drops from 344 K to 342 K is (Temperature of room is 293 K).
(a)88 s (b)72 s (c)66 s (d)60 s.
114. A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates 450 W power at 500 K. If the radius were
halved and the temperature doubled, the power radiated in wall would be
(a)225 (b)450 (c)900 (d)1800.
115. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of different materials. Both the layers have the same
thickness. The thermal conductivity of the material of A is twice that of B. Under thermal
equilibrium, the temperature difference across the wall is 36ºC and if temperature of other surface of
B is 00C then, temperature of the interface is:
(a) 6ºC (b) 12ºC (c) 18ºC (d) 24ºC.
116. A black body radiates power P and maximum energy is radiated by it around a wavelengthλ0 . The
temperature of the black body is now changed such that it radiated maximum energy around the
3
wavelength 0 . The power radiated by it now is
4
256 16 64 4
(a) P (b) P (c) P (d) P
81 9 27 3
117. The rate of emission of a black body at 0ºC is R. Its rate of emission at 273ºC is
(a)4R (b)8R (c)16R (d)32R.
118. A body emits radiation when its temperature is

(a) >0ºC (b) >100ºC
(c) > surrounding temperature (d) it emits radiation at all temperatures except 0K.
119. Radiation from a black body at the thermodynamic temperature T1 is measured by a small detector at
distance d1 from it. When the temperature is increased to T2 and the distance tod2 , the power
received by the detector is unchanged. What is the ratio d 2 ?
d1
2 2 4
T T  T  T 
(a) 2 (b)  2  (c)  1  (d)  1 
T1  T1   T2   T2 
EXERCISE -II
1. As the temperature is increased, the time period of a pendulum
(a) increases proportionately with temperature
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) remains constant
2. Due to thermal expansion with rise in temperature

(a) metallic scale reading becomes lesser than true value
(b) pendulum clock becomes fast
(c) a floating body sinks a little more
(d) the weight of a body in a liquid increase (neglect expansion of body)
3. During heat exchange, temperature of a solid mass does not change. In this process, heat
(a) is not being supplied to the mass
(b) is not being taken out from the mass
(c) may have been supplied to the mass
(d) may have been taken out from the mass
4. The water equivalent of a copper calorimeter is 4.5 gm. If the specific heat of copper is .09 cal/gm/0C
(a) mass of the calorimeter is .5 kg
(b) thermal capacity of the calorimeter is 4.5 cal/0C
(c) Heat required to raise the temperature of the calorimeter by 80C will be 36 cal
(d) heat required to melt 15 gm of ice placed in the calorimeter will be 1200 cal
5. A clock is calibrated at a temperature of 200C. Assume that the pendulum is a thin brass rod of
negligible mass with a heavy bob attached to the end (  brass  19 10 6 / K ).
(a) on a hot day at 300C the clock gains 8.2 sec
(b) on a hot day at 300C the clock loses 8.2 sec
(c) on a cool day at 10 0C the clock gains 8.2 sec
(d) on a cool day at 10 0C the clock gains 8.2 sec
6. During the melting of a slab of ice at 273 K at the atmosphere pressure

(a) positive work is done by the ice-water system on the atmosphere
(b) positive work is done on the ice-water system by the atmosphere
(c) the internal energy of the ice-water system increases
(d) the internal energy of the ice-water system decreases
7. The heat capacity of a body depends on

(a)the heat given (b) the temperature raised
(c)the mass of the body (d) the material of the body
8. If heat is supplies to a solid, its temperature

(a) must increase (b) may increase
(c) may remain constant (d) may decrease
9. The temperature of a solid object is observed to be constant during a period. In this period
(a) Heat may have been supplied to the body
(b) Heat may have been extracted from the body
(c) No heat is supplied to the body
(d) No heat is extracted from the body
10. A metallic circular disc having a circular hole at its center rotates about an axis passing through its
center and perpendicular to its plane. When the disc is heated:
(a) Its speed will increase (b) Its speed will decrease
(c) Its diameter will increase (d) Its moment of inertia will increase
11. The temperature of an object is observed to rise in a period. In this period

(a) Heat is certainly supplied to it. (b) Heat is certainly not supplied to it.
(c)Heat may have been supplied to it. (d) Work may have been done on it.
12. Which of the following quantities is the same for all ideal gases at the same temperature?
(a) the translational kinetic energy of 1 mole (b) the translational kinetic energy of 1 g
(c) the number of molecules in 1 mole (d) the number of molecules in 1 gm
13. Which of the following quantities is zero on an average for the molecules of an ideal gas in
equilibrium?
(a) kinetic energy (b) momentum
(c) density (d) speed
14. Consider the collision between an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen molecule in a mixture of oxygen
and hydrogen kept at a room temperature. Which of the following are possible?
(a) the kinetic energies of both the molecules increases
(b) the kinetic energies of both the molecules decrease
(c) kinetic energy of the oxygen molecule increases and that of the hydrogen molecule decreases
(d) The kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecule increases and that of the oxygen molecule
decreases.
15. The molar heat capacity for an ideal gas

(a) Can be negative
(b) Can be equal to either CV or CP
(c) Can lie in the range CV  C  CP
(d) It may have any value between -  to  .
16. Pick the correct statement

(a) The r.m.s translational speed for all ideal gas molecules at the same temperature is not the same
but it depends on the mass.
1 2 3
(b) Each particle in a gas has average translational kinetic energy and the equation mvrms  kT
2 2
establishes the relationship between the average translational kinetic energy per particle and
temperature of an ideal gas. It can be concluded that every single particle has a temperature T.
(c) If the temperature of an ideal gas is doubled from 100 0C to 2000C, the average kinetic energy of
each particle is also doubled
(d) It is possible for both pressure and volume of a monoatomic ideal gas to change simultaneously
without causing the internal energy of the gas to change.
17. An ideal gas is taken from state A (pressure P, volume V) to state B (pressure P/2, volume 2V) along
a straight line path in the P-V diagram. Select the correct statements from the following:
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A to B exceeds the work done that would be done by it
if the system were taken from A to B along an isotherm
(b) In the T-V diagram, the path AB becomes a part of parabol(a)
(c) In the P-T diagram, the path AB becomes a part of hyperbola
(d) In going from A to B, the temperature T of the gas first increases to maximum value and then
decreases.
18. A closed vessel contains a mixture of two diatomic gases A and B. molar mass of A is 16 times that
of B and mass of gas A contained in the vessel is 2 times that of B. which of the following statements
are correct?
(a) average kinetic energy per molecule of A is equal to that of B
(b) Root mean square value of translational velocity of B is four times that of A.
(c) pressure exerted by B is eight times of that exerted by a
(d) Number of molecules of B, in the cylinder, is eight times that of A.
19. The process AB is shown in the diagram. As the gas is taken from A to B, its
temperature
(a) initially increases then decreases
(b) initially decreases then increases
(c) remains constant
(d) variation depends on type of gas
20. Three particles have speeds of 2u, 3u and 4u. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed.
(b) The mean speed exceeds the r.m.s. speed.
(c) The r.m.s. speed equals the mean speed.
(d) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by less than u.
21. Four cylinders contain equal number of moles of argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon di oxide at
the same temperature. The energy is minimum in
(a) argon (b) hydrogen
(c) nitrogen (d) both nitrogen and hydrogen
22. Figure shows graphs of pressure vs. density for an ideal gas at two
TemperaturesT1 andT2. P T1
T2
(a) T1  T2 (b) T1  T2
(c) U1  U 2 (d) any of the three is possible.

23. In the shown thermodynamic process, the correct statement is
(a) Heat given in the complete cycle ABCA is (1/2 P0V0 )
(b) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is zero
(c) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is (1/2 P0 V0)
(d) None
24. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle, as shown in figure. If the net heat
supplied to the gas in the cycle is 4 J, the work done by the gas in the process
is
(a) 4 J (b) –10 J (c) –15 J (d) –20 J.
25. An ideal gas undergoes a thermodynamics cycle as shown in figure. Which of

the following graphs represents the same cycle?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26. In the cyclic process shown in figure, U1 and U 2 represent the change in internal energy in
process A and B, respectively. If Q be the net heat given to the system in the process and W be
the work done by the system in the process, then
P A
O V
(a) U1  U 2  0 (b) U1  U 2  0 (c) Q  W  0 (d) Q  W  0
27. The pressure and volume of an ideal gas both increase in a process
(a) such a process is not possible
(b) the work done by the system is positive
(c) the temperature of the system must increase
(d) heat supplied to the gas is equal to the change in internal energy
28. In a process on a system, the initial pressure and volume are equal to the final pressure and volume
(a) the initial temperature must be equal to the final temperature
(b) the initial internal energy must be equal to the final internal energy
(c) the net heat given to the system in the process must be zero
(d) the net work done by the system in the process must be zero.
29. Three identical adiabatic containers A, B and C contain helium, neon and oxygen respectively at
equal pressure. The gases are pushed to half their original volumes.
(a) the final temperatures in the three containers will be the same
(b) the final pressures in the three containers will be the same
(c) the pressures of helium and neon will be the same but that of oxygen will be different
(d) the temperatures of helium and neon will be the same but that of oxygen will be different.
30. One end of metal rod is dipped in boiling water and the other is dipped in melting ice.
(a) All parts of the rod are in thermal equilibrium with each other
(b) We can assign a temperature to the rod
(c) We can assign a temperature to the rod after steady state is reached
(d) The state of the rod does not change after steady state is reached.
31. The temperature drop through a two-layer furnace wall is ∆T. each layer is of equal area of cross
section. Which of the following actions will result in lowering the temperature θ of the interface?
Inner Outer
layer layer

(a) by increasing the thermal conductivity of outer layer
(b) by increasing the thermal conductivity of inner layer
(c) by increasing thickness of outer layer
(d) by increasing thickness of inner layer
32. Choose the correct statements from the following

(a) good reflectors are good emitters of thermal radiation
(b) burns caused by water at 1000C are more severe than those caused by steam at 1000C
(c) if the earth did not have atmosphere, it would become intolerably cold
(d) it is impossible to construct a heat engine of 100% efficiency.
33. Two identical object A and B are at temperature TA and TB respectively. Both objects are placed in a
room with perfectly absorbing walls maintained at a temperature T (TA> T >TB ). The objects A and
B attains the temperature T eventually. Select the correct statements from the following
(a)A only emits radiation, while B only absorbs it until both attain the same temperature
(b) a loses more heat by radiation that it absorbs, while B absorbs more radiation that it emits, until
they attain the temperature T.
(c)both A and B only absorb radiation, but do not emit it, until they attain the temperature T.
(d) each object continuous to emit and absorb radiation even after attaining the temperature T.
34. a solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the same material and of equal radii are heated to the same
temperature.
(a) both will emit equal amount of radiation per unit time in the beginning.
(b) Both will absorb equal amount of radiation from the surrounding in the beginning
(c) the initial rate of cooling (dT/dt) will be the same for the two sphere.
(d) the two sphere will have equal temperatures at any instant.
35. A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity near the frequency ν0. The emissivity of
the material is .5. if the absolute temperature of the body is doubled,
(a) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency 2ν0
(b) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency ν0/2.
(c) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 16.
(d) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 8.
EXERCISE -III
Passage - I
A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The amount of heat added to this substance and its temperature are
plotted in the following graph. If the relative specific heat capacity of the solid substance is 0.5, find from
the graph
1. The mass of the substance

a. 20 gm b. 10 gm c. 5 gm d. 15 gm
2. The specific latent heat of the melting process(in C.G.S)

a. 20 b. 30 c. 40 d. 50
3. The specific heat of the substance in the liquid state(C.G.S)

a. .25 b. .5 c. 1 d. .75
Passage - II
A solid substance of mass 10 gm at – 10°C was heated to – 2°C (still in the solid state). The heat required
was 64 calories. Another 880 calories was required to raise the temperature of the substance (now in the
liquid state) to 1°C, while 900 calories was required to raise the temperature from –2°C to 3°C.
4. Find heat capacity of substance in solid state

a. .4 b. .6 c. .8 d. 1
5. Find heat capacity of substance in liquid state
a. .4 b. .6 c. .8 d. 1
6. If melting temperature of the substance is 00C, then find latent heat of the substance
a. 85.4 b. 36.8 c. 84.5 d. none
Passage III
Figure shows three processes for an ideal gas. The temperature at 'a' is 600 K, pressure 16 atm and volume 1
litre. The volume at 'b' is 4 litre. Out of the two process ab and ac, one is adiabatic and the other is
isothermal. The ratio of specific heats of the gas is 1.5. Answer the following:
7. Which process is adiabatic?
a. ab b. bc c. ca d. none
8. Compute the pressure of the gas at b

a. 8 atm b. 16 atm c. 2 atm d. 4 atm
9. Compute the temperature at c

a. 200 K b. 500 K. c. 300 K d. 600 K
10. Compute the volume at c.

a. 8 litre b. 16 litre c. 2 litre d. 4 litre
Passage- IV P
When a system is taken from state i to state f along the path iaf, it is found a 40 J f
that Q = 50 cal and W = 20 cal. along the path ibf, q = 36 cal (figure)
U f  U i  30J i b
O V
11. What is W along the path ibf ? 10J 22 J
12. If W = - 13 cal for the curved return path f i, what is Q for this path?
13. if Ui= 10 cal. What is Uf?
14. If Ub= 22 cal, what is Q for the process ib ?
Passage - V
The figure shows the variation of potential energy (U) of 2 mol of argon gas with U
its density in a cyclic process ABCA. The gas was initially in the state A whose B C
pressure and temperature are PA = 2 atm, TA = 300 K, respectively. It is also
stated that the path AB is a rectangular hyperbola and the internal energy of the
gas at state C is 3000 R. based on the above information answer the following A
question: ( Q = 36 J)
15. Which option is correct? density
a. the process AB is isobaric, BC is adiabatic and CA is isochoric
b. the process AB is adiabatic, BC is isothermal and CA is isochoric.
c. the process AB is isochoric, BC is isothermal and CA is isobaric
d. the process AB is isobaric, BC is isothermal and CA is isochoric.
16. The heat supplied to the gas in the process AB is

a. 700 R b. 3500 R c. 4400 R d. 1600 R
17. Heat supplied in the process CA is

a. -1400 R b. 1400 R c. 2100 R d. -2100 R
Passage - VI
A solid aluminium sphere and a solid lead sphere of same radius are heated to the same temperature and
allowed to cool under identical surrounding temperatures. The specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900
J/kg0C and that of lead = 130. The density of aluminium = 104 kg/m3 and that of lead = 2.7  103 kg / m3 .
Assume that the emissivity of both the sphere is the same.
18. The ratio of rate of heat loss of the aluminium sphere to the rate of heat loss from the lead
sphere is
a. 1:1 b. 9:1.3 c. 11 : 2.7 d. 1:4
19. The ratio of rate of fall of temperature of aluminium sphere to the rate of fall of temperature of the
lead sphere is
a. 1000:39 b. 39:1000 c. 1:1 d. 13:90
20. When the temperature of spheres T is not too different from the surrounding temperature, the reading
object obeys
a. Stefan- Boltzmann law
b. Newton’s law of cooling
c. Dulong- Petit law
d. Planck’s law
MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE

21. A piece of metal of density 1 floats on mercury of density  2 . The coefficients of expansion of the
metal and mercury is  1 and  2 , respectively. The temperatures of both mercury and metal are
increased by T . Then match the following:
i. if  2   1 a. no effect on submergence
ii.  2   1 b. fraction of the volume of metal
submerged in mercury
iii. if  2   1 c. the solid sinks
iv. ( 2   1 )T d. the solid lifts up
22. In a container of negligible mass, ‘m’ grams of steam at 1000C is added to 100 gm of water that has
temperature 200C. If no heat is lost to the surroundings at equilibrium, match the items givenin
Column I with that in Column II.
Column I Column II
i. mass of steam in the mixture, if m = 20 gm(in gm) 114.8
ii. mass of water in the mixture, if m = 20 gm (in gm) 76.4
iii. if m = 20 gm, final temperature of the mixture (in 0C) 5.2
iv. if m = 10 gm, final temperature of the mixture (in 0C) 100
23. A sample of gas goes from state A to state B in four different manners, as shown by the graphs. Let
W be the work done by the gas and  U be the change in internal energy along the path AB.
Correctly match the graphs with the statements provided:
Column I Column II
a. both W and are  U positive

A B
P B
b. both W and  U are negative

A
T
A
T
c. W is positive whereas  U is negative
B
V
A
d. W is negative whereas  U is positive
B
24. An ideal monoatomic gas at initial temperature T0 expands from initial volume V0 to volume 2V0 by
each of the five processes indicated in the T-V diagram of figure.
T
2.5T0 B
2T0 C
1.5T0 D
T0 E
A
.63T0 F
V0 2V0
V
Column I Column II
i. isothermal a. AB
ii. isobaric b. AC
iii. adiabatic c. AD
d. AE
e. AF
EXERCISE -IV
1. A glass flask contains some mercury at room temperature. It is found that at different temperatures
the volume of air inside the flask remains the same. If the volume of mercury in the flask is 300 cm3,
then find volume of the flask (given that coefficient of volume expansion of mercury and coefficient
of linear expansion of glass are 1.8 × 10 –4 (°C)–1 and 9 × 10–6 (°C)–1 respectively)
2. Three aluminum rods of equal length form an equilateral triangle

ABC. Taking O (mid point of rod BC) as the origin. Find the increase
in Y-coordinate of center of mass per unit change in temperature of the
system. Assume the length of the each rod is 2m, and
al= 4 3 106 / 0 C .
3. If two rods of length L and 2 L having coefficients of linear expansion  and 2 respectively are
connected so that total length becomes 3 L, determine the average coefficient of linear expansion of
the composite rod.
4. A metal rod A of 25cm lengths expands by 0.050cm. When its temperature is raised from 0°C to
100°C. Another rod B of a different metal of length 40cm expands by 0.040 cm for the same rise in
temperature. A third rod C of 50cm length is made up of pieces of rods A and B placed end to end
expands by 0.03 cm on heating from 0°C to 50°C. Find the lengths of each portion of the composite
rod.
5. A brass wire 1.8 m long at 27ºC is held taut with little tension between two rigid supports. If the wire
is cooled to a temperature of –39ºC, what is the tension developed in the wire, if its diameter is 2.0
mm? Coefficient of linear expansion of brass 2  10 5 / 0 C ºC-1;
Young’s modulus of brass = .91  1011 Pa .
6. The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin is 49  10 5 0C 1 . What is the fractional change in its
density for a 30ºC rise in temperature?
7. A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At 27ºC, the outer diameter of
the shaft is 8.70 cm and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is 8.69 cm. The shaft is cooled
using ‘dry ice’ (solid carbon dioxide). At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel slip on to the
shaft? Assume coefficient of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over the required
temperature range. ( 1.2  10 5 0C 1 )
8. Two identical calorimeter A and B contain equal quantity of water at 20°C. A 5 gm piece of metal X
of specific heat 0.2 cal g–1 (C°)–1 is dropped into A and a 5 gm piece of metal Y into B. The
equilibrium temperature in A is 22°C and in B 23°C. The initial temperature of both the metals is
40°C. Find the specific heat of metal Y in cal g–1 (C°)–1.
9. In an experiment of the specific heat of a metal, a 2.0 kg block of the metal at 150ºC is dropped in a
copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150 cm3 of water at 27ºC. The final
temperature is 40ºC. Calculate the specific heat of the metal. If heat losers to the surroundings are not
negligible, is your answer greater or smaller than the actual value of specific heat of the metal?
10. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a temperature of 500ºC and then placed on a
large ice block. What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt? Specific heat of copper = 0.39 Jg-1 ºC-1;
latent heat of fusion of water = 335 J g-1.
11. A 10 kW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminum block of mass 8.0 kg. How
much is the rise in temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming 50% of power is used up in
heating the machine itself or lost to the surroundings? Specific heat of aluminum = 0.991 J g-1 ºC-1.
12. A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from 27ºC to 77ºC. If the geyser
operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of combustion of fuel, if its heat of combustion is
4 10 4 J / g ?
13. At what temperature is the root mean squared speed of an atom in an argon gas cylinder equal the
rms speed of a helium gas atom at –20ºC? (Atomic mass of Ar = 39.9, of He = 4.0).
14. Sample of 0.177 g of an ideal gas occupies 1000 cm3 at STP. Calculate the rms speed of the gas
molecules.
15. A mixture of 4 gm helium and 28 gm of nitrogen in enclosed in a vessel of constant volume at

300°K. Find the quantity of heat absorbed by the mixture to double the root mean velocity of its
molecules.(R = Universal gas constant)
16. RMS velocity of molecules of a di-atomic gas is to be increased to 1.5 times. Calculate ratio of initial
volume to final volume, if it is done.
(i) Adiabatically; (ii) Isobarically; (iii) Calculate, also ratio of work done by gas during these
processes.
17. Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas is shown.

Density of gas at point A is 0. Find the density of gas at B
18. An empty pressure cooker of volume 10 liters contains air at atmospheric pressure 105 Pa and
temperature of 27°C. It contains a whistle which has area of 0.1 cm2 and weight of 100 gm. What
should be the temperature of air inside so that the whistle is just lifted up?
19. Air at temperature of 400 K and atmospheric pressure is filled in a balloon of volume 1 m3. If
surrounding air is at temperature of 300 K, find the ratio of buoyant force on balloon and weight of
air inside.
20. The height of mercury is a faulty barometer is 75 cm and the tube above mercury having air is 10 cm
long. The correct barometer reading is 76 cm. If the faulty barometer reads 74 cm, find the true
barometer reading.
21. A closed vessel of volume V0 contains oxygen at a pressure P0 and temperature T0. Another closed
vessel of the same volume V0 contains helium at a pressure of P0 and temperature T0/2. Find the ratio
of the masses of oxygen to the helium.
22. A U-tube filled with a liquid of volumetric coefficient of 10–5/°C lies in a vertical plane. The height
of liquid column in the left vertical limb is 100 cm. The liquid in the left vertical limb is maintained
at a temperature = 0°C while the liquid in the right limb is maintained at a temperature = 100°C. Find
the difference in levels in the two limbs.
23. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period of 0.5 sec at 20°C. If the clock is used in a climate,
where average temperature is 30°C, approximately. How much fast or slow will the clock run in 106
sec. (invar=1×10 –6/°C)
24. An iron bar (Young’s modulus = 10 11 N/m2, = 10–6 /°C) 1 m long and 10–3 m2 in area is heated
from 0°C to 100°C without being allowed to bend or expand. Find the compressive force developed
inside the bar.
25. One mole of a gas mixture is heated under constant pressure, and heatrequired
Q is plotted against temperature difference acquired. Find the value of  for
mixture.
26. Figure shows a parabolic graph between T and for a mixture of a gas undergoing
an adiabatic process. What is the ratio of Vrms and speed of sound in the
mixture?
27. A standing wave of frequency 1000 Hz in a column of methane at 27°C produces nodes which are
20.4 cm apart. Find the ratio of heat capacity of methane at constant pressure to that at constant
volume (Take gas constant, R = 8.31 J·K–1mol–1)
28. What amount of heat must be supplied to 2  10 2 kg of nitrogen at room temperature to raise its
temperature by 45ºC at constant pressure? Given: molecular mass =28. R=8.314 J mol-1 Kº-1.
29. Air is pumped into an automobile tyre’s tube up to a pressure of 200 kPa in the morning when the air
temperature is 20ºC. During the day the temperature rises to 40ºC and the tube expends by 20%.
Calculate the pressure of the air in the tube at this temperature.
30. The temperature of a gas consisting of rigid diatomic molecules is T = 300 K. Calculate the angular
root mean square velocity of a rotating molecule if its moment of inertia is I = 2.010 -40 kg m2.
31. Find the rms speed of helium and argon molecules at 40ºC if the rms speed of oxygen molecules at
0ºC be 460 m s-1. The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 g mol-1, of argon 40, of helium 4.
32. A mass M = 15 g of nitrogen is enclosed in a vessel at temperature T = 300 K. what amount of heat
to be transferred to the gas to increase the room mean square velocity of molecules n=2 times?
33. How many degrees of freedom do the molecules of a gas have if under standard conditions the gas
density   1.3kgm 3 and the velocity of sound propagation in it is v = 330 m/s?
34. The average velocity of molecules of a gas must be zero if the gas as a whole and the container are
not in translational motion. Explain how it can be that the average speed is not zero.
35. Two perfect monoatomic gases at absolute temperature T1andT2are mixed. There is no loss of
energy. Find the temperature of the mixture if masses of the molecules are m1 andm2 and the number
of molecules in the gases are n1 and n2.
36. Given figure shows two vessels A and B with rigid walls
containing ideal gases. The pressure, temperature and the A B
volume are, V in the vessel Aand , V in the vessel B. The
vessels are now connected through a small tube. Show that
P 1 P P 
the pressure P and the temperature satisfy   A  B  when equilibrium is achieved.
T 2  TA TB 
37. In the P-V diagram shown in figure, ABC is a semicircle. Find the work done in
the process ABC.
38. 1 mole of an ideal gas at initial temperature T was cooled isochorically till the gas pressure decreased
n times. Then by an isobaric process, the gas was restored to the initial temperature T. Find the net
heat absorbed by the gas in the whole process.
39. PV-diagram of a monoatomic ideal gas is a straight line passing through origin. Find the molar heat
capacity in the process.
40. V-T curve for 2 moles of a gas is straight line as shown in the graph here.Find
the pressure of gas at A.
41. P-V graph for an ideal gas undergoing polytropic process PVm = constant is
shown here. Find the value of m.
42. Ideal diatomic gas is taken through a process Q = 2U. Find the molar heat capacity for the process
(where Q is the heat supplied and U is change in internal energy)
43. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process as shown in the figure.
Find the molar specific heat of the gas in the process.
44. One mole of an ideal gas is compressed from 0.5 lit to 0.25 lit. During the compression,
23.04 × 102 J of work is done on the gas and heat is removed to keep the temperature of the gas
constant at all times. Find the temperature of the gas. (Take universal gas constant R = 8.31
J mol–1K–1)
45. If heat is added at constant volume, 6300 J of heat are required to raise the temperature of an ideal
gas by 150 K. If instead, heat is added at constant pressure, 8800 joules are required for the same
temperature change. When the temperature of the gas changes by 300 K. Determine the change is the
internal energy of the gas.
46. 70 calorie of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 mole of an ideal gas at constant pressure
from 40°C to 45°C. Find the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the same gas
through the same range at constant volume (R = 2 cal/mol-K)
47. A cylinder containing a gas is closed by a movable piston. The cylinder is

submerged in an ice-water mixture. The piston is quickly pushed down from
position 1 to position 2. The piston is held at position 2 until the gas is again at
0°C and then slowly raised back to position 1. Represent the whole process on
P-V diagram. If m = 100 gm of ice are melted during the cycle, how much work is done on the gas.
Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/gm.
48. An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process where its pressure is inversely proportional to its
temperature.
(i) Calculate the specific heat for the process.
(ii) Find the work done by two moles of gas if the temperature changes from T 1 to T2.
49. A certain mass of a diatomic gas occupies a volume of 100 cm3 at a pressure of 75 cm of Hg. It is
compressed adiabatically until the pressure increased to 80 cm of Hg. Calculate the work done by
gas in the process. (  Hg  13.534 g / cm 3 ).
P [T 2] [T3]
B C
50. Calculate the efficiency of a heat engine in a gas (whose ratio of
specific heat  ) while it is being taken through a cycle as shown in the D [T 4]
A [T1]
indicator diagram. (Process A to B and C to D is adiabatic) V
51. An ideal gas undergoes a process given by relation P  V . Adiabatic constant of the gas is  . The
volume is expanded from V0 to nV0 . Find
(a) increase in internal energy of gas
(b) Work done by gas
(c) Molar specific heat capacity for the process
5  105 Pa
52. An ideal gas undergoes a process as represented by diagram
shown. Find the work done by the gas.
105 Pa
Pressure in pa
2 litres 8litres
Volume in litres
53. In the square frame of side l of metallic rods, the corners A and C are maintained
at T1 and T2 respectively. The rate of heat flow from A to C is . If A and D are
instead maintained T1& T2respectively find, find the total rate of heat flow.
54. Two rods shown in figure have identical geometrical dimensions. They are in contact with two heat
bath at temperature 100ºC and 0ºC. The temperature of the junction is 70ºC. Find the temperature of
the junction if the rods are interchanged.
100ºC 0ºC
55. The ends of a meter stick are maintained at 100ºC and 0ºC. One end of a rod is maintained at 25ºC.
Where its other end should be touched on the meter stick so that there is no heat current in the rod in
steady state?
56. Three rods of material x and three rods of material y are connected as C
x x
shown in figure. All the rods are of identical length and cross-sectional 10ºC
60ºC y
x
area. If the end A is maintained at 60ºC and the junction E at 10ºC, A B
E
calculate temperature of junctions B, C and D. The thermal conductivity y y

D
of x is 0.92 cal/cm-sºC and that of y is 0.46 cal/cm-sºC.
57. One end of copper rod of uniform cross-section and of length 1.5 meters is in contact with melting
ice and the other end with boiling water. At what point along its length should a temperature of
200°C be maintained, so that in steady state, the mass of ice melting is equal to that of steam
produced in the same interval of time? Assume that the whole system is insulated from the
surroundings.
58. Seven rods A, B, C, D, E, F and G are joined as shown in figure. All A B

T1 T2
the rods have equal cross-sectional area A and length l. The thermal
conductivities of the rods are E F G
K A  K C  K 0 , K B  K D  2 K 0 , K E  3K 0 , K F  4 K 0 and K G  5 K 0 C D
The rod E is kept at a constant temperature T1 and the rod G is kept at
a constant temperature T2 (T2> T1).
T1  2T2
(a) Show that the rod F has a uniform temperature T  .
3
(b) Find the rate of heat flow from the source which maintains the temperature T2.
59. A vertical brick duct (tube) is filled with cast iron. The lower end of the duct is maintained at a
temperature T1 which is greater than the melting point Tm of cast iron and the upper end at a
temperature T2 which is less than the temperature of the melting point of cast iron. It is given that the
conductivity of liquid cast iron is equal to k times the conductivity of solid cast iron. Determine the
fraction of the duct filled with molten metal.
60. End A of a rod AB of length L = 0.5 m and of uniform cross-sectional area is maintained at some
constant temperature. The heat conductivity of the rod is k = 17 J/s-m°K. The other end B of this rod
is radiating energy into vacuum and the wavelength with maximum energy density emitted from this
end is 0 = 75000 Å. If the emissivity of the end B is e = 1, determine the temperature of the end A.
Assuming that except the ends, the rod is thermally insulated.
61. A thin brass rectangular sheet of sides 15.0 cm and 12.0 cm is heated in a furnace to 600ºC and taken
out. How much electric power is needed to maintain the sheet at this temperature, given that its
emissivity is 0.250 ? Neglect heat loss due to convection.
Given : Stefan – Boltzmann constant = 5.67  108 Wm-2 K-4.
62. A semicircular rod is joined at its end to a straight rod of the same material and the same cross-
sectional area. The straight rod forms a diameter of the other rod. The junctions are maintained at
different temperatures. Find the ratio of the heat transferred through a cross-section of the
semicircular rod of the heat transferred through a cross-section the straight rod in the given time.
63. A solid copper cube and sphere, both of same mass & emissivity are heated to same initial
temperature and kept under identical conditions. What is the ratio of their initial rate of fall of
temperature?
64. Two solids spheres are heated to the same temperature and allowed to cool under identical
conditions. Compare: (i) initial rates of fall of temperature, and (ii) initial rates of loss of heat.
Assume that all the surfaces have the same emissivity and ratios of their radii of, specific heats and
densities are respectively
1 :, 1 : , 1 : .
65. The temperature distribution of solar radiation is more or less same as that of a black body whose
maximum emission corresponds to the wavelength 0.483 m. Find the rate of change of mass due to
radiation. [Radius of Sun = 7.0 × 10 8 m]
66. Find the temperature of equilibrium of a perfectly black disc exposed normally to the Sun's ray on
the surface of Earth. Imagine that it has a non conducting backing so that it can radiate only to
hemisphere of space. Assume temperature of surface of Sun = 6200 K, radius of sun = 6.9 × 108 m,
distance between the Sun and the Earth = 1.5 × 10 11 m. Stefan's constant = 5.7 × 10–8 W/m2.K4. What
will be the temperature if both sides of the disc are radiate?
67. A liquid cools from 70ºC to 60ºC in 5 minute. Calculate the time taken by the liquid to cool from
60ºC to 50ºC, if the temperature of the surrounding is constant at 30ºC.
68. A body cools from 60ºC to 50ºC in 10 minutes. Find its temperature at the end of next 10 minutes if
the room temperature is 25ºC. Assume Newton’s law of cooling holds.
69. The operating temperature of a tungsten filament in an incandescent lamp is 2000 K and its
emissivity is 0.30. Find the surface area of the filament of a 25 watt lamp.
Stefan constant = 5.67  108 in SI units.
70. A long tungsten heater wire is rated at 3 kW m-1 and is 5  104 m in diameter. It is embedded along
the axis of a ceramic cylinder of diameter 0.12 m. When operating at the rated power, the wire is at
1500ºC; the outside of the cylinder is at 20ºC. Find the thermal conductivity of the ceramic.
71. A blackened solid copper sphere of radius 2 cm is placed in an evacuated enclosure whose walls are
kept at 100ºC. At what rate must energy be supplied to the sphere to keep its temperature constant at
127ºC ? Stefan constant 5.67  10 8 in SI unit.
72. A copper sphere is suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 K. The sphere is
maintained at a constant temperature of 500 K by heating it electrically. A total of 210 W of electric
power is needed to do it. When the surface of the copper sphere is completely blackened, 700 W is
needed to maintain the same temperature of the sphere. Calculate the emissivity of copper.
73. The shell of a space station is a blackened sphere in which a temperature T = 500K is maintained
due to operation of appliances of the station. Find the temperature of the shell if the station is
enveloped by a thin spherical black screen of nearly the same radius as the radius of the shell.
WINDOW TO IIT-JEE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. From the following statements concerning ideal gas at any given temperature T, select the correct
one(s) [1995S]
(a) The coefficient of volume expansion at constant pressure is the same for all ideal gases
(b) The average translational kinetic energy per molecule of oxygen gas is 3kT, k being Boltzmann
constant
(c) The mean-free path of molecules increases with increases in the pressure
(d) In a gaseous mixture, the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules of each
component is different.
2. Three rods of identical cross-sectional area and made from the same metal from the sides of an
isosceles triangle ABC, right-angled at B. The points A and B are maintained at temperatures T and
2T respectively. In the steady state, the temperature of the point C is TC. Assuming that only heat
conducting takes place, TC/T is [1995S]
1 3 1 1
(a) 2( 2  1) (b) 2 1 (c) 3 ( 2  1) (d) 2 1
3. Two metallic spheres S 1 and S 2 are made of the same material and have got identical surface finish.
The mass of S1 is thrice that of S2. Both the spheres are heated to the same high temperature and
placed in the same room having lower temperature but are thermally insulated from each other. The
ratio of the initial rate of cooling of S1 to that of S 2 is
[1995S]
1 1 3 1/ 3
3 3 1
1
(a) (b) (c) (d)  
3
4. The average translational energy and the rms speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at 300 k
–21
are 6.21 × 10 J and 484 m/s respectively. The corresponding values at 600 k are nearly (assuming
ideal gas behavior)
[1997C-1 Marks]
–21 –21
(a) 12.42 × 10 J, 968 m/s (b) 8.78 × 10 J, 684 m/s
–21 –21
(c) 6.21 × 10 J, 968 m/s (d) 12.42 × 10 J, 684 m/s
5. The intensity of radiation emitted by the sun has its maximum value at a wavelength of 510 nm and
that emitted by the North Star has the maximum value at 350 nm. If these starts behave like
blackbodies, then the ratio of the surface temperatures of Sun and the North Star is
[1997C-1 Marks]
(a) 1.46 (b) 0.69 (c) 1.21 (d) 0.83
6. The average translational kinetic energy of O2 (relative molar mass 32) molecules at a particular
temperature is 0.048 eV. The translational kinetic energy of N2 (relative molar mass 28) molecules in
eV at the same temperature is
[1997 - 1 Marks]
(a) 0.0015 (b) 0.003 (c) 0.048 (d) 0.768
7. A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (relative molar mass 32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the
gas is P. An identical vessel containing one mole of He gas (relative molar mass 4) at a temperature
2T has a pressure
[1997 - 1 Marks]
(a) P/8 (b) P (c) 2P (d) 8P
8. A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates 450 Wpower at 500 K. If the radius were
halved and the temperature doubled, the power radiated in watt would be
[1997 - 1 Marks]
(a) 225 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800
9. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of argon at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes; the total internal energy of the system is
[1999S-2 Marks]
(a) 4RT (b) 15 RT (c) 9 RT (d) 11 RT
10. The ratio of the speed of sound in nitrogen gas to that in helium gas, at 300 Kis
[1999S-2 Marks]
(a) (2 / 7) (b) (1 / 7) (c) ( 3 ) / 5 (d) ( 6) / 5
11. Two monatomic ideal gases 1 and 2 of molecular masses m1 and m2 respectively are enclosed in
separate containers kept at the same temperature. The ratio of the speed of sound in gas 1 to that in
gas 2 is given by
[2000S]
m1 m2 m1 m2
(a) m2 (b) m1 (c) m2 (d) m1
12. A monatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T1, is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston. The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a temperature T2 by releasing the piston
suddenly. If L1 and L2 are the length of the gas column before and after expansion respectively, then
T1
is given by [2000S]
T2
FG L IJ
1
2/ 3
L1 L2 FG L IJ
2
2/ 3
(a) H L K 2 (b) L2 (c) L1 (d) H L K1
13. A block of ice at –10°C is slowly heated and converted to steam at 100°C. Which of the following
curves represents the phenomenon qualitatively?
[2000S]
T T T T
(a) Heat Added (b) Heat supplied (c) Heat supplied (d) Heat supplied
14. An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and volume V. Its volume is increased by  V due to an
increase in temperature T , pressure remaining constant. The quantity   V / V T varies with
temperature as [2000S]
Y Y Y
Y
   
o X o X o X o X
T T+T T T+T T T+T T T+T
(a) Temperature K (b) Temperature K (c) Temperature K (d) Temperature K
15. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from volume V1 to V2 in three different
ways. The work done by the gas is W1 if the process is isothermal, W2 if isobaric and W3 if adiabatic.
Then, [2000S]
Y
Isobaric W2
Isothermal
P W 1 Adiabatic
W3
o x
V1 V2
(a) W2>W1>W3 (b) W2 >W3>W1 (c) W1>W2>W3 (d) W1 >W3>W2
16. The plots of intensity versus wavelength for three black bodies at temperature T1, T2 and T3
respectively are as shown. Their temperatures are such that
Y T3 [2000S]
T2
(a) T1>T2>T3 T1
(b) T1>T3>T2 I
(c) T2>T3>T1
o x
(d) T3>T2>T1 
17. Three rods made of same material and having the same cross-section have been joined as shown in
the figure. Each rod is of the same length. The left and right ends are kept at 0°C and 90°C
respectively. The temperature of the junction of the three rods will be
[2001S]
90°C
0°C
90°C
(a) 45°C (b) 60°C (c) 30°C (d) 20°C
18. In a given process for an ideal gas, dW = 0 and dQ< 0. Then for the gas
[2001S]
(a) the temperature will decrease (b) the volume will increase
(c) the pressure will remain constant (d)the temperature will increase
19. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should
correspond respectively to [2001S]
P
2
V
(a) He and O2 (b) O2 and He (c) He and Ar (d) O2 and N2
20. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to the gas in
the cycle is 5J, the work done by the gas in the process C  A is
[2002S]
C B
3
2
V (m )
1
A
2
P(N/m ) 10
(a) – 5J (b) – 10 J (c) – 15 J (d) – 20 J
21. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of P with   V / VdP for an
ideal gas at constant temperature?
[2002S]
  
(a) P (b) P (c) P (d) P
22. An ideal Black-body at room temperature is thrown into a furnace. It is observed that
[2002S]
(a) initially it is the darkest body and at later times the brightest
(b) it is the darkest body at all times
(c) it cannot be distinguished at all times
(d) initially it is the darkest body and at later times it cannot be distinguished
23. The graph, shown in the adjacent diagram, represents the variation of
T y
temperature (T) of two bodies, x and y having same surface area, with time (t) x
due to the emission of radiation. Find the correct relation between the
emissivity and absorptivity power of the two bodies.
t
[2003S]
(a) Ex>Ey&ax<a y (b) Ex<Ey&a x>ay
(c) Ex>Ey&ax>a y (d) Ex<Ey&a x<ay
24. Two rods, one of aluminium and the other made of steel, having initial length 1 and  2 are
connected together to form a single rod of length  1   2 . The coefficients of linear expansion for
aluminium and steel are  a and  s respectively. If the length of each rod increases by the same
amount when their temperature are raised by t°C, then find the ratio  1 / ( 1   2 )
[2003S]
(a)  s /  a (b)  a /  s (c)  s / ( a   s ) (d)  a / ( a   s )
A
25. The PT diagram for an ideal gas is shown in the figure, where AC is an adiabatic
P
process, find the corresponding PV diagram.
[2003S] B C
T
A A A A
P P P P
B C C B B C C B
(a) V (b) V (c) V (d) V
26. 2 kg of ice at –20°C is mixed with 5 kg of water at 20°C in an insulating vessel having a negligible
heat capacity. Calculate the final mass of water remaining in the container. It is given that the
specific heats of water & ice are 1 kcal/kg/°C&0.5 kcal/kg/°C while the latent heat of fusion of ice is
80 kcal/kg. [2003S]
(a) 7 kg (b) 6 kg (c) 4 kg (d) 2 kg
27. Three discs A, B and C having radii 2, 4 and 6 cm respectively are coated with carbon black.
Wavelength for maximum intensity for the three discs are 300, 400 and 500 nm respectively. If
QA,QBand QC are power emitted by A, B and C respectively, then
[2004S]
(a) QA will be maximum (b) QB will be maximum
(c) QC will be maximum (d) QA = QB = QC
28. If liquefied oxygen at 1 atmospheric pressure is heated from 50 k to 300 k by supplying heat at
constant rate. The graph of temperature Tvs time t will be [2004S]
T
T T T
(a) t (b) t (c) t (d) t
29. Two identical rods are connected between two containers one of them is at 100°C and another is at
0°C. If rods are connected in parallel then the rate of melting of ice is q1gm/sec. If they are connected
in series then the rate is q2. The ratio q 2/q1 is
[2004S]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
30. An ideal gas is initially at P1,V1 is expanded to P2, V2 and then compressed adiabatically to the same
volume V1 and pressure P3. If W is the net work done by the gas in complete process which of the
following is true [2004S]
(a) W> 0; P3>P1 (b) W< 0; P3>P1 (c) W<0; P3<P1 (d) W< 0; P3<P1
31. Variation of radiant energy emitted by sun, filament of tungsten lamp and E
welding are as a function of its wavelength is shown in figure. Which of the
T2
following option is the correct match? [2005S]
T2
(a) Sun-T1, tungsten filament –T3, welding are -T2
T1
(b) Sun-T2 , tungsten filament-T1, welding are -T3

(c) Sun-T3, tungsten filament -T2, welding arc-T1
(d) Sun-T1 , tungsten filament-T2 welding arc-T3
32. In which of the following process, convection does not take place primarily
[2005S]
(a) sea and land breeze (b) boiling of water
(c) heating air around a furnace (d) warming of glass of bulb due to filament
33. Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1°C and it is
defined under which of the following conditions? [2005S]
(a) From 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at 760 mm of Hg
(b) From 98.5 °C to 99.5 °C at 760 mm of Hg
(c) From 13.5 °C to 14.5 °C at 76 mm of Hg
(d) From 3.5 °C to 4.5 °C at 76 mm of Hg
34. Water of volume 2 litre in a container is heated with a coil of 1 kW at 27°C. The lid of the container
is open and energy dissipates at rate of 160 J/s. In how much time temperature will rise from 27°C to
77°C [Given specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg] [2005S]
(a) 7 min (b) 6 min 2 s (c) 8 min 20 s (d) 14 min
35. An ideal gas is expanding such that pT 2=constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is
[2008 , 3 M]
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
T T T T
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. 70 calories of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant pressure
from 30°C to 35°C. The amount of heat required (in calories) to raise the temperature of the same
gas through the same range (30°C to 35°C) at constant volume is : [1985 - 2 Marks]
(a) 30 (b) 50 (c) 70 (d) 90
2. Steam at 100°C is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 kg
is at 15°C till the temperature of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80°C. The mass of the steam
condensed in kilogram is [1986 - 2 Marks]
(a) 0.130 (b) 0.065 (c) 0.260 (c) 0.135
3. A cylinder of radius R made of a material of thermal conductivity K1 is surrounded by a cylindrical

shell of inner radius R and outer radius 2R made of a material of thermal conductivity K2. The two
ends of the combined system are maintained at two different temperatures. There is no loss of heat
across the cylindrical surface and the system is in steady state. The effective thermal conductivity of
the system is [1988- 2 Marks]
(a) K1 + K2 (b) K1K2 / (K1 + K2) (c) (K1 + 3K2)/4 (d) (3K1 + K2)/4
4. For an ideal gas:

(a) the change in internal energy in a constant pressure process from temperature T1to T2 is equal to
nCV (T2 – T1), where CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume and n the number of moles
of the gas.
(b) the change in internal energy of the gas and the work done by the gas are equal in magnitude in
an adiabatic process.
(c) the internal energy does not change in an isothermal process.
(d) no heat is added or removed in an adiabatic process.
5. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, the fraction of the heat energy supplied
which increases the internal energy of the gas is [1990 - 2 Marks]
(a) 2/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 3/7 (d) 5/7
6. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same temperature T and contain gases which obey the
Maxwell distribution of velocities. Vessel A contains only O2, B only N2 and C a mixture of equal
quantities of O2 and N2. If the average speed of the O2 molecules in vessel A is V1 that of the N2
molecules in vessel B is V2, the average speed of the O2 molecules in vessel C is
[1992 - 2 Marks]
V  V2 2kT
(a) 1 (b) V1 (c) (V1  V2 )1/ 2 (d)
2 M
7. An ideal gas is taken from the state A (pressure P, volume V) to the state B (pressure P/2, volume
2V) along a straight line path in the P-V diagram. Select the correct statement(s) from the following:
[1993 - 2 Marks]
(a) The work done by the gas in the process A to B exceeds the work that would be done by it if the
system were taken from A to B along the isotherm.
(b) In the T-V- diagram, the path AB becomes a part of a parabola
(c) In the P-T diagram, the path AB becomes a part of a hyperbola
(d) In going from A to B, the temperature T of the gas first increases to a maximum value and then
decreases.
8. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The outer surface areas
of the two bodies are the same. The two bodies emit total radiant power at the same rate. The
wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from B shifted from the
wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from A, by 1.00  m . If the
temperature of A is 5802 K: [1994 - 2 Marks]
(a) the temperature of B is 1934 K (b) B  1.5 m
(c) the temperature of B is 11604 K (d) the temperature of B is 2901 K
9. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K the root-mean-square
velocity of the gas molecules is v, at 480 K it becomes [1996 - 2 Marks]
(a) 4v (b) 2v (c) v/2 (d) v/4
10. Two identical containers A and B with frictionless pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same
temperature and the same volume V. The mass of the gas in A ismA, and that in B is mB. The gas in
each cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the same final volume 2V. The changes in
the pressure in A and B are found to be p and 1.5p respectively. Then [1998S-2 Marks]
(a) 4mA = 9mB (b) 2mA = 3mB (c) 3mA = 2mB (d) 9mA = 4mB
11. For a given quantity of an ideal gas at pressure P and absolute temperature T, the isothermal bulk
modulus of the gas is [1998S-2 Marks]
(a) 2 P (b) P (c) 3 P (d) 2P
3 2
12. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K.
The piston of A is free to move, while that B is held fixed. The same amount of heat is given to the
gas in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 30K, then the rise in temperature of
the gas in B is [1998S-2 Marks]
(a) 30 K (b) 18 K (c) 50 K (d) 42 K
13. During the melting of a slab of ice at 273 K at atmospheric pressure, [1998S-2 Marks]
(a) positive work is done by the ice-water system on the atmosphere.
(b) positive work is done on the ice-water system by the atmosphere
(c) the internal energy of the ice-water system increases.
(d) the internal energy of the ice-water system decreases.
14. A blackbody is at a temperature of 2880 K. The energy of radiation emitted by this object with
wavelength between 499 nm and 500 nm is U1, between 999 nm and 1000 nm is U2 and between
6
1499 nm and 1500 nm is U3. The Wien constant b = 2.88 × 10 nmK. Then [1998S-2 Marks]
(a) U1 = 0 (b) U3 = 0 (c) U1>U2 (d) U2>U1
15. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips one of copper and the other of brass. The
coefficients of linear expansion of the two metals are  C and  B . On heating, the temperature of the
strip goes up by T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is:
[1999S-2 Marks]
(a) proportional to T (b) inversely proportional to T
(c) proportional to |  B -  C | (d) inversely proportional to |  B -  C |
16. In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, a black body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping the
temperature of the black body constant (at T), sunrays are allowed to fall on the black body through
a hole in the roof of the dark room. Assuming that there is no change in the ambient temperature of
the room, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? [JEE-2006 ]
(a) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the black body in unit time will increase.
(b) Since emissivity = absorptivity, hence the quantity of radiation emitted by black body in unit
time will increase.
(c) Black body radiates more energy in unit time in the visible spectrum.
(d) The reflected energy in unit time by the black body remains same.
17. CV and CP denote the molar specific heat capacities of a gas at constant volume and constant
pressure respectively. Then [JEE-2009, 4M]
(a) CP  CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(b) CP  CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(c) CP / CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(d) CP . CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
18. The figure shows the P-V plot for an ideal gas taken through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is a
semi-circle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then,
P
A
3
2 B
D
1
C
V
0 1 2 3
(a) The process during the path A  B is isothermal
(b) Heat flows out of the gas during the path B  C  D
(c) Work done during the path A  B  C is zero
(d) Positive work is done by the gas in the cycle ABCDA
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The variation of temperature of a material as heat is given to it at a constant
rate is shown in the figure. The material is in solid state at the point O. The
C
state of the material at the point P is ... [1985 - 2 Marks] T D
A P
B
O
2 Heat Added
2. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey an additional law VP =
constant. The gas is initially at a temperature T, and volume V. When it expands to a volume 2V, the
temperature becomes ...
[1987 - 2 Marks]
3. 300 grams of water at 25°C is added to 100 grams of ice at 0°C. The final temperature of the mixture
is ...°C. [1989 - 2 Marks]
–2
4. The earth surface receives radiation from the sun at the rate of 1400 Wm . The distance of the centre
11 8
of the sun from the surface of the earth is 1.5 × 10 m and the radius of the sun is 7 × 10 m. Treating
the sun as a black body, it follows from the above data that its surface temperature is ....K.
[1989 - 2 Marks]
5. A solid copper sphere (density  and specific heat c) of radius r at an initial temperature 200 K is
suspended inside a chamber whose walls are at almost 0K. The time required for the temperature of
the sphere to drop to 100 K is............
[1991 - 2 Marks]
6. A point source of power P is placed at the centre of a spherical shell of mean radius R. The material
of the shell has thermal conductivity K. If the temperature difference between the outer and inner
surface of the shell should not exceed by T, the thickness of the shell should not be less than..........
[1991 - 1 Marks]
7. A substance of mass M kg requires a power input of P watts to remain in the molten state at its
melting point. When the power source is turned off, the sample completely solidifies in time t
seconds. The latent heat of fusion of the substance is.............
[1992 - 1 Marks]
8. A container of volume 1m3 is divided into two equal parts by a partition. One part has an ideal gas at
300K and the other part is vacuum. The whole system is thermally isolated from the surrounding.
When the partition is removed, the gas expands to occupy the whole volume. Its temperature will
now be.......... [1993 - 1 Marks]
9. An ideal gas with pressure P, volume V and temperature T is expanded isothermally to a volume 2V
and a final pressure Pi. If the same gas is expanded adiabatically to a volume 2V, the final pressure is
Pa. The ratio of the specific heats of the gas is 1.67.
The ratio Pa/ Piis......... [1994 - 2 Marks]
10. Two metal cubes A and B of same size are arranged as shown in figure. The extreme ends of the
combination are maintained at the indicated temperatures. The arrangement is thermally insulated.
The coefficients of thermal conductivity of A and B are 300 W/m°C and 200 W/m°C, respectively.
After steady state is reached the temperature t of the interface will be.............
[1996 - 2 Marks]
100°C A B 0°C
11. A gas thermometer is used as a standard thermometer for measurement of temperature. When the gas
container of the thermometer is immersed in water at its triple point 273.16 K, the pressure in the gas
thermometer reads 3 104 N / m 2 .When the gas container immersed in another system, the gas
pressure reads 3.5  104 N / m2 . The temperature of this system is therefore.............. °C.
[1997C-1 Marks]
2 2
12. Earth receives 1400 W/m of solar power. If all the solar energy falling on a lens of area 0.2 m is
focused on to a block of ice of mass 280 grams, the time taken to melt the ice will be..............
5
minutes. (Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 10 J/kg.) [1997 - 2 Marks]
TRUE/FALSE
1. The root-mean square speeds of the molecules of different ideal gases, maintained at the same
temperature are the same. [1981-2 Marks]
2. The volume V versus temperature T graphs for a certain amount of a perfect gas at two pressures P1
and P2 are as shown in fig. It follows from the graphs that P1 is greater than P2. [1982 - 2 Marks]
V P1
P2
T
3. Two different gases at the same temperature have equal root mean square velocities.
[1982-2 Marks]
4. The curves A and B in the figure shown P-V graphs for an isothermal and an adiabatic process for an
ideal gas. The isothermal process is represented by the curve A.
[1985 - 3 Marks]
P A
5. At a given temperature, the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is always greater than its
specific heat at constant volume. [1987 - 2 Marks]
6. Two spheres of the same material have radii 1 m and 4m and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K
respectively. The energy radiated per second by the first sphere is greater than that by the second.
[1988-2 Marks]
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. A cyclic process ABCA shown in the V–T diagram (fig) is performed with a constant mass of an
ideal gas. Show the same process on a P-V diagram [1981 - 4 Marks]
V
V2 C B
V1 A
T1 T2
(In the figure, CA is parallel to the V-axis and BC is parallel to the T-axis)
2. Calculate the work done when one mole of a perfect gas is compressed adiabatically. The initial
pressure and volume of the gas are 105N/m2 and 6 litre respectively. The final volume of the gas is 2
litre. Molar specific heat of the gas at constant volume is 3R/2. [1982- 8 Marks]
3. A solid sphere of copper of radius R and a hollow sphere of the same material of inner radius r and
outer radius R are heated to the same temperature and allowed to cool in the same environment.
Which of them starts cooling faster? [1982- 2 Marks]
4. The rectangular box shown in fig. has a partition which can slide without friction along the length of
the box. Initially each of the two chambers of the box has one mole of a mono-atomic ideal gas at a
pressure P0, volume V0 and temperature T0. The chamber on the left is slowly heated by an electric
heater. The walls of the box and the partition are thermally insulated. Heat loss through the lead
wires of the heater is negligible. The gas in the left chamber expands pushing the partition until the
final pressure in both chambers becomes 243 P0/32. Determine (i) the final temperature of the gas in
each chamber and (ii) the work done by the gas in the right chamber. [1984 - 8 Marks]
5. Two glass bulbs of equal volume are connected by a narrow tube and are filled with a gas at 0°C and
a pressure of 76 cm of mercury. One of the bulbs is then placed in melting ice and the other is placed
in a water bath maintained at 62°C. What is the new value of the pressure inside the bulbs? The
volume of the connecting tube is negligible. [1985 - 6 Marks]
2
6. An electric heater is used in a room of total wall area 137 m to maintain a temperature of 20°C
inside it, when the outside temperature is – 10°C. The walls have three different layers materials.
The innermost layer is of wood of thickness 2.5 cm, the middle layer is of cement of thickness 1.0
cm and the outermost layer is of brick of thickness 25.0 cm. Find the power of the electric-heater.
Assume that there is no heat loss through the floor and the ceiling. The thermal conductivities of
wood, cement and brick are 0.125, 1.5 and 1.0 watt/m/°C respectively. [1986 - 8 Marks]
5R
7. An ideal gas has a specific heat at constant pressure C P  . The gas is kept in a closed vessel of
2
3 6 2
volume 0.0083 m , at a temperature of 300 K and a pressure of 1.6 × 10 N/m . An amount of 2.49 ×
4
10 Joules of heat energy is supplied to the gas. Calculate the final temperature and pressure of the
gas. [1987 - 7 Marks]
8. Two moles of helium gas   5 / 3 are initially at temperature 27°C and occupy a volume of 20 liters.
The gas is first expanded at constant pressure until the volume is doubled. Then it undergoes an
adiabatic change until the temperature returns to its initial value. [1988 - 6 Marks]
(i) Sketch the process on a p-V diagram
(ii) What are the final volume and pressure of the gas?
(iii) What is the work done by the gas?
–3 2
9. An ideal monatomic gas is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded piston of cross-section 8.0×10 m .
–3 3
Initially the gas is at 300 K and occupies a volume of 2.4×10 m and the spring is in its relaxed
state. The gas is heated by a small electric heater until the piston moves out slowly by 0.1 m.
Calculate the final temperature of the gas and the heat supplied (in joules) by the heater. The force
5 –2
constant of the spring is 8000 N/m; atmospheric pressure is 1.0×10 Nm . The cylinder and the
piston are thermally insulated. The piston is massless and there is no friction between the piston and
the cylinder. Neglect heat loss through lead wires of the heater. The heat capacity of the heater coil is
negligible. Assume the spring to be massless. [1989 - 8 Marks]
Open atmosphere
Heater Rigid
support
10. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V and temperature T is allowed to expand
T
adiabatically until its volume becomes 5.66 V while its temperature falls to . [1990 - 7 Marks]
2
a. How many degrees of freedom do the gas molecules have?
b. Obtain the work done by the gas during the expansion as a function of the initial pressure P and
volume V.
 7 
11. Three moles of an ideal gas  C p  R  at pressure PA and temperature TAis isothermally expanded
 2 
to twice of its initial volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its original volume.
Finally gas is compressed at constant volume to its original pressure PA. [1991-4+4Marks]
(a) Sketch P – V and P – T diagrams for the complete process.
(b) Calculate the net work done by the gas, and net heat supplied to the gas during the complete
process.
A
12. Two moles of helium gas undergo a cyclic process as shown in fig. 2 atm B
Assuming the gas to be ideal, calculate the following quantities in this

process [1992 - 8 Marks] 1atm D C
(a) The net change in the heat energy 300K 400K

(b) The net work done
(c) The net change in internal energy
2
13. A cylindrical block of length 0.4 m and area of cross section 0.04 m is placed coaxially on a thin
metal disc of mass 0.4 Kg and the same cross section. The upper face of the cylinder is maintained at
a constant temperature of 400 K and the initial temperature of the disc is 300 K. If the thermal
conductivity of the material of the cylinder is 10 watt/m-K and the specific heat of the material of the
disc is 600 J/kg, K, how long will it take for the temperature of the disc to increase to 350 K?
Assume, for purpose of calculation, the thermal conductivity of the disc to be very high and the
system to be thermally insulated except for the upper face of the cylinder. [1992 - 8 Marks]
14. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through the cycle shown in fig.
[1993-4+4+2Marks]
A  B; adiabatic expansion B  C: cooling at constant volume P
A
C  D; adiabatic compression D  A: heating at constant volume B
The pressure and temperature at A, B, etc. are denoted by PA, TA, PB, TB etc.,
D
respectively. Given that TA= 1000K, PB = (2/3)PA and PC = (1/3)PA, calculate the C
V
following quantities :
i. The work done by the gas in the process A  B
ii. The heat lost by the gas in the process. B  C
iii. The temperature TD. [Given: (2 / 3)(2/5)  .85 ]
15. An ideal gas is taken through a cycle thermodynamic process through four steps. The amounts of
heat involved in these steps are Q1= 5960 J, Q2=– 5585 J, Q3 = –2980 J and Q4 = 3645 J,
respectively. The corresponding quantities of work involved are W1 = 2200 J, W2 = – 825 J,
W3 = – 1100 J and W4respectively. [1994 - 6 Marks]
i. Find the value of W4
ii. What is the efficiency of the cycle?
3
16. A closed container of volume 0.02 m contains a mixture of neon and argon gases, at a temperature
5 –2
of 27°C and pressure of 1 × 10 Nm . The total mass of the mixture is 28 g. If the molar masses of
–1
neon and argon are 20 and 40 g mol respectively, find the masses of the individual gases in the
container assuming them to the ideal (Universal gas constant R = 8.314 J/mo-K).
[1994 - 6 Marks]
17. A gaseous mixture enclosed in a vessel of volume V consists of one mole of a gas A with
(  C p / C  5 / 3) and another gas B with(   7 / 5 ) at a certain temperature T. The relative molar
masses of the gases A and B are 4 and 32, respectively. The gases A and B do not react with each
19/13
other and are assumed to be ideal. The gaseous mixture follows the equation PV = constant, in
adiabatic process. [1995-10 Marks]
(a) Find the number of moles of the gas B in the gaseous mixture.
(b) Compute the speed of sound in the gaseous mixture at T = 300 K.
(c) If T is raised by 1K from 300 K, find the % change in the speed of sound in the gaseous mixture.
(d) The mixture is compressed adiabatically to 1/5 of its initial volume V. Find the change in its
adiabatic compressibility in terms of the given quantities.
18. At 27°C two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands adiabatically
to a volume 2V. Calculate (i) the final temperature of the gas, (ii) change in its internal energy, and
(iii) the work done by the gas during this process. [1996 - 5 Marks]
19. The temperature of 100g of water is to be raised from 24°C to 90°C by adding steam to it. Calculate
the mass of the steam required for this purpose. [1996 - 2 Marks]
20. A double-pane window used for insulating a room thermally from outside consists of two glass
sheets each of area 1m2 and thickness 0.01 m separated by a 0.05 m thick stagnant air space. In the
steady state, the room glass inter-face and the glass-outdoor interface are at constant temperatures of
27°C and 0°C respectively. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the window pane. Also find the
temperatures of other interfaces. Given thermal conductivities of glass and air is 0.8 and 0.08Wm–
1K–1 respectively. [1997C-5 Marks]
21. A sample of 2 kg of monatomic Helium (assumed ideal) is taken through the process ABC and
another sample of 2 kg of the same gas is taken through the process ADC (see fig) Given molecular
mass of Helium = 4 [1997C-5 Marks]
P
2
(×104 N/m )
B C
10
5 A D
3
10 20 V (m )
a. What is the temperature of Helium in each of the states A, B, C and D?

b. Is there any way of telling afterwards which sample of Helium went through the process ABC
and which went through the process ADC? Write yes or No.
c. How much is the heat involved in each of the process ABC and ADC?
22. One mole of a diatomic ideal gas (   1.4) is taken through a cyclic process starting from point A. The
process A  B is an adiabatic compression, B  C is isobaric expansion, C  D is an adiabatic
expansion, and D  A is isochoric. The volume ratios are VA/VB = 16 and VC/VB= 2 and the
temperature at A is TA = 300. Calculate the temperature of the gas at the points B and D and find the
efficiency of the cycle. [1997 - 5 Marks]
23. The apparatus shown in the figure consists of four glass

columns connected by horizontal sections. The height of
two central columns B and C are 49 cm each. The two outer
columns A and D are open to the atmosphere. A and C are A B C D
maintained at a temperature of 95°C while the columns B 95°C 5°C 95°C 5°C
and D are maintained at 5°C. The height of the liquid in A
and D measured from the base are 52.8 cm and 51 cm
respectively. Determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of the liquid. [1997 - 5 Marks]
24. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round the cyclic process P
ABCA as shown in figure. Calculate [1998 - 8 Marks]
B
a. the work done by the gas 3P0
b. the heat rejected by the gas in the path CA and the heat absorbed by the
gas in the path AB; P0 C
A
c. the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path BC.
d. the maximum temperature attained by the gas during the cycle.
V0 2V0 V
25. A solid body X of heat capacity C is kept in an atmosphere whose temperature is TA = 300 K. At
time t = 0 the temperature of X is T0 = 400 K. It cools according to Newton’s law of cooling. At time
t1, its temperature is found to be 350 K. At this time (t1), the body X is connected to a large box
Y at atmospheric temperature TA, through a conducting rod of length L, cross-sectional area A and
thermal conductivity K. The heat capacity of Y is so large that any variation in its temperature may
be neglected. The cross-sectional area A of the connecting rod is small compared to the surface area
of X. Find the temperature of X at time t = 3t1. [1998 - 8 Marks]
26. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas, initially at pressure p1 and volume V1 , undergo and adiabatic
compression until its volume is V2. Then the gas is given heat Q at constant volume V2.
[1999-10 Marks]
a. Sketch the complete process on a p-V diagram.
b. Find the total work done by the gas, the total change in its internal energy and the final
temperature of the gas. [Given your answer in terms of p1 , V1, V2, Q and R]
27. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through a cycle ABCA as shown in the P-T diagram.
During the process AB, pressure and temperature of the gas vary such that PT = Constant. If T1 =
300 K, calculate
P
B C
2P1
P1 A
T
T1 2T1
(a) the work done on the gas in the process AB and

(b) the heat absorbed or released by the gas in each of the processes.
Give answer in terms of the gas constant R.
28. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg at 0°C is placed in an isolated container which is at 227°C. The specific
heat S of the container varies with temperature T according to the empirical relation S = A + BT,
where A = 100 cal/kg-K and B = 2 × 10–2cal/kg-K2. If the final temperature of the container is
27°C, determine the mass of the container. (Latent heat of fusion of water = 8 × 104cal/kg, Specific
heat of water = 103 cal/kg-K). [2001-5 Marks]
29. A 5m long cylindrical steel wire with radius 2 × 10–3m is suspended vertically from a rigid support
and carries a bob of mass 100 kg at the other end. If the bob gets snapped, calculate the change in
temperature of the wire ignoring radiation losses. (For the steel wire: Young’s modulus = 2.1 × 1011
Pa; Density = 7860 kg/m3; Specific heat = 420 J/kg-K) [2001-5 Marks]
30. A monoatomic ideal gas of two moles is taken through a cyclic process starting from A as shown in
v v
figure. The volume ratios D  4 are B  2 and . If the temperature TAat A is 27°C.
vA vA
V
VD D C
VB B
VA A
T
O TA TB
Calculate,
a. the temperature of the gas at point B,
b. heat absorbed or released by the gas in each process.
c. the total work done by the gas during the complete cycle.
Express your answer in terms of the gas constant R. [2001-10 Marks]
31. A cubical box of side 1 meter contains helium gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of 100 N/m2.
During an observation time of 1 second, an atom travelling with the root-mean-square speed parallel
to one of the edges of the cube, was found to make 500 hits with a particular wall, without any
25
collision with other atoms. Take R  J/mol–K and k = 1.38 × 10–23J/K
3
[2002-5 Marks]
a. Evaluate the temperature of the gas.
b. Evaluate the average kinetic energy per atom.
c. Evaluate the total mass of helium gas in the box.
32. An insulated container containing monoatomic gas of molar mass m is moving with a velocity v0. If
the container is suddenly stopped, find the change in temperature. [2003 - 2 Marks]
33. Hot oil is circulated through an insulated container with a wooden lid at the top whose conductivity
K = 0.167J/(m-°C-sec), thickness t = 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the top of the lid is
maintained at T  1270 C . If the ambient temperature Ta = 27°C. [2003 - 4 Marks]
Te=127°
T0
Ta=27°C
Hot Oil
Calculate:
a. rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation from the lid.
17
b. temperature of the oil. (Given    108 )
3
34. An ideal diatomic gas is enclosed in an insulated chamber at temperature 300K. The chamber is
closed by a freely movable massless piston, whose initial height from the base in 1m. Now the gas is
heated such that its temperature becomes 400K at constant pressure. Find the new height of the
piston from the base. If the gas is compressed to initial position such that no exchange of heat takes
place, find the final temperature gas. You can leave answer in fraction. [2004 - 2 Marks]
Atomsphere
1m
35. A cylindrical rod of length 1, thermal conductivity K and area of cross section A has one end in the
furnace at temperature T1 and the other end in surrounding at temperature T2. Surface of the rod
exposed to the surrounding has emissivity e. Also T2  Ts  T and Ts   T . If T1  Ts  T , find the
proportionality constant. [2004 - 4 Marks]
Ts
T1 T2 Insulation
Furnace
36. A cubical block of co-efficient of linear expansion  s is submerged partially inside a liquid of co-
efficient of volume expansion   . On increasing the temperature of the system by T , the height of
the cube inside the liquid remains unchanged. Find the relation between  s and   .
[2004 - 4 Marks]
37. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20,000 J at atmospheric pressure. If initially the temperature
of cylinder is 20°C, find [2005 - 6 Marks]
a. final temperature of the cylinder
b. work done by the cylinder.
c. change in internal energy of the cylinder
(Given that specific heat of cylinder = 400 J kg–1 °C–1, coefficient of volume expansion = 9 × 10–5
°C–1, Atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2 and Density of cylinder = 9000 kg/m3 )
38. In an insulated vessel, 0.05 kg steam at 373 K and 0.45 kg of ice at 253 K are mixed. Then, find the
final temperature of the mixture. [2006 - 6 Marks]
Given, Lfusion = 80 cal/g = 336 J/g, Lvaporization = 540 cal/g = 2268 J/g,
Sice = 2100 J/kg K = 0.5 cal/gK and Swater = 4200 J/kg K = 1 cal /gK
Match the column:

1. Heat given to process is positive, match the following option of column I with the corresponding
option of column II [2006]
p
J
30
M
20
10 K L
3
V(m )
10 20
Column I Column II
(a) JK (i) Q> 0
(b) KL (ii) Q< 0
(c) LM (iii) W> 0
(d) MJ (iv) W< 0
2. Column I contains a list of processes involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with
Column II describing the thermodynamic change during this process.
[2008, 7 M]
Column I Column II
(a) An insulated container has two chambers (i) The temperature of the gas
separated by a valve. Chamber I contains an decreases.
ideal gas and the chamber II has vacuum. The
valve is opened.
I II
Ideal gas Vacuum
(b) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (ii) The temperature of the gas
1 remains constant.
original volume such that its pressure p  2 ,
V
where V is the volume of the gas.
(c) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (iii) The gas loses heat.
1
original volume such that its pressure p  4/3 ,
V
where V is the volume of the gas.
(d) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its (iv) The gas gains heat.
pressure p and volume V follows the behavior
shown in the graph.
p
V
V1 V2
ANSWER KEY
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE -I
1. D 2.A 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. B 7. 36 105  9. 1.73105 / 0 C 10. 5 104 / 0 C
8.(a)  


(b)  

IN CHAPTER EXERCISE -II
1. 190.5 cal 2. 620 103 cal / gm 3. 1 cal 4. 100C

5. ratio = 1:1 6. 4000 cal 7. 7.50C 8. 0 0C
9. 19.09 0C 10. 1:1
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE -III
1. C 2.C 3. C,D 4. B 5. D
6. A 7. C 8.A 9. A 10. D
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE -IV
1. D 2.B 3. B 4. A 5. C
[
6. A 7. D 8.A 9. A 10. C
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE -V
1. D 2.B 3. C 4. C 5. A
6. B 7. A 8.D 9. B 10. B
EXERCISE - I
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. D
8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. C 14. C
15. D 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. A 21. D
22. C 23. C 24. A 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. B
29. A 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. A 35. D
36. B 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. A 42. D
43. A 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. A 48. C 49. D
50. D 51. C 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D 56. A
57. B 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. D 62. B 63. A
64. D 65. B 66. D 67. C 68. D 69. C 70. B
71. C 72. A 73. C 74. C 75. A 76. B 77. C
78. B 79. C 80. B 81. C 82. C 83. B 84. A
85. D 86. D 87. C 88. A 89. D 90. A 91. D
92. D 93. D 94. D 95. A 96. B 97. C 98. A
99. D 100. B 101. C 102. A 103. C 104.C 105. C
106. A 107. A 108. C 109. A 110. B 111. A 112. B
113. A 114. D 115. D 116. A 117. C 118. D 119. B
EXERCISE – II
1. B 2. A,C,D 3. C,D 4. B,C,D 5. B,C 6.B,C

7. C,D 8. B,C 9. A,B 10. B,C,D 11. C,D 12. A,C
13. B 14. C,D 15. A,B,C,D 16. A,D 17. A,B,D 18. A,B,C,D
19. A 20. A,D 21.A 22. A,C 23. A,C 24. A
25. A,C 26. A,C 27. A,B,C 28. A,B 29. C,D 30. D
31. A,D 32. C,D 33. B,D 34. A,B 35. A,C
EXERCISE – III
PARAGRAPH TYPE
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. A
8. C 9. D 10. A 11. 6J 12. -43 cal 13. 40 cal 14. 18 cal
15. D 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
MATCH THE COLUMN
21. 22. 23. 24.

i. C i. C i. D i. D
ii. A ii. A ii. B ii. B
iii. D iii. D iii. C iii. E
iv B iv B iv B
EXERCISE – IV
5
1. 2000cm3 2. 4 106 m 3. 4. 10 cm, 40 cm 5. 377.37 N
3
6. .0147 7. 68.8 0C 8. s y  .317 9. 0103 cal / gm 0C 10. 1.45kg

11. T  94.60 C 12. .0157 kg / min 13. 2524 K 14. 1302 m / s
3
15. 3600 R 16. (i) 7.6 (ii) 4 / 9 (iii)  2.5 17.  B  0
2
18. 3270 C 19. 4 / 3 20. 74.9cmof Hg 21. 4
22. .1cm 23. 5sec 24. 104 N 25.   1.5
26. 2 27.   1.065 28. 933.4 J 29. 178.04 KPa
30. 4.55 109 rad / s 31. 441m / s 32. 10.02 KJ 33. f  5
n1T1  n2T2 
34. Self Explanatory 35. T  37. atm  ltr.
n1  n2 2
 1
38. RT  1   39. 2R 40. 1.25 104 N / m 2 41. 1.5
 n
42. 5R 43. R / 2 44. 400 K 45. 12600 J 46. 50cal 47. 8000cal
7R 1  T T 
48. (i) (ii) 4RT 49. .46 J 50. 1   4 1 
2M   T3  T2 
V02 (n 2  1) V02 (n2  1)

51. (a) (b) (c) CV  R / 2 52. 6 102 J
(  1) 2
53. 4 / 3 54. 300 C 55. .75m 56. TB  30 0 C ; TC  TD  20 0 C
4 K 0 A(T2  T1 ) K (T1  Tm )
57. 1.396 m 58. 59. 60. TA  420.2 K
3L K (T1  Tm )  (Tm  T2 )
1/3
6
61. 148.201W 62. 2 /  63.   64. (i)  :1 (ii) 1:  2
 
65. 4.9  109 kg / sec 66. (i) 420.5 K (ii) 353.6 K 67. 7 min 68. 42.87 0C
69. 9.185 105 m2 70. 1.77 71. 1.78 J / sec 72. .3 73. 595K
IIT JEE ANSWER KEY

MULTIPLE CHOICES WITH ONLY ONE CORRECT
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C
8. D 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. A 14. C
15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. A
22. A 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. B 28. C
29. B 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
MULTIPLE CHOICES WITH MORE THAN ONE CORRECT
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B,C,D 5. D 6.B
7. A,C,D 8. A,B 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D
13. B,C 14. D 15. B,D 16. A,B,C,D 17. B,D 18. B,D
FILL IN THE BLANKS

0
1. Partly Solid and partly liquid 2. 2T 3. 0 C 4. 5803K 5. 1.71 rc
4 kTR 2 Pt 0
6. 7. 8. 300 K 9. .628 10. 60 C 11. 318.68 K
t m
12. 5.5 min
TRUE AND FALSE:
1. False 2. False 3.False 4.True 5.True 6. True
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
A B
P
1. 2. – 972 J 3. hollow sphere
C
4. 2.25 T 0 , – 1.875RT 0 5. 83.83 cm Hg
6. 9000 W 7. 675 K, 3.6 × 10 6 N/m 2
1 2
8. (i ) (ii ) 113 l , 0.44 × 10 5 N/m 2 (ii i) 12459 J
P 3
9. 800 K, 720 J 10 . (i) 5 (ii) 1.23 PV
1
1
11 . (a) ,P P
(b) 0.58 RT A , 0.58 R T A
3 2 3 2
V T
12 . (a) 1152 J (b) 1152 J (c) zero 13 .166.32 secs
14 . (i) 1870 J (ii) – 5298 J (ii i) 500 K 15.(i ) 765 J (ii ) 10.82%
16 . mass of Neon = 4 gm, mass of Argon = 24 gm

5
17 . (a) 2 mole (b) 400.03 m/s (c) 1/6 (d) 8.27 10 V
18 . (i) 189 K (ii) – 2767 J (ii i) 2767 J 19.0.012 Kg
20 . 41.54 J/s, 26.48°C, 0.52°C
21 . (i) T A = 120.3 K, T B = 240.6 K, T C = 481.2 KT D = 240.6 K (ii ) No

(ii i) Q A B C = 3.25 × 10 6 J, Q A D C = 2.75 × 10 6 J
22 . T B = 909 K, T D = 791.4 K , 61.4% 23.6.67 × 10 – 5 per °C
5 P0 V0 25 P0 V0
 P0V0 2 8R
24 . (a) P 0 V 0 (b) , 3P 0 V 0 2 (c) (d)
2 KAt1
 
Cl

25 . 300  12.5e 
 
  V 2/3    V 2/3  PV 5/3 2/3
3 1 3 1 1 1 V2 Q
26 . PV
1 1  1     , Q  PV
1 1  1     , T final  
2 V
  2   2 V
  2   2 R 3R
27 . (a) 1200 R (b)– 2100 R , 831.6 R 28. 0.495 Kg
29 . 0.00457°C 30. (a) 600 K (b) 1500 R, 831.8 R, – 900R, – 831.8 R (c) 600R
mV02
31 . (a) 160 K (b) 3.312 × 10 – 2 1 J (c) 0.3012 gm 32 .
3R
2
 4 5  4Ts3 
33 . (a) 595 W/m 2 (b) 162.6 0 C 34. 400   K . 35 . 1  
3  K 
36 .    2 s 37. (a)69.99°C, (b)0.0499 J,(c) 19999.95 J 38. 0° C
Match the column :
1. (A)(ii), (B)(i), (iii), (C)(i), (D)(ii), (iv)

2. (A)(ii), (B) (iii), (C)(iv), (D)(i)

HNT Pace Booklet

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HNT Pace Booklet

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HNT Pace Booklet

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS Rg.

IIT – ian’s PACE

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS THEORY 167 – 199

2. SOLVED PROBLEMS (OBJECTIVE) 200 – 202

3. SOLVED PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE) 202 – 211

4. EXERCISE # I 212 – 225

6. EXERCISE # II 226 – 230

7. EXERCISE # III 231 – 234

8. EXERCISE # IV 235 – 241

9. WINDOW TO IIT-JEE 242 – 258

10. ANSWER KEY 259 – 263

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS : Tentative Lecture Flow

a. The centigrade or Celsius scale (0C)

Relation between different temperature scales

Solution: as reading shown by both thermometers is same, we can say C= F

HEAT: ENERGY IN TRANSIT

MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT:

As the temperature of body increases, the side

Illustration: 2 Two square holes are made in a metallic sheet as shown in

Variation of α with distance and temperature

a. If α varies with distance, ( say   ax  b)

SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION

CUBICAL OR VOLUME EXPANSION

RELATION BETWEEN  ,  AND 

a. For anisotropic bodies or non-isotropic bodies:   1   2 and   1   2  3 . Here 1 ,  2 and 3

VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE

With increase of temperature, volume increases, therefore density decreases.

i.  For liquids are in order of 103 .

APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID IN A CONTAINER

Initially container was full.

apparent change in volume of liquid A0 (1  2 g T )

VARIATION OF FORCE OF BUOYANCY WITH TEMPERATURE

If a body is submerged inside the liquid, Buoyancy force on a solid body

VARIATION OF TIME PERIOD OF PENDULUM CLOCK

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH BY METALLIC SCALE

Solution: measured value =calibrated value [1  ( o   s )T ]

Here, α0=0 and measured value =180 mm, ∆T=-100C

Therefore, 180 = calibrated value [1  (1.1 105 ) 10]

Error in measurement = measurement value – calibrated value = 1.98 102 mm .

THERMAL STRESS OF A MATERIAL

Consider a rod of length l0. For t change in temperature

length of rod at newtemperature  natural length of rod at newtemperature l

Solution : If change in length is l , Then    0T

So, VHg  (1000  27  106 /1.8 104 )  150 cc.

Specific heat of water:s=4200 j/kg0C = 1000 cal/kg0C = 1cal/gm0C.

Solution: heat required = Q  msT  Q  500 g 1cal / g 0C  50 C

MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY

HEAT CAPACITY OR THERMAL CAPACITY

If thermal capacity of a body is expressed in terms of mass of water it is called water-equivalent of

PHASE CHANGE AND ENERGY RELATED TO PHASE CHANGE

Heat supplied or released by a substance for the change of phase is

Q  mL Where, L = latent heat.

Journey from ice at 00C to steam at 1000C

Suppose mass of ice is m gram. During state change from

PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY OR LAW OF MIXING

Heat given by one substance = Heat taken by another substance

Heat given out by hot water = mc  F

5 103  500  T  400 J  T  1600 C