ATLAS 4TH EDITION

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ATLAS
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LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,

MUNICH, AND DELHI
2

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,

MUNICH, AND DELHI

FOR THE FOURTH EDITION

Cartographic Manager David Roberts
Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford
Cartographers Paul Eames, Encompass Graphics Limited
Designers Nimbus Design Editors Ben Hoare, Margaret Parrish,
Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA)
3D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London
Systems Co-ordinator Philip Rowles Production Imogen Boase
Art Director Bryn Walls Publisher Jonathan Metcalf
Associate Publisher Liz Wheeler

FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

Cartographic Director Andrew Heritage
Cartography Roger Bullen, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins
Project Editor Sam Atkinson Art Editor Karen Gregory

First published in Great Britain in 2001 by

Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
A Penguin Company
Fourth Edition 2010
Previously published as the Ultimate Pocket Book of the World Atlas & Factfile
Copyright © 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010
Dorling Kindersley Limited

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-4053-5039-6

Printed and bound in Singapore by Star Standard

Discover more at
www.dk.com
 3
Key to map symbols
ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES

6000m / 19,686ft River

4000m / 13,124ft
Seasonal river
2000m / 6562ft
1000m / 3281ft Canal
500m / 1640ft
250m / 820ft Lake
100m / 328ft
Seasonal lake
0
Below sea level
SETTLEMENTS
Mountain Capital city

Depression
Major town

BORDERS
Minor town

Full international Major port

Disputed de facto COMMUNICATIONS

Territorial claim Major road

Cease-fire line Rail

International airport
Undefined

State/Province Insight; facts, figures, and

amazing information from
around the world
4
Atlas contents
The Political World . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 The Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . 48-49
The Physical World . . . . . . . . 10-11
Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
Atlas Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 Africa 50–51

North & Central Northwest Africa . . . . . . . . . . 52-53

America 16–17 Northeast Africa . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57
Western Canada & Alaska . . . 18-19 Central Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59
Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21 Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61
USA: The Northeast . . . . . . . . 22-23
USA: Central States . . . . . . . . 24-25
USA: The West . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27 Europe 62–63
USA: The Southwest . . . . . . . 28-29
USA: The Southeast . . . . . . . . 30-31
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33 The North Atlantic. . . . . . . . . 64-65
Central America . . . . . . . . . . 34-35 Scandinavia & Finland. . . . . . 66-67
The Caribbean. . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37 The Low Countries . . . . . . . . 68-69
The British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71
France, Andorra,
South America & Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73
38–39 Spain & Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
Germany &
Northern South America . . . . 40-41 the Alpine States . . . . . . . . . 76-77
Peru, Bolivia, & North Brazil 42-43 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
Paraguay, Uruguay, Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81
& South Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . 44-45 Southeast Europe. . . . . . . . . . 82-83
Southern South America . . . . 46-47 The Mediterranean . . . . . . . . 84-85
 5
Atlas contents
Bulgaria & Greece. . . . . . . . . 86-87 Mainland Southeast Asia . . 118-119
The Baltic States Maritime Southeast Asia . . 120-121
& Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89
Ukraine, Moldova, The Indian Ocean . . . . . . . 122-123
& Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
European Russia . . . . . . . . . . 92-93
Australasia &
Oceania 124–125
North & West
Asia 94–95 The Southwest Pacific . . . . 126-127
Western Australia . . . . . . . 128-129
Russia & Kazakhstan . . . . . . . 96-97 Eastern Australia . . . . . . . . 130-131
Turkey & the Caucasus . . . . . 98-99 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
The Near East
& West Bank . . . . . . . . . . 100-101 The Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . 134-135
The Middle East . . . . . . . . 102-103 Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105

Country Factfiles
South & East 138–359
Asia 106–107
See overleaf for contents
Western China
& Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . 108-109 Overseas territories . . . . . . 360-365
Eastern China & Korea. . . . 110-111 International organizations . . . 366
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113
South India & Sri Lanka. . . 114-115 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
North India & Pakistan . . . 116-117 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368-432
6
Factfile contents
A Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . 226
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . 153 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 154 China . . . . . . . . . 192-193 Guinea–Bissau. . . . . . 228
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Colombia . . . . . . . . . 194 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Comoros . . . . . . . . . . 195
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 H
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . 158 Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197 Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Antigua & Barbuda . . 159 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . 198 Honduras . . . . . . . . . 231
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . 160 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . 199 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . 232
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . 161 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Australia . . . . . . 162–163 Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 I
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . 165 Czech Republic . . . . . 203 India . . . . . . . . . . 234-235
Indonesia. . . . . . . 236-237
B D Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . 166 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . 204
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . 205
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . 168 Dominica . . . . . . . . . 206
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . 169 Dominican Republic . 207
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . 170
E
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 171
East Timor . . . . . . . . . 208 J
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Japan . . . . . . . . . . 244-245
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
El Salvador . . . . . . . . 211
Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Equatorial Guinea . . . 212
Bosnia
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
K
& Herzegovina . . . . 176 Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . 247
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . 177 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . 178-179 Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 F Korea, North . . . . . . . 250
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . 181 Fiji. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Korea, South . . . . . . . 251
Burkina . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Burma . . . . . see Myanmar France . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . 183
G Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . 254
C Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . 184 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . 220 L
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . 185 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Canada . . . . . . . . 186-187 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 222 Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . 188 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . 257
Central African Greece . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Republic . . . . . . . . . 189 Grenada . . . . . . . . . . 225 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
 7
Factfile contents
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Liechtenstein . . . . . . . 261 Papua New Guinea . . 296 Switzerland . . . . . . . . 330
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . 262 Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . 297 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Luxembourg . . . . . . . 263 Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
M Philippines . . . . . . . . 299 T
Macedonia . . . . . . . . 264 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Madagascar . . . . . . . . 265 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . 333
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Q Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 334
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . 267 Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . 335
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . 268 Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Mali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 R
Romania . . . . . . . . . . 303 Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Marshall Islands . . . . 271 Russian Trinidad & Tobago . . . 338
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . 272 Federation . . . . . 304-305 Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . 273 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . 341
Micronesia . . . . . . . . 275 S
St. Kitts & Nevis . . . . 307 Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . 276
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . 277 St. Lucia . . . . . . . . . . 308 U
Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . 278 St. Vincent & the
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Montenegro. . . . . . . . 279 Grenadines . . . . . . . 309
Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . 280
Mozambique . . . . . . . 281 San Marino . . . . . . . . 311 United Arab Emirates. 345
Myanmar (Burma) . . . 282 São Tomé & Príncipe . 312 United Kingdom . 346-347
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . 313 United States . . . . 348-350
N Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . 351
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . 283
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . 352
Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . 316
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Netherlands. . . . . . . . 286 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . 317 V
New Zealand . . . . . . 287 Singapore . . . . . . . . . 318 Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . 353
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . 288 Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . 319 Vatican City. . . . . . . . 354
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . 320 Venezuela . . . . . . . . . 355
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Solomon Islands . . . . 321 Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . 356
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . 322
South Africa. . . . . . . . 323 Y
O Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . 325
P Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Z
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . 327 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . 328 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . 359
 8
The Political World
A B C D

Svalbard
Severnaya Zemlya
(Norway) Franz Josef Land
New Siberian Islands
Novaya Zemlya
1 Jan Mayen
(Norway)

AY

FINLAN
ICELAND
RW
DE N
O

DENMARK
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
N

S WE

D
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) ESTONIA
UNITED LATVIA
IRELAND KINGDOM LITHUANIA
BELARUS
NETH. 1 POLAND
BELGIUM 3 UKRAINE
5 2 MOLDOVA KA Z A KH S TA N
LUXEMBOURG 4 6 MON G OLIA
7 8 ROMANIA
2 SWITZERLAND GEORGIA
FRANCE
13 119 10 12 BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN
ANDORRA
SPAIN 14 ALB. ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN KYRGZSTAN N. KOREA
PORTUGAL MONACO ITALY MAC. TURKEY TURKMEN. TAJIKISTAN
GREECE AZ. S. KOREA JAPAN
SYRIA C H I N A
TUNISIA AFGHANISTAN
LEBANON
MOROCCO MALTA CYPRUS BHUTAN
IRAQ I R A N NEPAL
AN
ISRAEL KUWAIT MYANMAR
ST
ALGERIA L I B Y A I
WESTERN JORDAN QATAR PAK (BURMA)
SAHARA EGYPT BAHRAIN INDIA LAOS TAIWAN
U.A.E.
(disputed) SAUDI
ARABIA
CAPE MAURITANIA

VI
OMAN BANGLADESH Northern Mariana
MALI NIGER

ET
VERDE ERITREA Islands (US)

N AM
SENEGAL YEMEN
GAMBIA BURKINA
CHAD DJIBOUTI THAILAND
SUDAN PHILIPPINES
NIGERIA Guam (US)
GUINEA- CAMBODIA
A

3 GUINEA
ALI

BISSAU BENIN C.A.R. ETHIOPIA MICRONESIA

CAMEROON
SRI BRUNEI
SIERRA LEONE
M

LANKA
O

LIBERIA TOGO S MALDIVES MALAYSIA PALAU

O

UGANDA
GHANA KENYA
NG

CÔTE D’IVOIRE
RWANDA
PAPUA
CO

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE DEM. REP. SINGAPORE

CONGO
BURUNDI INDONESIA NEW
EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON TANZANIA SEYCHELLES
GUINEA
Cabinda
(Angola) EAST
AT L A N T I C ANGOLA ZAMBIA MALAWI COMOROS TIMOR
OCEAN ZIMBABWE
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA BOTS. MAURITIUS
Tropic of Capricorn

4 MOZAMBIQUE I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
KEY TO NUMBERS SOUTH SWAZILAND

1. Germany
AFRICA LESOTHO O C E A N
2. Liechtenstein
3. Czech Republic
4. Austria
French Southern
5. Slovakia
& Antarctic Territories
6. Hungary (France)
7. Slovenia
8. Croatia
9. Bosnia & Herzegovina
10. Serbia
5 11. Montenegro
12. Kosovo (disputed) S O U T H E R N O C E A N
13. San Marino
14. Vatican City
ANTARCT ICA

A B C D
 9

E F G H

A R C T I C
Greenland
O C E A N (Denmark) 1

Arctic Circle
Alaska
(US)
C A N A D A

S) AT LAN T IC
(U
Aleutian Islands
OCE AN
2
P A C I F I C
U N I T E D S TAT E S
O C E A N OF AMERICA
Bermuda (UK)
Midway Islands DOM. REP. Puerto Rico (US)
(US) ST KITTS & NEVIS
M

BAHAMAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

EX

Hawaii BELIZE CUBA DOMINICA Tropic of Cancer

IC

(US) O ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HAITI BARBADOS
EL SALVADOR JAMAICA ST VINCENT &
MARSHALL Wallis & Futuna (France)
HONDURAS COSTA RICA THE GRENADINES
ISLANDS Palmyra Atoll (US) 3
NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GRENADA
PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA French Guiana (France)
NAURU (Ecuador) GUYANA Equator
KIRIBATI SURINAME
TUVALU ECUADOR
Tokelau B R A Z I L
PE

SOLOMON (NZ) Cook

ISLANDS Islands
RU

(NZ)
VANUATU French
Polynesia BOLIVIA
Niue (NZ) Pitcairn
FIJI (France) Islands CHILE PARAGUAY
(UK) Tropic of Capricorn
TONGA American
New Samoa (us) 4
Caledonia P A C I F I C
NA

(France) SAMOA
URUGUAY
O C E A N
TI
EN
ARG

NEW CONTINENTAL KEY

ZEALAND
North & Central Europe Falkland Islands (UK)
America
CHILE
South America NW/SE Asia South Georgia &
South Sandwich Islands
Australasia (UK) 5
Africa & Oceania

Antarctic Circle

E F G H
 10
The Physical World
A B C D

Spitsbergen
Franz Josef
Land Severnaya
A R C T I C
Zemlya
New Siberian
G reenl an d Novaya Islands
1 Zemlya Laptev Sea
Sea K ar a
Bare nt s
t Se a

Yenis
rai ia Se a
St v Kh

Lena
Arctic Circle k N orw eg i an na y
re b
ar et C

e
Sea di her
m

sko
S iO b e r i a

Ural Mountains
en

an

in
go
la
l t i c Se a
Iceland
D

b’
nP
Sc

a
pe Volg
British North ro a Sea of
Ba Eu Lake Baikal Okhotsk
Isles Sea r th
E U R O P E
No A SA I A ur

Am
Mo lt Sakhalin
Bay of un ai i
2 Biscay lps Da
n ube Cau
ca
tai
n b Manchurian
A Black Sea sus Aral Sea e n Shan s o Plain Hokkaido
Iberian Caspian Ti G ver Sea of
Azores

Ri
Peninsula Anatolia Sea Japan
Mediterr ush P l a t e a u o f Y e l l o

w
an Iranian uK (East Sea)
ts. ean Sea ag Plateau nd H Tibet
Madeira s M
Z

Honshu

s
i
Hi
a r

Indu
At
l Syrian o sM ma Yan g t z e
Canary Islands layas East Kyushu
S a h a r a Desert ts .
Ga China
Tropic of Cancer n ge Mount Everest Sea
s 29,035ft (8850m)
Red

il
e

Arabian Taiwan
N

A F R I C A Peninsula
Deccan
Philippine
Sea

Me
South

Phi lands
kon
Cape Verde S a h e l Arabian Bay of
China Sea
Ni

Is
Bengal

lipp
Islands Ethiopian Sea M
ge

3 Sea el
r

Highlands Horn of

ine
Africa
Malay a
Sri Lanka Peninsula
y
Great Rift Valle

Equator Gulf of Congo Somali Borneo Celebes

Lake Victoria
go

Guinea Basin Basin Sumatra

Kilimanjaro E a s t I n d i e s New
on

ATLANTIC C
Ridge

19,340ft Seychelles Java Sea

Guinea
(5895m) Java
Angola
gasc l

Timor Sea
ne

I N D I A N
ar

Basin mbezi G
han

Za
Ninetyeast

re
OCEAN
Nami

Mauritius Great
ue C

at
Mada

Sandy Desert

Di
Kalahari Réunion
biq

vid
dge

bD

Tropic of Capricorn Desert

zam

ing Range
O C E A N
eser

4 Cape g
lin
cRi

Mo

ain
e rbor Pl
t

Basin la
dg Nul r
Da
Ri
nti

Cape of
n A U S T R A
Good Hope ia
nd
tla

So
s tI ut
d-A

Tasmania
h we he
ut as
So t I
Mi

Kerguelen
nd ian R
idge
South Indian Basin
5
Antarctic Circle
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
ANTARCTICA

A B C D
 11

E F G H

O C E A N
Ellesmere Island
Queen Elizabeth
Islands Greenland 1
East Siberian Sea
Bea uf o rt Sea Baffin
Baff
in Bay
Chukchi Sea Is
Brooks Range M la
ac nd Arctic Circle
k
it

Great Bear
ra

en
St

g Lake
zie
rin
tka

C
Be Mount McKinley oas Great Slave
ha

Hudson Labrador
(Denali)
mc

Lake
R
tM

Bering Sea 20,322ft (6194m) Bay

Ka

Sea
o
ou

s
ck
nta

nd Gulf of G
Aleutian Isla NORTH
in s

Alaska
re
y

Great Lakes
t s. Grand Banks 2
at
M

No rth we s t AMERICA M e
ia
n of Newfoundland
dg
Ri
ou

P
Coas

P a c if i c ch
la
lai

ti c
i
pp

pa
n t

an
issi
Basin North American
Ap
t R

tl
ns

Miss
a

a i n

-A
P Basin
n ge

id
Ha
s

Gulf of

M
Mi w Tropic of Cancer
Isl aiia
o

d-P an n Mexico
aci ds We s t I n d i e s
l

fic
ATLANTIC
M

M
ou
y

Caribbean
ic

nt
ain Sea
ro

s
3
ne

P A C I F I C OCEAN
e

ne Galapagos
si

si Islands Equator
a

n
a A m a zo
i

Solomon O C E A N Amazon Basin

a

Islands
SOUTH
n

Brazil
East Pacific Rise

Peru
Coral
d

Fiji Basin AMERICA Basin

e

Sea s
New Caledonia
ac n
C h ra

Tropic of Capricorn
o
G

Easter Island
á

Cerro
n

4
Pa ra

Tasman North Southwest Aconcagua

Sea Island 22,831ft Pa
mp
(6959m) as
L A S I A Argentine
Pacific
a

South
oni

Island New Basin

Pa t a g

Zealand Basin
Falkland Islands
South Georgia
Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn
s sa ge South Sandwich
Drak e Pa Islands
5
Antarctic Antarctic Circle
Peninsula

E F G H
 12
Time Zones
A B C D

–2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10

1
A R C T I C
0 +1 +7 O C E A N
–3 +3 +10
–1
+1
+11
0 +2 +9 +10
+5 +7
+3 +8
2 0 +4
+2 +6
+10
+1 +5
–1 0 +2 +9
+31/2 +41/2 +8
+53/4 +6
+2 +3 +5
+6
–1 +1 +4 +51/2 +61/2
0
–1 +3 +7
3
0 +6 +8 +10
+8 +9 +11

+2 +3 +7
+4 +8
ATLANTIC +61/2
OCEAN +3
Greenwich Meridian

+1 I N D I A N +8
4 +2 +91/2
+10
O C E A N
0
+5

+5 +5

5
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00

A B C D
 13

E F G H

+11 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2

Inter line
Date

1
natio

0
–4
na l

–3 –1
–9
+12

–10 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 2
–31/2

P A C I F I C ATLANTIC
O C E A N OCEAN
–11
–10 –5
–4
3
+12 –10
–41/2
Equator
+13 +14 –5
–91/2 –4
+11 –10 –10 –3
+13
+111/2 –8 –6
4
+101/2 –4 –3
+12 P A C I F I C
+123/4 O C E A N
–3 –4
–2

5
23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
–3

E F G H
14

The
world's
regions
15
 A B C D E
16
95 le 94
irc
cC E
cti U
Ar
1 A S I A 1

R
O
P
Franz Josef Land
E

(to Russia)

Svalbard
(to Norway)
NORTH AMERICA

ARCTIC North
134 Pole
Bering Sea
OCEAN
2 62 2
Bering Strait

A l eu
Jan Mayen

t
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)

ian
Is l
Islands
an Yuk o n Beaufort
ds
ALASKA(US) Sea ICELAND
Mount McKinley
(Denali) Greenland
20,322ft (6194m) (Denmark)
Baffin
Gulf of Bay
3 Ba rc le 3
Alaska Ci

k en zi e
tic
ffi
n Arc
Great Bear

M ac
Is

Lake
Great Slave Lake
lan
d

PACIFIC
North & Central America

Lake Athabasca Labrador

OCEAN Sea

R o c k y
C Hudson
La

Reindeer
br

A Lake Bay
4 ad 4
N or
A D an
A u r e nti ns
i
Sn Lake Winnipeg La unta
ake
M o u
Mo
G r e
 ce
Lake Great St Pierre &

a t
en
Mount Whitney Superior r Miquelon
Lakes w (France)
La

.
14,495ft (4418m)
UNITED STATES

St
Lake Huron
Lake Lake Ontario
5 Michigan 5

M isso
s
Death Valley

o
in
Lake Erie

uri
-282ft (-86m)

n t a i n
ta
ATLANTIC

rad
n
OF AMERICA io

P l a
ou

olo
A Oh

s
r
M
C ka
i OCEAN

i
nsa
s

pp
an
Tr hi

issi
op ac
ic o l Bermuda
fC pa (UK)

M iss
anc Ap

n s
er

Ri o
Sargasso Sea

Gr

Sierra Ma
an
Virgin Islands (US)

Si e rr a
de
6 British Virgin 6
Turks & Caicos

dr e O
Ma
Islands (UK) Islands (UK)
Gulf of Mexico

d re
DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)

M Eccide
BAHAMAS

O
X
REPUBLIC ST KITTS

n ta
& NEVIS

rie

l
I
C U Puerto

nt
ANTIGUA &

al
BA Rico BARBUDA

C
Cayman Islands (US)
O (UK) HAITI Guadeloupe
Montserrat (UK) (France)
BELIZE JAMAICA DOMINICA ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Martinique (France)
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES BARBADOS
(French Polynesia) EL SALVADOR Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
7 NICARAGUA 7
Netherlands TRINIDAD
Antilles & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA (Neth.)

134 Equ P AC I F IC 48
ator PANAMA
s
e

OC E A N Equator
d

S O U T H
n
A

0 km 1000 Galapagos Islands

8
A M E R I C A 8
(Ecuador)
0 miles 1000
NORTH AMERICA

135 38
17

A B C D E
 18 NORTH AMERICA

Western Canada & Alaska

A B C D

97
RUSSIAN A R C T I C
1 FEDERATION Wrangel I.
In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia for
the price of $7,200,000, which amounted

Ar
to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).

cti
c
Ci
Attu I.

rcl
Bering

e
it
Sea Ber i n g S t r a
2 135
Br Prudhoe
Rat Is St. Lawrence I. oo Bay
A

ks
Ra
le

nge
ALASKA
u

n
ia Nunivak I. ko (part of USA)
t

Yu
n Mt McKinley
(Denali)
Is 20,322ft (6194m)
Fairbanks
la
Umnak I. nd Alaska Ran
3 Dutch Harbor s ge
Unalaska I. Anchorage
Valdez YUKON
Kodiak I. TERRITORY
Kodiak Cordova

Ro
WHITEHORSE
The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles
Gulf

ck
(1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of
of

y
longitude, form both the most easterly
and westerly extents of the United States. JUNEAU
4 135 Alaska
P A C I F I C Ketchikan

Prince Rupert
O C E A N Queen Charlotte Is.
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide Queen Charlotte
dropped 40 million cubic yards Sound
(30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay, Port Hardy
5
creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high. Vancouver I.
0 km 400
135 VICTORIA
0 miles 400

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 19

E F G H

64
O C E A N Greenland
(Danish external 1

s
nd
Ellesmere territory)
la Axel Island
Is
th Heiberg Despite an area of 808,109 sq miles
a be Island (2,092,993 sq km), the northerly province
liz
ee nE of Nunavut has only 530 miles (850 km)
of roads and highway.
Qu
Bathurst I. Devon Baffin Bay
Melville Island nd
S ou
ster
Island Resolute L nc a
a Davi
s S
64 2
Viscount Somerset t ra
Banks Melville Prince Island Baffin it
Beaufort Island Isl
Sound of
Sea an
Wales I. d
Amundsen Victoria
Gulf Island cle
King Cir
Inuvik tic IQALUIT
William I. Arc
(Frobisher Bay)
Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
NUNAVUT H u d s on Stra i t
3
Great Bear Lake Southampton I.
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
nt

M
ac YELLOWKNIFE Rankin
D u ba w

ken Inlet
zie
Great Slave Lake
Hudson QUÉBEC
Hay River Bay
Fort Smith
Churchill
Lake 20 4
ALBERTA Athabasca
Fort Fort SASKATCHEWAN M A N I T O B A
M

St. John McMurray

C A N A DO N T A R I A
ou
nt

Flin Flon Thompson O

ai

Grande Prairie
an Only just over 1% of Canada’s
EDMONTON tc he w
ns

Prince
George a 3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km)
sk Prince Albert Lake
Leduc land area is devoted to grain production,
Sa

Saskatoon Winnipeg
Red Deer yet this yields around 25 million tons
Kamloops Yorkton WINNIPEG 5
(tonnes) of wheat every year.
Vancouver Calgary REGINA
Kelowna Brandon
Lethbridge Estevan 25
U S A
E F G H
 20 NORTH AMERICA

Eastern Canada
A B C D

Southampton I. Salisbury I.
19 Nottingham I.
Coats I.
1 Ivujivik
NU NA VU T
Mansel I.
Hudson
Bay Péninsule
The largest hydroelectric d'Ungava
complex in Canada at
James Bay produces
over 16,000 megawatts Inukjuak
19 MANITOBA (Port Harrison)
of power.
2 Belcher Is. L. Minto
The Trans-Canada Highway, (Nunavut)
running from St. John’s in
the east to Victoria in the Kuujjuarapik
Peawanuck
west, is 4990 miles n (Poste-de-la-Baleine)
Se ver
(8030 km) long.
James
Wi n i s k Attawapiskat Bay

3 C At taw a
pi s k
at
A A lb
any
N Akimiski I.
(Nunavut) A Eas tma i n

L. Seul
O N T A R I O Q U É
Moosonee
Kenora L. Mistassini
Armstrong
L. Nipigon
Lake
of the Cochrane
Woods
Thunder Bay Rés. Gouin
Timmins
MINNESOTA Lake Superior
Wawa
Ot

4 25
wa
ta

Sudbury
Sault
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater Sainte Marie North Bay
lake in the world, covering an area OTTAWA
of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km). Lake
Peterborough Kingston
Huron Oshawa
WISCONSIN Lake
Lake TORONTO Ontario
UNITED STATES Michigan M I C H I G A N Kitchener Hamilton NEW
IOWA London YORK
OF AMERICA
Windsor Lake Erie St. Catharines
5 ILLINOIS
INDIANA O H I O PENNSYLVANIA
22

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 21

E F G H

Baffin I. 64
Huds
L a b r a d o r
on Strai S e a 1
t
Akpatok I.
(Nunavut) Canada has the world’s longest coastline
(including tens of thousands of islands), with a
Ungava total length of 151,019 miles (243,042 km).
Bay
A T L A N T I C
La

Kuujjuaq Nain
Ca n

O C E A N
b

Hopedale
ia p

48 2
d
a

Makkovik
i sc

au
or
Schefferville Cartwright

Smallwood NEWFOUNDLAND
Reservoir & LABRADOR
Réservoir Strait of Belle Isle
Caniapiscau

Réservoir Newfoundland
D Manicouagan
A Havre-
Saint-Pierre
Gander 3
B E C Sept-Îles
Île d’Anticosti
Grand Falls ST.JOHN'S
Corner Brook
e
enc G u lf nc e Channel-Port-
aw
r
Gaspé of St. Lawre aux-Basques Cape Race
.L ab
C

L. Saint-Jean St ot St Pierre
Jonquière St & Miquelon
PRINCE rai
Chicoutimi Bathurst t (French territorial
EDWARD
NEW ISLAND Sydney collectivity)
QUÉBEC BRUNSWICK Moncton CHARLOTTETOWN
FREDERICTON 48 4
Trois-Rivières
NOVASCOTIA
Sherbrooke Saint John Dartmouth
HALIFAX
Montréal MAINE
Yarmouth
A T L A N T I C
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
The Bay of Fundy has the world’s
O C E A N
VERMONT
highest tidal range, with water’s rising
MASSACHUSETTS 20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as
around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of 0 km 300 5
RHODE ISLAND water flows into the bay.
CONNECTICUT
0 miles 300
48

E F G H
 22 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Northeast

A B C D

20

MINNESOTA
C A
1 L ak e S up e rio r

Superior
O N T A R I O
Ironwood Marquette
Sault Ste Marie
Iron Mountain
Ladysmith
Cheboygan
Lake Huron
WISCONSIN
2 25 Eau Claire MICHIGAN
M Green Bay
is
s
Traverse
City
is

La Crosse
sip

Oshkosh Lake
pi

Michigan Bay City

MADISON Saginaw
I O W A Grand Rapids Flint
Milwaukee
The Chicago River Waukegan LANSING
3 originally flowed into Rockford Detroit
Ann Arbor Erie
Lake Michigan, but was Chicago Lake Erie
reversed in 1900 by Aurora South
the completion of Joliet Toledo Cleveland
Rock Island Bend
a canal. Gary Youngstown
Galesburg Akron
Peoria Fort Wayne
Mansfield Canton
ILLINOIS INDIANA Wheeling
Champaign Muncie O H I O
SPRINGFIELD INDIANAPOLIS
4 25 Decatur COLUMBUS
Dayton
Effingham Terre Haute
Cincinnati
Ohio
ash

Bloomington
East St Louis
ab

Huntington
Mt. Vernon W Louisville
CHARLESTON
Evansville FRANKFORT WEST
M I S S O U R I Carbondale Lexington
Owensboro VIRGINIA
io

Richmond
Oh

5
KENTUCKY
Paducah Hopkinsville Bowling London
Green
ARKANSAS 30

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 23

E F G H

21
N A D A Presque Isle
NEW
1
BRUNSWICK
Q U É B E C
MAINE

dy
un
At times of peak flow, around Calais

fF
45 million US gallons (170 million litres) o
y
of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m) Bangor Ba NOVA
drop of Niagara Falls every minute. SCOTIA

PS H I R E
AUGUSTA
T
Ogdensburg Burlington
e
O N
21 2
MONTPELIER Lewiston in

a
HAM

M
Portland
R M

Watertown Rutland

of
CONCORD

lf
NEW

io Utica
V E

Lake Ont a r ATLANTIC

Gu
Manchester
Syracuse
Rochester ALBANY BOSTON
Buffalo Worcester Cape Cod O C E A N
Niagara N E W Y O R K Springfield MASSACHUSETTS
Falls Binghamton PROVIDENCE
Elmira HARTFORD RHODE ISLAND 3
Hudson
.
ts

CONNECTICUT
Williamsport Scranton
M

New Haven
n

ia New York Long Island

PENNSYLVANIA c h
Newark
a la In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island
Pittsburgh pp Allentown from the local Native Americans in exchange
A
HARRISBURG TRENTON for goods worth around US$1000. Today, this
Gettysburg Philadelphia NEW JERSEY would buy around 50 sq in (325 sq cm) of
Wilmington prime New York City real estate.
Cumberland
Baltimore DOVER Atlantic City 48 4
DELAWARE
Arlington ANNAPOLIS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ai n
ns
nt ia

MARYLAND The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia,

ou ch

Fredericksburg contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of

M la

Charlottesville telephone cable, enough to go around the

a
pp

RICHMOND circumference of the Earth almost four times.

A Chesapeake Bay
VIRGINIA Newport News 0 km 200
Roanoke Norfolk 5
Danville 0 miles 200

NORTH CAROLINA 31

E F G H
 24 NORTH AMERICA

USA: Central States

A B C D

BR I TI SH 19
CO L UM BI A
A L B E R T A
1 WASHINGTON S A S K A T C H E WA N
Havre
Kalispell Malta
At 20,016 ft (6104 m),
Minot
or almost 4 miles (6 km)
in length, the Fort Peck M i s s o u ri Fort Peck L. Williston
Great Falls
Dam is the largest earth- Missoula L. Sakakawea
filled hydraulic dam in M O N T A N A Glendive
NORTH
the United States.

ne
HELENA o
Y el l o w s t
R
Dickinson
2 26 Miles City
Butte
o
Bozeman

er
c k
Billings

wd
OREGON

Po
I D A H O

Bi Mt
gh s.
Sheridan SOUTH
y

or
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the

n
prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which once Gillette
Black
covered almost 20,000 square miles
M o u

(51,800 sq km) of western Utah. H i l l s Rapid City

3 WYOMING
Casper
The world’s largest
known organism is a Rock Torrington Scottsbluff
Great
100 acre (43 hectare) NEB
n t

Springs N.
grove of aspen trees Salt Lake Ogden Pla
t te
in Utah. Derived from Laramie CHEYENNE
a single tree, it contains SALT LAKE Orem
a i

CITY Ogallala
over 47,000 stems Provo Fort Collins
and weighs over
Boulder
4 U T A H
n

6000 tons (tonnes).

Grand DENVER
Lakewood
s

27
Junction Aurora
Richfield COLORADO
do

ra Colorado Springs
lo Pueblo
N E VA D A Co A r ka n s
as
L. Powell
CA

Durango
LI
FO

5 A R I Z O N A
RN
IA

N E W M E X I C O
28 TEXAS

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 25

E F G H

20
C A N A D A
1
M ANI TOBA Lake of the Woods O N T A R I O

Su pe r ior
MINNESOTA Lake
Grand Forks Virginia
DAKOTA Duluth
22
Moorhead
Fargo Access to the St. Lawrence Seaway
BISMARCK Brainerd
via the Great Lakes makes Duluth 2
the most westerly Atlantic port in
the US, some 1100 miles (1770 km)
Aberdeen St Cloud from the Atlantic ocean.
SAINT M
Minneapolis PAUL IC
DAKOTA Watertown W I S C O N S I N
Rochester Lake

H
PIERRE
Michigan

IG
Mitchell Sioux Falls
Mason City

AN
3
Missouri Dubuque
Cedar Rapids
Sioux City I O W A I L L I N O I S INDIANA
OHIO
RASKA DES MOINES Davenport
Columbus
North
Omaha Council Bluffs The deadliest tornado in US
Platte Burlington
e history struck Missouri on
Pl a t t
LINCOLN March 18, 1925. Leaving a
M is

Hastings Kirksville continuous 219 mile (352 km)

sis

si
pp track, the tornado crossed three 4
St Joseph i
states and killed 695 people.
Kansas City Independence
Oakley Missour i 22
Hays Kansas City Saint
TOPEKA
Louis
K A N S A S JEFFERSON CITY
KENTUCKY
Pratt
MISSOURI
Dodge Wichita Springfield
City
teau
Ar

Pla 5
ka

ark TENNESSEE
ns

s Oz
a

0 km 200
O K L A H O M A A R K A N S A S 30
0 miles 200

E F G H
 A B C D E
26
19 19

C A N A D A AL BE RTA
1 Vancouver The Boeing aircraft factory in 1
B R I TI S H C OL U MB I A
Island Everett is the world’s largest
building by volume at
Bellingham

ia
472 million cu ft (13.3 million cu m),
covering 100 acres (40 hectares).

C o l u mb

Range
Port Angeles Everett
NORTH AMERICA

Coeur d'Alene

ade
Seattle Bellevue Spokane

sc
Tacoma
Ellensburg

Ca
2 135 MONTANA 24 2

B
Aberdeen OLYMPIA

it
te
I N G T O N
W A S HYakima
rr
Walla Lewiston
Longview Richland o Hells Canyon is the
USA: The West

Astoria Walla t s.
Kennewick deepest in the US,
ot
M
with cliffs up to 7993 ft

es
ue
Vancouver C o l um b i a

Bl
Pendleton (2436 m) high.
La Grande
Ran

Portland e
ge

SALEM

Rang
Sn a k
Newport Albany Baker Hells Canyon

nge
3 Corvallis 3

Ra
Eugene Springfield Bend

e
I D A H O

ad
Coos Bay Burns Caldwell BOISE Idaho Falls

sc

ast
Nampa

Ca
O R E G O N American

Co
Bandon Falls Res. Pocatello
Snake
Medford Twin Falls
4 4
Klamath Falls

Crescent Goose Lake Great

City Alturas
Weed Basin

C o a s t
 Winnemucca

t
Redding Susanville Elko UTAH

b old

R a
Hum
Pyramid Lake
5 Chico N E V A D A At Black Rock Desert 5

n g
S Reno Sparks on October 15, 1997,
Ukiah Fallon

i
Yuba Lake Tahoe ThrustSSC, driven
Ely

e s
e
City by Andy Green,
CARSON CITY

r
became the first land
SACRAMENTO

r
Hawthorne vehicle to break the
Santa Rosa

a
sound barrier by
Berkeley achieving a speed
Stockton of 763 mph

N
San Francisco Oakland Tonopah (1228 km/h).

e
Modesto

v
6 Bishop 6

Sa
San Jose Merced

n
Jo
Santa Cruz

a
Fresno Death Valley

a d

qu
Salinas

C o
n
Monterey Mt Whitney

V
al 14,495 ft
Visalia Lake Mead

as
le (4418m) -282 ft
y

t
(-86m)
CALIFORNIA Las Vegas
The Golden Gate Bridge,

R
completed in 1937, has Bakersfield ARIZONA

a
80,000 miles (129,000 km) of Mojave

n
Desert
wire in its two main cables,

g
7 e Mojave 28 7
weighing a total of s Barstow
22,200 tons (tonnes). Santa Barbara Lancaster Death Valley is not
Pasadena only the lowest point
Oxnard do in North America, at
135 San Bernardino
Santa Rosa I.
Los Angeles Riverside 282 ft (86 m) below
C o l o ra

Long Beach Santa Ana Palm Springs sea level, it is also

P ACI FIC C h a n n e l Huntington Beach Oceanside the hottest, with
I s l a n d s Santa Catalina I. Salton a maximum air
San Nicolas I. San Sea temperature of
OCEAN Clemente I.
134ºF (57ºC)
San Diego
8 0 km 200 recorded in 1913. 8
Chula Vista
NORTH AMERICA

0 miles 200
MEXICO
32 32
27

A B C D E
 28 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Southwest

A B C D

N E V A D A 24 UTAH
The Colorado River has
L. Powell COLORADO
1 cut down some 6242 ft
(2000 m) into the Pa

n de
nd Cany o in
Colorado Plateau ra n Farmington
te

Gra
G
to form the Grand L. Mead

Rio
Canyon, exposing Colorado

D
Los Alamos
rock strata over

es
Plateau Gallup SANTA FE

ert
2 billion years old. Flagstaff Pec
os
Albuquerque
do

Prescott
lor a

2 27
A R I Z O N A N E W
Co

CALIFORNIA Glendale Scottsdale

S o n o ra n
PHOENIX Mesa M E X I C O
Yuma Roswell
Casa Grande Alamogordo
D esert
Artesia
Tucson
Las Cruces Carlsbad

3
Douglas
El Paso
Meteor Crater was formed when a
meteor about 150 ft (46 m) across
struck the desert at about 40,000 mph Ri
o
(64,372 km/h) creating a bowl-shaped

Gr
depression 4,150 ft (1,265 m) wide and The first atomic bomb was

and
570 ft (174 m) deep. tested at Trinity Site near

e
Alamogordo on July 16, 1945,
Go

yielding an explosive force

equivalent to 20,000 tons
lf

4 135
(tonnes) of TNT from around
o

2.2 lbs (1 kg) of plutonium-239.

de
C
al
if

PACIFIC M E X I
or
n

OCEAN
ia

5
0 km 200

0 miles 200 32

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 29

E F G H

25
K A N S A S
Ponca City 1
Enid Tulsa
Broken Arrow
OKLAHOMA
Borger OKLAHOMA CITY Shawnee
adian
Can Pampa
Amarillo Norman A R K A N S A S
Lawton 30
Red R
Clovis iv 2
er River
On January 10, 1901,
Vernon Red
Paris the Lucas Gusher blew
Wichita Falls oil 150 ft (46 m) into the
Lubbock air, flowing at 100,000
Denton
barrels a day until it was
Brownfield
Fort Worth Arlington Longview eventually capped nine
Hobbs Dallas days later.
Sweetwater
Abilene Br Tyler
Big Spring Jacksonville
az
os

Toledo Bend Res.

Odessa Midland Waco 3
San Angelo Col orado N e ch es
Pecos
T E X L. Travis
A S Bryan
LOUISIANA
Beaumont
Edwards AUSTIN Port Arthur
Houston
Plateau Pasadena
San Antonio Texas City
San

Galveston
Del Rio Victoria 30 4
An

to Freeport
n io
Eagle Pass

Gulf
Corpus Christi
C O Laredo Kingsville of
Ri
oG

Padre Island
Mexico
ra

de 5
n

Brownsville 33

E F G H
 30 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Southeast

A B C D

ILLINOIS
25 K E N T U C K Y
M I S S O U R I
1 Walnut Ridge Clarksville
OKLAHOMA Fayetteville NASHVILLE
Murfreesboro

see
Fort Smith
ARKANSAS TENNESSEE

nes
Memphis

n
Chattanooga

Te
North Little Rock
LITTLE ROCK Florence
Huntsville

Ar
Hot Springs ka
ns Rome
Pine as
Bluff Gadsden
Ou

ATLANTA
ch Columbus
a

Ya zo o
2 29 Texarkana ita
Birmingham
Monroe MISSISSIPPI
Shreveport Demopolis MONTGOMERY
LOUISIANA
pi

JACKSON Meridian Columbus

sip

R e
T E X A S ALABAMA
s is
d

Pea
R.

Mi s

Alexandria
rl

Hattiesburg Dothan
3 BATON ROUGE Mobile
Lake Charles Gulfport
Biloxi TALLAHASSEE
Lafayette Pensacola
Metairie New Orleans Panama City

Mississippi
Delta
In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina
cut a swath through New Orleans
4 29 with winds of up to 175 mph (278 km/h). The Mississippi/Missouri river system
At least 1836 people lost their lives drains around one-third of the US,
and the area sustained over US$100 covering 1,245,000 sq miles
billion of damage. (3,225,000 sq km) including 31
states and two Canadian provinces.

0 km 200
G u l f o f
0 miles 200

5
M e x i c o
33

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 31

E F G H

.
V I R G I N I A

ts
23

M
Kingsport
an
hi
Winston- Ro
Salem ano
ac ke
1
l Durham
Knoxville p pa Greensboro RALEIGH
A
Asheville Gastonia
NORTH CAROLINA Cape Hatteras
Charlotte
Fayetteville Havelock
Greenville Spartanburg

COLUMBIA Wilmington
Florence
Athens SOUTH CAROLINA Cape Fear
L. Marion 48 2
Augusta The carnivorous Venus flytrap plant,
Macon found only on the wet coastal plains of
Sava

Charleston North and South Carolina, can count.

nn

h It requires two separate stimuli on

a

trigger hairs before the trap is sprung

GEORGIA Savannah to avoid “false alarms” caused by
Albany raindrops, twigs, etc.

Brunswick
Valdosta
A T L A N T I C 3
Jacksonville
O C E A N
FLORIDA
Daytona Beach
During the Apollo Space Program
NASA launched a total of 13 Saturn V
Orlando
rockets from the Kennedy Space Center.
Cape Canaveral Each rocket was 363 ft (111 m) high,
Tampa Melbourne
Clearwater weighed around 3000 tons (tonnes) 48 4
and generated 7,648,000 lbs (34 MN)
St Petersburg
of thrust at launch.
Lake
Okeechobee West Palm Beach
Fort Myers The Pompano Beach Grand Bahama I.
Everglades
Fort Lauderdale
Miami Miami Beach
BAHAMAS
a
id
or
Fl

of New Providence 5
ys it s Andros I.
Key West Ke ra
orida St 36
Fl

E F G H
 32 NORTH AMERICA

Mexico
A B C D

Mexicali 28 NEW MEXICO

Tijuana Desierto
de Altar ARIZONA
1
Ensenada Ciudad Juárez Ri
UNITED
o

Gr
ande
I. Ángel
de la

Si
Guarda

Si
Chihuahua
B

Hermosillo
aj

er
Yaqui

er
I. Cedros
Go
a

ra
ra
2 135 Conchos
lfo
C

Monclova
de
al

Ciudad

M
M
Ca
if

Obregón
lif

or

ad
Large examples of the

a
or

ni
Saguaro cactus, found in the a

d
Gómez Palacio

re
ni

re
Altar Desert, can take nearly Torreón
Los Mochis
a

150 years to grow to their full

O
height of around 45 ft (14 m),

cc
Culiacán
and can hold several tons

E
id
3 (tonnes) of water. Durango
La Paz

en
ta Fresnillo
Tropic of Cancer l
Mazatlán Zacatecas
X
Gray whales have one of the longest migrations of any Aguascalientes
mammal, traveling some 12,500 miles (20,000 km) Islas Tepic
every year from the Arctic Ocean to their winter Marías
Guadalajara
breeding grounds in the Golfo de California.
4 135 Puerto Vallarta
L. de Chapala
PA C I F I C
Islas Revillagigedo
O C E A N (part of Mexico)

0 km 200 The cliff divers of Acapulco must time their dive from the
148 ft (45 m) cliff at La Quebrada to coincide with the
5 0 miles 200
incoming swells to avoid being dashed on the rocks
in the shallow inlet.
135

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 33

E F G H

30

STATES OF AMERICA LOUISIANA

1

TEXAS
Ri

In spring 2001, the Rio Grande stopped flowing

oG
ra

into the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in

nd
e

recorded history, allowing illegal immigrants

Nuevo Laredo to simply walk into the US. 36
2
Reynosa
G u l f o f cer
Matamoros of Can
Monterrey Tropic
Saltillo M e x i c o
O It is thought that “The Ballgame,” a ritual sport
ri Ciudad Victoria played by Maya and Aztec civilizations, and a
en forerunner of volleyball, often ended Cancún
3
ta with members of the losing team
l being sacrificed.
San Luis Tampico Mérida
Potosí Isla
Ciudad Valles Cozumel
Río Verde Yucatan
Dolores Hidalgo Campeche
León Poza Rica Peninsula
Querétaro Bahía de Campeche
I Pachuca
Tulancingo
Xalapa 34 4
MEXICO Veracruz
Morelia
B E L IZ E

CITY Villahermosa
Cuernavaca
Uruapan C Puebla Coatzacoalcos
Minatitlán
Sie B a ls a
s
Tehuacán
rra O Tuxtla
ALA

Ma
dre
d e l S Oaxaca
ur
EM

Acapulco Golfo Tapachula 5

HONDURAS
AT

de
U

Tehuantepec 34 G
EL SALVADOR

E F G H
 34 NORTH AMERICA
Central America
A B C D

33

1 M E X I C O
Belize City
U
su BELMOPAN
Flores

m
San Ignacio

ac
in

A
BELIZE

ta
L Islas de la Bahía
A f of H ondur as
M Gu l
GUATE Puerto Cortés Trujillo
Huehuetenango Cobán Lago
Puerto
de Izabal
Barrios San Pedro La Ceiba
2 33 Quezaltenango Zacapa Sula

ca
tu
Pa
GUATEMALA CITY Santa Rosa
de Copán Comayagua
HONDURAS
Juticalpa
Escuintla La Esperanza C oc o
TEGUCIGALPA
Santa Ana
SAN SALVADOR San Miguel

NI
EL SALVADOR Somoto

CA
Choluteca
ca Jinotega
onse Estelí
o f FChinandega

RAGUA
3 l f Matagalpa
Gu León
P A C I F I C Corinto

MANAGUA
Juigalpa
Lago de
Granada Nicaragua
O C E A N Rivas
San
Ju
an
For many years it was thought that the sharks in Liberia
Península de
Lake Nicaragua were a unique freshwater species. Nicoya Alajuela
4 135
However, research has shown that they are in fact Puntarenas
Bull Sharks that have swum 120 miles (190 km) up
SAN JOSÉ
the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea.

The strongest living creature is the Rhinoceros Beetle,

found in the jungles of Costa Rica. It can support
up to 850 times it’s own body weight, equivalent to
a human carrying about 70 tons (tonnes).
5 0 km 200

0 miles 200
135

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 35

E F G H

36
The Great Blue Hole in Lighthouse Reef, a submerged Gr
cave some 1000 ft (303 m) in diameter and ea HAITI
400 ft (120 m) deep, was originally explored by te 1
r A
Jacques Cousteau, co-inventor of the aqualung. nti
lles
Islas Santanilla JAMAICA
(part of Honduras)

Bajo Nuevo
(part of Colombia) 36 2
C oast

Cayos Miskitos C a r i b b e a n
Mos quito

I. de Providencia S e a
(part of Colombia)
3
I. de San Andrés
(part of Colombia)
Islas del Maíz
Bluefields
Each chamber at Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal
is 110 ft (33 m) wide and 1000 ft (303 m) long.
The locks took four years to build and required
2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cu m)
of concrete.
COSTA 40 4
RICA
Limón
Cartago
C Colón
de ord G u lf
Ta i ll e
lam ra
anc PA N A M A PANAMA CITY
of
Darien
a David Penonomé Panama IA
Isla del Canal MB
Rey
O
Golfo Santiago
Chitré Go l f o L 5
de
CO

C h ir iqu í de
Las Tablas P a na m á
40

E F G H
 36 NORTH AMERICA

The Caribbean
A B C D

31 Grand Freeport
G u l f Bahama I.
UNITED STATES Great Abaco
o f

id a
1
OF AMERICA

B
or
M e x i c o New Providence

Fl
NASSAU
of Eleuthera I.

A
s
ait Cat I.
Trop ic of Can cer Str an
Andros I.

H
S
ta
re Great
n

A
HAVANA Ch Long I.
Matanzas a n n Exuma I.
el M
Pinar del Río Santa Clara Mayaguana
A
Yu

Acklins I.
2 33 Cienfuegos
c

S
at

n
a

Ch
an
nel Isla de la Juventud CUBA Great
Camagüey Holguín Inagua
G r e
a Bayamo Guantánamo

Cayman Islands George Town Santiago t

Cap-Haïtien
(UK dependent de Cuba Gonaïves e
territory) HAITI r
PORT-AU-PRINCE
3 Montego Bay
The Bee Hummingbird, found in Cuba, KINGSTON Jérémie
is the smallest bird in the world. An adult Jacmel A n
male measures around 2 inches (5 cm) JAMAICA t i l
from beak to tail and weighs about Navassa Island
0.06 oz (1.8 gms). (US unincorporated
territory)
HONDURAS
C a r i b b e a n
4 35

S e a
A
U
G

A
AR
NIC
0 km 200

0 miles 200
5

35 COLOMBIA

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 37

E F G H

48

A T L A N T I C 1

nc er
Tr op ic of Ca

O C E A N
Milwaukee Deep, which lies 84 miles (135 km)
off the north coast of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point
in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 28,231 ft (8605 m), or just 48 2
Turks &
Caicos Islands over 5 miles (8 km), below sea level.
(UK dependent
territory)
Monte Cristi
Virgin Islands
British Virgin L e e
Puerto Plata w a
(US unincorporated Islands r d
Santiago territory)
(UK dependent Anguilla I s
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC territory) l
(UK dependent territory) a
San Juan Road The Valley
Town ANTIGUA 3

n
SANTO La Romana Charlotte Barbuda
& BARBUDA

d
DOMINGO Amalie
Puerto Rico

s
BASSETERRE Antigua
l e s (US commonwealth
territory) ST KITTS & NEVIS ST JOHN'S
Montserrat Plymouth Guadeloupe
(UK dependent territory) (French overseas
Basse-Terre department)
W
L

The deadliest volcanic eruption

DOMINICA
in
e

of the 20th century took place on ROSEAU

s

dw

May 8, 1902, when Mount Pelee Martinique

se

Fort-de-France (French overseas 48 4

erupted on Martinique, killing
ar

department)
r

30,000 people, around 15% ST LUCIA

d

of the island’s population. CASTRIES

ST VINCENT & BARBADOS
Aruba L ess THE GRENADINES BRIDGETOWN
An

(autonomous part er A KINGSTOWN

ntilles
Isla

of Netherlands)
GRENADA
t i l l

Oranjestad Netherlands Antilles

ST GEORGE'S
(autonomous part
nds

Willemstad of Netherlands) Tobago TRINIDAD

Isla de Margarita 5
e s

& TOBAGO
PORT-OF-SPAIN
VENEZUELA 41 San Fernando

E F G H
 A B C D E
38
17 48

1 G 1
Puerto
re Hispa
at
er niola Rico
Jamaica Anti
lles Le
ss

er
Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC

An
OCEAN
SOUTH AMERICA

tille
s
T r inidad

M
a

gd
(claimed by

s
2 17 ca o Venezuela) 49 2

u
Or i no c

a l en a

Ca
no
Meta VENEZUELA French
G GUYANA Guiana
(France)

Lla
South America

u i
a n SURINAME
COLOMBIA a
H i
g h l
a n d s
Equator Equator
n

R io N e gr o (claimed by
zo

Represa Suriname) a

Pu
ECUADOR

t
um Balbina Am
Chimborazo N ayo A m a z o n
20,702ft (6310m)
ap
o Içá
3 Am 3
a zon
s

Ma B a s i n

li
r a ñón
jó

ya
ra
pa

ei Planalto

ca
Ta

ad

U
Ju ru á M da
s Borborema

A
ru B R A Z I L

Pu
S

ão F r a n
ai a

ci
s

P n
tin s

gu
co

u
g

Represa de

R
A ra

E d
Sobradinho
Xin
T oc an

Cha

U
pad
i
n

e
ad
s

os
a

Ben Pa
s
li

rec
4 4
nd

is
i

Lake
z

P
Al
la

Titicaca Planalto de
ra
h

an
B

tip
ig

BOLIVIA Mato Grosso

H

tan
al

slano
 o

e
ac
PA
r

Para g
Ma

Ch
Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn

RA

d
do

uay
G
Pi
rra

an
Ser
l co e
Isla San Ambrosio

Desert
S

Atacama
ma

UA
yo

Gr
5 5

n
(Chile) Isla San Félix

ra G
á

A
(Chile) Cerro Ojos P a ra n

er a

ná
l
del Salado

ia
ay

gu

A
E
22,572ft

ru

am

Para
U
PACIFIC (6880m)

ot

I N
p
Cerro Aconcagua

so
Lagoa dos Patos

L
e
22,835ft

T
OCEAN o

M
(6959m) Ne g r
Mirim Lagoon

I
as

N
URUGUAY
Islas Juan Fernández p
(Chile) m Rio ATLANTIC
Pa d

H
e la
Plat a
6 6

G E
Col o
R ío r a d o
OCEAN

C
Ne Bahía Blanca

R
gr
o

a
Golfo San Matías

A
Isla de Chiloé
Península

o n i
Valdés
0 km 1000
De s Gulf of San Jorge
ead
o 0 miles 1000
C
hi
Bahía Grande

P a t a g
co
7 135 Falkland Islands 49 7
West Falkland (UK)
East Falkland
Tierra del Fuego South Georgia
Strait of (UK)
Magellan Cape Horn e
ag Scotia Sea
as s
ke P South Sandwich
Dr a Islands
(UK)
South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands

8 8
SOUTH AMERICA

ANT ARC TI CA
136 136
39

A B C D E
 40 SOUTH AMERICA

Northern South America

A B C D

Gulf Lesser
36 of
Caribbean Ríohacha Venezuela Coro
Santa Marta Maicao
1 Sea Barranquilla Maracaibo CARACAS
Cartagena Valledupar
Cabimas Maracay
Ciudad Ojeda
Lago de Barquisimeto Valencia
Sincelejo Maracaibo Acarigua
AMA Valera
P AN Montería ca Mérida Guanare de losSan Juan
Morros

Gu
Ca

a
an
l

d a len
a
Cúcuta Barinas r e L
San Cristóbal

Ma g
re San Fernando
A rau c a A pu
2 35
Bello
Bucaramanga
Barrancaberneja Arauca VENE
Medellín
Itagüí
s Puerto Carreño
Quibdó Tunja
PA C I F I C Manizales
Yopal
eta
M
Pereira e
OCE AN Armenia BOGOTÁ A
Buenaventura
Ibagué
Villavicencio I G uav
ia r
e

B
d

3
Cali

Popayán Neiva San José M Ne

gr

o
n

del Guaviare
O

Florencia
Pasto
L

Mocoa
Esmeraldas Mitú
A

Tulcán
O

Ibarra A gu
Equator ari The first coffee
QUITO co
C

seedlings were
4 135 Santo Domingo Ca
de los Colorados qu brought to
OR

et
Manta Colombia in
Ambato
á

Portoviejo 1804 by Jesuit

D

Guayaquil Riobamba missionaries;

Milagro A P u t u mayo today, Colombia
U
Golfo de Cuenca EC Nestling between snow capped
produces over
700,000 tons
Guayaquil
peaks, at 9350 ft (2850 m)
Machala (tonnes) of
Quito is the second highest
coffee beans
5 Loja P ER U capital in the world.
every year.

42

A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 41

E F G H

Antilles GRENADA 37
Isla de Margarita
Carúpano TRINIDAD A T L A N T I C 1
Cumaná & TOBAGO
Barcelona
The S
erpe O C E A N
nt'
s
Maturín M The Guiana Shield is one of the
Tucupita ou
Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed
El Tigre th
o s around 2 billion years ago.
a n Or
inoc
o
Ciudad Guayana
Ciudad Bolívar (claimed by Venezuela)
Embalse
de Guri
Nieuw
ZUELA Cuyu n
iGEORGETOWN
New Amsterdam
Amsterdam
49 2

Bartica St.-Laurent-
Salto PARAMARIBO du-Maroni
Cau

Ángel Rockstone Linden

a Car Sinnamary
r

GUYANA Kourou
on

W.J. van
Pa

G u i a n a
ra

Blommesteinmeer
gu

H i g h l a n d s CAYENNE
a

SURINAME French
E ss eq u i b o

Guiana

a r o wijne
O r ino c o (French overseas 3
Cour

department)
Angel Falls
an

(Salto Ángel)
Ac

ar
ty

plunge a total ai M
ne

of 3212 ft ts. (claimed by Suriname)

(979 m) to form The European Space Agency launch
the world’s (claimed by facility at Kourou takes advantage
highest waterfall. Suriname) of the Earth's spin near the
equator to gain 10 percent Equator
A m a z o n more payload than an equivalent 4
launch at Cape Canaveral in the US.

B R A Z I L 43
B a s i n
2.47 acres (one hectare) of Amazon rain forest
can contain more than 750 types of trees and
1500 plant species, amounting to around 0 km 200
900 tons (tonnes) of living plant material. 5
0 miles 200

43

E F G H
 42 SOUTH AMERICA

Peru, Bolivia & North Brazil

A B C D

GU
40 VENEZUELA

YANA
Gu
C O L O M B I A ian
1 a H
igh lands
0 km 400
Boa Vista
0 miles 400
Rio Ne g r o
Represa
Equ ator Balbina
Pu tu
ECUADOR m
ay n
o Ama zo
N

po Manaus
a

2 135 Amazon
Iquitos

uá

a
ir
Jur

de
a
P

Ma M
rañ ón Moyobamba A m a z o n B a s i n
Piura
li

Tarapoto
ya

a
Chiclayo Uc

us
B Pu
r
R A
A

Saña
E

Pucallpa Porto Velho

Trujillo
3
Chimbote
n

Huaraz Rio Branco os

Huánuco Di
R

e de Riberalta
Huacho La Oroya dr
Puerto a Gu
M

Callao
d

Maldonado a po
Ben i

re
LIMA Huancayo U
PACIFIC Ayacucho e Cusco
Pisco
Trinidad
OCEAN Ica
4 135 Nazca
s Puno B O L IV I A
Arequipa Lake LA PAZ
Titicaca Cochabamba Montero
Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South Santa Cruz
America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km). Oruro
Tacna
With an altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) Lago Poopó SUCRE Puerto Suárez
it is also the world’s highest navigable lake. Potosí
PA

BOLIVIA'S TWO CAPITALS Uyuni Tupiza

CHIL

Tarija
RA

5 La Paz - legislative and

administrative capital
GU

Sucre - legal capital

Y
A

46
E

ARGENTINA
A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 43

E F G H
S UR

48
French Guiana
IN A

(French overseas department)

M

The Amazon River is 4049 miles (6516 km) long, with 1

E

an average flow of 7.7 million cubic feet (219,000 cu m)

of water entering the Atlantic Ocean every second.

Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora ATLANTIC Equ ato r

Ilha de Marajó
Belém
Ama
zon
OCEAN
São Luís
Santarém Paranaíba
San Fernando 49 2
Represa de Fortaleza de Noronha
Tucuruí
(part of Brazil)
s
ajó

Mossoró
p

Imperatriz
Xin
Ta

Teresina
gu

Natal
Carolina
João
Z I L Juàzeiro do Norte
Campina
Grande Pessoa
ns

Te l o Fran c Recife
i

Sa
To c a n t

e sP is
ia

ire Represa de co 3
gu a

Sobradinho Juàzeiro Maceió

s

A ra

Aracaju
Taguatinga Feira de Santana
Mato Grosso
Salvador
Brazilian
Cuiabá Itabuna
Anápolis BRASÍLIA 49 4
Highlands Vitória da Conquista
Goiânia
Montes Claros Governador Valadares
Uberlândia
Uberaba Belo Horizonte
Divinópolis
Campo Ribeirão Preto Vitória
Grande
ná

Campos
ra

Nova 5
Pa

Marília Campinas Iguaçu Juiz de Fora

Londrina
Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 44 Tropic of Capri
corn
São Paulo
E F G H
 44 SOUTH AMERICA
Paraguay, Uruguay & South Brazil
A B C D

42
BOLIVIA
B R A

o
c
1

a
São José do Rio Preto
h
C
General Eugenio A. Garay Campo Grande
Fuerte Olimpo
n

Presidente
a

Mariscal Prudente Marília

Dourados

ná
r

Estigarribia a
ar
G

P Bauru
46
PARAGUAY Ourinhos
2 Concepción
Tropic of Capricorn Pozo Colorado
Pi Pa r Maringá Londrina
lco a gu a y
ma
yo
Coronel Ciudad
ASUNCIÓN Oviedo del Este Ponta Grossa
Villarrica Guarapuava
Lambaré
Iguaçu
Curitiba
Formed by river deposits washed Caazapá
down from the Andes and Brazilian San Juan
á Joinville
an

Shield, the Gran Chaco is virtually Bautista r

M a r
free of stones. It is composed of Pa Pelotas Blumenau
3 Pilar
sand and silt sediments that are Encarnación
Erechim Florianópolis
up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick.

do
Lajes
ay Carazinho Passo Fundo
u
ug

ra
The Itaipú hydroelectric project is São Borja Caxias do Sul
Ur

r
able to produce more power than

e
S
10 average nuclear reactors; it supplies Uruguaiana Santa Maria Canoas
19% of the electrical power consumption
of Brazil and 90% for Paraguay. Porto Alegre
Artigas
4 Rivera
Bagé Lagoa dos Patos
46 ARGENTINA Salto
Tacuarembó Pelotas
o
gr

Paysandú Ne Melo Rio Grande

Fray Bentos URUGUAY Mirim Lagoon

Mercedes Durazno Chuy

Trinidad
5 Las Piedras
MONTEVIDEO San Carlos
Río
de la
46 Pla ta

A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 45

E F G H

Uberlândia Governador 43

Z
Uberaba
I L Valadares
1
Rio Belo Horizonte
Gr
an
de
Divinópolis Vitória
Franca Represa de Furnas
Ribeirão Preto Cachoeiro de
Juiz de Fora Itapemirim

Volta Redonda Campos

Nova Iguaçu
Campinas
Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 49 2
São Paulo
Tropic of Ca
Santos pricorn
The famous statue of Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer),
built on top of the 2300 ft (700 m) Corcovado Mountain in 1931,
stands 100 ft (30 m) tall and weighs 700 tons (tonnes).

The population of greater Sao Paulo is close to 22,000,000,

over twice the entire population of Portugal, the country 3
that originally colonized Brazil in the 16th century.

A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
49 4
Lagoa dos Patos is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second
largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long
and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than
3900 sq miles (10,100 sq km).

0 km 400

0 miles 400
5

49

E F G H
 A B C D E
46
PERU 42 44 B
The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert R
in Chile, with an average rainfall of 0.004 inches
1 1

A
(0.1 mm) per year. Until recently, some places had
received no rain for over 400 years.
Arica Z I
One of the world’s largest copper mines at
Chuquicamata has produced around
L
PACIFIC 29 million tons (tonnes) of copper over
Iquique its 90-year history. The huge opencast pit
is 2.6 miles (4.3 km) long, 2 miles (3 km)
SOUTH AMERICA

OCEAN B OLIVIA
wide, and over 2788 ft (850 m) deep.

Pi
Tocopilla Chuquicamata

lc
P

om
2
ay A 2
135 o 44

s
Calama San Salvador R
Tropic of Ca
pricorn Antofagasta de Jujuy A Tropic of Ca
pricorn
G
U

e
Gran A
Salta
C h a c o Be Y

Desierto de Atacama
rm
Chañaral

d
San Miguel e jo
Formosa
Copiapó de Tucumán P a ran
á
Resistencia

n
Santiago
Corrientes Posadas
Sa

Vallenar
IL

del Estero
la
á

3 3
do
Z

ran

CHILE Vera ay
gu

La Rioja
Pa

A
A

ru

La Serena Laguna Mar

U

Chiquita R
Coquimbo Cerro
Southern South America

Aconcagua
San Juan
B
Illapel 22,831ft Concordia
(6959m) Córdoba Santa Fe
La Ligua Mendoza Paraná
Viña del Mar Godoy Cruz Río Rosario URUGUAY
Valparaíso Cuarto Gualeguaychú
San Antonio SANTIAGO
4 Rancagua Villa Mercedes Junín 4
Pilchilemu Pampas BUENOS AIRES
Islas La Plata
Juan Fernández Talca Curicó R
Linares A R G E N T I N A ío d
(to Chile) e la
Plata
Talcahuano Chillán Santa Rosa Olavarría Azul Dolores
 Concepción Lebu Tres Arroyos
Zapala Mar del Plata
Bahía Blanca
C Necochea
Temuco Neuquén ol
Río ora
do Bahía Blanca
Valdivia

es
5 San Antonio Ne 5
gr
Oeste o
Osorno Viedma
San Carlos
Puerto Montt de Bariloche

And
Península
Ch
Castro Trelew Valdés

ub
Esquel

ut
Isla de Chiloé Rawson A T L A N T I C
Archipiélago
de los Chonos Lago

ia
Musters O C E A N
6 Puerto Aisén 6
Coihaique Comodoro Rivadavia

on
A group of 150 Welsh settlers arrived
Lago Buenos Aires Caleta Olivia

g
in Patagonia on July 28, 1865, seeking
Chile Chico De a new life away from cultural and

a
se
Cochrane a Puerto religious oppression in the UK.

do
Deseado Today the area has one of the largest
Isla
Wellington Welsh populations outside of Wales.

Pat
Puerto San Julián

El Calafate Falkland Islands

7 135 PACIFIC (UK dependent territory) 49 7
Río Gallegos
Puerto Natales West Stanley
Falkland East
OCEAN Punta Arenas Falkland
Porvenir
The Strait of Magellan was named after
Tierra
del Fuego Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through
Ushuaia the straits during the first circumnavigation
Strait of
Magellan of the globe in 1520. Of the five vessels and
237 men that set out, only one ship and 18
0 km 400 Cabo de Hornos survivors returned to Spain after the three-year
8 (Cape Horn) voyage. Magellan himself was killed 8
0 miles 400
SOUTH AMERICA

in the Philippines.

136 136
47

A B C D E
 A B C D E
48
137 AR C T I C OC E AN 137

1 1

Svalbard
OCEANS

Greenland (Norway)
Greenland
Baffin (Denmark) Sea Barents
Bay
Jan Mayen Sea
(Norway)
Da
vis t ra it
Arctic Circle kS ia Arctic Circle
ar

St
av
n

nm
Faeroe Is.

rai
di

t
2 16 94 2

De
(Denmark)
an
Sc

Hudson
ea

Bay Labrador
cS

Sea The North Atlantic Deep Water North lti

Sea Ba
Current is an oceanic “river”
that moves around 20 million Rotterdam
NORTH cubic yards (15.3 million cubic m)
of water every second. E U R O P E
The Atlantic Ocean

Great Lakes St Lawrence

ps D
anu
AMERICA a n d B a n k s Newfoundland Al be
3 Gr 3

g e
Black Sea
New York Basin
Azores
The Gulf Stream travels across i d (Portugal)
R

pi
M edite
the Atlantic Ocean at up to Gibraltar rr
an
135 miles (217 km) a day. c Madeira t s. ea n
sM Sea
ti (Portugal)

M i s s i ssip
Bermuda (UK) n la
Canary Is. At Port Said
Gulf of (Spain)
l a
Mexico Sargasso Sea S a h a r a
ary Tropic of Cancer
C

an in
Tropic of Cancer as
B
Re

4 4
N ile

CAPE VERDE
dS

A F R I C A
ea

r
Caribbean Ca
i ge
N

pe Lake
Sea V er Chad
M i d - A t

de Basin
Cristóbal
 Lagos
Gulf
Equator A T L A N T I C of Equator

go
on
n Guinea C Lake
Am a zo O C E A N
5 Victoria 5
Fernando
S O U T H de Noronha Ascension Island

An
Mi
(Brazil) (St Helena)

d
sin
e A M E R I C A Lake
s Brazil St Helena Nyasa

Ba
Basin (UK)

la

d-At
go
Ilha da An
Rio de Janeiro
Trindade ge

d
Tropic of Capricorn (Brazil) Tropic of Capricorn

Ri

aná
Par
vis
6 6

d e s
PACIFIC Rio Grande

Wal
Rise Cape Cape Town

An
OCEAN Basin
Buenos Tristan da Cunha Cape of
Aires (St Helena) Good Hope

lantic Ridge
as Gough Island
t ine B in (Tristan da Cunha)
en
rg In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m)

A
“rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a
mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a ge
id
Falkland Is. recognized phenomenon and represent a major R
7 135 a n 123 7
(UK) hazard to even the largest ships. di
-In ic
South Georgia Atlant
(UK) South Bouvet Island
Cape Horn
Scotia Sea Sandwich Is. (Norway)
(UK)
ian Basin
Atlantic-Ind

Antarctic Circle
Be l l i n gs h a u s e n 0 km 2000
8 Sea 0 miles 2000 8
OCEANS

136 Weddell Sea 136 A N T A R C T I C A

49

A B C D E
 A B C D E
50
62 63

U R O P
ATLANTIC
1 E E 1
OCEAN
AFRICA

Ca
Black Sea uca
Ca
sus
spi

Ib e r ia n
Africa

Pe ni ns u la
an S e a

M e
d i
48 t e Sicily
Ceuta Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Spain) n s r r A S I A
a n Cyprus
(Portugal) t ai TUNISIA
2 MOR OC C O o u n e a
n S y r i a n 94 2
M S e a De se r t
as
Islas Canarias Atl
(Spain) L i b y a n
N i le
A L G E R I A D e s e r t
Pe Gul
ian
rs f

WESTERN
SAHARA L I B Y A
(disputed) E G Y P T
R

Ahaggar Tropic of Cancer

e d

Tropic of Cancer S a h a r a Arabian

Tibesti
S e

3 3
a

MAURITANIA Peninsula
M A L I N I G E R
S e n eg
a r

l
ge C H A D ERITREA
SENEGAL Ni

GAMBIA S a h e l S U D A N d en
B lu e

fA
GUINEA- BURKINA DJIBOUTI G u l f o
Ni

NIGERIA
le

BISSAU GUINEA N SOMALILAND

ig S u d d Ethiopian (not internationally

BE NI N
SIERRA er recognized)
CÔTE ETHIOPIA
W

LEONE D'IVOIRE Highlands

hi t

TOGO
A

CENTRAL AFRICAN
OON

( I VO R Y

GHANA
4 4
eN

LIBERIA C O AS T ) REPUBLIC She

LI

ER

Lake b el
i le

i
M
A

U ele Turkana
EQUATORIAL
CA

GUINEA
M
UGANDA
Gulf of Guinea C on g o KE N YA
SAO TOME & SO
Equator
GO

Equator PRINCIPE
 N
GABON RWANDA Lake Victoria

O
Kilimanjaro
BURUNDI

C
DEM. REP. 19,341ft (5895m)
Cabinda CONGO TANZANIA
(Angola)

Grea
Lake
5 Ascension I. Tanganyika 5

tR
(St Helena)

if
tV
a
Lake Nyasa COMOROS

lle
y
ANGOLA Mayotte
MALAWI (France)
ZAMBIA

el
Bi é

UE
R

St Helena Za mb ez i

nn
Pl a t e a u

Q
(UK)
CA

BI
Cha

M
NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
GAS

que

ZA

Na
6 BOTSWANA 6

MO
ambi

mib
Kalahari
MAD A

Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of

Moz

Capricorn

Dese
rt
SWAZILAND
O r a n g e Ri ve
AT L AN T IC r
LESOTHO
S OUT H
O CE A N AF R I C A I NDI AN
7 49 123 7
Cape of
Good Hope OCE AN
Tristan da Cunha
(St Helena)
Gough Island
(Tristan da Cunha)

0 km 1000
8 8
0 miles 1000
AFRICA

136 136
51

A B C D E
 52 AFRICA

Northwest Africa
A B C D

ATLANTIC 74 SPAIN

1
OCEAN
ALGIERS
On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided Mostaganem
on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Ceuta (Spain)
Tanger Blida
Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Oran
this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Tetouan Melilla
(Spain) Sidi Bel
Kénitra Abbès
Fès
Madeira RABAT Oujda Tlemcen n s
(Portugal) Casablanca i
ta
Khouribga
o u n Laghouat
2 48 Safi Beni- s M a
Figuig Ghardaïa
Essaouira Mellal
Er Rachidia
Atl
Marrakech r
g
Béchar E l
Islas Canarias Agadir M O R O C C O
(Spain) n
d ta
n
ra de
G
La Palma Tenerife Lanzarote ci
Oc
Fuerte-
Gran ventura Tan-Tan
Canaria
3 LAÂYOUNE A L G E R
Smara Tindouf I-n-Salah
WESTERN
SAHARA Reggane
(disputed territory under
Tropic Moroccan occupation) The region of Tidikelt
of Can in Algeria once went
cer
Ad Dakhla for 10 years without
a drop of rain. S a h
4 48
The Sahara Desert is one of the harshest
Lagouira environments on Earth. With an area of
around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km),
roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 731 million people.

MAURITANIA
5
0 km 400 M A L I
0 miles 400 56

A B C D
 AFRICA 53

E F G H

I T A L Y 87
Sicily
Annaba Bizerte G R E E C E
TUNIS 1
Crete
Constantine Sousse MALTA
Kairouan
Sétif Mediterranean The hottest place on earth is Al ‘Aziziyah,
Batna Libya, where on September 13, 1922, an air
Gafsa Sfax Sea temperature of 136ºF (57ºC) was recorded.
Biskra Zuwárah
Chott Gabès Darnah
Melghir Az Záwiyah Al Bayçá’
Tozeur ◊ubruq
Médenine TRIPOLI Banghází Al Marj
Al Khums
Touggourt TUNISIA Mi∞rátah 54 2
Gharyán
Yafran Khalíj Surt
Ouargla Ajdábiyá
Surt
rg

E G Y P T
E
l
a nd ta Great
r n
G rie Sand Sea
O

L I B Y A
I A Birák 3

Awbárí Sabhá

Murzuq L i b y a n
Tass
ili Al Kufrah
-n c er
-A of Can
Tropic
jj

a r a
er

D e s e r t
Ahaggar 54 4
b esti
Tamanrasset Ti
Libya has the largest proven oil reserves
in Africa, estimated at 41.5 billion barrels
in 2008. With production running at
around 1.8 million barrels per day, these
reserves are expected to last for another
60 years.

C H A D 5
N I G E R
58

E F G H
 A B C D E
54
87 S Y R I A 102
CYPRUS I R A N
Mediterranean I R A Q
1 LEBANON 1
Sea When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal
Nile ISRAEL AN consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
AFRICA

Al Iskandaríyah Delta JORD

Búr Sa’íd (Port Said) 200 to 300 ft (60 to 90 m) wide at the surface.
(Alexandria) Construction involved the excavation and
Al Ismá’ílíya dredging of 97 million cubic yards
CAIRO Suez Canal
Munkhafaç Al Jízah As Suways (Suez) (74 million cubic metres) of material.

P
al Qaœœárah (Giza) Sinai er
-436ft (-133m) Al Minyá Baní Suwayf si
an
Y P T Hurghada G
L I B YA

N
E G Asyúπ ul
For thousands of years the Nile has supported f

il e
2 53 Sawháj cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being 102 2
Qiná
Al Uq∞ur (Luxor) one of the driest places on Earth, with an average
L i b y a n Isná of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of rain per year.
Al Khárijah
D e s e r t Idfú
Tropic of Cancer Aswán Tropic of Cancer
Lake Nasser
Northeast Africa

(administered by
(administered by Egypt) Sudan) S A U D I

R
Wadi Halfa sert
De A R A B I A

ed
an
bi
u

N
3 Port Sudan 3
S
Dongola

i
le

N
ea

Atbara
S U D A N

CHAD
ERITREA
r Omdurman Mits’iwa
fu Kassala Y E M E N
r KHARTOUM ASMARA
a
D Wad Medani Gedaref Teseney
El Geneina El Fasher
El Obeid Himora Mek’elé en
4 ‘Aseb Ad 4
Gonder
of
Gulf
ile

Nyala Dilling DJIBOUTI

Blue N

Bahir Dar
il

Boosaaso
i te N

DJIBOUTI
e

Desé
Kadugli
Wh

Buré Ethiopian Berbera SOMALILAND

 Diré Dawa (not internationally
Malakal Hargeysa recognized)
ADDIS ABABA
S u d d Nazrét O Garoowe
Wau Goré Highlands g a
Jíma den

W
Gaalkacyo

hi
CENTRAL Elemi Triangle
Rumbek

te
5 (adminstered E T H I O P I A 5
AFRICAN

Ni
by Kenya)

le
REPUBLIC Sh e
bel
i SOMALIA
Juba Negélé Beledweyne
Yambio Lokitaung
Lake
Arua Gulu Turkana Baydhabo
D EM . R E P. Lira Wanlaweyn
Lake Albert UGANDA KENYA Marka MOGADISHU
CO N G O Masindi

y le
Mbale Eldoret
KAMPALA

Val
Equator Lake Nakuru Meru Jamaame
6 6

ift
Equator
Edward Entebbe Nyeri Garissa

tR
Kabale Lake Kisumu Kismaayo

ea
NAIROBI The Somali language
Victoria

Gr
Lake Kivu did not become
KIGALI
RWANDA Mwanza Kilimanjaro a written language
Arusha 19,341ft (5895m) until 1972.
BUJUMBURA Malindi
BURUNDI Shinyanga Masai Moshi
Steppe
Mombasa The shortest war on record,
Tabora between Britain and Zanzibar
Kigoma Tanga
in 1896, lasted just 38 minutes.
TA N Z A N I A
7 59 Lake DODOMA Zanzibar 122 7
Tanganyika Morogoro
Lake Dar es Salaam
Sumbawanga Rukwa
Iringa IN D IAN

Gr
Mbeya

ea
t
ft
Ri
SEYCHELLES O CEAN
The Great Rift Valley is one Va l l e Lake Nyasa Lindi
y
of the most extensive rifts on Mtwara
the Earth's surface, extending Songea
from Jordan southward through
eastern Africa to Mozambique. COMOROS
MOZAMB IQUE
8 The system is some 4,000 miles 8
MAL

(6,400 km) long and averages 0 km 400

AFRICA

30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide. 0 miles 400 MADAGASCAR

AW
I

ZAMBIA 60 61
55

A B C D E
 56 AFRICA

West Africa
A B C D

0 km 400
52

i
îd
0 miles 400
WESTERN Bîr

gu
Tropic of Mogreïn
1 Cancer SAHARA I
(disputed territory rg œ

k
Mauritania and Madagascar are the under Moroccan occupation) 'E he an
âg Ì
only countries in the world not to use K El Erg
a decimal-based currency.The basic unit
Fdérik Zouérat
of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided
ne
into five khoums. râ
ua
Nouâdhibou
Choûm O S
h âr
A kc Aωr
2 48
CAPE El Mr
VERDE Akjoujt ey
yé
Ilhas de Bar
Santo l ave NOUAKCHOTT
Antão São Vicente
nt MAURITANIA
o

São Nicolau Sal Rkîz Aoukâ

Se n
Boa Vista eg Aleg Kiffa
r
Santiago
al
Fogo Maio Saint Louis Kaédi
Ilha PRAIA S E NE GAL
s de S
otave nto Mbaké
DAKAR Nioro
3 Diourbel
A T L A N T I C BANJUL
Kaolack Kayes
S Ni g
er
GAMBIA G a
B a fi n

m b ia Ségou
O C E A N Bignona B ani
BAMAKO
g

BISSAU
Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km)

B a g oé
Gaoual
wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; GUINEA- Boké Labé Ni g e r Bougouni
its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Bobo-
to territorial compromises arising from G U I N E A Siguiri Dioulasso
19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kindia
Kankan
4 in western Africa. Odienné
CONAKRY
S I E R R A CÔTE
48
FREETOWN LEONE D’IVOIRE
Bo (IVORY COAST)
Lac de
Tubmanburg L I B E R I A Kossou
A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial YAMOUSSOUKRO
airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above MONROVIA S
as

Buchanan Zwedru Gagnoa

Côte d’Ivoire to earn the posthumous distinction
sa

Abidjan
nd

of the highest flying bird ever recorded.

ra

5
Harper

49

A B C D
 AFRICA 57

E F G H

A L G E R I A 53
L I B Y A
ch

The Niger River begins in Guinea just 150 miles

1
e

h (240 km) from the Atlantic coast but then heads

C inland on a 3000-mile (4100-km) journey er
Tropic of Canc
before finally reaching the Gulf of Guinea some
1200 miles (2000 km) to the east.
Taoudenni

a e h a r Ténéré a
k ân du
- Sâ Tafassâsset
-n Tessalit 58 2
g I
‘E r Adrar des Assamakka
é
d

Ifôghas
Araouane
a o uâ Massif
n ér
Az de l'Aïr a

H A D
M A L I il m
é
Lac T d eB
Agadez rg
Faguibine n dE
Tombouctou Gao G ra
Lac
Niangay Ansongo N I G E R
Hombori Tahoua

C
3
Mopti Nguigmi
a h NIAMEY
e Maradi l
Zinder
Gouré
BURKINA oto
ia

Sokoto Katsina H a d e j
ok

OUAGADOUGOU ig S
N

er
Fada- Gusau Kano Maiduguri
Koudougou Ngourma
B l a ck Vo lt a

Kandi Zaria o n g o la
G

Kainji
lta BENIN Reservoir Kaduna Kumo
Vo

Wa Natitingou
N I G E R I A
Oti
T O
W hi t e

58 4
Parakou Jos
Ko

Plateau
Tamale Sokodé Ilorin Nig
moé

er ABUJA ue
G O

GHANA Ogbomosho Ben

N

Oyo
Sunyani Abomey Ede el s
ot in
O O

Lake
Volta Ibadan Benin Enugu G nt a
Kumasi City u
o

V Lagos C.A.R.
M

Nsawam olt
LOMÉ PORTO-
ER

Onitsha
a

Asamankese NOVO Sapele Aba

ACCRA B i g h t o f B e n Calabar
Mo

i
M

Gulf of Guinea n Port Harcourt 5

ut

hs
Lake Volta is one of the largest man-made o f t h e Niger A
lakes in the world, covering 3283 sq miles EQUATORIAL 59
C
(8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA

E F G H
 A B C D E
58
53 53

L I B Y A E G Y P T
1 Tropic of Cancer 1
Tropic of Cancer
AFRICA

A L G E R I A The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s

brain. They are the largest bird on Earth.
An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall,
Ti b
esti weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at
N I G E R around 30 mph (48 km/h).

S a h a r a
2 57 Faya 54 2
The vast sand flats surrounding Lake
Chad were once covered by water.
Central Africa

Changing climatic patterns caused Ennedi

the lake to shrink and desert now
covers much of its previous area. C H A D S U D A N
Mao
Biltine
Bol Pygmies who inhabit the Congo
Lake Chad Ati Abéché
Basin grow to be only 3 to 4 feet
3 3
(0.9 to 1.2 m) tall at adulthood.
Mongo The name is derived from the Greek
Kousséri NDJAMENA
word “pygmê,” which referred to a
C ha Am Timan unit of measurement equivalent to
Maroua ri the length of a forearm.
Guider Bongor
Laï o
Garoua es Bong
Sarh si fd
NIGERIA Moundou M
as
Goré
Ndélé
4 Ngaoundéré 4

Bossangoa
CENTRAL AFRICAN
Banyo Bria
Bamenda
Nkongsamba Bouar Sibut REPUBLIC Obo
Bafoussam Bambari
 u
Douala Bertoua Berbérati BANGUI Bom
MALABO Uel
e
YAOUNDÉ
Gemena

gi
Ebolowa Isiro
SAO TOME
CAMEROON
5 5

Ub an
& PRINCIPE Bata Bumba Lake Albert
Ouésso Bunia

C
EQUATORIAL Oyem Congo on
Príncipe GUINEA Impfondo go
SÃO TOMÉ Basin
Equator LIBREVILLE CONGO Kisangani Butembo Equator
Mbandaka
Owando A
São Tomé Lambaréné Lake Edward
ND
o GA

g
U

Port-Gentil G A B O N D E M . R E P. Goma

Co n
Massoukou Lake Kivu
RWANDA
Djambala C ON G O Bukavu
6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu 6
Ka BURUNDI
BRAZZAVILLE sa i Lodja
Dolisie Kasongo
KINSHASA Ilebo
Pointe-Noire
Mitumba
TA N

Cabinda Boma Kikwit Kalemie

(Angola) Kananga Kabinda
ZA

Matadi Lake Tanganyika

Tshikapa
NI

Kw a
Mbuji-Mayi
A

Mwene-

ng
o
The only major river that Ditu Manono
flows both north and south
Monts

7 49 of the equator is the Congo. 55 7

It crosses the equator twice, Kamina L. Mweru
which means that at least
part of its catchment area
is always experiencing Dilolo
a rainy season. Kolwezi Likasi

A N G O L A Lubumbashi
ATLANTIC
0 km 400
8 OCEAN 8
0 miles 400
AFRICA

Z A M B I A
60 60
59

A B C D E
 60 AFRICA
Southern Africa
A B C D

59 go
DEM. REP.

n
Co
Cabinda
(Angola) Cabinda CONGO
1
0 km 400 Lake
Tanganyika
0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa
N’Dalatando
LUANDA Saurimo
Ndola
Malanje
C u an
za Mufulira
Sumbe
Lobito
ANGOLA Chingola
2 49 Kuito Kitwe
ATLANTIC Benguela
Huambo Zambezi Luanshya
OCEAN Lubango
Menongue
ZAMBIA

Za
Namibe

Cu
LUSAKA

m
ban
zi

be
Tombua zi
The Okavango River pours N’Giva Choma be
go
Lake

m
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Ok Livingstone

Za
u n e n e av Kariba
(11 billion cu m) of water into C Rundu a Victoria

ng
the Okavango Delta each year. Falls
ZIMBA

o
Etosha Tsumeb Okavango Delta
N

It drains away through a maze of Pan

3 Grootfontein
lagoons, channels, and islands
a

Maun
NAMIBIA Bulawayo
m

covering around 5800 sq miles

(15,000 sq km), before eventually Ghanzi Francistown
i b

disappearing into the sands of the

Swakopmund
WINDHOEK BOTSWANA po
Kalahari Desert to the south. K a l a h a r i Mahalapye po
D e s e

Walvis Bay m

Li
Rehoboth GABORONE
Capricorn TSHWANE/
Tropic of Desert Lobatse
PRETORIA
Mmabatho
The Kalahari Desert is the largest Soweto
Keetmanshoop
r t

4 continuous sand surface in the world. Johannesburg

Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Lüderitz V aal
49 O Karasburg Kroonstad
color to the sand, which is over ra
n g e R. Kimberley
200 ft (60 m) deep in places. MASERU
BLOEMFONTEIN
SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS SOUTH LESOTHO r
g

Middelburg e b
Tshwane / Pretoria - administrative capital
AFRICA ns
Cape Town - legislative capital a ke
Bloemfontein - financial capital Beaufort West
Dr
Bellville East
5
CAPE TOWN George Port London
Cape of Good Hope Elizabeth
136

A B C D
 AFRICA 61

E F G H

122

Coco de Mer, or the double coconut

Inner Islands 1
TA N Z A N I A palm, produces some of the largest
seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé
up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES
around 10 years to ripen. Islands
Mbala
Aldabra
Group

ds
Kasama

an
Farquhar
MALAWI uma

sl
Rov COMOROS Group I
Mzuzu ter
Mocímboa
Grande Comore Ou
Mpika Lake MORONI
Nyasa da Praia Mwali Anjouan 123 2
LILONGWE Mamoudzou Antsiraùana
Salima
Zomba
E Nacala Mayotte
(French territorial Ambanja
Blantyre U Moçambique collectivity) Antalaha
Tete
Q Nampula Antsohihy
Nsanje Mocuba Mahajanga
I

HARARE
MADAGASCAR
B

Chitungwiza Quelimane
el

BWE Fenoarivo Atsinanana

M

nn

Chimoio Beira 3
ANTANANARIVO Toamasina
ha
Z A

eC

Morondava
Ambositra
MAURITIUS
biqu

Fianarantsoa Mananjary PORT LOUIS

M O

Saint-Denis nd

s
Ihosy
Mozam

Inhambane
Réunion sl a
Toliara Farafangana eI
(French sca re n
Xai-Xai Vangaindrano overseas Ma
MAPUTO department) 123
MBABANE Amboasary 4
Tropic
SWAZILAND of Capri
corn
Thought to have been extinct for 70 million
Pietermaritzburg years, a living coelacanth was netted in the
Durban Indian Ocean in 1938. They are powerful
I N D I A N predators, averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in
length and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).

O C E A N
5

136

E F G H
 62 EUROPE

Europe
A B C D

A
tic ce

rc
Ci ck i
137 rc r pa
le L i m i t of w i n t e

1
0 km 800 ICELAND
0 miles 800 Lofoten

Norwegian

W
Faeroe Islands Sea
(Denmark)

R
O
2 48 Outer
Hebrides

E
British

W
Isles Vänern
North

S
Irelan d Isle of Man Vättern
Sea
IRELAND (to UK)
B r i t a i n DENMARK
UNITED
3
A T L A N T IC Celtic
Sea KINGDOM El
be
NETHERLANDS
OCE A N E n gl i s h Ch an ne l N o r t h
Channel Is. SBELGIUM
(UK) GERMANY
ei

LUX.
ne

Loi CZECH

e
re
in
Rh REPUBLIC
Bay of Biscay FR ANC E LIECH.
Massif SWITZ.
ps AUSTRIA
e

Central Al
Ga

Rhôn

Py
ro

Mont Blanc SLOVENIA

nne

4 48 Duer re 15,771ft (4807m) Po

PORTUGAL o ne TIA
Ib eria n e s MONACO SAN OA
CR
Eb

Tag
us MARINO
ro

ANDORRA BOSNIA
SPAIN & HERZ.
I T

Str Pen in sula Corsica

Madeira a it o
A

(to Portugal) f G ib ds
VATICAN L
ralt Y sla n CITY
ar B a l e a ri c I Sardinia
Gibraltar Tyrrhenian
(UK) M e d i t Sea
e r
r
5 Atlas Mountains a Sicily
n
Canary Islands e a
(to Spain) 50 A F R I C A MALTA
n

A B C D
 EUROPE 63

E F G H

cl e
ir
cC 137
Bar en t s S ea c ti
Ar
North Cape
Ostrov Kolguyev 1

Ur
Y

al
Kola
A

Peninsula
FIN

M
ou
N W hi te
Sea

nt
LA

rt
E

ai
he
a

rn
ni

ns
Dv
oth
D

ND

ina
fB

Lake Onega R U S S I A N 94 2
lf o
Gu

Åland
Lake
Ladoga F E D E R A T I O N
Gotland ESTONIA
e a lti c

nds

LATVIA n
B aS a i
l
ra
P l
Upla

U
a

LITHUANIA
V o lg

RUSS. n Central
FED. e a
o p 3
Volga

Russian
E u r BELARUS Upland Aral Sea
POLAND Pripet
Don
a

Dni
tul

Marsheseper
Bu

Lo
is

UKRAINE D n i ep ewlands
V
Carpa
thi D n i est e r
SLOVAKIA a r
n

MOLDOVA
Mt

Sea of
s.

Ca

HUNGARY Azov
sp

Crimea
Caucasus 94 4
ia

ROMANIA
Se
n

El’brus
SERBIA Dan ube Black Sea 18,510ft a
(5642m)
MON. BULGARIA
KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY
ALBANIA
Aegean ia A S I A
Sea Anatol
GREECE 5
Peloponnese
Cyprus
S e a Crete 94

E F G H
 64 EUROPE
The North Atlantic
A B C D

Arctic
19 Devon
Island Ellesmere Island

C
ircle
t
s Strai
1 Nare
N U N A V U T an d
Qaanaaq en L
m us s
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland as
is the largest island in the world. However,
Innaanganeq dR
nu
Hudson 677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik

K
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Qimusseriarsuaq
area has sunk to form to a basin more than
1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin
Kullorsuaq
2 19 Bay
d
C A N A D A n ac
ki
ce
la rp
Is
e
m

nd
t
um ai
Hudson Strait

n fs
tr
B a f f i
it o

ory)
S
und

Lim

la
i s Qeqertarsuaq

r r it
d So

v Qeqertarsuaq

l te
Fr o b is h er Ba y

QUÉBEC a

en
rna
erlan

D Qasigiannguit

e
3

ext
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ed e r
Cu mb

re
r

h
Sisimiut on g F

nis
U ng av a d
K Lan

a
G
Bay

(D
The Jakobshavn Glacier is among Maniitsoq
Land
the world´s fastest glaciers, often an IX
risti
moving 100 feet (30 m) a day, NUUK Ch
ng
and calves around 20 billion tons
t Ko Gunnbjørn Fjeld
12,139ft (3700m)
(tonnes) of icebergs every year.
K ys
Paamiut
VI
4 21 k Ammassalik
rk
i
LAND

er

ma
ed

Ivittuut
OR

Fr

Labrador k ic
e en
ng

pac
& LABRAD

D
NEWFOUND

er
Ko

Qaqortoq int
S ea Nanortalik it
of
w Faxaflói
m
Li
Nunap Isua
(Kap Farvel)
0 km 800 ATLANTIC
5
0 miles 800 OCEAN
48

A B C D
 EUROPE 65

E F G H

137
Lincoln
Sea
Kap Morris Jesup
ARCTIC Zemlya
Frantsa-Iosifa 1

Wandel OCEAN
Kvitøya
Sea Novaya
Nord Svalbard Zemlya
d

Nordaustlandet
Lan

(Norwegian
dependency) Kong Karls Land
VIII

Spitsbergen Barentsøya
erik

Longyearbyen Edgeøya
L a h r i s Kong Fred

St
Barentsberg or fj o With temperatures ranging from 59º F 62 2
rd
en (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
X

(-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on

Greenland
n
nd tia

Svalbard consists mostly of lichens

Sea Bjørnøya and mosses; the only trees are the
C

(Norway) tiny polar willow and the dwarf birch.

ng

Barents Sea
Ko

Daneborg
Greenland's deeply indented coastline le
is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long, irc
cC 3
cti

FE
a distance roughly equivalent to the

RU ERA
Ar

D
Kong Earth's circumference at the equator.

SS T
Oscar Fjord

IA IO
Jan Mayen

N N
Ka Ittoqqortoormiit
(Norway)
FI
n g erti
t tivaq
NL

Kangikajik
Norwegian
ic e

ck
pa
A

ai t ter Sea
Str in
N

of w
A Y

L i m it Even though only one-twentieth

D

66 4
S W

of Iceland’s potential geothermal

ICELAND power has been harnessed, around
Siglufjördhur
89% of houses are heated geothermally.
R W

Húsavík
E D

Akureyri Seydhisfjördhur
REYKJAVÍK
Selfoss
N O

E N

Surtsey
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) 5
Tórshavn
Shetland 70
Islands

E F G H
 A B C D E
66
137 137

1 A R C T I C O C E A N 1
0 km 200
The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
EUROPE

0 miles 200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea
to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.

The sun is continuously visible from late Nord kap p Barents

(North Cape)
May to late July in Tromsø because of its
position well north of the Arctic Circle.
Sea
Hammerfest Vardø
2 65 92 2
Kirkenes

Y
N o rw e g i an Tromsø
atn u
De

S ea Vesterålen
Harstad M
uo

A
nio d
Narvik äl v
Scandinavia is still recovering
un

nO
RUSSI

from the last ice age, when the Lofoten Sodankylä

Kiruna
Fasjoki

land was depressed 2000 ft

3
aTor n 3
ion
I

(600 m) by the weight of the ice.

AN

Bodø l
Scandinavia & Finland

j ok le
i

Today, the Earth’s crust is Gällivare Kemijärvi c Circ

Arcti
“rebounding” at the rate of
p

W
0.3 inches (9 mm) a year
N

N Rovaniemi o ki
a
mj

in the Gulf of Bothnia. Mo i Rana Kuusamo

FED

Ke

Tornio
E

Kemi
L
L

Luleå
RA

Ån Ou
Piteå
T

ger
ma Oulu lu
j
ok
Ai

nä
4 4
lv

Skellefteå
IO

R
en

Oulujärvi
N

Kajaani
Trondheimsfjorden Steinkjer
Kokkola
D

Iisalmi
N

Umeå Pielinen
Trondheim Jakobstad
 Molde Östersund
Vaasa Joensuu

D
L j u sn
a Örnsköldsvik Seinäjoki

n
Ålesund

O
Varkaus

E
Sundsvall Jyväskylä
Saimaa
5 Gulf Imatra 5
Hermansverk of Tampere Lappeenranta
Sognefjorde Pori Hämeenlinna
n Lillehammer Bothnia
Bergen Rauma Kouvola
Hamar Riihimäki
Gjøvik
Falun Gävle Vantaa Kotka

W
Mjøsa Turku

N
Hønefoss Borlänge Åland Espoo HELSINKI
Haugesund Finland
OSLO Uppsala Mariehamn
Drammen lf of
Moss Gu
Stavanger Fredrikstad Karlstad Västerås
6 Porsgrunn
STOCKHOLM 6

S
Halden Vänern Örebro ESTONIA
Nyköping

S ete s d a l
Arendal Skövde
Trollhättan Norrköping The sauna is a Finnish institution, with
Kristiansand Vättern
Borås Linköping some 2 million sauna facilities to serve
Skag e r r a k Göteborg a population of just 5 million people.
Hjørring Jönköping Visby
Jylland Frederikshavn Gotland
Aalborg
DENMARK Halmstad Växjö Öland
L AT V I A
Silkeborg Randers Kalmar
7 70 Herning Århus Helsingborg 88 7
Karlskrona
Esbjerg Vejle
COPENHAGEN
Kristianstad
Odense Malmö Baltic LIT H UANIA
Aabenrå Sjælland Rønne Bornholm S e a KALININGRAD
Nykøbing (part of Russian
S

Federation)
U

The 10 mile (16 km) bridge and tunnel link

R
A

across the Oresund Sound is one of the largest

infrastructure projects in European history.
L
E
8 It connects the Danish capital Copenhagen P O L A N D B 8
EUROPE

to the Swedish port of Malmö.

GERMANY 76 80
67

A B C D E
 A B C D E
68
67 67

The Netherlands is the lowest country in the

1 world. It is estimated that 30% of the land e n Schiermonnikoog 1
is below sea level, with the lowest point land
nei Ameland
some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level.
EUROPE

a d d e Terschelling
e
W nze Delfzijl
Vlieland de
THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS ad
W
Amsterdam - Capital Leeuwarden
The Hague - Seat of government Groningen
Texel

2 71 Den Helder Assen 76 2

Heerenveen
The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by
its network of canals into some 90 “islands” NETHERLANDS
linked together by approximately 1300 Emmen
bridges and viaducts. Meppel

eer
Hoorn
Alkmaar
lm
se
North Sea IJ
sse
IJs l
Lelystad
The Low Countries

The port of Rotterdam, combined with Purmerend Zwolle

Europoort (which handles vessels too Haarlem Almelo
3 large to reach Rotterdam), is one of AMSTERDAM 3
the largest in the world in terms of
Hilversum Deventer Hengelo
capacity, handling around 375 million
tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
THE HAGUE Amersfoort
Zoetermeer Utrecht Ede
Delft Arnhem
Gouda
Lek W aa l
Rotterdam
4 Oss Nijmegen 4
Dordrecht
’s-Hertogenbosch
GERMANY
M

Breda Tilburg
gs
B e ra a s
e

Roosendaal
 Vlissingen W
e s ter sche l d e Eindhoven Helmond
Zeebrugge Terneuzen Turnhout Venlo

Sc h
Oostende
Belgium and the

eld
t Antwerpen
5 Brugge Netherlands have an 5
Sint-
Fl Niklaas underground boundary
and Mechelen that differs from the
ers Gent surface boundary
Roeselare Genk
Aalst shown on maps. In
Hasselt Heerlen 1950, the two countries
Ieper
Leuven
BRUSSELS agreed to move the
Kortrijk Tienen Maastricht underground boundary
Mouscron
so as not to divide
B E L G I U M Liège coal mines between
6 Tournai Seraing the two countries. 6
Verviers
La Louvière e
e us
M

e
Mons Namur

rth
Ou
r e Charleroi
mb
Sa Dinant
On August 23, 1914, three weeks es
after Britain entered World War I, the
n
70,000 strong British Expeditionary en
G E R M

Force encountered the advancing r d Bastogne

7 72 German army for the first time at A 77 7
the battle of Mons. O
re
Sû ur
Diekirch

F R A N C E LUXEMBOURG
A N Y

Arlon LUXEMBOURG
Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing
procession remaining in the Western world. Every year
M o s el l e

since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched Esch-

8 down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance sur-Alzette 8
involving specific movements, music, and prayers.
EUROPE

0 km 50
72 72
0 miles 50
69

A B C D E
 A B C D E
70
Faeroe
65 Islands 65

1 1
ATLANTIC
EUROPE

Shetland
Islands
OCEAN Lerwick

Midges have the fastest wing-beat

of any insect, and are able to flap Orkney
their wings at around 20,000 beats Islands After the surrender of the German
2 48 per minute. 67 2
Kirkwall fleet in 1918 and its internment in
Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were
scuttled by the German crews on
Thurso June 21, 1919, to prevent them
Isle of Lewis falling into British hands.
The British Isles

ch
Stornoway

in
e M
Outer Hebrides Ullapool
h

Th
Firt

ch
ay

in
North Uist o r Elgin

M
M With a depth of 788 ft (240 m)

le
Isle of Inverness and a length of about 23 miles

tt
3 South Uist Loch Ness 3
Skye Aberdeen (36 km), Loch Ness contains
the largest volume of fresh

The Li
Barra SCOTLAND
water in Great Britain.
Fort William Grampian Mts.
Ben Nevis
The Giant’s Causeway comprises 4406ft (1343m)
Isle of
approximately 37,000 interlocking Mull Oban Dundee
F

dark basalt polygonal columns; or

th Perth
Loch Lomond N o r t h
they were formed by volcanic Jura Stirling Firth of Forth
activity some 55 million Greenock
EDINBURGH S e a
years ago. Islay Glasgow
4 Isle of Southern 4
Arran Uplands
Ayr
UNITED KINGDOM
P e

NORTHERN Dumfries Newcastle upon Tyne

Londonderry IRELAND Stranraer Carlisle Sunderland
n
 Donegal BELFAST Bangor Isle of Man Lake
Bay Middlesbrough
(UK crown District
Sligo dependency))

n i n
Newry Douglas
Lancaster York
Dundalk
5 Irish Blackpool Bradford Leeds Kingston upon Hull 5

e s
IRELAND
Lough Lough Ree Sea Preston Bolton
Corrib Athlone DUBLIN Manchester Grimsby
Anglesey Liverpool Sheffield
Galway n fe y Holyhead Lincoln The
no

Lif
Chester

an
Wicklow Bangor donia ENGLAND Wash

Sh
Ennis Lough Mts. ow Stoke-
Derg Sn
on-Trent Derby Nottingham The Norwich
Limerick Shrewsbury Leicester Fens
Cardigan

Barrow
Bay
W A L E S Peterborough
Tralee Birmingham
Wexford Aberystwyth Coventry
Blackwater Worcester Cambridge
Waterford Stratford-
6 upon-Avon 6
Killarney Brecon Gloucester Severn Colchester Ipswich
Fishguard Oxford
Cork Beacons
Milford Haven Th Southend-
Bantry Newport Swindon a m e sLONDON on-Sea
Bay Every year over 1.8 billion pints Swansea Bristol
(0.561 litres) of Guinness® Irish CARDIFF Bath Reading Canterbury Dover
stout are consumed in over 100 Barnstaple Salisbury
Exmoor
Southampton
countries around the world. Taunton
Brighton Channel
The River Severn has the second highest tidal range
Exeter Portsmouth Tunnel
in the world, as much as 50 ft (15 m), often giving Dartmoor Bournemouth l
Isle of Wight ne
rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such an
7 Plymouth Ch 68 7
wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km). i s h
Penzance Engl
Land's
48 End
Isles of Channel Islands
Scilly (UK crown dependency)
St. Peter Port
Guernsey
ATLANTIC St. Helier
Jersey

OCEAN
8 8
EUROPE

0 km 100 F R A N C E
0 miles 100 74 72
71

A B C D E
 A B C D E
72
71 65

1 1
U N I T E D North Sea
EUROPE

K I N G D O M NETHERLANDS
Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.
Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000
until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
casualties on the opening day of the Somme
cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing
2 71 Channel 76 2
only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,
Tunnel
200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties.
Dunkerque
GERMANY
Calais BE Champagne bottles are placed
English Boulogne- LG neck down into a freezing brine
Channel sur-Mer Lille IU bath (bac à glace), freezing
M only the bottle’s neck to form
Channel Islands Arras
(UK crown dependency) Cherbourg So
m Douai a plug that keeps the wine –
Dieppe

m
and the bubbles – in the bottle

e
Guernsey Amiens
Le Havre while sediments are removed.
Île d’Ouessant Jersey St.-Lô
Rouen
3 Beauvais Laon 3
Caen LUXEMBOURG
St.-Malo Se Reims
M

Brest Normandie i e
St.-Brieuc ne Thionville
Mantes-la-Jolie
use

Quimper Alençon PARIS Ma r n Metz

Versailles e
Bretagne Rennes Châlons-
Chartres en-Champagne
Lorient Nancy
Laval Bar-
France, Andorra & Monaco

le-Duc Strasbourg
s

Belle Le Mans Troyes

M os

Orléans e
ge

Île Angers n
ell e

St.-Nazaire Blois g og
Tours Auxerre ur Épinal Colmar
L
Vos

Nantes
Bo

4 oi 4
re Vesoul
ne Mulhouse
ô

la Roche- F R A N C E Belfort
Sa

sur-Yon Bourges
Nevers Dijon
Poitiers Châteauroux Moulins Besançon a SWITZERLAND
la Rochelle
r
 u
Saintes Lake
Mâcon

J
Limoges Vichy Geneva
Bay of Angoulême
Roanne
Villeurbanne Mont Blanc
Clermont- Lyon Annecy 15,771ft (4807m)
5 Biscay Ferrand St.-Chamond 5
Bordeaux Périgueux
Massif St.-Étienne Chambéry s
D or dog n e Aurillac
le Puy ITALY

p
Ga
r L ot Grenoble

on
Cahors
Central Valence

ne
l
Rodez
Mont-de-Marsan Mende
Agen
Montauban

R h ô ne
n
Bayonne T ar

A
es
Auch nn
Albi éve
Pau C AvignonProvence
P Toulouse Nîmes
Tarbes Aix-en- MONACO
6 y Montpellier Provence 6
Arles MONACO
r e Carcassonne Béziers Cannes Nice
r
Narbonne Marseille t e d ' Azu
Cô Ligurian
n e
ANDORRA e s Perpignan Toulon Îles
Sea
ANDORRA d’Hyères Golfe
The Tour de France LA VELLA Bastia
bicycle race is typically held over
du Lion
Corse
some 20 day-long stages covering (Corsica)
around 2200 miles (3600 km) for The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio
the coveted yellow jersey.
7 originally produced. 78 7

S P A I N One of history’s great leaders,

Napoleon Bonaparte, was born
The lowest point in Andorra is Riu Runer, on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio
at 2756 ft (840m) above sea level. in Corsica.
75 Sardinia
Balearic
0 km 100 Islands
8 0 miles 100 8
EUROPE

Mediterranean Sea
84 84
73

A B C D E
 74 EUROPE

Spain & Portugal

A B C D

71 Gijon
Ferrol Avilés (Xixón)
0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
1 Oviedo
0 miles 100
Galicia
Santiago de Compostela Lugo
ra C a n t áb r i c a
il le

o
Mi ñ
rd León
Pontevedra
Co
Vigo Ourense
ATLANTIC h (Orense)Emb. de Palencia

o
Mi n
Chaves Ricobayo
Viana do Castelo
Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim D u er o
Guimarães
2 48 OCEAN Matosinhos
Vila Real
Zamora
Porto
Vila Nova de Gaia D o ur o S P
Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Salamanca Ávila
Viseu
Valley under strict regulation since
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the Coimbra Covilhã ent ral
grape juice to fortify and
Figueira da Foz Sistema C
strengthen the wine. Plasencia
PORTUGAL
Ta s
Castelo Branco gu
3 T ag us
Caldas da Rainha Cáceres
Santarém Portalegre

na
Sintra

ia
Cascais Mérida ad
Gu
LISBON Badajoz
Setúbal
Alcácer do Sal
M o r en a
Portugal is one of the world’s largest
Sines
Beja Si erra
producers of cork and has regulations Córdoba
G u ad

48 i vi r
4 protecting cork trees dating back to 1320. l qu
Guad a
ian

Sevilla
Algarve ucía
a

Lagos Huelva al
Cabo d e
Faro
Olhão nd Antequera
S ão V ic en te A Málaga
El Puerto de Santa María
Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella
under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar
5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK)
Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta
(Spain)
52 MOROCCO

A B C D
 EUROPE 75

E F G H

Bay of Biscay 73
Santander
F R A N C E
Donostia-San Sebastián
Bilbao 1

Vitoria-Gasteiz
P y r Golfe du

Miranda Pamplona
e n Lion
de Ebro (Iruña) e e ANDORRA Figueres
Burgos Logroño Huesca s Girona (Gerona)
Cataluña
Eb

o Costa Brava
r

Soria Lleida Terrassa Mataró

Si Zaragoza Sabadell Barcelona 78 2
st
em Reus L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
A I Ib N
ér
a
Tarragona
Work continues on the Sagrada Família,
Segovia ic
o Tortosa Gaudi’s unfinished cathedral. Begun in
MADRID 1882, the masterpiece is still
Teruel without a roof.
Getafe
no

Cuenca
Menorca
ia

Castellón Palma
Júca

Toledo
nc

de la Plana 3
Mallorca
r

le

Valencia
Va

Albacete Gandía Islas Baleares

Ibiza
ís

(Balearic Islands)
Pa

Ciudad Real
Elda Formentera
ra Benidorm
gu Cieza Alicante (Alacant)
Se

Linares Elche (Elx) Seat of many great civilizations

Murcia
Costa Blanca throughout history, the name
79 4
Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as
“sea between the lands.”
Cartagena
Granada a
S i e rra Ne
vad a Se
Almería e an
an
Motril
l
l So
Costa de rr
ite
Med A L G E R I A 5

52

E F G H
 A B C D E
76
North 67 67 0 km 100

Sea 0 miles 100

Jylland
1 1
The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and
SWEDEN
EUROPE

one of the busiest canals in the world, with around

45,000 ships a year passing between the
Baltic and the North Sea.
DENMARK Baltic Sea
Sjælla nd
Fyn
Bornholm
(Denmark)
2 71 80 2
Fa ls te rEarly in the morning of

North Fris
Flensburg Fe
hm Sunday, August 13, 1961,

ia
ar n B
Fehmarn e lt
work began on the Berlin
Stralsund Rügen

n Is
Kiel Mecklenburger Wall, which would eventually

la
Bucht Greifswald

nd
Neumünster run for 66 miles (107 km)

s
Lübeck Rostock between east and west Berlin,
Cuxhaven Wismar cutting through 192 streets.
Bremerhaven Schwerin Neubrandenburg
During what became known
Emden Hamburg Müritz as “The Berlin Airlift” a total
Oldenburg Lüneburg of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes)
3 S El be
3
of supplies were flown into
Bremen

ND
Berlin over an 18-month
period to break a Soviet

LA
se r

Em s

R
G E R M A N Y BERLIN blockade of the city.

We
Osnabrück Wolfsburg
Frankfurt an der Oder

THE
Hannover Braunschweig Potsdam
Münster Hildesheim

NE
S

Bielefeld Salzgitter Magdeburg p ree

Hamm Dessau Cottbus

Recklinghausen Paderborn
Germany & The Alpine States

S a al

Halle
e

4 Essen Dortmund 4
Duisburg Göttingen POLAN D
Bochum
Düsseldorf Wuppertal Kassel Leipzig
Leverkusen Jena Gera Dresden
Erfurt
Aachen Köln Bonn Siegen Chemnitz
 Koblenz Fulda Suhl Zwickau
e
b irg
Erzge

IUM
WiesbadenFrankfurt am Main
Offenbach

l
Mainz CZECH REPUBLIC

se
o Würzburg

BELG
5 5

Boh
LUX. M Darmstadt Erlangen At 528 ft (161 m) high and

Rhine
em
i
Kaiserslautern Mannheim containing 768 steps, the

an
Saarbrücken Heidelberg Nürnberg spire of Ulm Cathedral is the

F
tallest in the world.

b
or
Karlsruhe Heilbronn l es
eA t

N e ckar
Pforzheim i s ch Regensburg
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FRANCE Stuttgart Ingolstadt Da Krems an
Reutlingen b nu der Donau
e Al Landshut be
ld ch Augsburg Linz Sankt VIENNA

a
b is Ulm I nn Braunau
ä am Inn Pölten

r zw
6 hw Wels Barden 6

be
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Sc
München

wa
Da n u Wiener Neustadt

h
Salzburg Neusiedler

Sc
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ns

lps See
Rhine Lake Constance arian A Hellejn Kapfenberg
En

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n
Bav

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Delémont Zürich Bregenz
Innsbruck AUSTRI A
r a Biel Zug Zürichsee LIECHTENSTEIN h e T au e Judenburg
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r

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Lausanne Thuner See Villach
n Maribor
7 ner Alpe A Celje 81 7
Lake Ber Sion Brig
Geneva Locarno Kranj Sa v a
Genève Monthey
Matterhorn
Born in Salzburg on January 27, LJUBLJANA
14,692ft (4478m)
Lugano 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
73 SLOVENIA
Lake Maggiore was already writing music by the
age of five, and at eleven he Koper
produced his first opera. Gulf
When it is completed in 2017, the of
Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for I TA LY Venice
C R O AT I A
35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the
Lepontine Alps to become the The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München
8 8
longest tunnel in the world. (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 sq m), making
EUROPE

it the biggest structure of its kind in the world.

78 78
77

A B C D E
 A B C D E
78
CZECH REPUBLIC
77 GERMANY 77
FRANCE
SLOVAKIA
1 In May 2006 a violin called “The Hammer,” 1
made by Italian master Stradivari at
LIECHTENSTEIN Cremona in 1708, sold at Christie’s in
EUROPE

Italy

London for US$3,540,000.

SWITZERLAND
AUSTRIA
Lake s Bolzano
Maggiore Alpi
p HUNGARY
Aosta l Lago Dolomitiche
di Como Trento
2 73 Lago Udine 82 2
A Monza Bergamo di Garda
Novara P SLOVENIA
Vicenza Treviso i

av
e
Milano Brescia Mestre Trieste
Torino Cremona Verona Venezia
Padova Gulf CROATIA
Alessandria Piacenza Mantova Adi ge of
Po
Parma Ferrara Venice San Marino formed in AD 301 is the oldest,
Genova
Reggio nell’ Modena Po Delta and, at 24 sq mi (61 sq km), one of the
Savona
Golfo Emilia smallest, republics in the world.
di Genova Bologna Ravenna

A
La Spezia Forlì BOSNIA
3 San Remo Rimini 3
Viareggio &

p
Prato
Pisa A r n o SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA
Firenze
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p
Ligurian Toscana Arezzo Ancona
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e
a

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d’Elba Perugia
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ic

Grosseto
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I T A L Y S
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n

(part of Toscano Terni e a

Te

4 France) Pescara 4
ve
i

Viterbo
re

n L’Aquila
VATICAN CITY ROME o
 Sassari Olbia Foggia S
Golfo di Gaeta Benevento
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Nuoro to
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ra n f
to
S ar de gn a Torre del Greco Salerno Altamura
5 Isola di Capri 5
Oristano (Sardinia) Potenza Taranto Brindisi
Golfo
di
Iglesias The medical school at Salerno is the Salerno Lecce
oldest in Europe, established during Golfo
the 11th and 12th centuries. di Gallipoli
Cagliari Taranto
Tyrrhenian
Cosenza
Sea a
i Crotone

r
Isola d'Ustica Isola

b
Mediterranean Isole Eolie Stromboli
6 Catanzaro 6
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la
S e a Trapani Isola Lipari Vulcano
Palermo Messina Ionian Sea
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St
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i
t (Sicily) tto
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lso
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Sa
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TUNISIA Isola di Ragusa
7 Pantelleria 83 7
Mal
ta Mt. Etna began some 300,000
Ch
an years ago as a submarine volcano
ne and has since grown to a cone with
53 l
a base 30 miles (48 km) wide and
Gozo
VALLETTA 10,922 ft (3329 m) high.
Isole Pelagie
MALTA
The George cross that appears on the
0 km 100
Maltese flag was awarded to the islanders
8 by King George VI of Britain for their heroism 8
0 miles 100 during World War II.
EUROPE

53 53
79

A B C D E
 A B C D E
80
67 88

LATVIA
1 SWEDEN 1
0 km 100 Baltic
EUROPE

0 miles 100 Sea LITHUANIA

Built between 1747 and
D E N M A RK Founded in Gdansk shipyard in 1980, the 1795, the Zaluski Library
Solidarity trade union, and its leader Lech in Warsaw was one of the
Walesa, played a key role in the world’s first public libraries.
Bornholm downfall of communism across Courland
(part of Denmark) much of eastern Europe. Lagoon

2 76 KALININGRAD 89 2
Gulf
of (part of Russian
Sîupsk Danzig Federation)
Gdynia
Pomeranian Koszalin
Gdaúsk Elblàg
Central Europe

Bay

Zalew
Szczeciúski Olsztyn

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W
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Wielkopolski Wîocîawek g
Poznaú Pîock
WARSAW
In November 1989,
the so-called
“Velvet Revolution”
Zielona Kalisz Îódź
saw Czechoslovakia
W

Góra is
split into the Radom îa
Czech Republic Lublin
4 Legnica 4
and Slovakia.
W art

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a

Wrocîaw
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Su
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PRAGUE Rybnik Rzeszów
Plzeõ Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Kraków
Ostrava Bielsko-Biaîa
5 CZECH REPUBLIC 5

E
Tábor Olomouc
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Carpathia
Stratonice Æilina n
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ova
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Built in 1357, Charles Bridge was the Nitra Luâenec
Ózd

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Mo
only crossing point of the Vltava in
Prague until the 19th century. Miskolc
BRATISLAVA

za
Nyíregyháza

is
6 Danube 6
Sopron T
Györ
Tatabánya BUDAPEST Debrecen
A U S T R I A
Székesfehérvár Szolnok
Szombathely

Rába
Veszprém Kecskemét
Balaton

D a nub e
Zalaegerszeg n
H U N G A R Y a i Békéscsaba
n Pl
Szekszárd ga ria
Nagykanizsa Hun Szeged ROMANIA
Kaposvár G r e a t
7 ITALY Baja 90 7
SLOVENIA
Dr
av a
Pécs
With a surface area of around
231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
77
Balaton has an average depth
of only 11 ft (3.25 m). The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches
south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia
and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.

CR
It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)
and is almost completely flat.

OA
Adriatic
BOSNIA &

TI
8 Sea SERBIA 8

A
EUROPE

HERZEGOVINA

77 82
81

A B C D E
 A B C D E
82
77 81
SLOVAKIA
1 1
At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
EUROPE

This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually

lead to the death of almost 10 million troops.

A U S T R I A H U N G A R Y
Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was The Danube forms all or part of the
the president of the former Yugoslavia border between nine different
from 1953 until his death in 1980. European nations: Germany, Austria, 2
2 78 90
Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
Varaªdin

Dan u b e
S LO VE N I A Koprivnica Subotica
Bjelovar Kanjiªa
Virovitica Baâka
R O M A N I A
Samobor ZAGREB
Southeast Europe

Dr
ava Sombor Topola
Karlovac C R O AT I A Osijek
Sa VOJVODINA
va Sisak Nova Zrenjanin
Gradi#ka Ãakovo Vukovar
Rijeka Ogulin Sav
3 a Novi Sad 3
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D

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Hvar Metkoviá Bijelo Polje Leskovac

Korâula Mitrovicë
 Mljet Trebinje
MONTENEGRO Pejë PRI‹TINA
Dubrovnik

A
d Palagruza PODGORICA
KOSOVO
(disputed) Ferizaj

BULG
Albania
r rth n Prizren Kumanovo
No Shkodër

Al
AR
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ps
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I T A L Y MACEDONIA

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Macedonia's capital, Skopje, was hit by a Ohrid
devastating earthquake in 1963. Around Elbasan Lake Bitola Gevgelija

D
Lushnjë m

Lu e
80% of the city's buildings were damaged v o i i Ohrid
or destroyed and over 1000 people killed. Kuçovë ll Lake Prespa
Berat i t

S
Fier Korçë

tr a
it
6 ALBANIA 6

of
Vlorë L u m Tepelenë
iiV

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jos
ë

s
Gjirokastër

an to
Sarandë
Konispol
Under an extreme communist regime between
1944 and 1991, Albania was for many years the Historically, European eels migrated
only officially atheist state in the world where thousands of miles from the
all forms of religion were banned by law. Sargasso Sea to live most of their
7 lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning 86 7
to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within Modern hydroelectric projects have
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although prevented this epic journey, but efforts
79 recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has are underway to restore access
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a to the lake.
precedent for separatist groups within their own
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before G R E E C E
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.

8 0 km 100 8
EUROPE

0 miles 100 Ionian Sea

79 87
83

A B C D E
 84 EUROPE
The Mediterranean
A B C D

T hame s NETHERLANDS
62 UNITED GERMANY
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A F R I
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A B C D
 EUROPE 85

E F G H

POLAND 63
CZECH REP.
UKRAINE 1

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E F G H
 A B C D E
86
90 90
R O M A N I A
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S E R B I A Vidin
EUROPE

D a n ub e Ruse
r Razgrad Dobrich
Sofia's skyline is dominated by the
Pleven

Iskû
gold domes of the Alexander Nevski
Memorial Church, which took craftsmen Vratsa
Shumen Varna
Lovech mic h i y a
and artists some thirty years to build Ka
between 1882 and 1912. B U L G A R I A Black
Gabrovo
Balk
an Mo
untains Sliven
2 83 Pernik 93 2
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MACEDONIA
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Sea Samothráki
Kalamariá
Kozáni Kateríni Akrotírio
Thermaïkós
Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
Pínes

P
Kólpos Parthenon survived almost unscathed
Akrotírio
for over 2000 years until, in 1687,
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Kérkyra Ioánnina Palioúri Límnos a gunpowder magazine beneath

í n
Pi n
Kérkyra Tríkala Lárisa the building exploded, causing
4 4

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G R E E C E Vólos Sporádes
Kardítsa Mitilíni

d o s
Préveza Lésvos
Lamía (Lesbos)
 Lefkáda Agrínio Évvoia
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festival was held at Olympia

án ese)

in around 776 BCE. Kÿthira Ródos

Only about 100 of the 2000
(Rhodes)
or so Greek Islands are
permanently inhabited.
The Corinth Canal was completed in 1893 after Kárpathos
Kritikó Pélagos
11 years of work. The canal is 4 miles (6.3 km) Irákleio (Sea of Crete)
long, 80 ft (25 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) deep. Chaniá
The central section runs along a 260 ft- (79 m-)
deep cutting through solid rock. Kríti
7 (Crete) 98 7

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ite civilization 4000 years ago, based at the
rra luxurious palace of Knossos. Unfortunately,
nea in 1400 BCE, this civilization came to an
Sea n abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic
event, probably a tidal wave.
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8 0 miles 100 8
EUROPE

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A B C D E
 A B C D E
88
67 Gu lf o f 67
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1
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S W E D E N
Rich oil shale deposits in northern Estonia
are quarried, crushed, and heated to produce
EUROPE

almost 7000 barrels of oil a day.

Low salinity and the shallow coastal waters cause pack ice to
accumulate at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia and off Finland
during most winters; occasionally the ice becomes banked
up in pressure ridges that are almost 50 ft (15 m) high. Gulf of F
inl
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Paldiski
Hiiumaa Vormsi Loksa
2 67 a Narva 92 2
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Tapa Rakvere Bay
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ESTONIA

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Liepája Kuldíga Valmiera Võru
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KALININGRAD Kelmë Radvili#kis

(part of Russian ‹ilutë Rézekne
nD

Federation) Courland Tauragë Panevëªys

S S

v in a

4 Lagoon 4
Ne LITHUANIA
Kaliningrad man Daugavpils
Jurbarkas Utena
Gusev
Chernyakhovsk Kaunas Ne
Ukmergë
I A N

ri s

Marijampolë Navapolatsk
 Alytus Polatsk
Hlybokaye

W
VILNIUS e ste
r n Dvin
a
Druskininkai Lyepyel’

F E D
Vitsyebsk

N D
5 5
Hrodna Maladzyechna

Neman Barysaw Orsha

MINSK Zhodzina
Vawkavysk
Horki
E R A T
B E L A R U S
Baranavichy

P O L A
Slonim Mahilyow

Byera z i n o
Slutsk
I O N

Brest Babruysk Krychaw

6 Salihorsk 6
Kobryn
Pinsk

ic h
Pr i Luninyets Zhlobin

Pt s
p et
Pripet Svyetlahorsk
Marshes
Formed in 1945 from the northern half of Rechytsa Homyel’
German East Prussia, and ceded to Russia Mazyr Kalinkavichy
under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad
oblast became a true enclave, completely
r
e

separated from the rest of Russia, when

ep

Lithuania and Belarus achieved their

D ni

7 90 7
independence in 1991.
Kyyivs’ke
Vdskh
80 Covering an area of approximately Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,
34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km), the Commonwealth of Independent States
Pripet Marshes are the largest area was established on December 8, 1991,
of marshland in Europe. by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent
of coordinating the foreign policies of the
newly independent former Soviet republics.
8 8
0 km 100
EUROPE

0 miles 100
U K R A I N E
90 91
89

A B C D E
 90 EUROPE
Ukraine, Moldova & Romania
A B C D

81 et
BELARUS
P O LAND Pr ip
Pripet
1 Kovel’ Marshes
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated
an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4
reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant.
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes) Luts’k Korosten’
of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever

Bug
nuclear accident. Rivne
L’viv Zhytomyr
2 81 C
SLOVAKIA Ternopil’
UKhmel’-K R
ar
pa

Ivano-
nyts’kyy
th

Vlad Dracula or Vlad the Impaler Frankivs’k Vinnytsya

ia

was the real-life prince upon Uzhhorod Kam’’yanets’-Podil’s’kyy

n

whom Bram Stoker based his Dn

ies
M

famous Count Dracula. Dracula Chernivtsi te

Satu Mare
ou

was born in Transylvania in 1431

r
in the town of Sighisoara. Rîbniπa
nt

Baia Mare Boto∞ani Bâlπi

Suceava
ai

3
Oradea MOLDOVA
ns

HUNGARY Dej
Dubâsari
Transylvania Piatra-Neamπ CHIfiINÂU
Cluj-Napoca Ia∞i
Arad Târgu Mure∞ Tiraspol
Bacâu Tighina
Alba Iulia Sighisoara
Timi∞oara (Bendery)
Sir

R O M A N I A
et

Deva Basarabeasca
Re∞iπa Sibiu
4 82 Foc∞ani
C a r paπ ii M er id io n a li Bra∞ov
SERBIA Râmnicu Vâlcea Galaπi
Reni
Târgovi∞te Buzâu
Brâila Tulcea
Drobeta-Turnu Severin Pite∞ti Ploie∞ti
BUCHAREST
Craiova
D anube Constanπa
O lt

Corabia
5 Giurgui Eforie Sud
Mangalia
BULGARIA
86

A B C D
 EUROPE 91

E F G H

RUSSIAN 93

Shostka
FEDERATION 1
Chernihiv
A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to
Chornobyl’ the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during
Sumy the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33.
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh.
KIEV
Kanivs’ke Vdskh.
Lubny Kharkiv
Bila Tserkva
93 2
A I N E D
on
Cherkasy Poltava ets
Kremenchuts’ke Syeverodonets’k
Vdskh.
Kremenchuk
Slov’’yans’k
Oleksandriya Luhans’k
Pavlohrad
Kirovohrad Horlivka Kostyantynivka
Dnipropetrovs’k Yenakiyeve
Makiyivka Krasnyy Luch
Donets’k 3
Piv

Kryvyy Rih Nikopol

’ Zaporizhzhya
den

yy
n

Mariupol'
Bu

Kakhovs’ka Vdskh.
h

Mykolayiv Berdyans’k
Melitopol’
Kherson ep
e r Kakhovka In 1872, an iron foundry was
ni
Odesa D established at Donets’k by British
Sea industrialist John Hughes
of (from whom the town's pre- 93 4
Karkinits’ka Revolutionary name Yuzovka
Zatoka
Azov was derived) to produce rails
Kryms'kyy for the growing Russian
Kerch
Pivostriv transportation network.
Yevpatoriya
Simferopol’ Black RUSSIAN
Sevastopol’
Yalta Sea F E D E RA T I O N
Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
5
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin, 0 miles 100
when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten
meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98

E F G H
 A B C D E
92
137 137
0 km 400

0 miles 400
A R C T I C O C E A N
1 1

A r
Norwegian The port of Murmansk remains ice-free throughout the

cti
EUROPE

winter thanks to the Gulf Stream, whereas St. Petersburg,

cC
Sea
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is

irc
le
ice-bound between December and May.
AY
RW
NO
Novaya Zemlya
N
EDE
2 66 SW 96 2
Murmansk
Barents Sea Karskoye

D
Gulf of More
Bothnia N Ostrov
European Russia

Kol’skiy Kolguyev
LA Poluostrov Ostrov
N Vaygach
FI
Baltic Bel
oy e M ore
Sea Gu
3 lf o
f 3
a

Fi
ESTONIA
nl
a Arkhangel’sk
Ladozhskoye
hor

nd
Ozero M
Vorkuta
Pec

Sankt Petersburg Petrozavodsk e

L
a

I
zen

LATVIA
’

Onezhskoye Us s)
Pin

TH
Ozero a in
e ga

Severn a

UA
a
Arctic Circ
Pskov nt le
eg
ya

Velikiy ou

NIA
On
Dv

Novgorod
M

Ukhta
ina

Velikiye Luki Cherepovets

al

Rybinskoye Kotlas
4 Vdkhr Vologda Syktyvkar 4
( Ur

BELARUS
Smolensk Tver’
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

er
ep
Yaroslavl’

ni
D
MOSCOW Ivanovo Kirov K ama
 Tula Vladimir

y
Bryansk Nizhniy Novgorod

or
Ryazan’ Cheboksary Perm’
Orël
Izhevsk

e G
5 Kazan’ V 5

Vyatka
Belgorod Tambov Saransk
olga Naberezhnyye

kiy
Chelny

s
Voronezh Ul’yanovsk

al'
UKRAINE Penza
Tol’yatti The Ural Mountains form the

Ur
D
Samara Ufa traditional boundary between

on
Saratov
D Europe and Asia, extending

ets
on Mikhaylovka Balakovo
some 1550 miles (2500 km).
They were formed over 280
Sea of Azov million years ago as the
Volgograd Orenburg
6 Rostov- East European and Siberian 6
na-Donu plates moved together.
Krasnodar Orsk
Stavropol’ Elista From August 1942 to February 1943, German armies

Vol
Sochi laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad.

ga
Cherkessk
El'brus The Germans themselves were eventually surrounded
Black 18,510ft (5642m) Kum Astrakhan’ and lost almost 250,000 men.
a
Sea Nal’chik
K AZAK HSTA N

C
a Vladikavkaz
7 99 GE u Groznyy Caviar is the processed eggs, or roe, of sturgeon that 96 7
OR c a live in the Caspian Sea and Volga River. Overfishing
GI
A
s u Makhachkala and poaching in recent years have seen the price of
s the finest caviar rise to around US$5000 for 2.2 lbs (1 kg).

AR
U

ME
Aral Sea

AZ
TURKEY Caspian Z

NI A
B

RB
AI
AZ.
Sea EK

JA
N
IS
Running from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains T A N
8 include Mt El’brus, which at 18,510 ft (5642 m) is the highest point in Europe, 8
and still uplifting at the rate of 0.4 inches (1 cm) every year.
EUROPE

99 TURKMENISTAN 104
IRAQ IRAN
93

A B C D E
 94 NORTH & WEST ASIA

North & West Asia

A B C D

137 A R C T I C

1 Franz Josef Land Severnaya

Zemlya
lya
Zem a
a ya Se
ov ra
Norwegian
Barents
N Ka North
Sea North Cape Kh eta
Sea

Arctic Circle Central

ns
2 63
a

tai
R U S S I A N
i
hn

N
ot

Lake D o r th S
fB

Ob W est Siberian
Onega v i n e r n i

oun
lf o

a ’
Gu

Ye
Lake Ladoga Plain Ob

ni
’

se
a

Ural M
I r ty
Se

y
Vo s
North
c

h
l
ti

l
Ba
ga

Sea
Central Russian

him
KALININGRAD a
Upland o lg
Is
(Russ. Fed.)
A S
V

3
Ur al

E U R O P E D on KAZAKHSTAN Ozero
Zaysan
Aral Sea Lake
Ca u
Caspi

UZ Balkhash I l
Black Sea cas BE i
Tien Shan
Danube us
GEORGIA KI
ST
an

KYRGYZSTAN
ARMENIA AZERB. TU R AN
Am

KM
T U R K E Y Lake EN D a
u
Sea

Medite Van r TAJIKISTAN

ya
rr
.

an SYR I A IR AQ
ean
4 50 S e a LEBANON Tig
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN Tibetan
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ph
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rat
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ISRAEL es i
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a l
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KUWAIT
an Ga a y a s
si

BAHRAIN G u lf n ge s
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Tropic of Cancer U.A.E.
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Ni

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d

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M
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O Ar a bia n
EN Se a Bay of
a

5 A F R I C A YEM n
Ade Socotra (Yemen)
Beng al
Gul f of
50

A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 95

E F G H

O C E A N 137

1
New Siberian Islands

Laptev Sea
Siberian Lo East Siberian
wl and Wrangel Island
Sea
ka
ar

ab
Ko t u

ëk Chukchi
en Lon
r
An
igi
g Sea
Yana
Ol

Str
a

I nd
y

Le n

ma a it
ly
Ko

Be
Siberian Plateau Arctic Circle

rin
16 2

g St
F E D E R A T I O N V e l i k ay a

r ai t
i ga a
b e r Lena
Am
Bering
V it Sea
a
im
tk
cha

Lake Sea of
Baikal
Kam

A Okhotsk Al s
Zey
a eutian Island
m
n

ur

Sakhalin
gu

I A 3
s
Ar

nd
sla

eI
ril
Ku
b i (administered by
G o Sea of Russian Federation,
claimed by Japan.)
Japan
(East Sea)
ve
r

Ri
Y ello w
P A C I F I C 16 4
gtze East
an C hin a O C E A N
Y

S ea
Tropic of Cancer

0 km 800
So ut h
Ch i na
Mekong

0 miles 800 5
Se a
125

E F G H
 96 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Russia & Kazakhstan

A B C D

Arctic
NORWAY 66
A R C T I C
GERM

DENMARK

Circ
le
1 S W E D E N
ANY

Zemlya
Barents Sea Frantsa-
Iosifa
KALININGRAD D
(part of Russian FINLAN Murmansk
Federation)
lya
POLAND EST. Zem
LAT. aya
LITH. ov More
Pskov Sankt-Petersburg N ye
s ko
Velikiy ar
2 91 BELARUS Novgorod Arkhangel’sk K
UK

Cherepovets
RA

MOSCOW
Vologda Vorkuta
MOLDOVA Bryansk
IN

Tula Yaroslavl’ Nori’lsk

Syktyvkar r y
E

y
Ryazan’ b’ Salekhard

Yenise
Nizhniy

o
Kirov

O
G
Voronezh Novgorod Zapadno-
e
Rostov- Kazan’ Perm’
iy

Sibirskaya
3 na-Donu
Izhevsk Serov R a v n i n a R U S
k
s

Volgograd
l'

Sochi Samara Ufa Yekaterinburg Nizhnevartovsk

a

r
Vo l g a

Ural’sk U
Stavropol’ Chelyabinsk F E D E
ra l
GE

Nal’chik Orenburg
U

Kostanay
OR

Astrakhan’ Petropavlovsk Krasnoyarsk

GI

Groznyy Orsk
A

Rudnyy Omsk
ARM. Makhachkala Tomsk
Kokshetau Novosibirsk
102 Aktau K
4
AZ. A Z AKH ASTANA
Pavlodar Kemerovo
a

ST
Se

Aral A Barnaul
N
ian

Sea Karaganda Novokuznetsk

Zhezkazgan
sp

UZB

Semipalatinsk
Ca

TU
R Kyzylorda Balkhash Ust’-Kamenogorsk
K
EK
M

IST

Shymkent Ozero
EN

Taraz Balkhash
Taldykorgan
IS

AN

5 IRAN
TA

KY Almaty
N

R GY
104
Z ST A N C H I N A

A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 97

E F G H

cle
ic Cir
Ostrov 18
O C E A N Vrangelya

Arct
Vostochno- 1
Sibirskoye
Severnaya
More Pevek Anadyr’
Zemlya
Novosibirskiye Ambarchik Bering
Ostrova Sea
More
rov Laptevykh
ost
o l u myr
P Ta y 134 2
Ozero
Taymyr Tiksi Ossora

Ust’-Kamchatsks
Verk h

Poluostov
Len

Olenëk Kamchatka
oy
a

ns Magadan
a

Srednesibirskoye kiy Petropavlovsk

K hr eb et
Ploskogor'ye -Kamchatskiy
Okhotsk
Yakutsk 3
S I A N Sea of
S i b i r Suntar
Okhotsk
(Siberia)

s t r ov a
R A T I O N
Sakhalin iye O
na
il'sk

Komsomol’sk-
Le

na-Amure
Kur

Kansk Skovorodno 134 4

Bratsk Ozero Yuzhhno-
Baykal Blagoveshchensk
Sakhalinsk
Chita Khabarovsk
Irkutsk Amur

Ulan-Ude JAPAN
C H I N A
The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs
Vladivostok
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5
MONGOLIA 0 miles 500
110

E F G H
 98 NORTH & WEST ASIA
Turkey & the Caucasus
A B C D

ROMANIA 91

1 Black Sea
An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.

Sinop
Edirne Kırklareli
Daêl ari
2 86 Zonguldak Küre
G REECE Tekirdaê Bosporus Kastamonu Samsun
ƒstanbul C
an
Marmara Karabük
Çanakkale ik
D a Ordu

ak
Boêazi Denizi
(Dardanelles) ƒzmit Adapazarı lI
rm êlari
Bursa Çankırı
Ki
zi
Çanakkale Çorum
ANKARA Tokat
Balıkesir Eski∞ehir
Kırıkkale
Ayvalik Sivas
Kütahya
3 Lésvos A n a
T U R K
Manisa
Afyon t o l i a
Chíos Tuz Nev∞ehir
ƒzmir U∞ak Kayseri
Gölü
Sámos Niêde
Aydin Kahraman-
Denizli Konya mara∞
ƒsparta i
Muêla Ereêli
Bodrum ar
Antalya a ê l Adana Osmaniye
4 87 Toros D
Tarsus Gaziantep
Dalaman
Mersin
Antalya ƒskenderun
Ródos
Kö r f e z i
Megísti Antakya
Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
Kríti NORTHERN CYPRUS
Girne (recognized only by Turkey)
(Kyrenia)
Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)

5
Mediterranean Paphos
Larnaca
Limassol
Sea CYPRUS LEBANON
54

A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 99

E F G H

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93
The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia
in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1
and devastating the country’s infrastructure.
Gagra C a u Caspian
Sokhumi c a guri
Och’amch’ire
K’ut’aisi
s u En Sea
P’ot’i G E O R G I A s
Bat’umi T'BILISI Rust’avi Quba
Ku
Hopa
Vanadzor
ra
Mingäçevir Sumqayıt 104 2
Gäncä
Trabzon Rize r i BAKU
êla Gyumri
a ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
iz D Kars
ar aden Sevana Lich Nagorno-
Do ê u K A ra s
YEREVAN Karabakh
Erzurum Xankändi
Büyükaêri Daêi as
Erzincan
Ar
(Mount Ararat)
16,853ft (5137m) Naxçıvan
AZERBAIJAN Länkäran
E Y Van 3

Elazig
Mu∞ Gölü
Güney Do Van Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves
T ig gu To located in and around the Caspian Sea.
rosla
r is

Malatya r Siirt They were some of the earliest oilfields

Diyarbakır in the world to be exploited.
tan
Batman rdis
Adıyaman Ku
Mardin
I R A N
flanliurfa
The salty water of Lake Van inhibits all animal 102 4
life except the Pearl Mullet, a small fish that
has adapted to the harsh conditions.

Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990.
The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km)
and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River
to maintain water levels.
0 km 200
S Y R I A 5
I R A Q 0 miles 200

102

E F G H
 A B C D E
100
98 99
The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains
0 km 100
1 an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 sq km). Although 1
0 miles 100 less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in
Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates
in the Turkish highlands. T ig
ris

T U R K E Y Al Qámishlí
Lebanon has only one permanent river,
the Nahr el Litani, which runs
for 110 miles (175 km).
NORTH & WEST ASIA

2 87 Al Íasaksh 102 2
A‘záz
A
The Near East

Buíayrat
J

al-Asad Ar Raqqah a
Íalab z
Idlib í r
a h

Dayr az Zawr

Sea
Ora nt
Eu
Al Ládhiqíyah ph

es
3
S Y R I A r 3
at

Íamáh
es

CYPRUS

an
e
Tar√ús Íim∞ Tudmur

ran
Tripoli

er
LEBANON IRAQ
n

it
Baalbek
no Manufactured by a secret process,
BEIRUT

ed
4 ba 4
Zahlé e Damascus steel was much prized

ni
-L
in the preindustrial era as an

M
Saïda
ti
extremely hard metal used for high

Li t a
Golan DAMASCUS
An
Syrian quality sword blades.
Heights Soûr Al Qunay√irah
 Lake
Tiberias As Suwaydá’
Hefa Desert
Natzrat Dar‘á
WEST Irbid
Al Mafraq The shores of the Dead Sea are
5 BANK 5

Jordan
Petah the lowest land on the Earth’s
Tikva Az Zarqá’ surface, at 1371 ft (418 m) below
Tel Aviv-Yafo As Sal√ AMMAN sea level. The water within the
Holon Jericho
lake is eight to nine times saltier
Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Dead than ocean water.
Gaza ISRAEL Sea
GAZA STRIP JORDAN
(under West Bank
Palestinian Be’er Sheva Al Karak
0 km 20
administration)
0 miles 20
A√ ◊alfílah Jenín
6 6
H a N e ge v Qabátiya
Wádí Músá (Petra) Túlkarm
Náblus
Qalqílya
Ma‘án
Jo rd a n

Mas-ha
. Jiftlik
Post
Khirbet el
Ramallah 'Aujá et
Tahtá
.
Nu'eima
54 Elat Jericho
Al ‘Aqabah JERUSALEM

7 Bethlehem 102 7
Every day 7 million
Hebron D e ad
R D A N

tons (tonnes) of water The ancient city of Petra was carved

I S R A E L

Sea
evaporates from from solid rock by the Nabatean
the Dead Sea. people in about 400 BCE. It remained
J O

largely unknown until a Swiss

Major settlement

f Aq a b a
explorer, J. L. Burckhardt, heard of Israeli settlement
EGYPT its whereabouts from the local Area under Palestinian administration
G Bedouins in 1812.

Gulf o
ul
f

of
8 S A U D I A R A B I A 8

Su
NORTH & WEST ASIA

ez
Red Sea
102 102
101

A B C D E
 A B C D E
102
93 96
0 km 400
1 UKRAINE RUSSIAN 0 miles 400 1
FEDERATION
K A Z A K H S TA N
Sea of In the 10th century, the Grand Vizier of Persia took his
Azov entire library with him wherever he went. The 117,000 A ra l
volume library was carried by camels trained to S ea
walk in alphabetical order.

C
Bla C a
ck

a
UZBEK
u c IS
NORTH & WEST ASIA

s
98 Se a s TA
a GEORGIA u N
s

pi
2 Four thousand years ago Babylonian law 104 2
laid down a minimum wage for every

an
class of workers in the kingdom.

AR
M AZERBAIJAN
EN
IA T U R K M E N I S TA N
T U R K E Y
The Middle East

Sea
A AZ.
na
tolia Khvoy
Tabríz Ardabíl
N

Ti g r i s Marágheh Rasht
Zanján Sárí Gorgán Mashhad
CYPRUS Al Maw§il Arbíl Ámol
Sabzevár Neyshábúr
S TA

3 (Mosul) Qazvín 3
SYRI A Kirkúk Sanandaj TEHRÁN
NI

Hamadán
A

LEBANON I R A Q e Kavír
H

Kermánsháh Qom D a s h t -
Buíayrat ath Arák Káshán G
ISRAEL Tharthár AF
BAGHDÁD I R A N
AN Dezfúl
K (Z

D An Najaf Yazd

R
Eu á E§fahán
u h ag r o

-
h s

ph

JO
ra te M ye
s Iranian
Ahváz ount Z á Kermán
Sakákah Al Ba§rah Ábádán
a in g
s) r o P l a t e a u
4 Al Jawf (Basra) s Záhedán PA 4
KI

úd KUWAIT
in

J ab
Tabúk Shiráz
á√
ST

CITY Khásh

al
Na
lB

as
An a Bandar-e Búshehr
AN

h
í KUWAIT
Sh ád Bandar-e Hámún-e
Pe Gu
ia

Íá’il W n
rs lf

ifá
‘Abbás Jaz Múríán
 Buraydah A

A
d
imah MANAMA BAHRAIN Ash Sháriqah
r ar R
ádí QATAR Dubayy

D
a W Gulf of Oman

a
b Al Hufúf DOHA fluíár Cancer
Tropic of

EGYP
RIYADH

hn

T
5 Al Madínah i Íaraç ABU DHABI 5
(Medina)

á’
a UNITED ARAB Ar Rustáq MUSCAT
n

R e
EMIRATES Nazwá Ramlat flúr
Makkah P e
Ál Wahíbah

d
(Mecca) Laylá n i n s u l a

N
Jiddah Jazírat
(Jedda) A√ ◊á’if S A U D I A R A B I A Ma§írah

A
As Sulayyil Khalíj
hálí Duqm Ma§írah
SUDAN

S e
‘ al K M

a
Ar Ru b Quarter)
Abhá (Empty O
Sanáw flawqirah
6 6
Najrán Juzur al Íaláníyát
Wuday‘ah

A
Jízán

RE
Jazá’ir fla‘dah N flalálah
Say’ún

IT
Farasán Arabian
E t
SANA aw

ER
Al Hudaydah lat yn Sea
R a m ‘ ata
ab
M Ía ç r a m Sayíút
as S E Saudi Arabia contains the world’s
Ta‘izz Y Al Mukallá largest oil reserves. The region
Suqutrá
(Socotra) can produce around 11 million
en (to Yemen) barrels of oil every day.
Ad
7 55 ‘Adan Gul
f of 122 7
DJIBOUTI
The name “Red Sea” is probably INDIAN
derived from the extensive blooms
of algae that occasionally occur.
These change pigment when they die, OCEAN
turning the sea’s normally intense
blue-green waters a deep red.

Every Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during his or her
8 ETHIOPIA lifetime. Muslims regard the small shrine called the Ka’bah, located near 8
the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, as the most sacred place on Earth.
NORTH & WEST ASIA

55 SOMALIA 122
103

A B C D E
 104 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Central Asia
A B C D

96
Aral
KAZAKHSTAN Sea
1 d
Ustyurt

n
Since 1960, the Aral Sea has shrunk

la
by 90 percent, becoming extremely Plateau

w
saline and consequently losing all

Lo
but one of its once-abundant
Nukus
fish species.
Köneürgenç UZBEKISTAN
Da§oguz Urganch Uchquduq

n
To‘rtko‘l
Zarafshon

ra
2 99 Türkmenba§y
Aydarko'l

Tu
Hazar Balkanabat Ko'li
Bereket TURKMENISTAN Navoiy
Gara Buxoro
Caspian Serdar gum Seÿdi
Baharly Samarqand
Sea Gökdepe Türkmenabat Qarshi

Am
Abadan

u
Saÿat ar

D
AflGABAT Ga ya
r ag Mary Baÿramaly
u m
3 Kaka K a n al y Atamyrat
Tejen
Áqchah
Murgap Sheberghán
The desert of Kara Kum (Garagum) occupies Mazár-e Sharíf
over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting Bálá Morgháb Meymaneh
human settlement across much of the country.
Serhetabat D a r y á - ye M
or g
h áb
H a r í r úd
102
I R A N Herát
4

The Kara Kum (Garagum) Canal, the world’s AFGHANISTAN

longest irrigation canal, stretches some 850 miles
(1375 km) and is known as the “River of Life,”
Faráh
since it irrigates large areas of arid land.
Kalát
Gereshk
w

o
rg
Má Kandahár
Zaranj t-e-
0 km 200 Dash
5
Da

ryá nd
0 miles 200 - ye H el ma
102

A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 105

E F G H

97

1
K A Z A K H S T A N

BISHKEK Tyup
Kara-Balta
Tokmak Ozero Karakol
Talas n
S
Issyk-Kul’ h a
TASHKENT Chirchiq
KYRGYZSTAN T i e n u
a 108 2
Namangan Naryn l - T
Dzhalal-Abad aa
Olmaliq sh
Angren Andijon Kok
Qo‘qon Osh
Ûroteppa Khûjand Farg‘ona
Khaydarkan The “Epic of Manas” is a verbally transmitted
Sulyukta
Zeravshan
poem of close to 500,000 lines that tells the
Su rkhob story of Kyrgyz hero Manas and his
DUSHANBE
descendants and followers.
Norak
TAJIKISTAN
P

Danghara Murghob
Qûrghon- tang
Bar
a

teppa Kulob 3
C H I N A
m

Khorugh
Farkhor
Termez m ir r
i

Kholm
Feyzábád Pa s
Kondoz
Baghlán
ush Until recent years, people living in remote areas of
Pol-e u K
nd Afghanistan were immunized against smallpox by
Hi
Khomrí
having dried powdered scabs from victims of the
Asadábád disease blown up their noses. This treatment was
Cháríkár
invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is
KABUL Jalálábád thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. 108 4

Ghazní
Gardíz
Despite an area of 251,771 sq miles (652,090 sq km),
Afghanistan has a limited road network and no
railroads whatsoever, making access to much
of the country extremely difficult.

P A K I S T A N I N D I A 5

116

E F G H
 106 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

South & East Asia

A B C D

94 Lake
Black

Irty

Ye
Sea Baikal

ni
h se

s
y

a
Aral

Se
1 Sea Uvs Nuur
pian Hovsgol Nuur
Lake Balkhash Alt

Sy
ai

rD
M MONGOLIA
ou

a
Cas

nt

rya
ai
ns
Tien Shan b
i
G o River
Ira ni a n
A S I A

Y e l lo w
ush Takla Makan Shan
Pl a t ea u du K tun
Hin Desert Al
2 94 Kunlun Mo unta
ins
P er sia

s
H
Plateau
I n du

lej im al of C H I N A
n

ul Sut
Y a m u na
G

ay

M
f ek g tz e
PAKISTAN Tibet o an
rt a s Br ah m a p u
Sa l we

ng

Y
e
Gu

G an

es N tra en
D EP
lf

O ar
of

Th AL Mount Everest 29,035ft (8850m)

ge

ma s
n BHUTAN
f
Ran n o y
K a ch c h h

Re
ad
BANGLADESH Ri Xi

d
Irraw
ve Jian
3 Gulf of
I N D I A r g
MYANMAR VIETNAM
Khambhat c c a n
D e ats
West

(BURMA) LAOS
Arabian Gh Hainan
n
Sea er M ek o ng
ern

Bay of
st
Ea

THAILAND
Bengal
Gha

Laccadive Islands
(to India) CAMBODIA
ts

Andaman Islands Tônle Sap

(to India) Andaman
SRI LANKA Sea Gulf of
4 51 Gulf of Thailand
Mannar Nicobar Islands
Equat MALDIVES (to India)
or

M ALAY
I N D I A N
SINGAPORE
Su
m
at

O C E A N
ra

Java
5
Java
123

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 107

E F G H

95
Am u r Sakhalin
un

1
ge
rg

A
Ra n

Manchuria
Hokkaido
ga n

Plain Lake Khanka 0 km 1000

hin

L i ao H Sea of
0 miles 1000
e
tK

Japan JAPAN
u
ea

(East Sea)
al

NORTH
Gr

shu

KOREA
Hon

SOUTH
KOREA
Gr

it

Yellow
ea

134 2
ra

St
tP

Shikoku
Sea ea
Kor
la

PACIFIC
i

Kyushu
n

fC
o

hi
na
East China
nds

Sea
s la
uI
it

ky

OCEAN
ra

yu

R
St
n
wa
Ta i

TAIWAN Northern
Ph i l i p p i ne Marianas Is. 3
(to US)
Luzon Strait
Paracel Islands
S ea
(disputed) Luzon Guam
(to US)
South China
o n e s i a
Sea PHILIPPINES M i c r ator
Spratly Equ
Islands
(disputed) Palawan
Sulu
Sea
Mindanao 134 4

M e l a n e s
BRUNEI Celebes

S IA
Sea Halmahera Bismarck Arch i a
ipel
ago
Borneo Moluccas Solomon
Islands
Seram P eg u n u n g an Ma o k e
I N D O N E S I A N e w G u in e a Solomon
Celebes Sea
Banda Sea
Sea F l or e s
Islands Arafura 5
S e a Lesser Sunda Sea
EAST TIMOR
Coral
Timor 124 Sea

E F G H
 108 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Western China & Mongolia

A B C D

96

The Altai Mountains provide one of the R U S S I A N F E D

1
last refuges for the endangered snow
leopard. There are thought to be only
a few thousand animals left in the wild.
Hövsgöl
Nuur
K A Z A K H S TA N A l
Ulaangom Uvs Nuur
The Turpan Depression is the lowest and hottest t a Ölgiy Hyargas Mörön
place in China. Temperatures can exceed i Nuur
117˚F (47˚C) around the lake of Aydingkol Hu, Altay M Har Us Nuur Ha
n g a Tsetserleg
which lies 505 ft (154 m) below sea level. Hovd yn Nu
ruu

o
2 96
M O N G

u
Ulungur n
Hu t
0 km 400 Karamay a Altay
Junggar i n Bayanhongor
0 miles 400 Kuytun Pendi s
Yining
Shihezi
K Y R G Y Z S TA N ÜRÜMQI Qitai
Hami
G Govï
e n S h a n o
T i Turpan
Bosten Hu Dalain Hob
i m H Korla
e
TA J I K Kashi Ta r im Basin Xingxingxia
3 I ST Tar Lop Nur
A Yengisar GANSU
XINJIANG UYGUR
N

Shache Qilian
Yecheng ZIZHIQU Ruoqiang Sh
AFGH. an
(claimed Taklimakan han
n S
Ka

by India) Shamo u
N Moyu lt Q
ra

A ai Qinghai Hu
o Qira da
A

ra m
ST

m Ku nlu n Shan Golmud

Pen
di
Range
KI

Dulan
PA

I
Aksai Chin
(administered by China, claimed C H I
nd

4 116 by India) Qingzang Gaoyuan Q I N G H A I

us

Rutog ( P l at eau of T i bet ) To n g t i an He Ba

Demchok/Dêmqog yan
Har Shan
(administered by China, X I Z A N G M
claimed by India) Gar Tanggula ek o
(Shiquanhe) Z I Z H I Q U Sha n g Yushu
Zanda n
H (Tibet) Amdo
I N D I A i m Br
a
Tangra Nyima Siling Co
Nagqu Salw Qamdo
a hmap u Yumco e
Jinsha

Nam Co Damxung
en

Although forming around l a tr a a i n q ê nta ngl ha Shan

y a Lhazê Ny
N

20 percent of China’s landmass, E

Jiang

Tibet is sparsely populated, P s LHASA Arunáchal

5 A
supporting only 1 percent of China’s L Gyangzê Pradesh
Mount Everest (claimed by China)
1.3 billion population.
117 29,035ft (8850m) BHUTAN INDIA

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 109

E F G H

97

)
un He
(Erg rgun
E R A T I O N Genhe The name Gobi Desert is derived

Ling
Jagdaqi from Mongolian, meaning “waterless 1
Hulun Buir place.” Bare rock rather than sand
n
a

n
Ono (Hailar) dunes typify the cold desert landscape
ng

Da Hingga
Se l e

that stretches for some 500,000

Sühbaatar Manzhouli Hulun sq miles (1,295,000 sq km).
Darhan Nur
HEILONGJIANG
Erdenet
Bulgan ULAN BATOR Menengiyn
Öndörhaan Tal JILIN
len
K e r u Baruun-Urt U Tongliao 112 2
O L I A
Q
I
H
I Z lia
)

Saynshand Xilinhot Z o
L g LIAONING S e a of Jap an
O Mon
Dalandzadgad Erenhot N G ( E a st S e a)
O n e r Chifeng NORTH
Altayn
Nuru M (In (Ulanhad) KOREA
u E I
b N Ulan Qab K o r e a
i (Jining) Bay
HOHHOT BEIJING SOUTH
an g H e Baotou
TIANJIN Bo Hai KOREA
u 3
Having started in the 7th century BCE, work on the
H

Wuhai
(Haibowan) Mu Us 3700 mile (6000 km) long Great Wall of China JAPAN
in ll

Shadi continued for hundreds of years. A major renovation

Ch a
a
of at W

begun in 1386 took 200 years to complete.

e

er)
Gr

SHANXI
NINGXIA Yellow
Ri v

XINING HUIZU w
ZIZHIQU e l lo JIANGSU
Sea
e (Y
Huang H
N GANSU ASHAANXI The Huang He (Yellow River) has flooded more East
113 4
than 1500 times in the last 1800 years. In 1931,
catastrophic flooding was responsible for the China
deaths of 3.7 million people. The river has also
otó

changed its course at least nine times. Sea

h

HUBEI ZHEJIANG
an)
o J i-s
ap

SICHUAN
se

CHONGQING Despite a population of 1.3 billion, China

n
(t

has only about 200 family names.

a
N

r
ance
HUNAN
JIANGXI
ic of C 5
FUJIAN
TAIWAN
Trop
YUNNAN
GUIZHOU 111

E F G H
 A B C D E
110
109 97

1 Whereas European languages such as English or French 1

use an alphabet of 26 letters, the Chinese language uses
a system of over 40,000 characters or symbols.

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
A mu r (H
ei l on
The “Yongle Dadian,” an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming g
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

dynasty, had 22,937 chapters in 11,000 volumes. More than Jia

Xi
ng

2000 Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years a

)

2 108 before it was finished. 112 2

o H
i n
gg
an
Li

Tangshan, China, suffered the deadliest earthquake of the

ng

20th century on July 28, 1976. One-quarter of the population Qiqihar

was killed or seriously injured, with an estimated death Lake
HEILONGJIANG
toll of 242,000 people. Khanka
HARBIN

3 M O N G O L I A Mudanjiang 3
CHANGCHUN
XINJIANG Tiananmen Square in Beijing is the largest Jilin
Eastern China & Korea

UYGUR public square in the world, covering an J I L I N Ch’ôngjin

ZIZHIQU U
area of 100 acres (40.5 hectares). IQ Sea of
ZH SHENYANG Baishan
ZI Fuxin Fushun Japan
NG
OL ) LIAONING NORTH (East
ia Jinzhou
Q i N E I M O ongol Haicheng KOREA Sea)
l i r M Datong Dandong Hamhûng
a n (Inne l
al a Tangshan Dalian P’YÔNGYANG
S W n BEIJING
h YINCHUAN at hi TIANJIN Namp’o
a re TIANJIN SHI Bo SOUTH
4 G o f C Shijiazhuang 4
n HEBEI Hai Korea Bay
TAIYUAN SEOUL KOREA
NINGXIA SHANDONG Taegu
Handan JINAN Qingdao Taejôn Pusan
Q INGHAI Zibo
it

LANZHOU SHANXI Anyang Kwangju

ra

R iver)
(Y el low

Xinxiang Zaozhuang
H ua ng H e
St
 it a
GANSU Chej u S tra re
Luoyang Xuzhou Ko
XI’AN JIANGSU Cheju-do

Ya
ZHENGZHOU Kaifeng JAPAN
Hanzhong Bengbu Ye l l o w

lon
HENAN

g
XIZANG SICHUAN SHAANXI Huainan Nanjing Sea
ZIZHIQU Mianyang S i c h u a n HEFEI

J ian
HUBEI SHANGHAI

g
5 (Tibet) Pendi Wuxi 5
ANHUI
CHENGDU Lichuan WUHANJiaxing

H
HANGZHOU
C H CHONGQING Yueyang
I Jingdezhen
N A

eng
Ningbo E a s t Ch i n a
Jinhua

Jinsha J
Leshan Zigong CHONGQING
g NANCHANG ZH EJ I A N G Sea

iang
ze
CHANGSHA Shangrao Wenzhou Okinawa

gt an
Fuzhou

duan S
n)

Ji a n
GUIZHOU

an

g
HUNAN

ha
pa t ó

JIANGXI (China and Taiwan

(Y ng Ji
C
Ja o

Guiyang FUZHOU claim all of each

han
i
of s h

Hengyang F U J I A N other's territory)

t -

t
KUNMING se r

rai
a n (pa

S a l w e en
Xiamen TAIPEI N

St
6 Liuzhou 6

n
YUNNAN GU ANGXI G UA N G D O N G T’aichung C ancer
Z HU A NGZU Tropic of

iwa

(BURM
Z I Z HIQU Shantou

Wulian
T’ainan

M ek
Ta
GUANGZHOU Dongguan

M Y A N MA )
ong
TAIWAN

g S
NANNING

AR
Kaohsiung

Re

h
d
Macao HONG KONG

an
Ri
ve
(Aomen) (Xianggang) PACIFIC

r
tra it
on S
LAOS Luz
Hainan Dao Li is the family name OCEAN
HAINAN
for over 87 million

Gu
7 118 The Giant Bamboo is the people in China. 134 7

lf
Paracel

V
fastest growing plant in

of
Islands
the world, able to grow at (disputed by China,

To

IE
the rate of 3 ft (90 cm) a day. Taiwan and Vietnam)

ng
PHILIPPINES

ki

TN
ng
THAILAND
South China

AM
Sea
By far the biggest tidal bore in the world occurs
CAMBODIA on the Qiantang River in China. At spring tides
the wave attains a height of up to 30 ft (9 m)
0 km 400 Spratly Islands
8 (disputed by China,
and a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h). 8
Malaysia, Philippines,
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

0 miles 400
Taiwan and Vietnam)

118 121
111

A B C D E
 A B C D E
112
97 97
Kurile Islands
1
Ostrov (administered by the 1
Russian Federation,

ION
Sakhalin claimed by Japan)

AT
Sea of

R
C H I N A La P e ro u se Str
ai t Okhotsk
Japan

Wakkanai Ostrov

DE
Rebun-tó Iturup
Ostrov
Rishiri-tó

FE
Kunashir
Ostrov

N
Abashiri Shikotan
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

IA
Asahikawa Kitami

SS
2 110 Nemuro 134 2

RU
Sapporo Kushiro
Otaru Obihiro
Hokkaidó
Tomakomai

Okushiri-tó Hakodate

At 33.4 miles (53.8 km), 14.3 miles (23.3 km)

A
of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait, the Seikan
Tunnel is currently the longest tunnel in the Aomori
Hachinohe

RE
3 world. Construction began in 1964 and took 3
24 years to complete.

KO
Morioka
Akita
Sea of Japan Honshú
(East Sea)

NORTH
JAPAN
The Toyota Motor Corporation was first established in Sendai
1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Sado Niigata
Works. The company now produces 8.5 million Fukushima
4 Kóriyama 4
cars a year, equivalent to one every 3.7 seconds. Shinano-gawa
Iwaki
Liancourt Rocks Toyama
(under South Nagano Hitachi
Korean control) Kanazawa Mito
 Fukui TÓKYO
Oki-shotó Kawasaki
Biwa-ko Chiba
SOUTH Tottori Yokohama
Matsue Nagoya
KOREA

it
Okazaki The same family has occupied the
Kóbe

ra
5 Hamada Okayama Kyóto Imperial Throne of Japan for the 5

St
a
Hamamatsu
re Kurashiki Ósaka last 1300 years. The present-day
K o TsushimaHiroshima Wakayama emperor, Akihito, is the 125th
Shimonoseki Yamaguchi in succession.

I z u
Shingú

-
Kitakyúshú Matsuyama Tokushima
Iki Kóchi Hachijó-jima

s
Fukuoka Óita Shikoku
Sasebo Aoga-shima

ho
Nakamura
Nagasaki
Kumamoto

tó
Gotó-rettó Kyúshú
Amakusa-nada On August 12, 1990, Typhoon Winona, combined with
6 Miyazaki 6
the summer vacation rush, created the longest traffic
Kagoshima jam in Japan's history, an 84-mile long tailback
involving about 15,000 vehicles.

Tanega-shima
Ósumi-shotó
Yaku-shima The longest bridge in the world is the Akashi Kaikyo
Bridge linking Honshu and Shikoku, with a central
East China span of 6352 ft (1991 m); the total length shore to
shore is 12,831 ft (3911 m), or 2.4 miles (3.9 km).
7 111 Sea 134 7
Philippine
tó

t
re
Sea

ú-
Tokuno-shima

y
úk
Amami-Ó-shima

Ry
P A C I F I C
Okinawa 0 km 200
Naha 0 miles 200
8 O C E A N 8
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

134 134
113

A B C D E
 114 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Southern India & Sri Lanka

A B C D

Mumbai Kalyán Nánded

116

n
(Bombay) Nizámábád
Pune

a
W e
1 Solápur
K ri

c c
The Mumbai (Bombay) movie industry, known as sh
n Hyderábád

s t e
Bollywood, makes around 900 films each year,

a
compared to Hollywood's 100, making it the most I N D I A
prolific film-producing country in the world. Hubli

D e
Belgaum
Kurnool

r n
Pánáji

A r a b i a n Dávangere Anantapur
K arná t a ka

G h
103
Bangalore Vellore
2
Mangalore
S e a

a t
Mysore
Amíndívi Is. Tamil
Salem

s
Lakshadweep Nadu
(part of India) Kozhikode / Calicut
Kavaratti I. Coimbatore Tiruchchi-
Ernákulam ráppalli

Keral a
The word ghats, literally “stairs that Kalpeni I.
descend to a river,” refers to the Kochi / Cochin
3 stair-like appearance of the slopes Madurai
of the Western Ghats mountain Thiruvananthapuram / Gulf
range, as they descend to Tivandrum of
the coastal plain. Minicoy I. Mannar
Nágercoil

Ihavananthapuram
Atoll
MALDIVES
4 55
There are over 1300 islands in the Maldives
but only about 200 are inhabited. All the MALE’
islands are low-lying, none rising more
than 6 ft (1.8m) above sea level.

Kolhumadulu Atoll
0 km 300

Equator
0 miles 300 INDIAN
5 Huvadhu Atoll

123

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 115

E F G H

God
áv
a 117
ts
ri

Andhra a B a y M Y A N M AR
h
Pradesh n G Visákhapatnam (BURMA) 1
er o f
a s t Rájahmundry
E
Vijayawáda B e n g a l M
o u t h of the
s
Ir ra w a ddy
Ongole
The Indian cobra is often displayed
Nellore by snake charmers. The cobras
appear to respond to the music North Andaman
Chennai played by the charmer, but, like 119 2
(Madras) all snakes, they are deaf and
Middle Andaman Andaman Is.
Kánchípuram only follow the movements of
Port Blair (part of India)
the charmer.
South Andaman
Pondicherry
Little Andaman Andaman
Palk Strait
Jaffna Sea
SRI LANKA 3
Mannar
Trincomalee Nicobar Is.
Batticaloa (part of India)
Kandy One of the world’s largest tea Indira
producers, Sri Lanka has over Point
COLOMBO Great Nicobar
8500 sq miles (22,000 sq km)
Galle of land under tea cultivation, yielding
Matara about 300,000 tons (tonnes) a year, INDONESIA
and accounting for around 10
percent of global production.
Sumatra
120 4

At 7:58 am on December 26, 2004, an earthquake

just off the coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the
Richter scale triggered a massive and devastating
Tsunami that advanced across the Indian Ocean,
killing over 200,000 people and leaving millions
homeless in eleven countries.
OCEAN Equator 5

123

E F G H
 116 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

North India & Pakistan

A B C D

(claimed by India)
104
u Kush Ka
Hi nd
The Karakoram Highway K2
ra 28,251ft
1 (A "line of control" ko
was finally completed in ra
1986 after 24,000 workers
was set between In d us m (8611m)
India and Pakistan
had toiled for almost 20 in 1972) Mardán

R
years. The road climbs to Pesháwar

an
ge
15,397 ft (4693 m) ISLÁMÁBÁD
at the Khunjerab Pass. Jamu &
Ráwalpindi
Jhelum Gujrát Kashmir
AFGHANISTAN P u n j a b C h en á b Gujránwála
g Sargodha Amritsar

e
n
Ra Lahore
ka r
2 102 Jalandhar
a K á
T ob Faisalábád Ludhiána
Quetta Okára Chandígarh
Dera Gházi
Khán Multán
Chágai H i l l s
Baháwalpur Meerut
P A K I S T A N Rahímyár Khán NEW DELHI
Delhi

IRA N Shikárpur us
e In d Bíkáner
g
n Lárkána
T h a r De
3
n Ra Sukkur s e r t Jaipur Ágra
l Makrá
C e nt ra Ajmer
Nawábsháh
Jodhpur Gwalior
Rajásthán
Hyderábád Kota
Karáchi
s
I n du

Tropic of C
ancer
Mo e I

I N D
th

Rann
ut

0 km 200 nd hs o of Kachchh
us f
4 103 G ul Gánhídhám Ahmadábád Bhopál
0 miles 200 f of K
a ch c h h G ujarát Indore
A r a b i a n Jámnagar Rájkot Vadodara M a d h y a
a
Porbandar N a rma d
Nágpur
S e a Bhávnagar
Súrat Mahárashtra
On January 26, 2001, a massive G u lf Damán
of
earthquake devastated the Gujarat Kh ambh á t Nánded
Náshik
region of India, costing some 25,000 lives.
D e c
5 Kalyán
Mumbai
(Bombay) Pune Nizámábád
Ceasefire Line
114
Solápur

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 117

E F G H

XINJIANGUYGUR 108
ZIZHIQU The northern ranges of the Himalayas contain the highest
mountains in the world, with average heights of more than 1
Aksai Chin
(adminstered by China, 23,000 ft (7000 m) and many peaks higher
claimed by India) than 26,000 ft (8000m).

C H I N A QINGHAI
Demchok/Dêmqog Cherrapunji, 4872 ft (1484 m) above sea level, has an average
(administered by China,
claimed by India) annual rainfall of 450 inches (1143 cm), although most of this
falls during the monsoon – the winter is a virtual drought.
The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was 904 inches (2298 cm).
XIZANG ZIZHIQU 108 2
(Tibet)
The Kingdom of Bhutan is
H the only country in the world Arunachal Pradesh
i to measure the happiness (claimed by China)
m of its citizens.
a l s
N Mount Everest a y a
Bareilly
E 29,035ft (8850m)
THIMPHU
Uttar P KATHMANDU
Pradesh A Gangtok BHUTAN 3

Lucknow
L Birátnagar
Guwáháti
Dispur Kohíma
Saidpur ma p u t r a
Kánpur Váránasi Patna ah
Br

Yam
un Ganges Jamálpur
a Imphál
Allahábád Bihár BANGLADESH
Sylhet
cer
Gaya Rájsháhi Tropic of Can
I A Dhanbád W e s t DHAKA
Bengal Comilla 118 4
Jabalpur Ránchi
Kolkata Khulna Chittagong
(Calcutta)
Pradesh e
s

ng MYANMAR
he Ga
Raipur Mou th s o f t (BURMA)
M
ah
ána dí B a y
n Orissa Cuttack The heaviest hailstones

c a
s on record, weighing about
h at o f 2.25 lbs (1 kg), are
G reported to have killed 92 5
Godá n B e n g a l people in the Gopalganj
er

ve
r area of Bangladesh on
st

115
i

Ea

Warangal Visákhapatnam April 14, 1986.

E F G H
 A B C D E
118
108 111

1 Around 60 percent of Myanmar’s cultivated land 1

is given over to growing rice, producing almost
20 million tons (tonnes) each year.

C H I N A

ange
nR
mo
Ku
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

INDIA Every year around 300–500 million poeple

in n
are infected with malaria from the bite of

dw
2 135 female Anopheles Mosquitos, of which 111 2

in
between 1 and 3 million die, making this

Ch
Bhamo the deadliest animal in the world.
Katha

dy
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer

I r raw ad
M Y A N M A R
R
Bl
ed

Mandalay
ac

Monywa Phôngsali Lang Sòn

k
R
iv

Ri
er

Pakokku Shan Plateau ve

g
r
Ou

3 n 3
Hông Gai

e ko
Chauk Taunggyi HANÓI
M Hai Phong
Sittwe Xam Nua
( B U R M A ) Mek on g
Nam Ãinh
e en Louangphabang
lw
Mainland Southeast Asia

Gulf

Sa
NAY PYI TAW L
Ramree Pek of
Island Toungoo Xaignabouri
Pyay Chiang Mai Tongking

Sit
A Vinh

tou
Bay of VIENTIANE

ng
Hinthada
Sirikit
Ma

Bago
e

Bengal Res. V
O

4 Insein 4
Na

Thaton Udon Thani Thakhèk

m

Pathein I
Yangon (Rangoon) Pa-an
Pi
n Khon Kaen Khanthabouli E Huê
g

M
S
T

I r r o u t h s o f t h e Pyapon Mawlamyine Ãa Nâng

awa
ddy THAILAND
 Nakhon Sawan Ubon Attapu
Nakhon
Ratchathani

N
Srinagarind Ratchasima
Res. Ayutthaya Muang Không ôn
K g

e
Dawei

nl
BANGKOK Phumî S t œe
Quy Nhòn
Sâmraông Tô

ng
5 Bâtdâmbang 5
Ratchaburi

A M
Bangkok has some of Stœng Treng

Sên
M e k ong
Chon Buri Tônlé Sap
the worst traffic jams
Myeik Pattaya Nha Trang
in the world. In July C A M B O DIA
1992, after a monsoon Ko Chang Kâmpóng Ãa Lat
storm, it took 11 Chhnâng Kâmpóng Cham
hours for one Mergui
Gulf
of PHNOM PENH Svay Riêng
jam to clear. Archipelago
Thailand Kâmpôt
M Hô Chi Minh
g

Isthmus of Kra Chumphon Kâmpóng Saôm eko

ng
on
ek

Ko Phangan Rach Gia Cân Thò

6 M 6
Andaman Ko Samui e
th
of
Sea Surat Thani Nakhon Si u ths
Thammarat Mo

Ko Phuket Following years of conflict, it is

Nicobar Islands
(part of India) Phuket
Trang estimated that as many as 6 million
Songkhla landmines remain buried in
Hat Yai Pattani the soils of Cambodia.
Yala

7 115 122 7
The world's smallest mammal is the
bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing South
M
less than 0.09 oz (2.5 g).
A Malay China Sea

St
L

ra
Peninsula
it
A

o
IN fM
D
Y

I N D I A N O al
N ac
ca
S
O C E A N E I A
8 S 0 km 200 8
IA
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Sumatra
0 miles 200
121 121
119

A B C D E
 120 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Maritime Southeast Asia

A B C D

119 Gulf of
L A
M YA N M A R Tongking

O
(BURMA) Paracel Islands

S
1

V
(disputed by China,

IE
0 km 400 Taiwan, and Vietnam)
THAILAND

T
0 miles 400

N
South China

AM
MALAYSIA'S TWO CAPITALS Sea
Kuala Lumpur - Capital CAMBODIA
Spratly Islands
Putrajaya - Administrative capital (disputed by China,
Malaysia, Philippines,
Andaman Taiwan, and Vietnam)
2 122 Gulf
Sea of
The Rafflesia plant has the largest single flower
Is t h

Nicobar Islands Thailand

in the world. The bloom, 3 ft (90 cm) in
mu

(to India)
so

diameter, attracts insects by imitating Balabac

fK

ra the foul smell of rotting flesh.

St
rai George
to
Kota Bharu
f M Town Kota Kinabalu
Bandaaceh a la c
Kuala Terengganu
ca BANDAR SERI
Taiping Ipoh BEGAWAN Sab
Medan Kuantan BRUNEI
3 Klang KUALA LUMPUR
Pematangsiantar
Pulau Simeulue Danau
Toba PUTRAJAYA M A L A Y SSibuI A r a w a kn Ka
ya
n

Sibolga Johor Bahru S a unga

n
Kuching P eg uMu l l e r
Pe

Equator Pulau Nias

M
S u ma tera SINGAPORE ha
gu

a
uas ka
( S u m a t r a ) Padang Pekanbaru Pontianak Ka p Borneo m
nu

B a ta K
Sel

Pulau Siberut n g H ari al Samarinda

ng

Bangka im
at

a n Balikpapan
Ke enta

Jambi ar
an

K
M

im ta
pu w

n
ua Palembang a t a
la

4 122
Ba

ai n Banjarmasin
I N D
ri

Pulau
I N D I A N Bengkulu Jav
sa

n Belitung
a S e a Pulau
Tegal Laut
Bandar Lampung JAKARTA Pekalongan M aka ssar
O C E A N Sela
t Sun d a Semarang
Bogor Kudus Surabaya
Sukabumi Mataram
In August 1883, a devastating volcanic Bandung Jember
eruption destroyed most of the island of Denpasar
Krakatau and triggered a tsunami that
Jawa Cilacap Malang BaliPulau
5 (Java) Magelang Kediri Lombok
claimed around 35,000 lives. Yogyakarta
Madiun
123 Surakarta

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 121

E F G H

L u z o n Str a it
B abuy 112
an Channel P h i l i p p i n e
Tuguergarao
Ilagan Northern 1
Baguio Luzon S e a Mariana
Dagupan Islands
The Philippines take their name from Philip II (to US)
Angeles Cabanatuan of Spain, who was king when the islands were
MANILA Lucena colonized during the 16th century.
Batangas Naga
Legazpi City PHILIPPINES
Guam (to US)
Mindoro SMindoro
tr Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
ait
ge a n

Roxas City P A C I F I C
ssa law

Tacloban
Pa Pa

Iloilo Cadiz Yap 126 2

Peurto
Bacolod Cebu
Princesa City S e a Butuan
Palawan B ohol
Cagayan de Oro
O C E A N
Strait Sulu Sea Iligan Mindanao Babeldaob
Davao MICRONESIA
go

Zamboanga PALAU
Da
ela

va
ip oG
r ch General u lf
ah uA Santos Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago,
Sul Kepulauan
Sa n l au a n

Talaud with over 17,500 islands stretching 3

Tawau
3100 miles (5000 km) between the Indian
gir

Celebes Sea
u
K ep

Pulau Morotai and Pacific oceans.

a

Manado
Se

Pulau Equator
Halmahera
a

Gorontalo
cc

u Pulau
Gulf of ol Halmahera Biak
M M Sorong
Tomini al
Kepulauan u Sea
ku Jazirah
Palu
Su

Banggai Doberai ga Jayapura

n

Sulawesi Sea (
r a m Wahai M
iM
(Celebes) Kepulauan Ce o am
bera
Sula
Ambon l Pe g u n u n ga n M mo 126 4
a
u

O it N Kendari E Pulau S Seram I A ok e

PAPUA
cc

Pulau
Papua
as

ra Parepare Pulau Buru NEW

St
)

Buton Kepulauan (Irian Jaya) G U I NE A

a Kepulauan
Makassar Banda Se Kai
Aru Ne w Gui nea
r a r Wetar Kepulauan D ig u
l
Flores Sea g a o Tanimbar
e n g auan Al Strai t Pulau Yamdena
N u s a T Ke pu l
Flores DILI Kepulauan Leti
at Sumba Sea A r a f u r a res Strait
Sel Savu
EAST TIMOR
S e Tor 5
Timor a
Pulau
Sumba Kupang
Ti m or S ea 130 A U S T R A L I A

E F G H
 A B C D E
122
137 137

Ye
ni

O
se
y

b'
1 1
Lake

l
ga Baikal
OCEANS

Vo
Lake A S I A
Aral Balkhash
Sea
Black Sea Cau
ca With no part of the Maldives over 7ft 7in (2.3 m) above
s u Caspian
s Sea sea level, they are under great threat from global
warming. There are over 2000 islands, yet the
2 63 total land area is only 115 sq miles (298 sq km). 2
r

Ti g
Eu ve
Ri

ri s
ph
ra Iranian H Yello w
te i 134
s Plateau m
Brahm tz e
a ng

Pe
Kuwait s Ya

rsi
du l a y a p u t r as

In
a

an
y

Gu
lf Karachi G a n ge s
dd

G ul
Tropic of Cancer Dubai f of Oman Ind Tropic of Cancer
The Indian Ocean

u
wa

e g
sF
Mina' Kolkata Hong Kong

id
an
I r ra

Re
A r ab ia n Qabus (Calcutta) Ganges (Xianggang)
Fan

d S
Pe ni ns u la Mumbai

e
on y R
3 Arabian Bay of 3

a
(Bombay)
Me

r e Z ra
Sea Bengal

t u Mur
kon

Aden

ac
g

en Arabian

Fr
of Ad
Gulf
An

South China

en
B asin
d

Horn of Gulf of
Sri Lanka

Ow
am

Ethi opian Africa Ca Sea

a

Thailand
n

H ighlands rls
be
Se

rg MALDIVES Colombo
a

AFRICA R

id
M
e

ge Ceylon Singapore
Su

rench
ccadive Plateau
Ke ntaw

Equator
ma

n
al Plain Equator Borneo
pu a
an
lau i

si i
tra

4 4
Cocos
os-La

So Ba
E a s t I n d i e s
g

Mombasa M Basin
Chagos T
J

SEYCHELLES
as
c
M i d - I n d i an av Jav
a Se
a
Cha

a
ar
Aldabra British Indian Ocean
R i d g e

en
M i d -

Group
Tr Java
e

Territory (to UK) en

I nv es t i g at o r

ch
 Lake COMOROS Mascarene Christmas Island
Nyasa B as i n North
Mayotte Basin Cocos Islands (to Australia)

Ridge
Australian
(to France) Osborn (to Australia)

Plateau
Basin
ne Plateau

I n d i
re

Davi
ca Exmouth

e
scar
as in

y e a s t
5 M Pla MAURITIUS W h art on Plateau 5

nel
a n

m
aga
Réunion e

Rid
Basin dg
(to France) Ri

ge

Chan bique
Mad

Moza
Farafangana an

R i
INDIAN m Tropic of Capricorn

ia
Natal

nd
Madagascar
SIA

d g
tI
Perth

N i n e t
Basin ge

s
Basin Madagascar

e
Ea
id
ALA

Plateau Basin
R Br
oken Rid
ge
Fremantle
STR

Di
i an am
Naturaliste
AU

an
d OCEAN tin
a F Plateau
In ract
ure Zon
6 Amsterdam Island e 6
t Crozet Every cubic mile (4.3 cu km) of
es Île St-Paul
w Basin seawater holds over 150 million
th S o u t h e
a s tons (tonnes) of minerals.
ou French Southern & t
I n
S Antarctic Territories d i
Crozet (to France) Ke a n
Islands rg
u
R i d
g e
e

le
n
Heard & Mcdonald Islands

Pl
(to Australia)

at
n

ea
7 49 dia 134 7

u
In
ic- i n
ant sin P l a Banzare South Indian Basin
Atl Ba y
e r b Seamounts Limit of winter pack ice
E n d The largest animal ever seen alive was a 110 ft (34 m),
Limit of summer pack ice
170-ton (tonne) female blue whale.
Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle

0 km 1500
8 ANTARCTICA 8
0 miles 1500
OCEANS

136 136
123

A B C D E
 124 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australasia & Oceania

A B C D

107 Northern Wake Island

International Dateline
Mariana (to US)
Islands
(to US)
1 MARSHALL
P h i l i p p i n e Saipan M i ISLANDS
Guam c Rat
S e a (to US) r ak
o Ch
ai
n al

n
R
Philippines Yap MICRONESIA e ik
Cha
C a r o l Chuuk Pohnpei in
i n Islands

s
Sulu Babeldaob e Kosrae
I s

T u lbert
Sea l a

(Gi
n d

ng
PALAU s a

a
2 107
M e l a n Nauru Is r u
Banaba lan
Celebes e NAURU ds )
Borneo
Sea B i s m a r c k A r c h ip ela
s KIR IB A TI
Bismarck Sea
go i
tor S ol a
Equa Mount Wilhelm om TUVALU
14,793ft (4509m)
New Britain on SOLOMON
I s ISLANDS
Solomon la
Celebes New Guinea Sea
B a n d a Santa Cruz

nd
PAPUA NEW Guadalcanal Islands

s
S e a
Arafura S t r a i t GUINEA
Timor Sea r r es
Flores To VANUATU
Coral
G

3 Espiritu Santo Vanua Levu

re

Gulf Sea
Timor Malekula Viti
at

Arnhem of Cape Coral Sea Efate

Sea Levu
Land Carpentaria York Islands New Caledonia
B

Ashmore &
a

Cartier Islands Peninsula (to Australia) (to France)

FIJI
rr

(to Australia) G New

ie

re Caledonia
r

a
R

AUSTRALIA t
I N D IAN
ee

D
i
f
s ell

Great
nn
v

OC EAN Sandy c do e
id

Simpson
M a a ng
e

Desert Norfolk Island

in
ng

R Desert
123 Uluru
Ra

4 (to Australia)
g Ra ge

Gibson (Ayers Rock)

ey

Lord Howe
g
Gr

D e s e r t L. Eyre North
li n

Island
n North Cape
icor
ar

(to Australia)
n

Great
D

apr V i c t o r i a L. Torrens North

ic of C Desert Island
op ain Mu Mount Kosciuszko
Tr Pl rray 7310ft (2228m)
NEW
b o r l i an B i g h t ZEALAND
r tra
us
la

Kangaroo Tasman South Island

ul

S tr a it
tA

Island
N

Bass Sea Aoraki (Mt Cook)

ea
Gr

12,283ft (3744m)
5 Cape Leeuwin Tasmania
Antipodes
Auckland Islands Islands
136 (to New Zealand)

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 125

E F G H

Hawaii
an 107
(to U Islan
S) ds
Johnston Atoll
(to US)
1

Kingman Reef
P A C I F I C O C E A N
(to US)

a
Palmyra Atoll
(to US) Teraina
Baker & Howland

teline
Tabuaeran
Islands
(to US) Kiritimati
i
International Da 134 2
L

Jarvis Island
in

(to US)
K I RI B A T I
e

Malden Island Equato

I s

P hoe nix Islan ds r

Starbuck Island
s
l a
KIR

Tokelau
n d

Norther
n Co Penrhyn
IBA

(to NZ) Millennium

Wallis & ok
Isla Island
s

Futuna
TI

Manihiki nd Marquesas Islands

(to France) s Flint Island
SAMOA
e

Cook Islands
American (to NZ)
TONGA Samoa Tua 3
mo
Vava‘u (to US) So tu
Group c i Isl
l a n d s et an
Niue kI s y Tahiti
o
n

C o I
ds

(to NZ) n sl
h e r a
Tongatapu u t
S o Rarotonga
n

Group
ds

Île
s A French Polynesia
us
y

tra (to France)

Kermadec Islands l
(to New Zealand) Pitcairn
es

Islands
Marotiri (to UK)
l Pitcairn Island
134 4
Tro
pic
of C
o apr
ico
rn
P
0 km 1000

0 miles 1000
Chatham Islands
(to New Zealand)
5

136

E F G H
 126 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

The Southwest Pacific

A B C D

h
134

nc
Guam

re
(US unincorporated MARSHALL

T
territory) HAGÅTÑA
1 ISLANDS
M i s

Ra
a
Yap ri an

Ra

tak
Ma c
Caroline Islands r

lik
Majuro
o

Cha
n

Ch
Chuuk Is. Pohnpei

in
e

ai
MELEKEOK
PALIKIR

n
MICRONESIA
PALAU Kosrae s
2 121 The Pitohui bird has a poison on its feathers and skin

i
similar to the poison arrow tree frog, making it the BAIRIKI

a
only known example of a poisonous bird. Tarawa
Equator NAURU
Banaba
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Bismarck Archip New Ireland
elag
I ND ON E S IA o M
3
Mt Wilhelm
14,793ft (4509m)
Madang
Bougainville I. e
New Guinea New l
Lae
New Britain
Georgia
Islands
a
PORT MORESBY Solomon
A r a f u r a Sea HONIARA Santa Cruz n
S e a T o r r e s S t r ai t
SOLOMON
Islands
e
s
Gulf
ISLANDS i
4 128 of C o r a l S e a a
Carpentaria Banks Is.
Found only in the rainforest of New Guinea, VANUATU
Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, with a wingspan
of 11 inches (280 mm), is the G Coral Sea Islands PORT VILA
largest butterfly in the world. re (Australian external
a New Caledonia
territory)
(French overseas
t
B

territory)
ar

AUSTRALIA
ri

Îles
er

5 NOUMÉA Loyauté
Re
ef

Tropic of Capricorn 131

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 127

E F G H

135

P A C I F I C O C E A N 1

In 1995, the International Date Line was repositioned around Kiribati

territory, bringing Millennium Island 14 hours ahead of GMT, making it
International Dateline

the first landfall for sunrise at the dawn of the new millennium.

Kingman Reef
(administered by US) Palmyra Atoll
(administered by US)
Teraina 135 2
Baker & Howland Is. Tabuaeran
(G il b

(administered by US) L
T u nr t Is l a n

Jarvis I. Kiritimati
i
(administered by US) n
e

e Equator
g a ds)
ru

International Dateline
I
s
l
K I R I B A T I Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI a
n
Samoa is home to the world’s smallest known d
s 3
spider, the Patu marplesi, which spans a mere
TUVALU 0.017 inches (0.4 mm).

FONGAFALE Tokelau
(NZ dependent territory)
American Vostok I.
Millennium I.
Samoa
Wallis
P o (US unincorporated Northern Flint I.

& Futuna SAMOA

l y n territory) Cook Is. 135

(French overseas ÁPIA PAGO

e s i a F r e n c h P o l yn e sia
4
territory) PAGO (French overseas
FIJI Vava‘u Îles de l
a S o territory)
Vanua Levu Group Cook Islands c ié
té
Niue (in free assoc. PAPEETE
SUVA
Ha‘apai (in free assoc. with NZ)
Viti Group Tahiti
Levu with NZ) Southern
TONGA ALOFI Cook Is.

NUKU‘ALOFA AVARUA 0 km 500

Rarotonga 5
0 miles 500

135 Tropic of Capricorn

E F G H
 A B C D E
128
120 121

I N D O N E S I A
1 1

On Christmas Day, 1974, Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin with

Arafura
winds of up to 175 mph (280km/h), resulting in 71 deaths,
thousands of injuries, and 95 percent of the city destroyed. Sea

Melville
Island Croker Island
T i m o r
One of the largest states in the world, with an area of Bathurst Island Van Diemen
2 123 S e a Gulf 130 2
more than 1,000,000 sq miles (2.6 million sq km), Western
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australia covers a third of the Australian continent. DARWIN Arnhem

Cape
Bonaparte Londonderry Joseph Land
Archipelago Bonaparte
Gulf Pine Creek Katherine
I N D I A N Heywood
Western Australia

Islands Wyndham Vi c t o r ia
Ki
n Daly
Kimberley Kununurra
Ri v e r

gS
Waters

oun
d
3 O C E A N Plateau Top Springs 3
Roadhouse
Fitzroy
Broome Crossing Halls Creek Tanami

h
Fi
tzr

ac
oy River

Be
Desert
ile
M
E ighty Tennant Creek
Port Hedland
Gr
eat N O R T H E R N
Dampier San
Exmou
t Marble Bar dy Des
ert
Fort
esc Percival

hG
4 Onslow ue T E R R I T O R Y 4
Lakes

ulf
Ri v
Exmouth Hamers er ges
ley Ran
As h
bu Ra W E S T E R N Lake Mackay n e l l
rt ng Lake
e

Ba
Newman Macdon
Tropic of Capricorn
rle o n R
eR Disappointment
ange i v e r G i b s o n D e s e r t Alice Springs
 L. Macleod Lake
Carnarvon A U S T R A LAmadeus I A
Shark Bay Ro b i n s o n Uluru
n R i ve r Lake Carnegie (Ayers Rock)
Dirk Hartog Denham h is o Ra

c
ng
e 2845ft (867m) ges
Island Lake Wells n
5 Meekatharra s Mus grav e R a 5

Mur
A U S T R A L I A
S O U T H
Kalbarri Mount Magnet
Great Victoria Desert
Lake Carey Coober Pedy
Geraldton Lake Barlee
A U S T R A L I A
Lake Moore Lake Rebecca
Moora Reid
Coolgardie Kalgoorlie
r Plain
Gingin Merredin Lake Cowan ll arbo
Southern Nu Penong
6 PERTH Eucla Lake 6
Northam Cross
Fremantle Ceduna Gairdner
Brookton Norseman
Mandurah
Australian Bi
Bunbury Wagin eat ght Elliston
Gr
Busselton Katanning
Manjimup Esperance Port
Augusta Lincoln
Albany The Nullarbor Plain is so flat that the
Trans-Australian Railway runs
through it in a dead straight line
7 123 Around 18 percent of Australia is covered in 131 7
for 297 miles (478 km), the longest
desert, the biggest being The Great Victoria section of straight track in the world.
Desert, which at 163,900 sq miles (424,400 sq km)
is over 10 times the size of Belgium.

Residents of Coober Pedy have built their homes

I N below ground to escape temperatures that can
D I reach 113˚F (45˚C) during the summer months.
A N
0 km 400
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

O C
0 miles 400
E A N
136 136
129

A B C D E
 A B C D E
130
121 126

Arafu PAPUA NEW GUINEA

1 ra Sea 1
IND O N E S I A The venom of the box jellyfish (also known
as the sea wasp or marine stinger) can
kill a person in between 30 seconds
and four minutes.
Strait
Torres
Cape York Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the
world’s largest area of coral islands

G
Wessel Islands and reefs, running for about 1,240

r
miles (2,000 km) along the coast
DARWIN

e
Ar n h e m Cape of Queensland.
2 126 2
Land York Princess
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

a
128
Pine Creek Groote Eylandt Peninsula Charlotte
Bay Koalas feed only on nutrient-poor

t
Katherine Gulf of eucalypt leaves and consequently
Carpentaria M have evolved a low energy lifestyle
Cooktown
Eastern Australia

itc
he based around sleeping for
B

Daly Waters Wellesley ll

Ri
Islands v Port Douglas 20 hours each day.

at
G r e er
a

Top Springs Ba Gi
l be C o r a l S e a
Roadhouse rk rt Cairns
r

ly Ri v
er
T Normanton
3 Coral Sea Islands 3
r

Burketown

ab
l
G Hinchinbrook Island (to Australia)
Divi

N O R T H E R N Tully

el
re i

F li
go
d

an
n
ry
e

d
Townsville
i

de
Tanami
rs
Tennant Creek
Ra
n
r

ng

Desert Ri
Bowen
e

ve

Se
r

Charters Whitsunday

lw
T E R R I T O R Y
y
Mount Isa Towers Group
g R

n Cloncurry
R Hughenden
R

an Mackay
an

ge
Winton
g
e

Alice Q U E E N S L A N D Clermont
e

4 Springs 4
es Longreach Barcaldine Emerald
Macdonnell Rang Tropic of Capricorn
f

A U S T R A L I A Rockhampton
Biloela
Uluru (Ayers Rock)
2845ft (867m) Simpson Windorah Tambo Bundaberg Fraser Island
 M usgrave Ranges Desert Charleville Maryborough
ge Miles
n Roma
SO U TH AU S TR A L I A Ra Dalby
y BRISBANE
Great Lake re Cunnamulla St. George
5 Coober Lake G Toowoomba Surfer's Paradise 5

ge
Eyre
V ic toria Pedy North -16m Blanche Goondiwindi Gold
Deser t Murwillumbah
er

Ran
Lake Eyre South Marree Lake v Moree
Ri

e
Coast

g
Callabonna Ba
r w on
Lake

an
Walgett Grafton

ng
Torrens Lake R Bourke

d
i

ges
Tarcoola ie r Armidale
Frome rr Coffs Harbour

id
Ba Wilcannia Tamworth

Flin
Ran ers
Penong Lake Nyngan

iv
Gairdner Port Broken Port Macquarie

D
Ceduna Augusta Hill N E W S O U T H

n
Whyalla Peterborough Ivanhoe Dubbo at
R i ve r re

River g
Eyre hlan

Darl i
6 Crystal Brook Lac G Newcastle 6
Peninsula r ay R i v e r Gosford
M ur Mildura W A L E S Parramatta

ulf
Port Gawler Cootamundra SYDNEY

rG
Lincoln

ce
ADELAIDE Wagga Wollongong

en
rr
Ouyen Wagga

Sp
ay
River Mount CANBERRA
Kosciuszko
n
Kangaroo Island AUSTRALIAN

ia
Horsham Bendigo 7310ft (2228m)
l CAPITAL TERRITORY
ra Cooma
V I C T OR I A st ps
Mount Gambier Ballarat Au Al
129 Geelong MELBOURNE
Portland
T a s m a n
7 Huge truck rigs known as Traralgon 134 7
Warrnambool
Road Trains, which can reach South East Point
King Island B a s
up to 175 ft (53.5 m) in length, s Strait S e a
Ba Flinders Island
carry freight across the vast nk
distances of the Australian interior. Marrawah s
Burnie S t r
They have as many as four a
it

trailers, weighing more than Devonport Launceston

150 tons (tonnes) in total. The platypus lives in an aquatic
TASMANIA environment, suckles its young
like a mammal, lays eggs, and
0 km 400
HOBART has webbed feet and a bill
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

resembling that of a duck.

0 miles 400

136 136
131

A B C D E
 A B C D E
132
127 127

The lizardlike tuatara is found on some of the islands

1 and rocky stacks off New Zealand. It is the sole 1
T a s m a n remaining representative of the reptilian order
Three Kings Sphenodontia, which first evolved before the
Islands
dinosaurs. It has a third “eye” on the top of
North Cape its head, which is sensitive to light.
S e a Great Exhibition
Te Kao Bay
Kaitaia
Ninety Mile Beach is in fact only about
55 miles (88 km) long. Nevertheless, this still Paihia
makes it one of the longest sandy Kaikohe
2 131 Whangarei 135 2
beaches in the world.
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Ruawai
New Zealand

Great Barrier
N o r t h I s l an d Warkworth Island
Hauraki
Gulf
Takapuna
Around 130 CE, something in the order of 33 billion tons Whitianga
(tonnes) of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic Auckland Manurewa
eruption that left a 20,000 sq mile (51,800 sq km) debris Waiuku Ba y o f
Paeroa
field and created an enormous caldera that Plen ty East Cape
subsequently became Lake Taupo. Tauranga
3 Hamilton Lake Whakatane 3
Ruatoria
Cambridge Rotorua
a
es ra

Te Kuiti Rotorua m
ku g
North Taranaki R au R a n
More than 46 million sheep thrive in New Zealand’s Bight Taupo Gisborne
mild climate, outnumbering the human Lake
New Plymouth Taumarunui Taupo Wairoa
population by 12 to 1.
Stratford Hawke
Napier Bay
NEW ZEALAND Taihape
South Taranaki Hawera i Hastings
ke
4 Bight g it i 4
Wanganui n Waipawa
Ra

Cape Farewell Palmerston North Woodville

Tasman Levin Cape Turnagain
Bay Paraparaumu Masterton
 Motueka Picton Lower Hutt
Karamea Bight
Richmond nge WELLINGTON
Seddonville a

Cook
nd R u Blenheim
Westport mo ira Cape Palliser

a
ch

Str

W
Though still the highest peak in Ri

ait
5 New Zealand, at 12,316 ft Reefton ce 5
en
ar
(3754 m), a massive rock Greymouth Cl
Kaikoura
fall in 1991 reduced the
Hokitika Hu ru n u i
height of Aoraki (Mount
Cook) by 33 ft (10 m). Otira Pegasus
s
l pRak Rangiora Bay New Zealand has always been a leader
A ai
a in progressive social legislation. In
Fox Glacier
n Christchurch
e rAoraki (Mt Cook) s 1893, it was the first country to grant
12,283 (3744m) lain
M Haast th yP Banks women the right to vote.
Mayfield rbur

ilf
u te Ashburton Peninsula

or
o an

d
C
6 S Fairlie Canterbury 6

So
Lake

un
Wanaka Timaru Bight S ou t h I s lan d

d
W
ai
Milford Lake Wanaka ta
ki Studholme
Sound Wakatipu The royal albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the
only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world.

nd
Lake Te Queenstown Oamaru

la
Anau Alexandra Soaring on wings up to 9’6’’ (3 m) across, breeding

rd
pairs mate for life and have been known to live

eri
Te Anau Lumsden for over 60 years.

Cl u t h

Fio
T ai
a
Otago Peninsula

Wai
Mosgiel
Dunedin

au
Gore P A C I F I C
7 131 Balclutha 135 7
Riverton Invercargill
F ove
au

x
O C E A N
Halfmoon Bay St
ra
it The Kakapo is a nocturnal flightless parrot that lives in burrows.
Stewart When in danger, its main form of defense is to remain perfectly
South West
Island
Cape still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the
dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th
century. Consequently, it is in danger of extinction; in 2009
there were only 125 birds left in the wild.
0 km 100
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

0 miles 100

136 136
133

A B C D E
 134 OCEANS

The Pacific Ocean

A B C D

Arctic Circle 137 ai t

Str
i ng
B er
Bering
1 Aleutian S e a
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is 35,838 ft Sea of nds
Basin sla
(10,923 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km), below the Okhotsk Aleutian I
surface of the Pacific. At this depth water pressures ds T r e nch
n
an
Isl r e n
ch Aleutia
is around 16,000 lbs/sq inch (1,127 kg/cm sq).
ile fic

gh
an K u r
le
T
P ac i ou
i Vladivostok p r i s t Tr
Go
b J a ) u e ook
ao S
f e a K
th
w in
s C hi n
er S e E ast or B a docin
o
A S I A Y e llow Ri v ( Tokyo N Men
Yellow Osaka
Shanghai Sea Se Nagoya
a

107 g t ze h Midway Islands

Yan a Japan
nc
in e (to US)
2 Ch Tr Northern
Hong Kong st yu
Haw
S h as in

Ea k Mariana a ii an
B

Tropic of Cancer (Xianggang) u Ri dg e

iko

Ry Islands Wake Island

(to US)
ku

Taiwan (to US) Mid Johnston

-Pacif
ic Mountains
Philippine en ana Atoll
Me k

Manila Sea Guam ch (to US)

MARSHALL
i

(to US)
ar

P A C I
Ph B
ong

Philippines pp M r M i c r ISLANDS
il i a

i T C e ntr a l
sin ne Challenger Deep o n Pa c i f i c Kingman Reef
South China 35,838ft (10,923m) MICRONESIA
Sea e Ba s i n Baker &(to US)
Celebes C a r o l i n e I sl s
Singapore PALAU ands Melanesian i Howland Is.
Equator Sea Basin a (to US) Jarvis I.
Borneo
Su

Celebes (to US)

3 M NAURU
m

tr E a s t I n d i e s e K I R IBA TI
a

a Java Sea Banda New l a Tokelau (to NZ)

Jakarta Java Sea A Guinea n TUVALU
ra f SOLOMON e
Timor ur
aS ISLANDS s Wallis (to & Futuna
France)
SAMOA
Timor ea C oral S ea i American
Gr

Sea tB a Samoa
ea

Coral Sea (to US)

Gr ar Islands VANUATU
INDIAN ea rier (to Australia) Cook
FIJI TONGA Islands
tD

New Caledonia
Re

(to NZ)
ivi

ef

Tropic of Capricorn (to France) Niue

d i ng

Kermadec Islands (to NZ)

OCEAN A U S T R A L A S I A Norfolk (to NZ)
o
Ran ge

Island
L o r R is e

4 123 Great Mu (to Australia) P

dH

u s t r a l i an B i g h t rr ay Sydney o
A we
Tasman
North Island
0 km 2000 South Australian Sea New
Basin Tasmania Hobart Zealand Chatham Islands
0 miles 2000
South Island (to NZ)
Campbell
Internat

Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii rises 33,132 ft

(10,098 m) from the ocean floor to its peak 13,677 ft Plateau
(4169 m) above the surface of the Pacific Ocean, and
contains around 9,700 cubic miles (39,731 cu km) of rock.
io

Pac
nal Datel

5 ific- ic
Antarct
Antarctic Circle
136 ANTARCTICA
ine

A B C D
 OCEANS 135

E F G H

137 Arctic Circle

R
Anchorage o
c Hudson
k Labrador 1
y Bay
M Sea
Gulf of
Alaska
o
u
n
NORTH
Vancouver t
a AMERICA
Cascadia
i

Pacific giant kelp can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm)

n

Basin
s

Fracture Zone a day, and may eventually reach up to 200 ft (60 m),
San Francisco or 34 times the height of the average man.
one
ct ure Z ATLANTIC 48
y Fra Long Beach
Murra
G OCEAN 2
one Gulf of
racture Z
ul

olokai F Mexico Greater Tropic of Cancer

fo

M Ant
fC

Hawaiian Islands ille

s
ali

e
(to US) ture Zon
fo r

n Frac
Clario Mid
nia

dle Carib
bean Sea
F I C O C E A N T r e Am er i c
nch a
one Panama City
Palmyra ure Z Clipperton Island The Pacific Equatorial
Atoll (to US) Fract (to France) Guatemala
rton Counter Current flows
Clippe Basin
Kiritimati eastward toward South
a

(Christmas Island) t u r e Zone America, carrying up

rac
agos F Galapagos Islands 3
Galap Gallego Rise to 40 million tons
i

(to Ecuador)
Per

KIRIBATI (tonnes) of warm water

s e

Marquesas
Islands Marquesas Bauer with it every second.
s

u-

Penrhyn Galapagos
u re Zon e
R i

Basin
Tiki Fract
Ch

Basin Rise n e Callao

Zo
e

u r e
il

ct
Tahiti French Basin a Fra SOUTH
M e n d añ
e

al
Polynesia Au s tr o ne
n

Tr
i c

eZ
s

(to France) r act ur Sala y Gomez

ench

y F Isla San Ambrosio AMERICA

(to Chile)
i f

Îles (to Chile)

l Ea s t e r F r a c tu r e Z o n e Tropic of Capricorn
e

A u Îles Gambier Pitcairn Islands Isla San Félix

str
in
a c

ale (to UK) Easter Island

s (to Chile) (to Chile)
as

Islas Juan Fernández 49 4

P

Valparaiso
Southwest
re Zon
e (to Chile) le
Fractu hi
n

Pacific Agassiz Ch
s t

ile C
Basin Ri
A
a

se
E

Elta Mornington
nin Abyssal
Frac
ture Plain
Zon
e Cape Horn
Limit of winter pack ice
Passage
Ridg
e S outheast s haus en Pla in Drake
P a c ific Basin Belling 5
Peter I Island
Plain (to Norway) Antarctic Circle
undsen pack ice
Am Limit of summer
136

E F G H
 136 POLAR REGIONS

Antarctica
A B C D

48 Limit
of wi
ATLANTIC OCEAN nter
pac
k

ice
1 South Georgia
(to UK)
South Atlantic-Indian Basin INDIAN
Sandwich
T HERN OCEA
Scotia Islands
(to UK) SOU N OCEAN
Antarctic Circle En
Sea
Lazarev Sea de
Weddell Plain rb
South Orkney
y

Pl
Islands Limit
of

ai
sum
Dronning Mau

n
South Shetland Li m e me
2 48 it of s um mer pack ic Land d r 122
Islands

pa
ck
Ground visibility in the

ice
A Antarctic during the summer
nt Weddell Sea Coats months can be as much
ar Land Enderby
cti as 150 miles (250 km).
c Land
Pal P en
me Ronne
in

Ice Shelf Mackenzie

r

Alexander
sula

Bay
La

Island Princess
ANTARCTICA
nd

Elizabeth
3 Bellingshausen Land Davis
Tra

Sea
East Sea
Ellsworth South
ns

Peter I Island West a n Pole Shackleton

Limit o

(to Norway) Land ta Antarctica

rc South Ice Shelf
M
Antarctica t ic Geomagnetic
f

ar Pole
summ

ie
By
M
Amundsen rd
ou

Lan
er pa

d Wilkes
nt

Sea Land
c k ic

Ross Ice
ain

ice

Shelf
e

k
pac
s

4 134 135
r
me

PACIFIC Victoria Terre

Ross
su m

Am u n ds e n Land Adélie
Sea
of

P l ai n
OCEAN
it
im

George V L
The largest iceberg of recent times Land
broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf The world's windiest place is reputed
in the spring of 2000. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V
186 miles (300 km) from end to Land, where wind speeds of 200 mph
end and 25 miles (40 km) wide. (320 km/h) have been recorded.
5
Paci f ic - An tar c ti c Ridge NP 
134
PLOHV 

A B C D
 POLAR REGIONS 137
Arctic
E F G H

Provideniya
95 A

Ber
A
Arctic C
ircle S
SK )

ing
A SA R U S
A L of U S I A I 1

St
rt N

ra
it
(pa A
E RIC Chukchi
Ostrov
F E
D A
AM Sea Vrangelya E
R
i ce
A
TH
k
ac East
me
rp c T

e
ki

Ridge
Limit
of su m pac Siberian I
R

Limit of permanen t
NO

Sea

O
Tuktoyaktuk Chukchi

leyev

N
Plain
lf Beaufort
Gu Sea Chukchi Novosibirskiye 95
16 n 2
nde
e
n ds Plateau Ostrova
u
Me
Am Canada
Basin The Arctic Ocean is the world's
smallest ocean, with a total area of
Victoria 5,440,000 sq miles (15,1000,000 sq km),
Island
and is almost permanently covered
by pack ice.
CANADA Makarov
Queen Basin Severnaya
Zemlya 3
Elizabeth A R C T I C
Islands North
L a nc as

sin

Pole
Baffin Ellesmere Kara
Island
O C E A N S e a Dikson
Ba

Island Sv
Franz yTataya An
t er S

Lincoln Josef Land rough na

n

Ostrov
se

Sea
ou n

E as t N o v

Belyy
n

ice

Kn ud R a smu s se a
ic e

N
d

Land n
pac
k
ac

Baffin
tp

Wandel
er

en
aya
mm

an Novaya
II

16 Bay Sea per m 94 4

VI

it of
Z em

Zemlya
su

Lim
d ik

f
it o
Lan eder

a
ly

L im Tr
Greenland Svalbard o u gh
Fr

(to Denmark) Spitsbergen (to Norway)

ng
Ko

Longyearbyen
e

The Arctic Lion’s Mane is the

ic

Bjørnøya
ack

world’s largest jellyfish, 7 ft (to Norway) Barents

ter p

Greenland Sea
(2.1 m) in diameter. Its main
win

Sea
body trails tentacles up to North Cape
it of

NP  e Murmansk

180 ft (55 m) in length. dg
Lim

Ri Norwegian Y 5
PLOHV  h ns A
Archangel
Mo Sea
RW

FIN

Jan Mayen
NO

(to Norway)
mark Strait 62
LA

Den E U R O P E
N
D

E F G H
138

The
world
factfiles
139
 A B C D E
140

A S I A Franz Josef Land

1 (to Russia) 1

ARCTIC Svalbard
(to Norway)
North
Pole

OCEAN
Jan Mayen
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)
2 Yuk o n
Islands 2
ALASKA
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Ar
Greenland

ct
ic
(Denmark)

Ci
rc Baffin
le
Bay

n z ie
Ba

R
ff
in

Great Bear

M acke

o
Lake
Isl

Great Slave Lake

c
NUUK
an d

3 3

k
Lake Athabasca

y
North & Central America

PACIFIC C Reindeer Hudson

La
b

A Lake Bay ra

M
do
OCEAN N r
A

o
D A n
Sna Lake Winnipeg tia
en ns

u
ke u r tai
4 Lake
La oun 4
M
ce

n
Superior Gulf of
en

St.Lawrence
wr

St Pierre &
a

t
Great Lake Huron Miquelon
.L
St

OTTAWA (France)
a
UNITED STATES Lakes
 o Lake Lake Ontario

Mi

i
Michigan

rad
ss
Lake Erie

ns
ou
ri ATLANTIC

ai

Colo
io

nt
Oh

ou
WASHINGTON, D.C.
O F A M E RAI C A

s
M
rka OCEAN

n
5 ns 5

i
a a

s
hi

pp
Tr c
opi a la Bermuda

i ssi
co pp
fC
anc A (UK)
er

M iss
Sargasso Sea

Sierra M
Rio G

ad
ra
Virgin Islands (US)

nd

re O
e
British Virgin

cc
Turks & Caicos

i
Islands (UK) Islands (UK)
Gulf of Mexico
NASSAU DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)

M Ed e n t a l
X
HAVANA BAHAMAS REPUBLIC
ST KITTS & NEVIS
Puerto

I
MEXICO CITY C U
6 BA Rico (US) ANTIGUA & 6
Cayman SANTO BARBUDA

C
Islands (UK) HAITI DOMINGO Guadeloupe
O PORT-AU-PRINCE
(France)
BELMOPAN
JAMAICA KINGSTON Montserrat (UK) DOMINICA
GUATEMALA BELIZE
Martinique (France) ST LUCIA
Clipperton Island GUATEMALA CITY HONDURAS BARBADOS
ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
(French Polynesia) SAN SALVADOR TEGUCIGALPA
Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA TRINIDAD
MANAGUA Netherlands & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA Antilles
(Neth.)
SAN JOSÉ PANAMA CITY
Equ
ator es
PANAMA
d

7 7
n
A

S O U T H or
Equat
POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST A M E R I C A
8,116,571 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(21,021,940 sq km) Barbados 1542 people per sq mile
(595 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 0 1000 km
23 LARGEST COUNTRY:
Canada 3,855,171 sq miles 0 1000 miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (9,984,670 sq km)
8 536.1 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: St. Kitts & Nevis 101 sq miles
Mexico City, Mexico 22.9 million (261 sq km)
141

A B C D E
 A B C D E
142

1 Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC 1

OCEAN
CARACAS

Is
th a

gd
P a m u s of
nama a
VENEZUE LA

uc
SOUTH AMERICA

al e n a
co GEORGETOWN

Ca
Orino
Meta PARAMARIBO
G

SUR
BOGOTÁ CAYENNE

GUY
u

I NA
are ia French
avi 2

AN
2

M
Gu Guiana

E
na

A
CO LO M BI A H i
g h l a n d s (France)

Equator QUITO Equator

R io N e gro
South America

C a q ue
tá
n
P u tu Am a zo
ECUADOR N
ap
mayo A m a z o n
o

M arañón
B a s i n
Xin

a
gu

Ju ru á ir
de

A
a

P
3 B M R A Z I L 3
us o Fr a n c

E
Pur Sã

n
is
co

ins

R
os Represa de

d
Di
a

U e Sobradinho
M a d re d
uai

i
Tocant

e
LIMA
ag

B en
Ar

s
Lake
Titicaca BRASÍLIA
LA PAZ

BOLIVIA
4 4
SUCRE

Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn

 ASUNCIÓN
Isla San Isla San Félix a
P aran

E
Ambrosio (Chile)

A
ay

n
(Chile) gu

ru
U

L
Para

N
5 5

e s
I
Islas Juan Fernandez Lagoa dos Patos

I
(Chile) URUGUAY
SANTIAGO

H
BUENOS AIRES MONTEVIDEO

A n d
C
PACIFIC

E
C olo rad
o
Río Neg
ro ATLANTIC
OCEAN

G
6 Isla de Chiloé OCEAN 6

A R
Falkland Islands

Patagoni a
(UK)
Strait of
Magellan

Tierra del Fuego

7 South Georgia 7
Cape Horn (UK)

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
6,731,428 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(17,434,410 sq km) Ecuador 127 people per sq mile
(49 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
12 LARGEST COUNTRY: 0 500 km
Brazil 3,286,470 sq miles 0 500 miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (8,511,965 sq km)
8 388.9 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
SOUTH AMERICA

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: Suriname 63,039 sq miles

São Paulo, Brazil 21 million (163,270 sq km)
143

A B C D E
 A B C D E
144

E U R O P E
1 1
A TL A N T I C
AFRICA

Black Sea
OCEAN
Africa

M e
Ceuta ALGIERS d i
(Spain) Melilla t e
(Spain) TUNIS r r
Madeira RABAT s a n A S I A
in TUNISIA
(Portugal) ta e a
2 MOR OCCO o u n TRIPOLI n S e a Sy r i a n 2
M Deser t
s
Islas Canarias la
At CAIRO
(Spain)
Pe

Lib ya n
rs

N i le
i

A L G E R I A De s e rt
an

LAÂYOUNE
G

WESTERN
L I B Y A E G Y P T
ul
f

SAHARA
(disputed)
e d

Tropic of Cancer S a h a r a Tropic of Cancer

Arabian
S e

MAURITANIA Tibesti
a

3 3
NOUAKCHOTT Peninsula
M A L I
S e n e ga l
N I G E R
r KHARTOUM ERITREA
DAKAR Nige C H A D
SENEGAL ASMARA
NIAMEY
GAMBIA BAMAKO S U D A N
BANJUL INA NDJAMENA
BISSAU RK OUAGADOUGOU DJIBOUTI
Blu

BU
GUINEA- GUINEA ADDIS DJIBOUTI
NIGERIA
eN

BISSAU CONAKRY ABABA

i

SOMALILAND
l

CÔTE e
ON

FREETOWN D'IVOIRE ABUJA (not internationally

BENIN
W

N ig e

TOG O
(IVORY COAST) r recognized)

GHANA
RO
hi t

SIERRA LEONE PORTO-NOVO ETHIOPIA

YAMOUSSOUKRO
CENTRAL AFRICAN
eN

MONROVIA
ME

4 LOMÉ REPUBLIC Sh e 4
i le

LIBERIA ACCRA
bel
BANGUI i SOMALIA
CA

MALABO U el e Lake
EQUATORIAL GUINEA YAOUNDÉ Turkana MOGADISHU
C o ng o

UGANDA KENYA
GABON Lake
Equator SÃO TOMÉ LIBREVILLE KAMPALA Equator
Victoria
GO
 N
RWANDA KIGALI NAIROBI
SÃO TOMÉ &

O
PRÍNCIPE C BRAZZAVILLE BUJUMBURABURUNDI
Cabinda KINSHASA DEM. REP. TA N ZA N I A
(part of Angola) CONGO Lake
DODOMA
Tanganyika
5 Ascension I. 5
(St Helena) LUANDA
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
ANGOLA MALAWI MORONI
LILONGWE Mayotte

E
Z A M B I A (France)

U
St Helena LUSAKA

IQ
(UK) Z am be zi

B
HARARE ANTANANARIVO

M
A T L AN T I C NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE

ZA
6 OC E A N BOTSWANA MADAGASCAR 6

MO
WINDHOEK
Kalahari
Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of Capricorn
GABORONE TSHWANE/PRETORIA
MAPUTO
MBABANE SWAZILAND
O r a n g e R ive r
LESOTHO
BLOEMFONTEIN MASERU
SOUTH I N D I A N
CAPE TOWN
AFR IC A
7 Cape of Good Hope O C E A N 7

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
11,437,866 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(29,624,290 sq km) Mauritius 1794 people per sq mile
(693 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
53 LARGEST COUNTRY:
Sudan 967,493 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (2,505,810 sq km) 0 1000 km
8 1008.4 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
AFRICA

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: Seychelles 176 sq miles

Cairo, Egypt 14.8 million (455 sq km)
145

A B C D E
 146 EUROPE

Europe
A B C D

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: REYKJAVÍK
1
3,739,678 sq miles ICELAND Ar
cti
(9,685,756 sq km ) cC
ircl
e
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
46
Norwegian
TOTAL POPULATION:
Faeroe Islands
717.8 million Sea
(Denmark)

Y
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:

A
Moscow, European Russia 13.5 million

W
Shetland Islands
2 R
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST Outer O
POPULATION DENSITY: Hebrides N
Monaco 42,667 people per sq mile Orkney Islands
British

E
(16,410 people per sq km) OSLO
Isles North

W
LARGEST COUNTRY:
European Russia 1,527,341 sq miles Sea

S
(3,955,818 sq km) IRELAND
DENMARK
DUBLIN UNITED
SMALLEST COUNTRY: COPENHAGEN
Vatican City, Italy 0.17 sq miles KINGDOM
(0.44 sq km) AMSTERDAM
3 El
LONDON NETH. be
THE BERLIN
Channel Is. BELGIUM HAGUE
(UK) BRUSSELS GE RMA N Y
LUXEMBOURG
PARIS PRAGUE
LUXEMBOURG
L oi r e e CZECH REPUBLIC
in

Bay of Biscay FRANCE

Rh

LIECH. BRATISLAVA
BERN VIENNA
SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA
Ga

4 ATLANTIC r SLOVENIA
on

LJUBLJANA
PORTUGAL
ne

ZAGREB
Eb

OCEAN MONACO CROATIA

ro

Tag MADRID SARAJEVO

us ANDORRA SAN MARINO
LISBON BOSNIA
I T

Madeira
(Portugal)
SPAIN Corsica & HERZ.
G ua d a l q u i v i r VATICAN CITY
A

s ROME
nd Y
L

sla
Gibraltar B ale ar ic I
(UK) Sardinia
Ceuta M e d i t
Canary Islands (Spain) Melilla e
5 (Spain) (Spain) r
r Sicily
a
n e
A F R I C A VALLETTA a n
MALTA
A B C D
 EUROPE 147

E F G H

U r a
1

l
Ob'

M o u
Ir ty sh
N

N D

n t a
E
D

or
th e
L A

rn D

i n
vin
a

s
I N

Lake Onega 2
R U S S I A N
F

HELSINKI
Lake Ladoga
STOCKHOLM F E D E R A T I O N
TALLINN
ea

ESTONIA
c S

LATVIA
lt i

RIGA MOSCOW l
Ba

ra
U
LITHUANIA
lga

VILNIUS
Vo

KALININGRAD MINSK
3
(Russ.Fed.)
BELARUS Aral Sea
WARSAW
Don
POLAND KIEV
UKRAINE
per

SLOVAKIA
BUDAPEST MOLDOVA
ie

Dn
C

HUNGARY CHIfiINÂU
as

4
ROMANIA
pi

Cau cas us
A
SERBIA
an

BELGRADE BUCHAREST
S

e
ea

MONTENEGRO nub Black Sea

Da
I

PODGORICA
PRISTINA BULGARIA
SOFIA
KOS.
(disp.) SKOPJE
S
MACED. TURKEY
TIRANA
ALBANIA A
G R EECE 0 1000 km
5
0 1000 miles
ATHENS

S e a Crete
Cyprus

E F G H
 148 ASIA

Asia
A B C D

A R C T I C O C E A N
Franz Josef
Land
Severnaya
1 Zemlya

Laptev Sea
Kara Sea

Le
na

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
E U R O P E b

Ye n
2 I rt

i
ys

s ey
h
Black
Sea ASTANA Lake Baikal
ANKARA
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
TU R K E Y TBILISI
ULAN BATOR
Tr

CYPRUS ARMENIA
op

of AZERBAIJAN MONGOLIA
ic

Ca NICOSIA YEREVAN UZBEKISTAN

BAKU
nc BEIRUT SYRIA BISHKEK
er LEBANON TURKMENISTAN
DAMASCUS AflGABAT KYRGYZSTAN
JERUSALEM AMMAN TEHRÁN TASHKENT
ISRAEL JORDAN
3 BAGHDAD DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN
IRAQ I R AN
KUWAIT
KABUL C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN ISLAMABAD
KUWAIT
MANAMA

ze
BAHRAIN
Red

gt
RIYADH QATAR PAKISTAN NEW n
DOHA DELHI NEPAL THIMPHU Ya
s

SA U D I
I ndu

ABU DHABI
BHUTAN
Sea

U.A.E. KATHMANDU
A R A B IA MUSCAT Ga
n g e s BANGLADESH
A F R I C A SANA OM AN
DHAKA VIETNAM
I N D I A MYANMAR HANOI
Y EMEN (BURMA) LAOS
4 Arabian
NAY PYI TAW VIENTIANE
Socotra
Equ (Yemen) Sea Bay of THAILAND
ato Bengal BANGKOK
r CAMBODIA
Laccadive Andaman &
Islands Nicobar Islands PHNOM
(India) (India) PENH

COLOMBO
MALE’
SRI M ALA
MALDIVES LANKA KUALA LUMPUR
PUTRAJAYA
SINGAPORE
5
I N
I N D I A N O C E A N JAKARTA

A B C D
 ASIA 149

E F G H

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
1
17,006,354 sq miles
(44,046,472 sq km)

TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:

49

TOTAL POPULATION:
4148.4 million
Sea of
Okhotsk LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:
Tokyo, Japan 33.8 million
Kurile Islands 2
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Singapore 20,072 people per sq mile
(7765 people per sq km)

LARGEST COUNTRY:
Asiatic Russia 5,065,394 sq miles
NORTH
er

JA PA N (13,119,382 sq km)
nc

KOREA
Ca

PYONGYANG TOKYO f
i co SMALLEST COUNTRY:
SEOUL op Maldives 116 sq miles
BEIJING Tr
SOUTH (300 sq km)
KOREA 3

Ryukyu Islands

TAIPEI

TAIWAN P ACIF IC
O CEAN
4
MANILA

r
P H I L I P P I N ES ato
Equ 0 1000 km
0 1000 miles

BRUNEI BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
Y S I A
AUS T R AL AS I A
5
D O N E S I A & O C E ANI A
DILI
EAST TIMOR

E F G H
 150 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australasia & Oceania

A B C D

Wake Island
Northern (to US)
1 Mariana
Islands
(US)
Philippine M
i MARSHALL
HAGÅTÑA c
Sea Guam r
(US) o ISLANDS
n
PALIKIR e MAJURO
Caro
line
MELEKEOK Islan
ds s
Babeldaob
MI CRO NE S I A

i
2 BAIRIKI

a
PALAU NAURU
M e l a n NAURU
e KIRIBATI
PAPUA NEW s
i
tor GUINEA TUVALU
Equa a
A S I A SOLOMON
FONGAFALE

PORT MORESBY ISLANDS

HONIARA
3
VANUATU
Coral Sea PORT VILA
Islands SUVA
Ashmore & (Australia) New Caledonia
Cartier Islands (France)
G

(Australia) FIJI
re

a
t NOUMÉA
D
INDIAN
iv
id

4 OCEAN
in

AUSTRALIA
g R

Norfolk Island
(Australia)
g

ange
lin

Lake Eyre North

Lord Howe
ar
D

Lake Torrens Island

(Australia)
ico rn NEW
apr
fC ZEALAND
op ic o M urray
CANBERRA
Tr
WELLINGTON
5 Tasman
Sea
Tasmania

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 151

E F G H

POLITICAL FACTFILE
Johnston Atoll
(US) TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
International Dateline

3,244,632 sq miles (8,403,608 sq km) POPULATION DENSITY:

1
Nauru 1210 people per sq mile
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: (467 people per sq km)
14
LARGEST COUNTRY:
TOTAL POPULATION: Australia 2,967,893 sq miles
34.5 million (7,686,850 sq km)

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: SMALLEST COUNTRY:

Sydney, Australia 4.4 million Nauru 8.1 sq miles (21 sq km)

Baker & Howland

Islands Jarvis Island 2
(US)
a
(US)
P A C I F I C
KIRIBATI
Equa
i

Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI O C E A N tor

Tokelau
(NZ)
s

Wallis & Marquesas Islands

Futuna American Cook Islands
(Fr.) SAMOA Samoa (NZ)
3
MATÁ’UTU (US)
ÁPIA PAGO PAGO
e

TONGA So
cie PAPEETE
ty
Niue Isl
n

an
(NZ) ds
NUKU‘ AVARUA
ALOFA French Polynesia
Ile (France)
y

sA
u str
al Pitcairn
Kermadec Islands es 4
Islands
(New Zealand)
l

(UK)
International Dateline

o Tro
pic
o f Ca
P pric
orn

0 1000 km
0 1000 miles 5
Chatham Islands
(New Zealand)

E F G H
152
Key to factfile maps
FOREWORD
This factfile is intended as a guide to a world that is continually changing as
political fashions and personalities come and go. Nevertheless, all the
material in these factfiles has been researched from the most up-to-date
and authoritative sources to give an incisive portrait of the geographical,
social, and economic characteristics that make each country unique.

KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS

ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES
River
4000m/13,124ft
Seasonal river
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Canal

1000m/3281ft Lake
500m/1640ft Seasonal lake
200m/656ft
0 SYMBOLS
Below sea level Capital city

BORDERS Major town

Full international International airport

Mountain
Disputed de facto
The asterisk in the Factfile denotes the country's
Territorial claim official language(s)

Date of formation denotes the date of political

Cease-fire line origin or independence; the second date (if any)
identifies when its current borders were established

State/Province The area figure denotes total land area

 ASIA 153
Afghanistan
About 75% of this landlocked Asian country is
inaccessible. The Islamist Taliban, ousted in 2001, continue
to fight a guerrilla war against Afghan and NATO-led forces.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous. Mainly agricultural, severely
Highest range is the Hindu Kush. disrupted by war. Illicit opium trade is big
Mountains are bordered by fertile plains. cash earner. Natural gas pipeline planned
Desert plateau in the south. from the Caspian Sea to Pakistan.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The UN estimates that it

Harsh continental. Hot, dry could take 100 years to remove the
summers. Cold winters with heavy 10 million landmines laid since 1979
snow, especially in the Hindu Kush.
TAJIKISTAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY UZBEK. CHINA
TURKMENISTAN
Mujahideen factions fought first Mazár-e Sharíf
Feyzábád
sh
Kondoz Ku
against Soviet invaders (from 1979), Meymaneh Baghlán d u
in
and then against each other (after 1989),

H
Cháríkár
before the Taliban won control in 1996. Herát KABUL
Jalálábád
Under their strict Islamist regime Ghazní
Khyber Pass

women were denied all rights and PAKISTAN

ethnic tensions were exacerbated. Gereshk Kandahár
The US assisted anti-Taliban forces in
IRAN
2001 as part of its “war on terrorism.”
3000m/9843ft
A new democratic government 2000m/6562ft
struggles to maintain control as 0 100 km 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
insurgency continues. 0 100 miles 200m/656ft

FACTFILE DENSITY: 112 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic State LANGUAGES: Pashtu*, Dari*, Tajik, other
of Afghanistan RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 84%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1919 Shi’a Muslim 15%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Kabul ETHNIC MIX: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara
POPULATION: 28.1 million 19%, Uzbek, Turkmen, other 18%
TOTAL AREA: 250,000 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(647,500 sq. km) CURRENCY: Afghani = 100 puls
154 EUROPE

Albania
Lying at the southeastern end of the Adriatic Sea,
Albania was the last east European country to liberalize its
economy. The regional strife of the 1990s has left a difficult legacy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow coastal plain. Interior is Oil and natural gas reserves have
mostly hills and mountains. Forest and potential to offset rudimentary
scrub cover over 40% of the land. infrastructure and lack of foreign
investment. Organized crime problem.
CLIMATE
2000m/6562ft
Mediterranean coastal climate, 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
with warm summers and cool winters. MONTENEGRO 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Mountains receive heavy rains or Lake Scutari KOSOVO
snows in winter. Shkodër
Kukës

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Adriatic

The pace of economic reform Sea MACEDONIA
remains a major issue. EU membership, Durrës TIRANA
applied for in 2009, is a distant Elbasan Lake
Ohrid
prospect. Mosques and churches Lushnjë
Lake
Fier Berat Prespa
have reopened in what was once the
Vlorë Korçë
world’s only officially atheist state.
The Greek minority in the south
suffers much discrimination. Delvinë
Ionian GREECE
Sea
INSIGHT: The Albanians’ name
for their country, Shqipërisë, 0 50 km
means “Land of the Eagles” 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Greek

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Albania RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 70%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1912 Orthodox Christian 20%,
CAPITAL: Tirana Roman Catholic 10%
POPULATION: 3.16 million ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 93%, Greek 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 11,100 sq. miles other 2%
(28,748 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 298 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lek = 100 qindarka (qintars)
 AFRICA 155
Algeria
Africa’s second-largest country, Algeria won independence
from France in 1962. Today, national reconciliation is key to
recovery from a conflict launched by Islamic extremists in 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
85% of the country lies within the Oil and natural gas exports.
Sahara Desert. Fertile coastal region with Political turmoil has led to exodus of
plains and hills rises from the southeast skilled foreign labor. Limited agriculture.
to the Atlas Mountains.
INSIGHT: The world’s highest dunes
CLIMATE are located in the deserts
Coastal areas are warm and of east central Algeria
temperate, with most rainfall during the Mediterranean Sea
mild winters. The south is very hot, with ALGIERS Béjaïa Annaba
negligible rainfall. Oran Constantine
Sétif Batna
Tlemcen Tiaret
t s. Biskra TUNISIA
Atlas M
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MOROCCO
Ghardaïa
Algerians are predominantly Béchar
Arab, under 30 years of age, and
urban. Most indigenous Berbers
I-n-Salah Tas LIBYA
consider the mountainous Kabylia sil
i- n-
A
region in the northeast to be their MAUR. jje
r
homeland. They have been granted A h a g g a r
Tamanrasset
greater ethnic rights in recent years. MALI
S a h a r a
The Sahara sustains just 500,000 people, NI GER

mainly oil workers and Tuareg nomads 2000m/6562ft

1000m/3281ft
with goat and camel herds, who move 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
between the irrigated oases. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Democratic LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight, French
Republic of Algeria RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 Christian and Jewish 1%
CAPITAL: Algiers ETHNIC MIX: Arab 75%, Berber 24%,
POPULATION: 34.9 million European and Jewish 1%
TOTAL AREA: 919,590 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(2,381,740 sq. km) CURRENCY: Algerian dinar = 100 centimes
156 EUROPE

Andorra
A tiny landlocked principality, Andorra lies high in the
eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain. It held its first full
elections in 1993. Tourism is the main source of income.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High mountains, with six deep, Tourism and duty-free sales
glaciated valleys that drain into the dominate the economy. Banking secrecy
Valira River as it flows into Spain. laws and low consumer taxes promote
investment and commerce. France and
CLIMATE Spain effectively decide economic policy.
Cool, wet springs followed by dry, Dependence on imported food and
warm summers. Mountain snows linger raw materials.
until March. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft

PEOPLE & SOCIETY F R A N C E

Immigration is strictly monitored P y r e
and restricted by quota to French n e e s
and Spanish nationals seeking Arinsal Soldeu
employment in Andorra. Low taxes Canillo
Ordino Port
attract wealthy expatriates. A Encamp d'Envalira
referendum in 1993 ended 715 years Escaldes
of semifeudal status, but Andorran
ANDORRA LA VELLA
a
V al i r

society remains conservative.

Sant Julià de Lòria

INSIGHT: Andorra’s coprincipality

S P A I N
status dates from the 13th century.
The “princes” are the president of France 0 5 km
and the bishop of Urgel in Spain. 0 5 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish, Catalan*, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Andorra Portuguese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1278 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 94%,
CAPITAL: Andorra la Vella other 6%
POPULATION: 82,200 ETHNIC MIX: Spanish 46%, Andorran 28%,
TOTAL AREA: 181 sq. miles other 18%, French 8%
(468 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 457 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 157
Angola
Located in southwest Africa, Angola suffered a civil war
following independence from Portugal in 1975, until a 2002
peace deal. Hundreds of thousands of people died.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Most of the land is hilly and grass- Potentially one of Africa’s richest
covered. Desert in the south. Mountains countries, but long civil war hampered
in the center and north. economic development. Oil and
diamonds are exported.
CLIMATE
Varies from temperate to tropical. CONGO

Rainfall decreases north to south. Coast CABINDA ng

o
(part of Angola)

Co
is cooler and dry. DEM. REP.CONGO
M’Banza
Congo Uíge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
LUANDA Lucapa
Civil war pitched the ruling Malanje Saurimo
Kimbundu-dominated MPLA against ATLANTIC Cu
a
UNITA, representing the Ovimbundu. OCEAN
be z
i

nz
Luena m
Za

a
Multiparty elections in 1991–1992, after Lobito
Huambo
Benguela Planalto
the MPLA had abandoned Marxism, failed do Bié
to stall the war for long. Power-sharing Menongue
Lubango ZAMBIA
from 2002 ended when the MPLA won Namibe
the 2008 election; a presidential poll has
Cunene
yet to be held.
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
INSIGHT: Angola has the greatest 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
number of amputees (caused by 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
landmines) in the world Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*, Umbundu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Angola Kimbundu, Kikongo
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 50%,
CAPITAL: Luanda other 30%, Protestant 20%
POPULATION: 18.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Ovimbundu 37%, other 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 481,351 sq. miles Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%
(1,246,700 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Readjusted kwanza = 100 lwei
158 ANTARCTICA

Antarctica
The circumpolar continent of Antarctica is almost entirely covered by
ice, some up to 1.2 miles (2 km) thick. It also contains 90% of the Earth’s
freshwater reserves.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The bulk of Antarctica’s ice is No indigenous population.
contained in the Greater Antarctic Ice Scientists and logistical staff work at
Sheet – a huge dome that rises steeply the 40 permanent, and as many as
from the coast and flattens to a plateau 100 temporary, research stations. A
in the interior. few Chilean settler families live on
King George Island. Tourism is mostly
CLIMATE by cruise ship to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Powerful winds create a storm belt Annual tourist numbers have reached
around the continent, which brings cloud, nearly 50,000.
fog, and blizzards. Winter temperatures 0 1000 km
can fall to –112°F (–80°C). 0 1000 miles

South A n ta
Orkney Is. rc ti
cC
ir SOUTHERN
Territorial Claims: South
cl e
Shetland Is. OCEAN
Chilean claim d
au
King M
Argentinian claim George I. Weddell n nd
L e

Sea a
ue

Brazilian zone of interest Ende r by

Q

Antarctic
Peninsula Land
British claim
Norwegian undefined limit R o nne Ice
She lf East
South A n t a r c t i c a
Ellsworth Pole
Australian Land Tr
claim an
sa
nd

We s t nt
A nt ar c t ic a
La
ar

A munds e n
French claim
ct

Ross Ice
s

Se a
ke
ic

New Zealand claim Shelf il

M

W
V La
ic n d

t s.
to
ri

Ross SOUTHERN
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
a

Sea OCEAN
South
holds all territorial claims in SOUTHERN
Balleny Is. Magnetic
OCEAN Pole Ice Cap
abeyance in the interest of Permanent Ice
international cooperation

FACTFILE INSIGHT: If the ice sheets of

DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 Antarctica were to melt, the
TOTAL AREA: 5,405,000 sq. miles world’s oceans would rise by as much
(14,000,000 sq. km) as 200–210 ft (60–65 m)
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 159
Antigua & Barbuda
A former colony of Spain, France, and the UK, Antigua
and Barbuda lies at the outer edge of the Leeward Islands group
in the Caribbean, and includes the uninhabited islet of Redonda.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly low-lying limestone and Tourism is the main source
coral islands with some higher volcanic of revenue and the biggest provider
areas. Antigua’s coast is indented with of jobs. Financial services and Internet
bays and harbors. gambling are expanding. High debt.
ATLANTIC
CLIMATE OCEAN
Tropical, moderated by trade winds 0 5 km
and sea breezes. Humidity and rainfall are 0 5 miles

Th
low for the region.

eH
Codrington

ig
Codrington

hla
200m/656ft Lagoon
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Barbuda

nds
Sea Level
Population almost entirely of Palmetto
African origin, with small communities of Isla Point
nd
s
Europeans and South Asians. Women’s 30
mi
Spanish
V.C. Bird l es Point
status has risen as a result of greater Intl. Airport Long I. (50
access to education. Wealth disparities ST. JOHN’S Guiana I.
k m)
a pa
are small. The Bird family dominated rt
politics from 1960, but lost power to the Antigua
United Progressive Party (UPP) from 2004. Bolans Freetown Green I.

ge pe
sa ou
Falmouth as del
INSIGHT: In 1865, Redonda was
a

u
“claimed” by an eccentric Englishman as G P
a kingdom for his son Caribbean Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English patois

OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981 other Protestant 42%, Roman Catholic 10%,
CAPITAL: St. John’s other 2%, Rastafarian 1%
POPULATION: 82,800 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%,
TOTAL AREA: 170 sq. miles other 5%
(442 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 487 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
160 SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina
Argentina occupies most of southern South America.
After 30 years of intermittent military rule, democracy returned
in 1983. Economy has slowed since its recovery from 2001 crash.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Andes form a natural border Agricultural exports restored
with Chile in the west. East are the growth from 2003, but bad drought in
heavily wooded plains (Gran Chaco) and 2008 coincided with global downturn.
treeless but fertile Pampas plains. Bleak
BOLIV IA PARAGUAY
and arid Patagonia in the south.
c

o
Salta C ha
CLIMATE an Posadas
San Miguel de Gr Corrientes
The Andes are semiarid in the north Tucumán

Sa
l a do BRAZIL
and snowy in the south. Pampas have a CHILE Santa Fe Paraná URUGUAY

A
mild climate with summer rains. San Juan Córdoba Rosario
BUENOS AIRES
Mendoza

s
pa
La Plata

Pam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santa Rosa
Mar del Plata
People are largely of European d Bahía Blanca
Neuquén N e g Bahía Blanca
descent; over one-third are of Italian r o
e

Viedma
origin. Indigenous peoples are now in a AT L AN T IC
Pa ta g on ia
s

minority, living mainly in Andean regions Golfo

O C E AN
or in the Gran Chaco. The middle classes San Jorge

were worst hit by the economic Falkland Islands

(to UK)
Bahía
meltdown of 2001–2002. Grande
Río Gallegos
Strait of Tierra 4000m/13124ft
del
INSIGHT: The Tango originated Magellan Fuego
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
in the poorer quarters of Buenos 0 400 km 1000m/3281ft
200m/656ft
Aires at the end of the 19th century 0 400 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Italian, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Argentina languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1816 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
CAPITAL: Buenos Aires other 6%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%
POPULATION: 40.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Indo-European 83%, Mestizo
TOTAL AREA: 1,068,296 sq. miles 14%, Jewish 2%, Amerindian 1%
(2,766,890 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Argentine peso = 100 centavos
 ASIA 161
Armenia
The smallest of the former USSR’s republics, Armenia
lies landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. After
1988, a confrontation with Azerbaijan dominated national life.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Rugged and mountainous, with Overseas remittances and
expanses of semidesert and a large lake agriculture each account for a sixth
in the east: Sevana Lich. of GDP. Main products are wine,
tobacco, potatoes, and fruit. Well-
CLIMATE developed machine-building and
Continental climate, with little manufacturing – includes textiles
rainfall in the lowlands. The winters are and bottling of mineral water.
often bitterly cold.
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY GEORGIA 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Christianity is the dominant Alaverdi
religion, but minority groups are Vanadzor
well integrated. War with Azerbaijan

Les
Gyumri Sevan A ZERBAI JAN
over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh

se
TURKEY Hrazdan
forced 350,000 Armenians living in Ashtarak

r C
Sevana
Vagharshapat Lich
Azerbaijan to return home, many to

a
Armavir YEREVAN

uc
live in poverty. There are close and ra Ararat
A

a
s

su
important ties to the seven-million-

s
strong Armenian diaspora.
AZERBAIJAN Kapan
A r as
INSIGHT: In the 4th century, Armenia
became the first country to adopt 0 50 km
IRAN
Christianity as its state religion 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Armenian*, Azeri, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Armenia RELIGIONS: Armenian Apostolic Church
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 (Orthodox) 88%, Armenian Catholic Church
CAPITAL: Yerevan 6%, other 6%
POPULATION: 3.08 million ETHNIC MIX: Armenian 98%, Yezidi 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 11,506 sq. miles other 1%
(29,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 268 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dram = 100 luma
162 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australia
An island continent in its own right, Australia is the
world’s sixth-largest country. European settlement began over
200 years ago. Most Australians now live in cities along the coast.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Located between the Indian The first settlers arrived in
and Pacific oceans, Australia has a Australia at least 100,000 years ago.
variety of landscapes, including tropical Today, the Aborigines make up around
rainforests, the arid plateaus, ridges, 2% of the population. European
and vast deserts of the “red center,” colonization began in 1788, and was
the lowlands and river systems draining dominated by British and Irish
into Lake Eyre, rolling tracts of pastoral immigrants, some of whom were
land, and magnificent beaches around convicts. White-only immigration drives
much of the coastline. In the far brought many Europeans to Australia,
east are the mountains of the but since the 1960s multi-culturalism
Great Dividing Range. Famous natural has been encouraged and most new
features include Uluru (Ayers Rock) and settlers are Asian; Cantonese has
the Great Barrier Reef. overtaken Italian as the second most
widely spoken language. Wealth
CLIMATE disparities are small, but Aborigines,
The west and south are semi-arid the exception in an otherwise
with hot summers. The arid interior integrated society, are marginalized:
can reach 120°F (50°C) in the central their average life expectancy is around
desert areas. The north is hot 11 years less than other Australians.
throughout the year, and humid The new Labor government from 2007
during the summer monsoon. East, has overturned right-wing policies on
southeast, and southwest coastal illegal immigration and has signed up
areas are temperate. to limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

FACTFILE DENSITY: 7 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of LANGUAGES: English*, Cantonese, other
Australia RELIGIONS: Various Protestant 38%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1901 other 36%, Roman Catholic 26%
CAPITAL: Canberra ETHNIC MIX: European 90%, Asian 7%,
POPULATION: 21.3 million Aboriginal 2%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 2,967,893 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(7,686,850 sq. km) CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 163

THE ECONOMY Asian financial crisis. China now rivals

Efficient mining and agriculture: Japan as Australia’s major trading partner.
particular success in viticulture. Large Upward trend in Asian visitor arrivals
resource base: coal, iron ore, bauxite, has strengthened tourism.
and most other minerals. Protectionism
abandoned to open up Australian INSIGHT: Sydney has the
markets. Concentration on trade with world’s largest suburban area,
Asia: China’s expanding demand for a conurbation so vast that the city
minerals spurred a return to strong is twice as large as Beijing and
economic growth after the 1997 six times the size of Rome
A r af u r a S e a
Bama
Bamag
ag
ga C
Cape
Caape
pee Y ork

Gre
Timor P A C I F I C
Daarw
Da rrwi
rw
wiin
w
win
Seeaa

at
Arr n h e m
A Gulf
ulf
lf
lf
O C E A N
off

Ba
Land Caar
C a r pe n
ntar
t ria

rr
ie
K i mb
m b e rrll eey
y
I N D I A N

r
P lla
a
ate
te
t au Cairn
Cairn
irn
rn
ns
ns C o r a l

Re
O C E A N S e a

Gr

ef
N O R T H E R N
T E R R I T O R Y Towns
Tow
TTown
own
o
owns
wns
wn
wnsssville
n villlllee
ville
vill
vvil

ea
t
Po
Po
Port
ort
or
rrtt H
Hedl
He
Hedla
Hed
eedla
edl
ed
dla
dllaand
nd Great Sandy Mo
Mount
Moun
Mo n
nt Isa
sa
a Ma
Maacka
ccka
kay

D
D e s e r t Lake
iv
L
Lak
La
Lake kee
Macka
cka
kaay Macdonnell
id
Ham Disa
Disap
Di
D isap
iis
ssap
app poi
point
p oi nt
oint
oinnt ment
m Alic
A
Al
Alice
lilice
ce Spr
Spri
Sp
pri
r ngs
ng
n gss
g
R a negr s l e y Gibson
Ranges
in
Roc
Roockh
ckh
kh
hamp
haaam
m
mpton
e QUEENSL A N D
Desert Ulur
Uluru
U lluru
uru
rru
u g Bund
Bun
Bu
Bun
uunda
nda
nd
daaberg
b
(A
(Aye
(Ayer
(A
(Ay
Ayer
Ay y e s Roc
R ck)
k) R
W E S T E R N (867
(8
(86
((867m
867m
8 67m
6
677m )
7m Simps
Simp
Sim
Si
S i m p on
im n a
n g F rraas
a ssee r I.
Carn
Carna
C rna
narvon
na rvo
von
on Lak
La
Lake
L aake
ke Carne
ke Carn
negie
neegie
g iie D ees t
Deser
Des
De e Gympie
Me
Meek
Meeka
eeka
eek
eka
ek tth
tharr
harr
harrra Brrri
B rissb
sbane
Great Toowo
owo
ow
wo
w oom omba
omb
o mb
A U S T R A L I A Lak
La
L aake
ke Eyre
Eyrre
re Goo l d Coast
G
Victoria IIpswi
Ip
p
pswi
pswwiicch
w h
SOUT H SSu urfers
n ge
es
Desert ng n g Pa
P a
ara
ar ra
raad dise
rli
Ra
Ra

Geral
aldt
dto
dt
dton
to
on
n AUSTR A L IA Da Graf
Graft
Gr
G raft
rraf
ra
aaft
fftto
on
n
er s

n
r Plai
ng

Kalgo
Ka
algo
alg
a l orlie
lgo rlie
e o
b Co
C o
off
of f
ffs
fffs
Fl in d

NEW SOUT H
di

r
lla Por
Port
PPo
ort
o rrtt Augu
Augus
Augugu
ugustaa
gu Haarrrb
Ha bour
vi

Per
Pe
Perth
ert
errth
th
h Nu Brok
Broke
B roke
rok
rro
o
okk n Hi
oke Hiliill
Di

New
Ne
N eew
wca
wc
w ca
c ststle
Dar ng

Fremaannttle
tllee Whya
W hyal
hy llaa Port
PPo
Por
ort
or
o rtt PPir
irie
rie WA L ES
at
Ra

re

Rockingh
ham
am EEliza
liza
izzzaabe
iza beth
bet
b eeth
etth
th Syd
Sydn
SSydne
ydne
ydn
yyddne
neey
G

Wagga
Wag
W agga
agg
gga
gga
ga
lin e

Bunb
unb
nbbury
bu ry Port Li
Lin
inc
nco
ncco oln
n
Espe
E
Esper
spe
pee an
er
eraance
anc
nce Adela
Ade
Adel
A
Add
del
delae i
ide
idd Wag
Wagga
W
Wagg
agga
agg
ag
a g
gga
ggga
g a Wo
W o
ollo
oll
l
llo
o n gong
g

Cape Leeu
u w iin
n M
ur
ra A Albu bu
bur
b urry
u CA
C AN
A NBERRA
NB
Allba
Alba
A
Alban
lban
ban
anny Kaang
a ng
nga
n gaa rroo
ooo II. Bendigo o y
go AU
A U
USSST
UST
STR
STRA
TRA
TRA ALIA
LIAN
LIAN
CA
CAAPIT
AP
PPIT
ITTA
TAL TERRITORY
TE
G r e a t A u s t r a l i a n VI CTO RI A
A u stralian Alps
Au
B i g h t Melb
Mel
Me
Melbo
M elbo
eel
elb
llbo
bo
b ourne
urn
ur
urrne
rn
ne
ne
Geel
Geelo
G
Gee
Ge eelo
ee
eelo
eel
eello
long
ng
T a s m a n
Bass
B
Ba
Bas
ass
as
sss Stra
Sttrai
Str
Strai
t rra
rai
ait
ai S e a
Bur
Bu
B urn
rn
nie
ni
1000m/3281ft TAS
ASSM
SMANNIIA
NIA
IA La
LLau
aau
unc
un
unncce
ceest
eston
sto
t
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft 0 400 km Ho
H
Hob
o
obar
ob
bbaaarrt
bar
Sea Level
Below Sea Level 0 400 miles Sou
Sout
S out
outh
uth
t h E ast Cape
164 EUROPE

Austria
Bordering eight countries in the heart of Europe,
Austria was created in 1918 after the collapse of the Habsburg
Empire. Neutral after World War II, it joined the EU in 1995.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous. Alps and Large manufacturing base, despite
foothills cover the west and south. lack of energy resources. The skilled labor
Lowlands in the east are part of the force is key to high-tech exports.
Danube River basin. Eurozone membership since 2002 has
boosted investment.
CLIMATE
Temperate continental climate. INSIGHT: Many of the world’s great
The western Alpine regions have composers were Austrian, including
colder winters and more rainfall. Mozart, Haydn, Schubert, and Strauss

PEOPLE & SOCIETY 3000m/9843ft

2000m/6562ft
Though Austrians speak German, 1000m/3281ft
CZECH REP.
500m/1640ft
they like to stress their distinctive 200m/656ft
Sea Level
identity in relation to Germany. Vienna Linz e VIENNA SLVKA.

b
Da n u
is a major cultural center. Minorities Wels
Steyr Sankt Pölten
are few; there are some ethnic Croats, GERMANY
Salzburg
Wiener
Slovenes, and Hungarians, plus Bad Ischl Neustadt
Dornbirn
Leoben
refugees from conflict in former LIECH. Innsbruck s
HUNG.
p Graz
Yugoslavia. Though strongly Roman A l Wolfsberg
SWITZ. ITALY
Catholic, Austrian society is less Villach
Klagenfurt
conservative than some southern SLOVENIA
German Länder. Class divisions 0 50 km
remain strong. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Croatian, Slovenian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Austria Hungarian (Magyar)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 78%,
CAPITAL: Vienna nonreligious 9%, other 8%, Protestant 5%
POPULATION: 8.36 million ETHNIC MIX: Austrian 93%, Croat, Slovene,
TOTAL AREA: 32,378 sq. miles and Hungarian 6%, other 1%
(83,858 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 262 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 165
Azerbaijan
Situated on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, it
was the first Soviet republic to declare independence in 1991.
Territorial disputes with Armenia have dominated politics since.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Caucasus Mountains in west, Oil and natural gas exports drive
including Naxçivan exclave south of economic growth. Pipeline to Ceyhan,
Armenia. Flat, low-lying terrain on the Turkey, has opened up European market.
coast of the Caspian Sea. Severe pollution in Baku.
INSIGHT: The fire-worshipping
CLIMATE
Zoroastrian faith originated in
Low rainfall. Continental, with Azerbaijan in the 6th century BCE
bitter winters, inland. Subtropical in
coastal regions. RUSS. FED.
GEORGIA C Caspian
a Quba
u Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY fiäki c a
Ku
ra
s u
Azeris, a Muslim people with s
Gäncä Mingäàevir Sumqayıt
ethnic links to Turks, form a large
Le

BAKU
majority. Thousands of Armenians, Ku
ss

ARMENIA ra
er

Nagorno-
Russians, and Jews have left since Karabakh
Ca

Xankändi Äli-Bayramlı
uc

independence. Influx of half a million

as

s as
Ar
u

Azeri refugees fleeing war with Armenia Naxàıvan

over the disputed enclave of Nagorno Länkärän

IRAN
Karabakh. Armenians there operate with
4000m/13124ft
de facto independence. The status of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
women deteriorated after the fall of 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
communism but they are slowly 200m/656ft 0 100 km
Sea Level
regaining their position. Below Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Azeri*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Azerbaijan RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 68%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Sunni Muslim 26%, Russian Orthodox 3%,
CAPITAL: Baku Armenian Orthodox 2%, other 1%
POPULATION: 8.83 million ETHNIC MIX: Azeri 91%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 33,436 sq. miles Lazs 2%, Russian 2%, Armenian 2%
(86,600 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 264 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New manat = 100 gopik
166 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Bahamas
Located off the Florida coast in the western
Atlantic, the Bahamas comprises an archipelago of some 700
islands and 2400 cays, only around 30 of which are inhabited.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Long, mainly flat coral Major tourist destination, especially
formations with a few low hills. for US visitors. Financial services: banking
Some islands have pine forests, and insurance.
lagoons, and mangrove swamps.
INSIGHT: The country’s extensive
CLIMATE merchant fleet consists mainly of
Subtropical. Hot summers and “flag-of-convenience” vessels
mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially a
registered by foreign owners
id
or Grand
in summer. Hurricanes can strike in Fl
Bahama I.
f
so
July–December.
a it
Freeport 200m/656ft
St r

Sea Level
Great Abaco
Berry Is.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY New Eleuthera I.
Over 60% of the population live Nicholls Providence A T L A N T I C
Town NASSAU O C E A N
on New Providence. Tourism employs Andros I. Andros Ex
Cat I.
over 40% of the labor force. There are Town um
San Salvador
aS
marked wealth disparities, from urban Exuma
ou

Cays d Rum Cay

n

professionals in the banking sector to

Long I.
traditional fishermen on outlying islands
Crooked I.
and illegal Haitian and Cuban immigrants. Mayaguana
Acklins I.
More women are now entering the
professions. Government priorities ge
Pa ssa
Ca i c o s
are tackling narcotics trafficking and 0 100 km Great
Inagua
money laundering. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 88 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole,
of the Bahamas French Creole
DATE OF FORMATION: 1973 RELIGIONS: Baptist 32%, other 29%,
CAPITAL: Nassau Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%
POPULATION: 341,700 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 85%, other 15%
TOTAL AREA: 5382 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(13,940 sq. km) CURRENCY: Bahamian dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 167
Bahrain
Bahrain is an archipelago of 49 islands between the
Qatar peninsula and the Saudi Arabian mainland. Only three of the
islands are inhabited. It was the first Gulf emirate to export oil.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
All islands are low-lying. The Main exports are refined petroleum
largest, Bahrain Island, is mainly sandy and aluminum products. As oil reserves
plains and salt marshes. run out, natural gas is of increasing
importance. Major Middle East offshore
CLIMATE banking center, hit by global banking
Summers are hot and humid. crisis in 2008–2009.
Winters are mild. Low rainfall. Persian Jazírat al
Muíarraq
Gulf Al Busaytín
Al Muíarraq
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MANAMA
To mainland Jidd Íaf§
The key social division is (Saudi Arabia)
Madínat ‘Ísá
between the Shi’a majority and Sitrah
Sunni minority. Sunnis hold the best Ar Rifá‘ al Ar Rifá‘ ash
Umm an Gharbí Sharqí
jobs in bureaucracy and business while Na‘sán Gulf
Gulf of
Shi’as tend to do menial work. The of Bahrain
200m/656ft
Ba hra in Sea Level
al-Khalifa family has ruled since 1783, Bahrain

but transformed Bahrain into a

constitutional monarchy, with
limited democracy, in 2002. Bahrain
is socially liberal.
Hawar
Islands
INSIGHT: The 16 Hawar Islands were
awarded to Bahrain in 2001 after a 0 10 km
lengthy dispute with Qatar 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bahrain RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Shi’a) 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 other 1%
CAPITAL: Manama ETHNIC MIX: Bahraini 70%, Iranian,
POPULATION: 791,500 Indian, and Pakistani 24%, other 6%
TOTAL AREA: 239 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical-
(620 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 2899 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Bahraini dinar = 1000 fils
168 ASIA

Bangladesh
Bangladesh lies at the north end of the Bay of Bengal
and frequently suffers devastating flood, cyclones,
and famine. It seceded from Pakistan in 1971.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat alluvial plains and Agriculture is vulnerable to
deltas of the Brahmaputra and Ganges unpredictable climate. Bangladesh
rivers. Southeast coasts are fringed accounts for 90% of world jute fiber
with mangrove forests. exports. Poor infrastructure deters
investment. Growing textile industry.
CLIMATE 500m/1640ft
Hot and humid. During the 200m/656ft
Sea Level
monsoon, water levels can rise 20 ft (6 m) Rangpur ra

t
a pu
Saidpur
above sea level. INDIA

Br ahm
Dinajpur

Jamalpur Sylhet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mymensingh
After a period of military rule, Rajshahi Shirajganj Ghat
Bangladesh returned to democracy in Ga
Brahmanbaria
Pabna ng
1991; political instability has continued, es
(P
DHAKA
ad
Ha

however, and corruption is a major INDIA ma Comilla

)
ri n

problem. Half of the population live in Jessore

gh

t Barisal
á

Khulna
poverty, but living standards are Mouths Chittagong
of the Ganges
improving. Women are prominent in
politics, but their rights are neglected. B a y

M AA R
)
o f

(B ANM
B e n g a l

UR
INSIGHT: Torrential monsoon
Y
M
rains flood two-thirds of the 0 100 km
country every year 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 3138 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Republic LANGUAGES: Bengali*, Urdu, Chakma,
of Bangladesh Marma, Garo, Khasi, Santhali, Tripuri, Mro
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 87%,
CAPITAL: Dhaka Hindu 12%, other 1%
POPULATION: 162 million ETHNIC MIX: Bengali 98%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 55,598 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(144,000 sq. km) CURRENCY: Taka = 100 poisha
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 169
Barbados
Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.
Once solely inhabited by the native Arawak, Barbados
was first colonized by British settlers in the 1620s.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Encircled by coral reefs. Fertile and Well-developed tourism sector
predominantly flat, with a few gentle hills based on climate and accessibility.
to the north. Financial services, offshore banking,
and information processing are key
CLIMATE industries. Sugar production has
Moderate tropical climate. Sunnier dwindled. High cost of living.
and drier than its more mountainous
neighbors. 0 5 km
0 5 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Some latent tension between white Speightstown
community, which controls politics and ATLANTIC
much of the economy, and majority OCEAN
black population, but violence is rare. Holetown
Bathsheba
Increasing social mobility has enabled
black Barbadians to enter the professions.
Despite political stability, and good
Marchfield
welfare and education services, pockets
of abject poverty remain. BRIDGETOWN
Hastings Grantley Adams
Oistins
Intl. Airport
INSIGHT: Barbados retains a strong ATLANTIC
British influence and is referred to by its OCEAN
200m/656ft
neighbors as “Little England” Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bajan (Barbadian English),

OFFICIAL NAME: Barbados English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Anglican 40%, other 24%,
CAPITAL: Bridgetown nonreligious 17%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist
POPULATION: 255,900 7%, Roman Catholic 4%
TOTAL AREA: 166 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%, other 8%
(430 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 1542 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Barbados dollar = 100 cents
170 EUROPE

Belarus
Literally “White Russia,” Belarus lies landlocked in
eastern Europe. It reluctantly became independent when the
USSR broke up in 1991. It has few resources other than agriculture.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly plains and low hills. The Low unemployment. Industry
Dnieper and Dvina rivers drain the outmoded and mainly state-owned.
eastern lowlands. Vast Pripet Marshes Depends on Russia for energy and raw
in the southwest. materials: tensions over natural gas prices.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The number of cancer

Extreme continental climate. and leukemia cases soared after
Winters are long, sub-freezing, but the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
mainly dry; summers are hot. LA TV IA

200m/656ft
We
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level s te
rn D
Vitsyebsk
vina
Only 2% of people are non-Slav, RUSS.
FED.
so ethnic tension is minimal. Russian LITHUANIA Orsha
culture dominates. Belarus was the Barysaw
slowest ex-Soviet state to implement Lida MINSK
POLAND

Mahilyow
political reform; President Lukashenka Hrodna
Slutsk Babruysk
has been labeled as Europe’s last Baranavichy

Dn
dictator. Enthusiasm for a merger with Homyel’

i ep
Brest Pinsk Rechytsa

er
Russia has waned. Wealth is held by a Pripet
Marshes Mazyr
small ex-Communist elite. Fallout from UKRAI NE
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in U K RA IN E

Ukraine still seriously affects health and 0 100 km

the environment. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Belarussian*, Russian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Belarus RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 60%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other (including Muslim, Jewish, and
CAPITAL: Minsk Protestant) 32%, Roman Catholic 8%
POPULATION: 9.63 million ETHNIC MIX: Belarussian 81%, Russian 11%,
TOTAL AREA: 80,154 sq. miles Polish 4%, Ukrainian 2%, other 2%
(207,600 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 120 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Belarussian rouble = 100 kopeks
 EUROPE 171
Belgium
Belgium lies in northwestern Europe. Its history has been
marked by tensions between the majority Dutch-speaking
(Flemish) and minority French-speaking (Walloon) communities.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Low-lying coastal plain covers Variety of industrial exports,
two-thirds of the country. Land including steel, glassware, cut
becomes hilly and forested in the diamonds, and textiles. Very high
southeast (Ardennes) region. levels of public debt. Bureaucracy
larger than European average.
CLIMATE
Maritime climate with Gulf INSIGHT: The Ardennes region,
Stream influences. Temperatures are in the southeast of the country, is
mild, with heavy cloud cover and rain. famous for its forests, lakes, and cuisine
More rainfall and weather fluctuations
at the coast.
North Sea N ETHERLANDS
Oostende Antwerpen
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Brugge
Gent Mechelen

se
Since 1970, Flemish regions

Me u
Kortrijk Aalst Leuven
have become more prosperous than BRUSSELS
Tournai Liège
those of the minority Walloons, La Louvière GER.
overturning traditional roles and Mons Namur
Charleroi
increasing friction. Belgium moved to FRANCE

a federal system from 1980 in order to

es
500m/1640ft n
en
contain tensions, but recent fractious 200m/656ft Ard LUX.
Sea Level
politics have raised doubts over the
union’s survival. Brussels hosts key 0 40 km
European Union institutions. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dutch*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Belgium German*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
CAPITAL: Brussels other 10%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 10.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Flemish 58%, Walloon 33%,
TOTAL AREA: 11,780 sq. miles other 6%, Italian 2%, Moroccan 1%
(30,510 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 840 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
172 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Belize
Belize lies on the eastern shore of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize was the last
Central American country to gain its independence, in 1981.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Almost half the land area is Tourism, agriculture, and offshore
forested. Low mountains in southeast. banking. Oil extraction began in 2005.
Flat swampy coastal plains. Sugar, textiles, lobsters, and shrimp are
exported. Serious hurricane damage is a
CLIMATE recurring problem.
Tropical. Very hot and humid, with
0 50 km
May–December rainy season. Corozal
0 50 miles Louisville
do
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO

n
Orange Walk

Ho
English-speaking black Creoles

er
Maskall

Riv
are outnumbered by Spanish speakers, Crooked Tree

New
including native mestizos and immigrants Belize City

ze
li
from neighboring states. The Creoles B
e

Reef
BELMOPAN
have traditionally dominated society,
San Ignacio
but high levels of emigration to the Dangriga

.
ts
US have weakened their influence. GUATEMALA

er
M
The Afro-Carib garifuna have their

rri
a

y
Ba
own language. Corruption, and M
a
Monkey River
trafficking of people and narcotics, San Antonio Town
are major problems. Punta Gorda
Caribbean
S a r s t oo n
Sea
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Belize’s barrier reef is 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the second-largest in the world Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Belize English*, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 62%,
CAPITAL: Belmopan other 20%, Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%
POPULATION: 306,800 ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 49%, Creole 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 8867 sq. miles Maya 11%, other 9%, Garifuna 6%
(22,966 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 35 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Belizean dollar = 100 cents
 AFRICA 173
Benin
Benin stretches north from the west African coast.
In 1990, Benin became one of the pioneers of African
democratization, ending 17 years of one-party Marxist-Leninist rule.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Sandy coastal region. Numerous Strong agricultural sector: cash
lagoons lie just behind the shoreline. crops include cotton, oil palm, and
Forested plateaus inland. Mountains in cashew nuts. Large-scale smuggling is
the northwest. a serious problem. France is the main
aid donor.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid in the south. INSIGHT:
NIGER
Two rainy seasons. Hot, dusty Voodoo is N
ig
harmattan winds blow during the thought to have er
BURKINA Malanville
originated in
December–February dry season.
Benin, and was
Kandi
taken to Haiti
PEOPLE & SOCIETY by slaves Natitingou
There are 42 different ethnic Ndali
groups. The southern Fon have tended Djougou
to dominate politics. Other major Parakou

groups are the Adja and Yoruba. TOGO

NIGERIA
The northern Fulani follow a nomadic Savè
lifestyle. North–south tension is
mainly due to the south being more 500m/1640ft Ouéme
developed. French culture, centered 200m/656ft
Sea Level
on Cotonou, is highly prized. Substantial Lokossa
PORTO-NOVO
differences in wealth reflect a strongly 0 100 km Ouidah Cotonou
hierarchical society. 0 100 miles A TLA NTIC O CEAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fon, Bariba, Yoruba, Adja,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Benin Houeda, Somba, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: 50%, Muslim 30%,
CAPITAL: Porto-Novo Christian 20%
POPULATION: 8.94 million ETHNIC MIX: Fon 41%, other 21%,
TOTAL AREA: 43,483 sq. miles Adja 16%, Yoruba 12%, Bariba 10%
(112,620 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 209 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
174 ASIA

Bhutan
Perched in the eastern Himalayas between India and
China lies the landlocked Kingdom of Bhutan. It is largely closed to
the outside world to protect its culture; TV was banned until 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low, tropical southern strip rising Reliant on India for trade. Most
through fertile central valleys to high people farm their own plots of land and
Himalayas in the north. Around 70% of herd cattle and yaks. Steep land unsuited
the land is forested. for cultivation. Development of cash
crops for Asian markets.
CLIMATE
South is tropical, north is alpine, INSIGHT: In 2004 Bhutan became
cold, and harsh. Central valleys warmer the first country in the world to ban
in east than west. smoking and the sale of tobacco

PEOPLE & SOCIETY CHINA

The king was absolute monarch
until 1998, and the first democratic H i m a l a y a s
elections were held a decade later. Most THIMPHU
people are devoutly Buddhist and Paro
Wangdi
Phodrang Tashigang
International Shemgang
originate from Tibet. The Hindu Nepalese Chhukha
settled in the south. Bhutan has 20 Phuntsholing Samdrup
languages. In 1988, Dzongkha (a Tibetan INDIA
Jonkhar

dialect native to just 16% of the people)

was made the official language. The 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Nepalese community regard this as 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
“cultural imperialism,” causing 500m/1640ft 0 50 km
200m/656ft
considerable ethnic tensions. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dzongkha*, Nepali

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bhutan RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 70%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1656 Hindu 24%, other 6%
CAPITAL: Thimphu ETHNIC MIX: Bhute 50%, other 25%,
POPULATION: 697,300 Nepalese 25%
TOTAL AREA: 18,147 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(47,000 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ngultrum = 100 chetrum
 SOUTH AMERICA 175
Bolivia
Landlocked high in central South America, Bolivia is one
of the region’s poorest countries. La Paz is the world’s highest
capital city: 13,385 feet (3631 m) above sea level.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high windswept plateau, the Gold, silver, zinc, tin, oil, natural gas:
altiplano, lies between two Andean all vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
mountain ranges. Semiarid grasslands Social issues and nationalization of
to the east; dense tropical forests natural gas sector deter investors. Major
to the north. coca producer. Lack of manufacturing.
Rich eastern provinces want autonomy.
CLIMATE
Altiplano has extreme tropical 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
climate, with night-frost in winter. North Guayaramerín
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
and east are hot and humid. Riberalta 200m/656ft
Sea Level

PERU Gu

i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ben
ap o
ré
The indigenous majority faces Lake
Trinidad
widespread discrimination. Wealthy Titicaca
A

BRAZIL
Spanish-descended families have LA PAZ
Montero
n

traditionally controlled the economy. Cochabamba

Amerindian Evo Morales, president from Oruro Santa Cruz
SUCRE Puerto
d

2005, pledged to cut poverty, legalize Alti ac

o Suárez
coca, and redistribute land. p l a Potosí Ch
no
an
e

CHILE
Gr

Tupiza PARAGUAY
Tarija
INSIGHT: Between 1825 and 1982
s

Bolivia averaged more than one armed A RG EN TIN A 0 200 km

coup a year 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 24 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Bolivia LANGUAGES: Aymara*, Quechua*, Spanish*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1825 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%,
CAPITAL: La Paz (administrative); other 7%
Sucre (judicial) ETHNIC MIX: Quechua 37%, Aymara 32%,
POPULATION: 9.86 million mixed 13%, European 10%, other 8%
TOTAL AREA: 424,162 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(1,098,580 sq. km) CURRENCY: Boliviano = 100 centavos
176 EUROPE

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Perched in the highlands of southeast Europe, Bosnia
and Herzegovina was the focus of the bitter ethnic conflict which
accompanied the early 1990s dissolution of the Yugoslav state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Hills and mountains, with narrow Potential to recover status as a
river valleys. Lowlands in the north. thriving market economy with a strong
Mainly deciduous forest covers about manufacturing base, but still struggles
half of the total area. with resettling refugees and the legacy
of war. Little investment.
CLIMATE
Continental. Hot summers Sa v CROATIA
a
and cold, often snowy winters. Prijedor Modriâa
Bihaá REPUBLICA SRPSKA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY D Banja Luka Doboj
SERBIA
in Tuzla
Despite sharing the same origin

na
Zvornik

os
and spoken language, Bosnians have a Travnik B D
r Zenica rin
ic Srebrenica a
been divided by history between A Bugojno
Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and lp
FEDERACIJA
SARAJEVO
s
Muslim Bosniaks. Ethnic cleansing was CROATIA BOSNA I
HERCEGOVINA
practiced by all sides in the civil war,
displacing about 60% of the population. Mostar
Hopes for EU integration will require 2000m/6562ft MONTENEGRO
1000m/3281ft
further ethnic reconciliation. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level

INSIGHT: The murder of Archduke

Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in 0 50 km
1914 triggered the First World War 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bosnian*, Serbian*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1992 RELIGIONS: Muslim 40%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Sarajevo Christian 31%, Catholic 15%, other 14%
POPULATION: 3.77 million ETHNIC MIX: Bosniak 44%, Serb 31%,
TOTAL AREA: 19,741 sq. miles Croat 17%, other 8%
(51,129 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 191 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Marka = 100 pfeninga
 AFRICA 177
Botswana
Landlocked in the heart of southern Africa, Botswana
boasts the world’s largest inland river delta. Diamonds provide
potential wealth, but the country is crippled by HIV/AIDS.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lies on vast plateau, high Overreliance on diamonds:
above sea level. Hills in the east. vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
Kalahari Desert in center and Beef is exported to Europe. Tourism
southwest. Swamps and salt pans aimed at wealthy wildlife enthusiasts.
elsewhere and in Okavango Basin. AIDS is devastating the population.

CLIMATE 1000m/3281ft
ZAMBIA 500m/1640ft
Dry and prone to drought. nd o
wa Kasane
Summer wet season, April–October. K

Winters are warm, with cold nights. Ok a v a n go

ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA Delt a
Maun
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Makgadikgadi
The nomadic San bushmen, Francistown
the first inhabitants, are marginalized. Ghanzi
Selebi Phikwe
One in four adults are living with Serowe
HIV/AIDS: only Swaziland is worse Kalahari Mahalapye po
po
affected. Life expectancy is around Desert

Li m
50 years. Diamond revenue has widened GABORONE Mochudi
wealth inequalities. Kanye
SOU T H
Lobatse
A FRI CA

INSIGHT: Water, Botswana’s most

precious resource, is honored in the 0 200 km
name of the currency – pula 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Setswana, English*, Shona,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Botswana San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%,
CAPITAL: Gaborone Christian (mainly Protestant) 30%,
POPULATION: 1.95 million other (including Muslim) 20%
TOTAL AREA: 231,803 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Tswana 98%, other 2%
(600,370 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pula = 100 thebe
178 SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil
Covering almost half of South America, Brazil is the site
of the world’s largest and ecologically most important rainforest.
The country has immense natural and economic resources.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Rainforest grows around the Diverse population includes
massive Amazon River and its delta, Amerindians, black people of
Equatorr
covering almost half of Brazil’s total African descent, European
land area. Apart from the basin of the immigrants, and those of COLOMBIA
River Plate to the south, the rest of the mixed race. Amerindians suffer
country consists of highlands. The prejudice from most other
mountainous east is part-forested groups. Shanty towns in the
and part-desert. The coastal plain cities attract poor migrants from
in the southeast has swampy areas. the northeast. Urban crime,
The Atlantic coastline is 1240 miles violent land disputes, and
(2000 km) long. unchecked development in
Amazonia tarnish Brazil’s image as
PERU
CLIMATE a modern nation. Catholicism and
Brazil’s share of the Amazon the family unit remain strong.
Basin has a model tropical equatorial
climate, with high temperatures and THE ECONOMY
rainfall all year round. The Brazilian Dominant regional economy.
plateau has far greater seasonal Huge potential for growth based
variation. The dry northeast suffers on abundant natural resources.
frequent droughts, though coastal A leading exporter of coffee, sugar,
regions are occasionally flooded by and orange juice. Social tension
bouts of torrential rain. The south has threatens stability. Infrastructure
hot summers and cool winters. needs investment.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*, German, Italian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federative Rep. of Brazil Spanish, Polish, Japanese, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1822 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant
CAPITAL: Brasília 15%, atheist 7%, other 4%
POPULATION: 194 million ETHNIC MIX: White 54%, Mixed race 38%,
TOTAL AREA: 3,286,470 sq. miles Black 6%, other 2%
(8,511,965 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 59 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Real = 100 centavos
 SOUTH AMERICA 179

INSIGHT: Since 1900, a third of

Brazil’s indigenous Amerindian groups
have become extinct due to disease,
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JJo
oiin
oin
oinvi
vill
vvil
iillll e
Fllo
Fl orianópolis
ARG EN T IN
NA
Caxi
Cax
Ca
C axi
aax xias iaass do Sul
ATLANTIC 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Po
Poort
orrrtto
to Al Alegre
Ale eg 200m/656ft
Lago
La
Lag
Lagoa
agoa
aag
g oa
goa
gooa d
doooss Pa
dos P aatos
Patos
tos OCEA N Sea Level

Pelo
Pel
PPe
elo
eel
lottas
lo taaas
UR UGU
UAAY
Y Riio
R
Rio
io Gr
Gr de
Gran
Miri
Mirim
Mir
Mi
M iirim
irr i Lag
L
Lagoon
La 0 500 km
0 500 miles
180 ASIA

Brunei
Lying on the northern coast of the island of Borneo,
Brunei is surrounded and divided in two by the Malaysian
state of Sarawak. It has been independent since 1984.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly dense lowland rainforest Oil and natural gas production has
and mangrove swamps, with some brought one of the world’s highest
mountains in the southeast. standards of living. Massive overseas
investments. Major consumer of high-
CLIMATE tech hi-fi, video equipment, and Western
Tropical. Six-month rainy season designer clothes.
with very high humidity.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft So uth C hina Sea
200m/656ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Pekan Muara
Malays benefit from positive
Kampong BANDAR SERI
discrimination. Many in the Chinese Bunut BEGAWAN
community are stateless. Since a failed Tutong

rebellion in 1962, Brunei has been ruled Pekan Seria

Bangar

by decree of the sultan. In 1990, “Malay Kampong Kampong

Kuala Belait Bukit Sawat Batang Duri
Muslim Monarchy” was introduced,
promoting Islamic values as state Kampong
Tanajor
ideology. Women, less restricted than in Kampong
Sukang
some Muslim states, usually wear Kampong
Teraja
MALAYSIA

headscarves but not the veil.

B o r n e o

INSIGHT: The sultan spent 0 20 km

US$350 million building the world’s 0 20 miles
largest palace at Bandar Seri Begawan

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malay*, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Sultanate of Brunei Chinese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1984 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 66%,
CAPITAL: Bandar Seri Begawan Buddhist 14%, other 10%, Christian 10%
POPULATION: 399,700 ETHNIC MIX: Malay 67%, Chinese 16%,
TOTAL AREA: 2228 sq. miles other 11%, indigenous 6%
(5770 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 196 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Brunei dollar = 100 cents
 EUROPE 181
Bulgaria
Located in southeastern Europe, Bulgaria was under
communist rule from 1947 to 1989. Political and economic
reform since then enabled it to join the EU in 2007.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains run east–west across Good agricultural production,
center and along southern border. including grapes, for well-developed wine
Danube plain in north, Thracian plain in industry, and tobacco. Expertise in
southeast. Black Sea to the east. software development. Industry and
infrastructure are outdated.
CLIMATE
Warm summers and snowy winters, INSIGHT: Archaeologists have found
especially in mountains. East winds bring evidence of wine-making in Bulgaria
seasonal extremes. dating back over 5000 years

PEOPLE & SOCIETY ROMANIA

The communists tried forcibly to D
an u be Ruse
Dobrich
suppress cultural identities, leading to a
Pleven
large exodus of Bulgarian Turks in 1989. SERBIA
Vratsa
Veliko Tûrnovo
Shumen Varna
Ba
Later privatization programs left many lka
n Mountians
SOFIA Sliven
Turks landless, prompting further Pernik Kazanlûk
Burgas
Stara Yambol Black
emigration. Roma suffer discrimination at Pazardzhik Plovdiv Zagora Sea
all levels of society. Women have equal MAC. Khaskovo
rights in theory, but society remains TURKEY

patriarchal. EU accession included caveats

GREECE
demanding further action against 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
organized crime, human trafficking, 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
and corruption. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bulgarian*, Turkish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Bulgaria Romani
DATE OF FORMATION: 1908 RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 83%,
CAPITAL: Sofia Muslim 12%, other 4%, Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 7.54 million ETHNIC MIX: Bulgarian 84%, Turkish 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 42,822 sq. miles Roma 5%, other 2%
(110,910 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 177 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lev = 100 stotinki
182 AFRICA

Burkina
The west African state of Burkina was known as Upper
Volta until 1984. It became a multiparty state in 1991, though
former military ruler Blaise Compaoré remains in power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara covers the north of Cotton is the major cash crop,
the country. The south is largely but the encroaching Sahara Desert is
savanna. The three main rivers are restricting agriculture. Beneficiary of
the Black, White, and Red Voltas. foreign debt cancellation plans.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Droughts and poor

Tropical. Dry, cool weather soils mean that many Burkinabes
November–February. Erratic rain seek work southward in Ghana and
March–April, mostly in southeast. Côte d’Ivoire

500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft
MALI
Sea Level
No single ethnic group is
dominant, but the Mossi, from Ouahigouya
NIGER

around Ouagadougou, have

Kaya
always played an important part
in government. The people from Koudougou OUAGADOUGOU
Fada-Ngourma
Wh

the west are much more ethnically ol

ta Re
ite

d
mixed. Extreme poverty has led to a ck V Bobo-Dioulasso Vo Tenkodogo
Vo

B la lta a
lt

Léo
strong sense of egalitarianism. Most BENI N
TOGO
B l a ck

women are still denied access to Banfora GHANA

education, though their absence

V ol t a

from public life belies their real CÔTE

D 'IV OIRE
0 100 km
power and social influence. (IV ORY COA ST) 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mossi, Fulani, French*, Tuareg,

OFFICIAL NAME: Burkina Faso Dyula, Songhai
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 55%,
CAPITAL: Ouagadougou Traditional beliefs 35%, Roman Catholic 9%,
POPULATION: 15.8 million other Christian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 105,869 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Other 52%, Mossi 48%
(274,200 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 149 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 183
Burundi
Small, densely populated and landlocked, Burundi lies
just south of the equator, on the Nile–Congo watershed in central
Africa. Its people have the world’s lowest per capita income.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Hilly with high plateaus in center Overwhelmingly agricultural
and savanna in the east. Great Rift Valley economy, mostly subsistence. Small
on western side. quantities of gold and tungsten. Potential
of oil in Lake Tanganyika. Little prospect
CLIMATE of lasting stability.
Temperate, with high humidity.
Heavy and frequent rainfall, mostly
October–May. Highlands have frost. RWA N D A Kirundo

Muyinga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kayanza
Ngozi

Burundi has been riven by ethnic Bubanza Cankuzo

conflict between majority Hutu and the BUJUMBURA
Karuzi
Tutsi, who controlled the army – with Ruyigi
Gitega
repeated large-scale massacres: hundreds
DEM.REP.
of thousands of people have died since CONGO TANZANI A

1993. The constitution now guarantees an Bururi Rutana

ethnic balance in the government and Lake
Tanganyika Makamba
army. Twa pygmies were not involved in
Nyanza-Lac
the conflict.

INSIGHT: Burundi’s fertility rate

is one of the highest in Africa. On 0 50 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
average, women have seven children 0 50 miles 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kirundi*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi Kiswahili
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
CAPITAL: Bujumbura 60%, traditional beliefs 39%,
POPULATION: 8.3 million Muslim 1%
TOTAL AREA: 10,745 sq. miles ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa 1%
(27,830 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 838 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Burundi franc = 100 centimes
184 ASIA

Cambodia
Located on the Indochinese peninsula in southeast Asia,
Cambodia has emerged from genocide, civil war, and invasion
from Vietnam. Tourists are returning. Rice is the principal crop.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying basin. Tônlé Sap Economy is heavily aid-reliant, still
(Great Lake) drains into the Mekong River. recovering from civil war. Exports rubber
Forested mountains and plateau east of and timber. Self-sufficient in rice.
the Mekong. Garment industry is growing. Land
disputes and corruption issues.
CLIMATE
Tropical. High temperatures INSIGHT: Cambodia has many
throughout the year. Heavy rainfall during impressive temples, dating from
May–October monsoon. when the country was the center of
the Khmer Empire
PEOPLE & SOCIETY TH A ILA N D LA OS
Devastated by US bombing, then Phumî
Virôchey
Sâmraông
by the Khmer Rouge regime, whose Sisôphôn
Chôâm
Khsant Phumî
extreme Marxist program killed over a Bâtdâmbâng
Kâmpóng Trâbék
Tônlé Sap
million between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia Kâmpóng Mekong
Poûthîsât
then endured further civil conflict and Chhnâng Krâchéh
Vietnamese occupation. The effects are Krông Kaôh Kâmpóng Cham
Kông PHNOM PENH
still felt, reflected in the high rates of Prey Vêng
G ulf
orphans, widows, and land-mine victims. of Kâmpóng Saôm
Tha ila nd VIETNAM
A fragile stability has lasted since
elections in 1993. King Norodom 1000m/3281ft
Sihanouk, a key figure in politics, 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
abdicated in 2004. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khmer*, French, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Cambodia Vietnamese, Cham
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 93%, Muslim 6%,
CAPITAL: Phnom Penh Christian 1%
POPULATION: 14.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Khmer 90%, other 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 69,900 sq. miles Vietnamese 4%, Chinese 1%
(181,040 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 217 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Riel = 100 sen
 AFRICA 185
Cameroon
Situated in the corner of the Gulf of Guinea, Cameroon
was effectively a one-party state for 30 years. Multiparty
elections, since 1992, regularly return that same party to power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Over half the land is forested: Oil reserves. Very diversified
equatorial rainforest in north, evergreen agricultural economy – timber, cocoa,
forest and wooded savanna in south. bananas, coffee. Fuel smuggling from
Mountains in the west. Nigeria undermines refinery profits.
Corruption. Port for Chad and CAR.
CLIMATE
South is equatorial, with plentiful 2000m/6562ft
CHAD
1000m/3281ft
rainfall, declining inland. Far north is beset 500m/1640ft Lake
200m/656ft Chad
by drought. Sea Level

Maroua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 100 km
NIGERIA

Around 230 ethnic groups; no single 0 100 miles Garoua

group is dominant. The Bamileke is the
largest, though it has never held political
Ngaoundéré
power. North–south tensions are
Meiganga
diminished by the ethnic diversity. There Bamenda Kumbo
is more rivalry between majority French- Bafoussam CENTRAL
AFRICAN
and minority English-speakers. Kumba Nkongsamba REPUBLIC
YAOUNDÉ
Douala
Edéa Mbalmayo
INSIGHT: Cameroon’s name Ebolowa
ATLANTIC
derives from the Portuguese word OCEAN
EQ.
camarões, after the shrimp fished by the GUINEA
GABON C ONGO
early European explorers

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bamileke, Fang, Fulani,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cameroon French*, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Catholic 35%, traditional beliefs
CAPITAL: Yaoundé 25%, Muslim 22%, Protestant 18%
POPULATION: 19.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Highlanders 31%, other 39%,
TOTAL AREA: 183,567 sq. miles equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%
(475,400 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 109 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
186 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Canada
Canada extends from the Arctic to its US border
along the 49th parallel. Unified under British rule from 1763, its
development and expansion attracted large-scale immigration.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The world’s second-largest Two-thirds of the population
country, stretching north to Cape live in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence
Colombia on Ellesmere Island, south to lowlands, fostering some shared
Lake Erie, and across five time zones cultural values with the neighboring
from the Pacific seaboard to US. Important differences, however,
Newfoundland. Arctic tundra and include wider welfare provision and
islands in the far north give way Commonwealth membership. The
southward to forests, interspersed with French-speaking Québécois wish to
lakes and rivers, and then the vast preserve their culture and language
Canadian Shield, which covers over half from further Anglicization, and demand
the area of Canada. Rocky Mountains in to be recognized as a “distinct society.”
west, beyond which are the Coast The government welcomes ethnic
Mountains, islands, and fjords. Fertile diversity among immigrants, promoting
lowlands in the east. a policy that encourages each group
to maintain its own culture. Land claims
CLIMATE made by the indigenous peoples are being
Ranges from polar and subpolar in redressed. Nunavut, an Inuit-governed
the north, to continental in the south. territory that covers nearly
Winters in the interior are colder and a quarter of Canada’s land area, was
longer than on the coast, with created from a portion of the
temperatures well below freezing and Northwest Territories in 1999. Women
deep snow; summers are hotter. Pacific are well represented at most levels
coast has the mildest winters. of business and government.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, French*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Canada RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 44%, Protestant
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867 29%, other 27%
CAPITAL: Ottawa ETHNIC ORIGIN: British, French, and other
POPULATION: 33.6 million European 87%, Asian 9%, Amerindian, Métis,
TOTAL AREA: 3,855,171 sq. miles and Inuit 4%
(9,984,670 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Canadian dollar = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 187

THE ECONOMY competition, especially since the

Wide-ranging resources, creation of the NAFTA free trade area, but
providing exports, cheap energy, and reliance on the US market makes
raw materials for manufacturing, the Canadian economy vulnerable to
underpin a high standard of living, US slowdowns. Unemployment rose
with smaller wealth disparities than in during the 2009 recession.
the US. Prices for primary exports
fluctuate, but the high oil price has INSIGHT: The Magnetic North Pole,
encouraged development of Alberta’s vast where the dipping needle of a
oil fields. Manufactured exports compass stands still, migrates across
have flourished under growing global northern Canada

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Lak
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2000m/6562ft Wind
Wi
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1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
188 AFRICA

Cape Verde
Off the west coast of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean,
lies the group of islands that make up Cape Verde, a
Portuguese colony until it gained independence in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Ten main islands and eight smaller Most people are subsistence farmers.
islets, all of volcanic origin. Mostly Clothing is the main export. No natural
mountainous, with steep cliffs and resources. Mid-Atlantic location ensures
rocky headlands. work maintaining ships and planes.

CLIMATE 0 50 km 2000m/6562ft
Warm, and very dry. Subject to 0 50 miles 1000m/3281ft
droughts that can sometimes last for 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
years at a time. Sea Level
Santo
Antão
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mindelo
Santa Luzia Sal
São Vicente
Most people are of mixed
Portuguese–African origin; the rest are São Nicolau
descendants of African slaves or more Sal Rei
Boa Vista

recent immigrants. Creolization of the Ilhas de Barlavento

culture negates ethnic tensions. Almost A T L A N T I C

half of the population live on Santiago.
Around 700,000 Cape Verdeans live O C E A N

abroad, mostly in the US. Ilhas de Sotavento Maio

Tarrafil

INSIGHT: Poor soils and lack of Brava

São Filipe PRAIA
Santiago
surface water mean that Cape Fogo (São Tiago)
Verde is dependent on food aid

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Creole, Portuguese*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cape Verde RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 other 2%, Protestant 1%
CAPITAL: Praia ETHNIC MIX: Mestiço 60%, African 30%,
POPULATION: 505,600 other 10%
TOTAL AREA: 1557 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential-
(4033 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 325 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: C.V. escudo = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 189
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked
country lying between the basins of the Chad and Congo Rivers.
Politics has suffered frequent interruption by military coups.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Comprises a low plateau, Dominated by subsistence farming.
covered by scrub or savanna. North Exports include diamonds, cotton,
is arid. Equatorial rainforests in the timber, and coffee. Aid needed to
south. The Ubangi River forms the support refugees. Instability and
border with the Democratic Republic poor infrastructure hinder progress.
of the Congo.
INSIGHT: “Emperor” Bokassa’s
CLIMATE eccentric rule from 1965 to 1979 was
The south is equatorial; the followed by military dictatorship until
north is hot and dry. Rain occurs all democracy was restored in 1993
year round, with heaviest falls
1000m/3281ft
between July and October. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Birao
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ouanda SUDAN
The Baya and Banda are the CHAD
Ndélé
Djallé
largest ethnic groups, but the lingua
Batangafo Kaga Bandoro
franca is Sango, a trading creole spoken Bozoum
Bambari
by the minorities in the south who Bouar Sibut
Carnot Bangassou
have traditionally provided most BANGUI
CAM

Berbérati Mobaye
Ub an g i
political leaders. Less than 2% of the
ER

D EM . REP. CON G O
population live in the north. Recent
O

CONGO
O
N

rebellions by northern groups have 0 200 km

displaced thousands of people. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sango, Banda, Gbaya,

OFFICIAL NAME: Central African Republic French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 60%,
CAPITAL: Bangui Christian 35%, Muslim 5%
POPULATION: 4.42 million ETHNIC MIX: Baya 34%, Banda 27%,
TOTAL AREA: 240,534 sq. miles Mandjia 21%, Sara 10%, other 8%
(622,984 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 18 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
190 AFRICA

Chad
Landlocked in north-central Africa, Chad has had a
turbulent history since independence from France in 1960.
Intermittent periods of civil war followed a military coup in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly plateaus sloping west-ward to The discovery of oil, and the
Lake Chad. Northern third is Sahara. Tibesti opening of a pipeline to the coast via
Mountains in north rise to 10,826 ft (3300 m). Cameroon, are transforming Chad’s
economy, though the new wealth is
CLIMATE unlikely to reach most people.
Three distinct zones: desert in
north, semiarid region in center, 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
and tropics in south. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA
200m/656ft
Tibe s t i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level

Half the population live in the

S a h a r a
southern fifth of Chad. The northern NIGER
third has only 100,000 people, mainly
Muslim Toubou nomads. Democracy was
restored in 1996 by ex-coup leader Idriss
Bol Abéché
Déby. Instability has continued, first with Lake Chad SUDAN
tension between Muslims and southern NIGERIA Mongo
Christians and, more recently, with NDJAMENA
Bongor
rebellions in the east. Fianga CENTRAL
Bénoy Sarh AFRICAN
CAMEROON
Moundou Doba REPUBLIC
INSIGHT: Lake Chad is slowly
drying up – it is now estimated to 0 200 km
be just 10% of the size it was in 1970 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Sara, Arabic*, Maba

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chad RELIGIONS: Muslim 55%, traditional beliefs
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 35%, Christian 10%
CAPITAL: Ndjamena ETHNIC MIX: Other 30%, Sara 28%,
POPULATION: 11.2 million Mayo-Kebbi 12%, Arab 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 495,752 sq. miles Ouaddai 9%, Kanem-Bornou 9%
(1,284,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 23 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 SOUTH AMERICA 191
Chile
Chile extends in a ribbon down the west coast of South
America. It returned to elected civilian rule in 1989 after a
referendum forced out military dictator General Pinochet.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Fertile valleys in the center World’s biggest copper
between the coast and the Andes. producer. Growth in foreign
Atacama Desert in north. Deep-sea investment due to PERU
channels, lakes, and fjords in south. political stability. Exports BOLIVIA
Arica
include wine, fishmeal,
Iquique

e rt
CLIMATE fruits, and salmon.

A n ca m a D e s
Arid in the north. Hot, dry Antofagasta

s
INSIGHT:

de
summers and mild winters in the center. PACIFIC
Chile’s Atacama

a
Higher Andean peaks have glaciers and OCEAN

At
year-round snow. Very wet and stormy Desert is the driest
in the south. place on Earth
Viña del Mar
Valparaíso SANTIAGO
Rancagua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Talcahuano Talca
Most people are of mixed Concepción Chillán
Spanish–Amerindian descent, and are Temuco
Valdivia
highly urbanized. Almost a third of Puerto Montt

s
the population live in Santiago, many

Ande
4000m/13124ft Isla de Chiloé
in large slums. There are three main 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
indigenous groups, including the 1000m/3281ft
ARGENTINA
Sea Level
Rapa Nui of Easter Island. General
Pinochet’s dictatorship was brutally
Punta Arenas
repressive, but the business and 0 300 km
Strait of Magellan
middle classes prospered. 0 300 miles
Cape Horn

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chile languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1818 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%, other
CAPITAL: Santiago and nonreligious 20%
POPULATION: 17 million ETHNIC MIX: Mixed and European 90%,
TOTAL AREA: 292,258 sq. miles other Amerindian 9%, Mapuche 1%
(756,950 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 59 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Chilean peso = 100 centavos
192 ASIA

China
Covering a vast area of eastern Asia, China is bordered
by 14 countries. A one-party Communist state since 1949, it has
recently become a dominant force in global manufacturing.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

A land of huge physical diversity, Most people are Han Chinese.
China has a long Pacific coastline to The rest of the population belong to
the east. Two-thirds of the country is one of 55 minority nationalities, or
uplands. The southwestern mountains recognized ethnic groups. Many of
include Tibet, the world’s highest these groups have a disproportionate
plateau; in the northwest, the Tien political significance as they live in
Shan Mountains separate the arid strategic border areas. A policy of
Tarim and Dzungarian basins. The resettling Han Chinese in remote
rolling hills and plains of the low-lying east regions is deeply resented and has
are home to two-thirds of the population. led to uprisings in Xinjiang and Tibet.
The government has relaxed the
CLIMATE one-child family policy, particularly
China is divided into two main for minorities, after some small groups
climatic regions. The north and west were brought close to extinction.
are semiarid or arid, with extreme Chinese society is patriarchal in
temperature variations. The south and practice, and generations tend to live
east are warmer and more humid, with together. However, economic change
year-round rainfall. Winter temperatures is breaking down the social controls of the
vary with latitude, but are warmest on the Mao Zedong era. Divorce and
subtropical southeast coast. Summer unemployment are rising; materialism
temperatures are more uniform, rising has replaced the puritanism of the past.
above 70°F (21°C). A resurgence of religious belief has
occurred in recent years.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Rep. of China RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 59%, traditional
DATE OF FORMATION: 960 beliefs 20%, other 13%, Buddhist 6%,
CAPITAL: Beijing Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 1.35 billion ETHNIC MIX: Han 92%, other 4%, Hui 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 3,705,386 sq. miles Miao 1%, Manchu 1%, Zhuang 1%
(9,596,960 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 374 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yuan = 10 jiao = 100 fen
 ASIA 193

THE ECONOMY economy. Faced with a global downturn

China has shifted from a centrally from 2008, Chinese stimulus packages
planned to a market-oriented economy; have boosted domestic spending. The
liberalization has gone furthest in the buying power of China’s huge market for
south where the emerging business raw materials and consumer goods could
class is based. The Tenth Five-Year drive global recovery.
Plan (2001–2005) emphasized rapid
development; the Eleventh Plan aims to INSIGHT: China has the world’s
reduce wealth disparities. Exports led oldest continuous civilization. Its
sustained GDP growth from 2003; China recorded history began 4000 years ago,
has become the world’s third-largest with the Shang dynasty

Amur
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4000m/13124ft Sea
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
194 SOUTH AMERICA

Colombia
Lying in northwest South America, Colombia has
coastlines on both the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is primarily
noted for its coffee, emeralds, gold, and cocaine trafficking.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The densely forested and almost Healthy and diversified export
uninhabited east is separated from the sector – includes coffee and coal.
western coastal plains by the Andes, Considerable growth potential, but
which divide into three ranges drugs-related violence and corruption
(cordilleras) with intervening valleys. deter foreign investors.

CLIMATE Sea
Caribbean
Santa Marta
Coastal plains are hot and wet. The Barranquilla Valledupar
highlands are much cooler. The equatorial Sincelejo
Cartagena
east has two wet seasons. Montería
Cúcuta
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
OCEANBucaramanga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Medellín

ta
s
Me

Or
Most Colombians are of mixed Manizales
BOGOTÁ

i n o co
e
Armenia
blood. Blacks and Amerindians have the d Villavicencio
least political representation. Civil Cali N
FIC

Neiva
n

eg r o
conflict over four and a half decades has Popayán
CI

Pasto
A

displaced millions of people, and left

PA

Equator
over 200,000 dead. The fighting is deeply ECUADOR C aq
Pu

tu uet BRAZIL
á
entwined with the narcotics trade.
m

PERU
ay
o

Violent crime is common.

3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Over 50% of the world’s 1000m/3281ft 0 200 km
500m/1640ft
cocaine is produced in Colombia Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Wayuu, Páez, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Colombia Amerindian languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1819 RELIGIONS: Catholic 95%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Bogotá ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 58%, White 20%,
POPULATION: 45.7 million European-African 14%, African 4%, African-
TOTAL AREA: 439,733 sq. miles Amerindian 3%, other 1%
(1,138,910 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 114 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Col. peso = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 195
Comoros
Off the east African coast, between Mozambique and
Madagascar, lies the archipelago republic of the Comoros,
comprising three main islands and a number of smaller islets.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Main islands are of volcanic origin One of the world’s poorest
and are heavily forested. The remainder countries. Subsistence-level farming.
are coral atolls. Vanilla and cloves are main cash crops.
Lack of basic infrastructure.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid all year round, INSIGHT: The Comoros is the world’s
especially on the coasts. November to largest producer of ylang-ylang – an
May is hottest and wettest period. extract from tree blossom used in
manufacturing perfumes
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Grande Comore
The Comoros has absorbed a (Njazidja) 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
diversity of people over the years, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
including Africans, Arabs, Polynesians, Koimbani
and Persians. There have also been MORONI
Portuguese, Dutch, French, and Indian
Foumbouni
immigrants. Ethnic discord is rare, but Dembéni
INDIAN OCEAN
regional tensions between islands are
marked. The country is politically Ouani
Mohéli
unstable and there have been frequent (Mwali) Moutsamudou
coups. A fragile new federal system has Mozambique Fomboni
Channel Moya
been in place since 2002. Wealth is Anjouan
(Nzwani)
concentrated within a political and 0 20 km
business elite. 0 20 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Comoran*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Union of the Comoros French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%,
CAPITAL: Moroni Roman Catholic 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 676,000 ETHNIC MIX: Comoran 97%,
TOTAL AREA: 838 sq. miles other 3%
(2170 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 785 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Comoros franc = 100 centimes
196 AFRICA

Congo
Astride the equator in west-central Africa, this former
French colony emerged from 20 years of Marxist-Leninist rule in
1990. Democracy was soon overshadowed by years of violence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly forest- or savanna- Oil provides over 95% of export
covered plateaus, drained by the revenue. Timber is extracted. Foreign
Ubangi and Congo river systems. debt high. Substantial industrial base
Narrow coastal plain is lined with around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire.
sand dunes and lagoons.
INSIGHT: In 1970, Congo became
CLIMATE the first African country to
Hot, tropical. Temperatures rarely declare itself a communist state
fall below 86°F (30°C). Two wet and two C. A. R.
0 200 km
dry seasons. Rainfall is heaviest south of
0 200 miles
the equator. CAMEROON

Ouésso

n gi
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft

Ub a
San
One of the most tribally Sea Level

gh
a
conscious and heavily urbanized Equator
Owando
countries in Africa, with most people

o
ng
GABON
living in the Brazzaville–Pointe-Noire

Co
region. Main tensions are between Djambala
the Bakongo in the north and the Mossendjo DEM. REP.
CONGO
Mbochi in the south. Relative peace Loudima
Nkayi
was secured in 1999, and “ninja” rebels ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BRAZZAVILLE
Kinkala
in the Pool region, around Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
ANGOLA
signed a peace deal in 2003. (Cabinda)

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kongo, Teke, Lingala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Congo French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Traditional 50%, Catholic 25%,
CAPITAL: Brazzaville Protestant 23%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 3.68 million ETHNIC MIX: Bakongo 51%, Teke 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 132,046 sq. miles other 16%, Mbochi 11%, Mbédé 5%
(342,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 28 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 197
Congo, (DRC)
Lying in east-central Africa, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (DRC) is one of Africa’s largest countries,
and the scene of one of its worst regional wars.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Rainforested basin of Congo River Rich resource base: minerals
occupies 60% of the land area. High (copper, coltan, cobalt, diamonds)
mountain ranges and lakes stretch down dominate export earnings. War and
the eastern border. decades of corruption have caused
economic collapse. Food aid is needed to
CLIMATE ease humanitarian crisis.
Tropical and humid. Distinct wet
and dry seasons south of the equator. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
U b a n gi
SUDAN
The north is mainly wet.
Bumba Isiro Lake
Albert
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mbandaka Kisangani UGANDA
Equator
There are 12 main ethnic groups

Lual
o
Congo Goma

ng
CONGO
and around 190 smaller ones. The Co
Basin RWANDA

aba
Bukavu
BURUNDI
indigenous forest pygmies, victimized in ANGOLA
KINSHASA Ilebo
the war, are now a marginalized group. (Cabinda) Kananga Kalemie TANZANIA
Kikwit
ATL EAN

Matadi Lake
Civil war from 1996 drew neighboring Mbuji-Mayi Tanganyika
OC
ANT

countries into a bloody conflict. ANGOLA

K a sai Kamina
IC

Tentative peace in 2003 was soon Likasi

ZAMBIA
undermined by rebels in the east. Lubumbashi
ZAMBIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The DRC’s rainforests 1000m/3281ft
comprise 6% of the world’s, and 50% of 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
Africa’s, remaining woodlands Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 75 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic LANGUAGES: Kiswahili, Tshiluba, French*
of the Congo RELIGIONS: Christian 70%, Kimbanguist 10%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 traditional beliefs 10%, Muslim 10%
CAPITAL: Kinshasa ETHNIC MIX: Other 55%, Mongo, Luba, Kongo,
POPULATION: 66 million and Mangbetu-Azande 45%
TOTAL AREA: 905,563 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(2,345,410 sq. km) CURRENCY: Congolese franc = 100 centimes
198 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Costa Rica
Costa Rica, Central America’s most stable country, is
rich in pristine scenery and exotic wildlife. Its neutrality in
foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains of swamp and Stability has attracted
savanna rise to a fertile central plateau, multinationals. The main exports are
which leads to a mountain range with bananas, pineapples, coffee, and beef,
active volcanic peaks. but all are vulnerable to fluctuating world
prices. History of high inflation. Pioneer
CLIMATE of eco-tourism. Pledged to be carbon
Hot and humid in coastal regions. neutral by 2021.
Temperate central uplands. High 0 50 km
annual rainfall. 0 50 miles
NICARAGUA

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sa

n Juan
Most people are mestizo, of partly Liberia Caribbean
Sea
Spanish origin. There is a black, English- Cañas Quesada
speaking minority and around 35,000 San Ramón Heredia
Puntarenas
indigenous Amerindians. Plantation SAN JOSÉ Turrialba Limón
Cartago
owners are the wealthiest group, while
o

C
de
one in six people live in poverty. San Isidro Ta rd i
la ll e
m ra
Nonetheless, living standards are high for PACIFIC

A
an
ca

NAM
OCEAN
the region, and education and healthcare
provision is good.

PA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Península
1000m/3281ft de Osa
INSIGHT: Costa Rica’s 1949 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
constitution bans a national army Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Costa Rica Bribri, Cabecar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 76%,
CAPITAL: San José other (including Protestant) 24%
POPULATION: 4.58 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo and European 96%,
TOTAL AREA: 19,730 sq. miles Black 2%, Chinese 1%, Amerindian 1%
(51,100 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 232 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: C.R. colón = 100 céntimos
 AFRICA 199
Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
One of the larger nations along the coast of west Africa,
Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s biggest cocoa producer.
An image of stability was rocked by civil war in 2002–2005.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Sandy coastal strip backed by a Main crops are cocoa and coffee.
largely rainforested interior, and a Oil is now major export. Good
savanna plateau in the north. infrastructure. Lack of professional
training. Instability deters investment.
CLIMATE
High temperatures all year round. M A LI
South has two wet seasons; north has BU RKI NA
one, with lower rainfall.
Odienné
Korhogo
PEOPLE & SOCIETY G U IN EA
There are over 60 tribes; the largest
is the Baoulé (an Akan group). Southern Lac de Bouaké
Man Kossou
Christians harbor resentment against
Daloa Abengourou
non-Ivorian Muslims in the north. Guiglo
GHANA
Plantations employ millions of migrant YAMOUSSOUKRO Dimbokro
Gagnoa
workers (including children), though Divo
LIBERIA Abidjan
thousands fled back to Burkina during Grand-Bassam
the civil war. Rebels joined a transitional San Pédro y Coast
Ivor
government in 2007. G ulf o f G uinea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
INSIGHT: The Basilica of Our Lady of 1000m/3281ft
Peace in Yamoussoukro is the largest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
church in the world Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Akan, French*, Krou,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Côte d’Ivoire other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 38%, Christian 31%,
CAPITAL: Yamoussoukro traditional beliefs 25%, other 6%
POPULATION: 21.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Akan 42%, Voltaïque 18%,
TOTAL AREA: 124,502 sq. miles Mandé du Nord 17%, Krou 11%, other 12%
(322,460 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 172 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
200 EUROPE

Croatia
Though it was controlled by Hungary from medieval
times and was a part of the Yugoslav state for much of
the 20th century, Croatia has a very strong national identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Rocky, mountainous Adriatic The war cost the economy an
coastline is dotted with islands. Interior is estimated $50 billion. Unemployment has
a mixture of wooded mountains and been persistently high. Corruption deters
broad valleys. foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on
the Dalmatian coast.
CLIMATE
0 50 km
The interior has a temperate
0 50 miles
continental climate. Mediterranean Varaªdin
Âakovec
climate along the Adriatic coast. Koprivnica D r HUNGARY
a va

SER ube
SLOVENIA

Da
ZAGREB Virovitica

n
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Karlovac

BIA
S Osijek
Rijeka K up a Sa l a v o n i a
Croats are distinguished from
a

va Vukovar
tr

Is Slavonski
Bosniaks and Serbs by their Roman Brod
Pula
Catholic faith and use of the Latin BOSNIA
alphabet. Many Serbs fled Croatia during &
Zadar D HERZEGOVINA
i
the early 1990s conflict that accompanied
na
D

ri

Yugoslavia’s breakup. Minority rights and

c
a

l
A

m Split
lp

fighting organized crime are key issues in

s

a
Adriatic t
the quest for EU membership by 2011. Sea
i
a

Dubrovnik MON.
INSIGHT: Croatia only regained 1000m/3281ft
control of Serb-occupied Eastern 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Slavonia, around Vukovar, in 1998 Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Croatian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Croatia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 7%, Orthodox Christian 4%,
CAPITAL: Zagreb Muslim 1%
POPULATION: 4.42 million ETHNIC MIX: Croat 90%, other 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 21,831 sq. miles Serb 5%
(56,542 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 202 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kuna = 100 lipa
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 201
Cuba
A former Spanish colony, Cuba is the largest island in
the Caribbean. It became the only communist country
in the Americas after Fidel Castro seized power in 1959.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mostly fertile plains and basins. Sugar industry now superseded
Three mountainous areas. Forests of by tourism and nickel. US trade
pine and mahogany cover one-quarter embargo, since 1961. Shortages drive a
of the country. black market. Parallel use of US dollar
(1993–2004), and then convertible peso,
CLIMATE has boosted investment but created a
Subtropical. Hot all year round, “dollarized” elite.
and very hot in summer. Heaviest rainfall
in the mountains. Hurricanes can strike INSIGHT: Fidel Castro had become
in the fall. the world’s longest-serving non-
hereditary ruler before handing power
to his brother Raúl in 2006
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Castro regime has reduced its
of
St r a ri da
formerly extreme wealth disparities, HAVANA Flo ATLANTIC
given education a high priority, and Marianao Matanzas OCEAN
established an efficient health service. Pinar Santa Clara
Cienfuegos
del Río Ciego de Avila
Political dissent, however, is not Camagüey
Archipiélago de los
tolerated. A dramatic fall in living Canarreos
Bayamo
Holguín
Caribbean Guantánamo
standards since the late 1980s has led Sea Santiago
thousands of Cubans to flee to the US, de Cuba GUANTÁNAMO
BAY
to seek asylum. About 70% of Cubans 1000m/3281ft
(to USA)

are of Spanish descent. There is little 500m/1640ft

200m/656ft
0 100 km
ethnic tension. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cuba RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 49%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1902 Catholic 40%, atheist 6%, other 4%,
CAPITAL: Havana Protestant 1%
POPULATION: 11.2 million ETHNIC MIX: White 66%,
TOTAL AREA: 42,803 sq. miles European–African 22%, Black 12%
(110,860 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 262 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Cuban peso = 100 centavos
202 EUROPE

Cyprus
Cyprus lies south of Turkey in the eastern
Mediterranean. Since 1974, it has been partitioned between
the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek-Cypriot south.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains in the center-west give Financial services and tourism.
way to a fertile plain in the east, flanked Eurozone member with best economic
by hills to the northeast. performance and lowest unemployment
in 2009 downturn. North suffers from
CLIMATE lack of investment and lower wages.
Mediterranean. Summers are hot
and dry. Winters are mild, with snow in INSIGHT: The Green Line, which
the mountains. separates north from south, was
opened for the first time in 2003
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mediterranean Sea Dipkarpaz
The Greek majority practice (Rizokarpason)
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Orthodox Christianity. Since the 16th (only recognized by Turkey)
century, a minority community of Turkish Lapta (Lápithos) Girne (Kerÿneia) Famagusta
Muslims has lived in the north of the Deêirmenlik Bay
Güzelyurt (Mórfou)
island. In 1974 Turkish troops occupied (Kythréa) Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
the north and proclaimed the Turkish
Troodos Agia Nápa
Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), Mts. Lárnaka
Páfos Sovereign
but it is recognized only by Turkey. Lemesós Base Area
Over 100,000 mainland Turks have settled Sovereign (Limassol) (to UK)
Base Area Akrotiri
there since. UN-led mediation failed to (to UK) Cease-fire line
reunite the island ahead of EU accession 1000m/3281ft
in 2004, so the north was left out 0 25 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of membership. 0 25 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cyprus RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 78%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 Muslim 18%, other 4%
CAPITAL: Nicosia ETHNIC MIX: Greek 81%, Turkish 11%,
POPULATION: 871,000 other 8%
TOTAL AREA: 3571 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential systems
(9250 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
DENSITY: 244 people per sq. mile (new Turkish lira in TRNC = 100 kurus)
 EUROPE 203
Czech Republic
Once part of Czechoslovakia, a central European
communist state in 1948–1989, the Czech Republic peacefully
dissolved its union with Slovakia in 1993. It joined the EU in 2004.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Landlocked in central Europe. Traditional heavy industries
Bohemia, the western territory, is a (machinery, iron, car-making) have been
plateau surrounded by mountains. successfully privatized. Prague attracts
Moravia, in the east, is characterized by tourists. Skilled workforce. Will join euro
hills and lowlands. in 2013 at earliest.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Charles University in Prague

Cool, sometimes cold winters and was founded in the 13th century
warm summer months, which bring most
of the annual rainfall.
GERMANY
Liberec
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ústí nad Labem
Karlovy
Secular and urban society, with
E lb
Vary POLAND

e
high divorce rates. Czechs make up the Kladno
PRAGUE
Hradec Králové

vast majority of the population, while Plzeõ

ia
Pardubice
m Ostrava
the next largest group are Moravians. Bo
he Olomouc
Havíüov
Âeské
The 300,000 Slovaks left after partition Budêjovice
Moravia
Zlín
are now permitted dual citizenship. Brno

Ethnic tensions are few, but there is AUSTRIA SLOVAKIA

widespread hostility toward the
Roma minority. A new commercial 1000m/3281ft
elite is emerging alongside 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 50 km
postcommunist entrepreneurs. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Czech*, Slovak, Hungarian

OFFICIAL NAME: Czech Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 39%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 atheist 38%, other 18%, Protestant 3%,
CAPITAL: Prague Hussite 2%
POPULATION: 10.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Czech 90%, other 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 30,450 sq. miles Moravian 4%, Slovak 2%
(78,866 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 341 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Czech koruna = 100 haleru
204 EUROPE

Denmark
Denmark occupies the Jutland peninsula and over
400 islands in southern Scandinavia. Greenland and the
Faeroe Islands are self-governing associated territories.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile farmland covers two-thirds Natural gas and oil reserves. Skilled
of the terrain, which is among the workforce key to high-tech industrial
flattest in the world. About 100 islands success. Pork, bacon, dairy products are
are inhabited. exported. Opted not to join the euro,
though its currency is pegged.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate climate with 200m/656ft
Sea Level Bornholm
mild summers and cold, wet winters. ak
r
Rainfall is moderate. a g er Rønne
Sk
Aalborg
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kattegat
Income distribution is the most J y l l a n d
Randers
even in the West: society is egalitarian Viborg
with few tensions. Cultural clashes have Silkeborg
Herning Århus Helsingør
arisen with immigrant minorities. Almost Horsens
COPENHAGEN
all women now work and Denmark is a Vejle Roskilde

a
Esbjerg

Se
world leader in childcare provision. Kolding
Odense

tic
Fyn Sjælland
Marriage is becoming less common,

Bal
North Svendborg Næstved
even for couples with children. Sea Sønderborg
GERMANY Nykøbing
L ollan d
Fa l st er
INSIGHT: Denmark is Europe’s
oldest kingdom – the monarchy 0 50 km
dates back to the 10th century 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Danish

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Denmark RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 89%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 950 other 10%, Roman Catholic 1%
CAPITAL: Copenhagen ETHNIC MIX: Danish 96%, other (including
POPULATION: 5.47 million Scandinavian and Turkish) 3%, Faeroese
TOTAL AREA: 16,639 sq. miles and Inuit 1%
(43,094 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 334 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Danish krone = 100 øre
 AFRICA 205
Djibouti
A city-state with a desert hinterland, Djibouti lies in
northeast Africa on the Red Sea. Once known as the French
Territory of the Afars and Issas, independence came in 1977.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mainly low-lying desert and Djibouti’s major assets are its ports
semidesert, with a volcanic mountain in a key Red Sea location.
range in the north.
INSIGHT: Chewing the leaves of the
CLIMATE mildly narcotic qat shrub is an age-old
Almost no rain, though the social ritual in Djibouti
monsoon is very humid. The 109°F (45°C) 1000m/3281ft
heat of summer is unbearable. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level ERITREA
Below Sea level Red Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Ba
The main ethnic groups are

b el
ETHIOPIA ◊a√√a’to

Mand
the Issas in the south, and the
nomadic Afars in the north. Tensions

eb
between them developed into a Obock
guerrilla war in 1991–1994. Smaller Tadjourah ura Gulf of
Gâlâfi Lac ‘Assal T ad jo Aden
tribal groups make up the rest of de
l fe
Go DJIBOUTI
the population, and the rural peoples
are mostly nomadic. Wealth is Goubétto Damêrdjôg
Lake Abhe
concentrated in Djibouti city. Mouloud
SOMALILAND
Guélîlé (not internationally
France exerts considerable influence recognized)
in Djibouti, supporting it financially ETHIOPIA
and maintaining a naval base and 0 30 km
a military garrison. 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Somali, Afar, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Djibouti Arabic*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1977 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 94%,
CAPITAL: Djibouti Christian 6%
POPULATION: 864,200 ETHNIC MIX: Issa 60%, Afar 35%,
TOTAL AREA: 8494 sq. miles other 5%
(22,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 97 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Djibouti franc = 100 centimes
206 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Dominica
Dominica is renowned as the Caribbean island that
resisted European colonization until the 18th century.
It achieved independence from the UK in 1978.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and densely forested. Based on bananas, but has lost
Volcanic activity has given the land very preferential access to EU market. Some
fertile soils, hot springs, geysers, and diversification: flowers, coffee, fruit.
black sand beaches. Agriculture vulnerable to hurricanes.
Eco-tourism. Some offshore banking.
CLIMATE
Tropical, cooled by constant trade INSIGHT: Dominica is known as
winds. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical “Nature Island,” due to its spectacular
depressions and hurricanes are likely flora and fauna
June–November.
assage
ca P 2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY in i
om 1000m/3281ft
D 500m/1640ft
The majority of Dominicans Prince
Portsmouth
200m/656ft
are descendants of African slaves Rupert
Bay
Marigot Sea Level
brought over to work on banana Northern Forest
Reserve
plantations. The Carib Territory on
ATLANTIC
the northeast of the island is home Caribbean OCEAN
Mahaut
to the only surviving indigenous Sea

community in the Caribbean. Wealth Canefield

Airport
disparities are not as marked as
ROSEAU
elsewhere in the region, but the
alleviation of poverty has become a Martinique 0 10 km
Passage
major plank of government policy. 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%,
Dominica Protestant 15%, other 8%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 ETHNIC MIX: Black 87%, Mixed race 9%,
CAPITAL: Roseau Carib 3%, other 1%
POPULATION: 70,400 GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
TOTAL AREA: 291 sq. miles (754 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar
DENSITY: 243 people per sq. mile = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 207
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern two-
thirds of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Spanish-
speaking, it seeks closer ties to the anglophone West Indies.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Highlands and rainforested Mining (nickel and gold), sugar,
mountains – including the highest peak in and textiles. Tourism, remittances, and
the Caribbean, Pico Duarte – interspersed exports all rely heavily on US market.
with fertile valleys. Extensive coastal Hidden economy based on trans-
plain in the east. shipment of narcotics to the US.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Santo Domingo is the oldest

Hot and humid close to sea level, city in the Americas. It was founded in
cooler at altitude. Heavy rainfall, 1496 by the brother of Christopher Columbus
especially in the northeast.
Puerto Plata ATLANTIC
Monte Cristi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mao OCEAN
Santiago
White landowners – especially Pico Duarte
San Francisco
de Macorís
those descended from the original HAITI C10, 417ft (3175m)
ord u La Vega
Spanish settlers – form the wealthy San Juan
i ll e r
a C en tr al
SANTO El Seibo
elite. Mixed-race majority controls Lago DOMINGO
Enriquillo La Romana
commerce and forms the bulk of the San Cristóbal
San Pedro
professional middle classes. White and Barahona
de Macorís
mixed-race women are entering the Caribbean
professions. Great disparities of wealth Sea
2000m/6562ft
exist; the black and Haitian-immigrant 1000m/3281ft
populations occupy the bottom of 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the social ladder. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Dominican Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 92%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1865 and nonreligious 8%
CAPITAL: Santo Domingo ETHNIC MIX: Mixed race 75%, White 15%,
POPULATION: 10.1 million Black 10%
TOTAL AREA: 18,679 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(48,380 sq. km) CURRENCY: Dominican Republic peso
DENSITY: 540 people per sq. mile = 100 centavos
208 ASIA

East Timor
East Timor occupies the once Portuguese-owned
eastern half of the island of Timor. Invaded by Indonesia in 1975,
it became independent in 2002 following a long struggle.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A narrow coastal plain gives way to Widespread poverty. Violence in
forested highlands. The mountain 1999 damaged infrastructure. Riots in
backbone rises to 9715 ft (2963 m). 2006 undermined stability, further
deterring foreign investment. Agreement
CLIMATE with Australia on division of oil revenue
Tropical. Heavy rain in wet season from the Timor Sea.
(December–March), then dry and hot,
particularly in the north. INSIGHT: Once dependent on
sandalwood, the economy is being
PEOPLE & SOCIETY transformed by oil under the Timor Sea
The population is almost entirely
Se
Roman Catholic. The Timorese are a mix l at
R
Pulau Wetar
of Malay and Papuan peoples, and many

om
an
indigenous Papuan tribes survive. There is

g
Pulau Alor ait
ar Str
an urban Chinese minority, and ethnic it Ataúro Wet
Lospalos
Indonesian settlers became numerous
ra

Pulau St Manatuto Tutuala

ai
after annexation in 1975. Pantar O m b DILI
(part of Pante a
Preindependence violence in 1999 Maliana e
East Macassar S
was politically rather than ethnically Timor)
o r
Ti m or Suai T i m
motivated. Women do not have access
2000m/6562ft
to the professions and levels of 1000m/3281ft
domestic violence are notably high. 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Living standards are low. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 201 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic LANGUAGES: Tetum*, Bahasa Indonesia,
of Timor-Leste Portuguese*
DATE OF FORMATION: 2002 RELIGIONS: Catholic 95%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Dili ETHNIC MIX: Malay/Papuan groups c. 85%,
POPULATION: 1.13 million Indonesian c. 13%, Chinese 2%
TOTAL AREA: 5756 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(14,874 sq. km) CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 209
Ecuador
Once part of the Inca heartland, Ecuador lies on the
western coast of South America. Its territory includes the
fascinating Galápagos Islands, 610 miles (970 km) to the west.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Broad coastal plain, inter-Andean Oil provides half of export
central highlands, dense jungle in earnings. World’s biggest banana
upper Amazon basin. exporter. US dollar offers stability,
but less control. Defaulted on debt in
CLIMATE 2008, prioritizing social spending.
The climate is hot and moist on
0 100 km
the coast, cool in the Andes, and hot
0 100 miles
equatorial in the Amazon basin. PA C I F I C
OCEAN
COLOMBIA
Esmeraldas Sa
PEOPLE & SOCIETY nM
ig u e l
Ibarra
Most people are of Amerindian–

s
Equator
Spanish extraction (mestizo). Black Santo Domingo
QUITO N ap o
communities exist on the coast. The

e
de los Colorados
Manta
strong and largely unified Amerindian Portoviejo
Ambato
movement leads the pressure for social Riobamba
d
reform; one in eight people live in Milagro
Guayaquil
extreme poverty. Recent left-wing
n

policies have given greater rights to Gulf Cuenca

of
women, the poor, and Amerindians. Guayaquil
Machala
A

4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Loja
INSIGHT: Darwin's study on the PERU 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Galápagos Islands in 1856 played a 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
major part in his theory of evolution Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ecuador Amerindian languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%; Protestant,
CAPITAL: Quito Jewish, and other 7%
POPULATION: 13.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 55%, Amerindian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 109,483 sq. miles White 10%, Black 10%
(283,560 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 127 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
210 AFRICA

Egypt
Occupying the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt is divided
by the highly fertile Nile Valley. Its essentially pro-Western, military-
backed regime is being challenged by Islamic fundamentalists.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile Nile Valley separates arid Oil and gas. Cotton. Tolls from the
Libyan Desert from smaller semiarid Suez Canal. Successful tourist industry, in
eastern desert. Sinai peninsula has spite of terrorist attacks. High birth-rate
mountains in south. and rural poverty.

CLIMATE Nile Delta

Mediterranean Sea
Summers are very hot, but winters Bur Sá’íd ISRAEL
Al Iskandaríyah
are cooler. Rainfall is negligible, except Al Ismá‘ílíya
CAIRO Suez Canal
on the coast. Munkhafaç Al Jízah As Suways
JORDAN
al Qaœœára Al Minyá Sinai
LIBYA

N il e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Despite a long tradition of ethnic Asyú√
Hurghada

and religious tolerance, the rise of Islam

Re
Sawháj Qiná

d
has sparked clashes between Muslims Al Uq§ur

Se
L i b y a n

a
and Copts (Coptic Christianity is one of D e s e r t Aswán
the Church’s earliest branches). Women Administrative
border
play a full part in education and the Lake Nasser
economy, though this is threatened by
SUDAN Political border
Islamism. Rapidly growing population is
a problem. Poverty is rife around Cairo. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: In 450 BCE Herodotus 200m/656ft 0 200 km
Sea Level
visited the already-ancient pyramids Below Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Arab Republic of Egypt Berber
DATE OF FORMATION: 1936 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 94%,
CAPITAL: Cairo Coptic Christian and other 6%
POPULATION: 83 million ETHNIC MIX: Egyptian 99%, other (Nubian,
TOTAL AREA: 386,660 sq. miles Armenian, Greek, Berber) 1%
(1,001,450 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 216 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Egyptian pound = 100 piastres
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 211
El Salvador
El Salvador is Central America’s smallest and most
densely populated country. Already struggling to recover from a
civil war in the 1980s, it was badly struck by earthquakes in 2001.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
El Salvador is a narrow coastal Coffee, sugar. Garment industry.
belt backed by two mountain ranges. Remittances from overseas. Frequent
There is a central plateau. The country is natural disasters damage infrastructure
located within a seismic zone, and there and homes and deepen country’s reliance
are more than 20 volcanic peaks. on aid. Five-year anti-poverty program
for north from 2007.
CLIMATE
Tropical coastal belt is very hot, INSIGHT: Independent since 1841,
with seasonal rains. Cooler, temperate El Salvador is named after Jesus Christ,
climate in highlands. “the savior” of Christians

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Population is largely mestizo; GUATEMALA Metapán HONDURAS
Chalatenango
ethnic tensions are few. The 1981–1991 Santa Ana Le mpa Lem
Embalse
civil war was fought between the

pa
Ahuachapán Cerrón Grande Sensuntepeque
US-backed right-wing government and Sonsonate SAN
left-wing FMLN guerrillas, over gross SALVADOR San Vicente
a San Miguel
Zacatecoluca
mp
economic disparities, which still exist La Unión
Le

despite some reform. During the war, Usulután

75,000 people died, many of whom were PACIFIC OCEAN

2000m/6562ft
unarmed civilians, and human rights 1000m/3281ft
abuses were widespread. The FMLN won 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 25 km
the presidency in 2009. Sea Level 0 25 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of El Salvador RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1841 Evangelical 18%, other 2%
CAPITAL: San Salvador ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 94%, Amerindian 5%,
POPULATION: 6.16 million White 1%
TOTAL AREA: 8124 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(21,040 sq. km) CURRENCY: Salvadorean colón
DENSITY: 770 people per sq. mile = 100 centavos; US dollar = 100 cents
212 AFRICA

Equatorial Guinea
Comprising the mainland territory of Río Muni and five
islands on the west coast of central Africa, Equatorial Guinea,
despite its name, lies just north of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The islands are mountainous and Oil and gas now account for 97% of
volcanic. The mainland is lower, with exports; the government has promised to
mangrove swamps along the coast. reinvest the new funds in development.
Timber, cocoa, coffee.
CLIMATE
The island of Bioko is extremely INSIGHT: In 2003, state radio
wet and humid. The mainland is only declared President Obiang Nguema
to be “like God in Heaven”
marginally drier and cooler.
2000m/6562ft MALABO
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Isla
da
Equatorial Guinea is the only 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Bioco

Spanish-speaking country in Africa. Río Bight of Biafra

Muni is sparsely populated and most ATLANTIC CAMEROON

OCEAN
people there are Fang, an ethnic group Micomeseng
also found in Cameroon and northern Gulf
of
Niefang
Gabon. Bioko is populated by Bubi and Guinea Bata
Mongomo
a minority of Creoles known as Mbini Uolo
R í o
Fernandinos. Tensions between the two M u n i
territories have been reignited by the Cabo Etembue
San Cogo Nsoc
discovery of oil off Bioko. Wealth is Juan

concentrated in the ruling clan; oil Isla de

Corisco
GABON
revenue in the last decade has made 0 40 km
little impact on most people. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 62 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Equatorial LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Fang, Bubi,
Guinea French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
CAPITAL: Malabo other 10%
POPULATION: 676,300 ETHNIC MIX: Fang 85%, other 11%, Bubi 4%
TOTAL AREA: 10,830 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(28,051 sq. km) CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 213
Eritrea
Lying along the southwest shore of the Red Sea, Eritrea
won a long war for independence from Ethiopia in 1993. The two
neighbors fought a bitter border war in 1998–2000.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mostly consists of rugged Legacy of disruption and
mountains, bush, and the Danakil Desert, destruction from wars; resettlement of
which falls below sea level. refugees. Susceptible to drought and
famine: dependent on food aid. Most of
CLIMATE the population live at subsistence level.
Warm in the mountains; desert Potential for extraction of gold, copper,
areas are hot. Droughts from July and oil. Red Sea location: port at Massawa.
onward are common.
0 100 km

PEOPLE & SOCIETY SUDAN Kerora

0 100 miles

Tigrinya-speakers, mainly Red Sea

Orthodox Christians, are the most
Dahlak
numerous of nine main ethnic groups. Archipelago
A strong sense of nationhood has Ak’ordat Keren Mîts’íwa (Massawa)
been forged by war. Women played Barentu ASMARA
a vital role in combat. Over 80% of Teseney Adi Ugri
people are subsistence farmers. ETHIOPIA
Suwa
D Red Sea
Multiparty elections, expected an

since 1997, have been ak ‘Aseb

persistently postponed. 2000m/6562ft il
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft DJIBOUTI
INSIGHT: Eritrea is the only country to 200m/656ft
Sea Level
secede successfully in postcolonial Africa Below Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tigrinya*, English*, Tigre, Afar,

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Eritrea Arabic*, Bilen, Kunama, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 RELIGIONS: Christian 45%, Muslim 45%,
CAPITAL: Asmara other 10%
POPULATION: 5.07 million ETHNIC MIX: Tigray 50%, Tigre 31%, other 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 46,842 sq. miles Saho 5%, Afar 5%
(121,320 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 112 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Nakfa = 100 cents
214 EUROPE

Estonia
The smallest and most Western-oriented of the former
Soviet-ruled Baltic states, Estonia is also the most developed,
but its standard of living is well below the EU average.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Estonia’s terrain is flat, boggy, and Timber and oil shale. Currency
partly forested, with over 1500 islands. pegged to euro: hopes to join in 2011.
Lake Peipus forms much of the eastern Good productivity. Strong growth
border with Russia. accompanied EU accession, but first EU
country to enter recession in 2008.
CLIMATE
Maritime, with some continental INSIGHT: Estonia pioneered online
extremes. Harsh winters, with cool voting in 2007, and plans voting by
summers and damp springs. cell phone in 2011

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Estonians are related ethnically Gulf of Finland
Kohtla-
TALLINN Järve Narva
and linguistically to the Finns. Friction Rakvere
Baltic
between ethnic Estonians and the large Sea Tapa
Haapsalu
Russian minority led to a reassertion of Paide Lake
Hiiumaa Peipus RUSS.
Estonian culture and language. Outright FED.
discrimination against the Russian Pärnu Viljandi Tartu
Saaremaa
Võrtsjärv
language was only ended in 2000. Gulf Lake Pskov
of
Estonians are predominantly Lutheran. Riga Valga
Võru
Families are small and divorce rates are LATVIA

high. Market reforms have increased

prosperity; a few people have 200m/656ft
0 50 km
become very rich. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Estonian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Estonia RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 56%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Orthodox Christian 25%,
CAPITAL: Tallinn other 19%
POPULATION: 1.34 million ETHNIC MIX: Estonian 68%, Russian 26%,
TOTAL AREA: 17,462 sq. miles other 4%, Ukrainian 2%
(45,226 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 77 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kroon = 100 senti
 AFRICA 215
Ethiopia
The former empire of Ethiopia once dominated
northeast Africa. A Marxist regime in 1974–1991, now a free-market
democracy, it has suffered economic, civil, and natural crises.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Great Rift Valley divides Overwhelmingly dependent on
mountainous northwest region from agriculture; coffee is main export crop.
desert lowlands in northeast and War-damaged infrastructure and periodic
southeast. Ethiopian Plateau is drained serious droughts and famines undermine
mainly by the Blue Nile. growth. There is a heavy reliance on food
aid. Landlocked since secession of Eritrea.
CLIMATE
Moderate, with summer rains. 0 200 km 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Highlands are warm, with night frost and 0 200 miles 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
snowfalls on the mountains. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ERITREA Re Below Sea Level
d
76 Ethiopian nationalities speak 286 Se
a
Mek’elé

D aD e s
languages. Oromo (or Gallas) are the Gonder a Gulf of

n
er k i l Aden
largest group. Ethnic representation is a Bahir Dar
t
DJIBOUTI
major political issue. Orthodox Blue Nile Ethiopian Desé

Christianity has a very ancient history in SUDAN ADDIS Diré Dawa

ABABA SOMALILAND
Ethiopia. Former emperor Haile Selassie Highlands Hárer (not internationally
Nazrét recognized)
inspired Rastafarianism.
ley ft

Jíma
Ogaden
Va l t Ri
a
Gr e

INSIGHT: King Solomon and the Queen

L. Turkana SOMALIA
of Sheba are said to have founded the
Kingdom of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) c. 1000 BCE KENYA

FACTFILE DENSITY: 193 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic LANGUAGES: Amharic*, Tigrinya, other
Republic of Ethiopia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 40%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1896 Muslim 40%, traditional 15%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Addis Ababa ETHNIC MIX: Oromo 32%, Amhara 30%,
POPULATION: 82.8 million other 26%, Tigray 6%, Somali 6%
TOTAL AREA: 435,184 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(1,127,127 sq. km) CURRENCY: Ethiopian birr = 100 cents
216 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Fiji
A volcanic archipelago in the South Pacific, with two
large islands and 880 islets. Tensions between native Fijians
and the Indian minority have sparked a succession of coups.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Main islands are mountainous, Tourism was main sector, though
fringed by coral reefs. Remainder are damaged by instability. Coups have also
limestone and coral formations. caused international isolation. All sectors
struggling: sugar production, gold mining,
CLIMATE textiles, timber, and commercial fishing.
Tropical. High temperatures all year
round. Cyclones are a hazard. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea Level PACIFIC
PEOPLE & SOCIETY OCEAN
The British introduced workers from
Vanua Levu
India in the late 19th century, and by 1946 Yasawa Nabavatu Labasa
Group
their descendants outnumbered the Nabouwalu
indigenous Fijian population. Ethnic-Fijian Bligh Water
Koro
Taveuni
Rakiraki
nationalism is strong. Many Indo-Fijians left Lautoka Ovalau
Viti Levu ge
after the 1987 coup, restoring ethnic Fijians Koro
Pa
s sa
Gau Se a eba
to a majority. In 2000, the first Indian- Sigatoka SUVA Lak
Lau Group
dominated government was ousted. The a ge
Pass Moala
Kadavu
army led another coup in 2006. Women Kadavu
are lobbying for more rights.
PACIFIC OCEAN
INSIGHT: Both Fijians and Indians
practice fire-walking; Indians walk on 0 100 km
hot embers, Fijians on heated stones 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fijian, English*, Hindi, Urdu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Fiji Islands Tamil, Telugu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970 RELIGIONS: Hindu 38%, Methodist 37%,
CAPITAL: Suva Catholic 9%, Muslim 8%, other 8%
POPULATION: 849,200 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian (Fijian) 51%, Indian
TOTAL AREA: 7054 sq. miles 44%, other 5%
(18,270 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 120 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Fiji dollar = 100 cents
 EUROPE 217
Finland
Finland’s language and national identity have been
influenced by both its Scandinavian and Russian neighbors.
Once aligned with the USSR, Finland is now a member of the EU.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
South and center are flat, with low Strong engineering and electronics
hills and many lakes. Uplands and low sectors: home of Nokia. Wood, pulp, and
mountains in the north. 60% of the paper production.
land area is forested.
INSIGHT: Finland has Europe’s largest
CLIMATE inland waterway system
Long, harsh winters with frequent
snowfalls. Short, warmer summers. 500m/1640ft
NORWAY
Inarijärvi
Rainfall is low, and decreases northward. 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Lapland
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SWEDEN RUSS.
One in four of the population FED.
Arctic Circle
lives in the Greater Helsinki region. Rovaniemi
Swedish-speakers live mainly in the 0 100 km
Oulu
Åland Islands in the southwest. The 0 100 miles
Sámi (Lapps) lead a seminomadic
existence inside the Arctic Circle. G ulf
of Vaasa Kuopio
Women make up 48% of the labor Bo thnia Joensuu
Jyväskylä
force, continuing a long tradition Haukivesi
Pori Tampere
of equality between the sexes. Saimaa
Lahti
Families tend to be close-knit, Åland
Turku
Kotka
though marriage is becoming Espoo HELSINKI
less common. Baltic Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Finnish*, Swedish*, Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Finland RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 89%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1917 other 9%, Orthodox Christian 1%, Roman
CAPITAL: Helsinki Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 5.33 million ETHNIC MIX: Finnish 93%, other (including
TOTAL AREA: 130,127 sq. miles Sámi) 7%
(337,030 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 45 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
218 EUROPE

France
Stretching across western Europe, from the English
Channel (la Manche) to the Mediterranean Sea, France was Europe’s
first modern republic, and is still a leading industrial power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Broad plain covers northern half of Chemicals, electronics, heavy
the country. Tall mountain ranges in the engineering, cars, and aircraft typify a
east and southwest, with a mountainous strong and diversified export sector.
plateau in the center. World leader in cosmetics, perfumes, and
quality wines. Modernized agriculture.
CLIMATE
Calais
Three main climates: temperate Lille
E ng l i s h Ch a nne l
and damp northwest; continental east; Amiens
BELGIUM
Channel Is. Le Havre LUX.
and Mediterranean south. (to UK) Rouen Reims GERMANY
Caen Strasbourg
Brest Versailles PARIS
Le Mans Nancy
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rennes Orléans Mulhouse R hi
ne
Loire Dijon
Strong French national identity Nantes
Tours
Besançon SWITZ.
coexists with pronounced regional Bay Clermont-
L. Geneva
Mâcon
differences, including local languages. of Limoges Ferrand Lyon
B i s c a y Cognac Massif Grenoble
Immigration laws have been tightened St.-Étienne

Rhône
s ITALY
Central lp
since the 1970s, but ethnic minorities Bordeaux A
Avignon Aix-en-
growing up in city suburbs feel Montpellier Provence MONACO
Biarritz Toulouse Nice
P y r Cannes
increasingly alienated. New rules aim to e n e e
s
Marseille
Toulon
Corse
bring more women into politics. SPAIN
ANDORRA
Perpignan
(Corsica)
Me dite r r a nea n
3000m/9843ft Sea
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: France is the most 1000m/3281ft
popular tourist destination in the 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
world, with over 80 million visitors a year Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Provençal, other

OFFICIAL NAME: French Republic RELIGIONS: Catholic 88%, Muslim 8%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 987 Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Buddhist 1%
CAPITAL: Paris ETHNIC MIX: French 90%, North African 6%,
POPULATION: 62.3 million German 2%, Breton 1%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 211,208 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(547,030 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 294 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 219
Gabon
Gabon is a former French colony straddling the equator
on Africa’s west coast. Independent since 1960, it returned to
multiparty politics in 1990, after 22 years of one-party rule.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Low plateaus and mountains lie Oil accounts for 80% of exports,
beyond the coastal strip. Two-thirds of but reserves are dwindling: not much
the land is covered by rainforest. post-oil planning. High debt problem.
Tropical hardwoods and manganese.
CLIMATE
Hot and tropical, with little INSIGHT: Libreville was founded
distinction between seasons. Cold as a settlement for freed French
Benguela current cools the coast. slaves in 1849
CAMEROON
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
EQUATORIAL Oyem CONGO
Some 40 different languages are GUINEA
spoken. The Fang, who live mainly in the
Makokou
north, are the largest ethnic group, but LIBREVILLE
have yet to gain control of the Equator
Port-
government. Oil wealth has led to the Gentil é Lambaréné
O goou
growth of an affluent middle class, but Koulamoutou Moanda
one in three people still lives in poverty. Mouila Franceville
Menial jobs are done by immigrant
workers. Education follows the French Tchibanga
CONGO
system. With 85% of people living in ATLANTIC
OCEAN
towns, Gabon is one of Africa’s most
urbanized countries. The government is 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
encouraging population growth. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fang, French*, Punu, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Gabonese Republic RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 55%, traditional beliefs 40%,
CAPITAL: Libreville other 4%, Muslim 1%
POPULATION: 1.47 million ETHNIC MIX: Fang 26%, Shira-punu 24%,
TOTAL AREA: 103,346 sq. miles other 24%, foreign 15%, Nzabi-duma 11%
(267,667 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 15 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
220 AFRICA

Gambia
Gambia is a riverbank state on the west coast of Africa,
almost entirely surrounded by Senegal. It was renowned for its
stability until its government was overthrown in a coup in 1994.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Located on the narrow strip of land Around 70% of the labor force is
bordering the Gambia River. Long, sandy involved in agriculture. Groundnuts are
beaches are backed by mangrove swamps the principal crop. Fish stocks are
along the river. Savanna and tropical declining. Eco-tourism is promoted,
forests higher up. though most visitors come for the
beaches. Banjul is one of west Africa’s
CLIMATE finest deepwater ports: significant
Subtropical, with wet, humid re-export trade. Smuggling problems.
months July–October, and warm, dry
season November–May. INSIGHT: Overfishing in the waters
off Gambia and Senegal, mainly by
PEOPLE & SOCIETY foreign vessels, is a growing problem
Little tension between various
ethnic groups. The largest group, the
Mandinka, has traditionally held power. SENEGAL
Islam is a strong social influence,
though there is no official state Bakau
BANJUL Farafenni Georgetown
religion. A small expatriate community Serekunda G am b i a
Brikama Basse
ATL EAN

from the UK lives on the coast. Gunjur Santa Su

OC

SENEGAL
AN

Seasonal migrants come from

TIC

neighboring states to harvest

groundnuts each year. Women 0 50 km
200m/656ft
are very active as traders. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandinka, Fulani, Wolof, Jola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Gambia Soninke, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 90%, Christian 9%,
CAPITAL: Banjul traditional beliefs 1%
POPULATION: 1.71 million ETHNIC MIX: Mandinka 40%, Fulani 19%,
TOTAL AREA: 4363 sq. miles Wolof 15%, Jola 11%, Serahuli 9%, other 6%
(11,300 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 442 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dalasi = 100 butut
 ASIA 221
Georgia
Located on the eastern shore of the Black Sea,
Georgia has been torn by civil war and ethnic disputes since
achieving independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Kura Valley lies between Caucasus Transit revenues from pipelines
Mountains in the north and Lesser taking oil to the West. Long-established
Caucasus range in south. Lowlands and booming wine industry. Political
along the Black Sea coast. instability. Fast pace of reforms in late
2000s, at cost of high unemployment.
CLIMATE
Subtropical along the coast, INSIGHT: Western Georgia was the
changing to continental extremes at high land of the legendary Golden Fleece of
altitudes. Rainfall is moderate. Greek mythology

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Paternalistic society, with strong
family, cultural, and literary traditions. C RUSSIAN FEDERATION
a
Georgia was converted to Christianity in u
Sokhumi c
a
326 CE. Armenians in the south are the Zugdidi s
u
poorest group. Civil conflicts in the early Black
P’ot’i
K’ut’aisi
Ts’khinvali
s
Sea Samtredia
1990s against Abkhaz and Osset ra Gori T’elavi
Bat’umi Ku
separatists displaced 300,000 people. Akhalts’ikhe TBILISI
Lesse Rust’avi
Abkhazia and South Ossetia now TURKEY
r C a u c as
us
effectively operate as separate states, ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
3000m/9843ft
backed up by Russian forces since the 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
2008 war. Russia opposes Georgian hopes 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
of joining the EU and NATO. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Georgian*, Russian, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Georgia RELIGIONS: Georgian Orthodox 65%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Muslim 11%, Russian Orthodox 10%,
CAPITAL: Tbilisi Armenian Orthodox 8%, other 6%
POPULATION: 4.26 million ETHNIC MIX: Georgian 84%, Armenian 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 26,911 sq. miles Azeri 6%, Russian 2%, other 2%
(69,700 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 158 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lari = 100 tetri
222 EUROPE

Germany
Europe’s strongest industrial power and its most
populous nation, Germany was divided after military defeat in 1945
into a free-market west and a communist east, but reunified in 1990.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central European coastal plains in Major exporter of electronics,
the north, rising to rolling hills of central heavy engineering, chemicals, and cars.
region and Alps in far south. Worst recession for 60 years in 2008–
2009. Aging population.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate in northern and DENMARK
Baltic Sea
central regions. Continental extremes in Kiel
mountainous south. Rostock
North Sea
Hamburg Lübeck
POLAND
Bremen Elb
e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

O
NETHER- BERLIN

de
Hannover
Regionalism is strong. The north is

r
LANDS
mainly Protestant, while the south is Dortmund
Magdeburg
Duisburg Leipzig
staunchly Roman Catholic. Social and Essen Kassel
Dresden
Düsseldorf Köln Erfurt
economic differences still exist between Bonn Chemnitz
Rh

BELGIUM Frankfurt
east and west. Turks are the largest single
i ne

am Main
CZECH
LUX. Mannheim
ethnic minority; many came as guest Nürnberg REPUBLIC
Dan
workers in the 1950s–1970s. Immigration Stuttgart ub
FRANCE e
ne

rules now favor skilled workers.

R hi

München
Feminism is strong.
n A lp s
SWITZ. B a v a r i a AUSTRIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Germany’s rivers and 1000m/3281ft
canals carry as much freight as 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
its busy highways Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 609 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic LANGUAGES: German*, Turkish
of Germany RELIGIONS: Protestant 34%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1871 Catholic 33%, other 30%, Muslim 3%
CAPITAL: Berlin ETHNIC MIX: German 92%, other 3%,
POPULATION: 82.2 million other European 3%, Turkish 2%
TOTAL AREA: 137,846 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(357,021 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 223
Ghana
The heartland of the ancient Ashanti kingdom, Ghana in
west Africa was once known as the Gold Coast. It has experienced
intermittent periods of military rule since independence in 1957.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying. The west is World’s second-largest cocoa
covered by rainforest. One of the producer. Oil discovered in 2007: on
world’s largest artificial lakes – Lake stream in 2011. Hardwood trees such as
Volta – was created by damming the maple and sapele. Gold mining.
White Volta River.
INSIGHT: Ghana was the first colony
CLIMATE in west Africa to gain independence
Tropical. There are two wet seasons
in the south, but the north is drier, and BURKINA 0 100 km
has just one. Bolgatanga
0 100 miles

a
olt
Wa

White V
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
B la c k V
Tamale
Around 75 cultural-linguistic groups. CÔTE
D’IVOIRE
The largest is the Akan, who include
ol

(IVORY
ta

the Ashanti and Fanti peoples. COAST)

Southern peoples are richer and more Sunyani
Lake
Volta
urban than those of the north. There TOGO
Kumasi
are few tribal tensions. Family ties are Volt
Koforidua
strong. Women play a major role in
a

Asamankese
market trading. The 2000 election saw Nsawam Tema
Cape Coast ACCRA
Ghana’s first peaceful handover of Sekondi- o a st
ld C
power. Poverty levels have been Takoradi G o Gulf of Guinea 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
significantly reduced. ATLANTIC OCEAN Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Twi, Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Adangbe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ghana Gurma, Dagomba, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1957 RELIGIONS: Christian 69%, Muslim 16%,
CAPITAL: Accra traditional beliefs 9%, other 6%
POPULATION: 23.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Akan 49%, Mole-Dagbani 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 92,100 sq. miles Ewe 13%, other 13%, Ga 8%
(238,540 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 268 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Cedi = 100 pesewas
224 EUROPE

Greece
The Balkan state of Greece is bounded on three sides
by the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian seas. It has a strong
seafaring tradition, with some of the world’s richest shipowners.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous peninsula and over One of Europe’s leading tourist
2000 islands. Large plain along the destinations. World’s largest shipping
mainland’s Aegean coast. fleet. Fruit, vegetables, olives. Large
black economy. Public debt and
CLIMATE budget deficit remain high.
Mainly Mediterranean, with dry,
BULGARIA
hot summers. Alpine climate in MACEDONIA Dráma
northern mountain areas. Sérres
Xánthi TURKEY
ALBANIA Thessaloníki Alexandroúpoli
Kateríni Thracian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Ioánnina Límnos
Postwar industrial development Lárisa
Kérkyra Kérkyra Vólos Vóreies Lésvos
Pi
altered the dominance of agriculture and (Corfu) n Sporádes
Aegean
do
Lamía
seafaring. The rural exodus to industrial Kefalloniá s Chíos
Sea
Pátra Peiraías ATHENS
cities has been stemmed but a third of Kórinthos Sámos
Zákynthos P e lo Isthmós
the population now lives in Athens. Ionian
pó Korinthou
Náxos
Age-old culture and Greek Orthodox
nn

Sea
i so

Kalámata Kos
Church balance social mobility. Civil
s

marriage and divorce became Sea of Crete Ródos

legal only in 1982. Mediterranean Chaniá

Irákleio
Kárpathos
Sea
Kríti (Crete)
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The modern Olympics, 1000m/3281ft
first held in Athens in 1896, evolved 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
from Olympia’s ancient Greek games Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish, Macedonian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Hellenic Republic Albanian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1829 RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 98%,
CAPITAL: Athens Muslim 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 11.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Greek 98%,
TOTAL AREA: 50,942 sq. miles other 2%
(131,940 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 221 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 225
Grenada
The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada
made world headlines in 1983 when the US and Caribbean
allies mounted an invasion to sever links with Castro’s Cuba.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic in origin, with densely Severe damage from Hurricane Ivan
forested central mountains. Its territory in 2004 to crops and 90% of buildings;
also includes the islands of Carriacou and reconstruction will take years. Nutmeg,
Petite Martinique. cocoa, bananas, and mace. Smuggling is a
serious problem.
CLIMATE
Petite Martinique
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. 0 8 km

Hurricanes are a hazard in the July– 0 8 miles

Hillsborough
November wet season. Carriacou

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Grenadians are mainly of African Diamond I.
origin; their traditions remain strong, Ronde I.
Caribbean
especially on Carriacou. Inter-ethnic Sea
marriage has reduced tensions between ATLANTIC
OCEAN
the groups. Extended families, often Victoria
headed by women, are the norm. Wealth
disparities are not marked, but levels of Grand Grenville
Roy Grena da
poverty are growing.
Point ST. GEORGE’S
Salines
Airport
INSIGHT: Known as “the spice island
of the Caribbean,” it is the world’s 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
second-largest nutmeg producer Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Grenada RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 68%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974 Anglican 17%, other 15%
CAPITAL: St. George’s ETHNIC MIX: Black African 82%,
POPULATION: 103,900 Mixed race 13%, East Indian 3%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 131 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(340 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
DENSITY: 793 people per sq. mile 100 cents
226 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Guatemala
The largest and most populous nation on the Central
American isthmus, Guatemala returned to civilian rule
in 1986 after 32 years of violent and repressive military rule.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow Pacific coastal plain. Central Coffee, sugar, and bananas are top
highlands with volcanoes. Short coast on exports. Tourism. Damage from natural
the Caribbean Sea. Tropical rainforests in disasters. Marked wealth inequalities
the north. inhibit domestic market.
3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Tropical: hot and humid in coastal 500m/1640ft
regions and north. More temperate in 200m/656ft
Sea Level
central highlands. Us
Lago
Petén Itzá
um
ac
in BELIZE
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO

ta
Amerindians, concentrated in the Cari bbean
Sea
highlands, form a majority. Power, wealth,
Puerto Barrios
and land are controlled by ladinos Cobán Lago de
Si
(Westernized Amerindians and mestizos). er
Izabal
r a Totonicapán ua
Catholicism is predominant, mixed with Mad M otag HONDURAS
Zacapa
re
Amerindian beliefs. A third of the Chimaltenango Jalapa
Mazatenango GUATEMALA CITY
population lives on less than $2 a day. Antigua Guatemala
Escuintla Jutiapa
Literacy levels are low.
EL SALVADOR
San José
PACIFIC
OCEAN
INSIGHT: Guatemala, which means
“land of trees,” was the center of the 0 100 km
ancient Mayan civilization 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guatemala Kekchí, Spanish*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 65%,
CAPITAL: Guatemala City Protestant 33%, other 2%
POPULATION: 14 million ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 60%, Mestizo 30%,
TOTAL AREA: 42,042 sq. miles other 10%
(108,890 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 335 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Quetzal = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 227
Guinea
Located on the west coast of Africa, Guinea became the
first French colony in Africa to gain independence, in 1958.
The country was under military rule from 1984 to 1995.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains and mangrove Substantial gold, diamond, and
swamps in west rise to forested or especially bauxite reserves. Cash crops:
savanna highlands in the south. bananas, coffee, pineapples, palm oil.
Semidesert in the north. Poor infrastructure. Instability.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The colors of Guinea’s flag

Tropical, with a wet season April– represent the three words of the
October. Conakry is especially rainy. country’s motto: work (red), justice (yellow),
Hot, dry harmattan wind blows from and solidarity (green)
Sahara during dry season.
SENEGAL
MALI
GUINEA-
PEOPLE & SOCIETY BISSAU a
Peul and Malinké make up F o u t Siguiri
Labé

g er
Ni
most of the population, but rivalries Boké D j a
l l o n
Nig
er
between them have allowed coastal Kindia Kankan
peoples such as the Soussou to CÔTE
CONAKRY D’IVOIRE
dominate politics. Daily life revolves ATLANTIC SIERRA Kissidougou
(IVORY
COAST)
around the extended family. Women OCEAN LEONE
acquired influence under Marxist party Nzérékoré
rule between 1958 and 1984, but the
LIBERIA
Muslim revival since then has reversed 1000m/3281ft
the trend. Private enterprise has 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
created a business class. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Pulaar, Malinké, Soussou,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1958 RELIGIONS: Muslim 65%, traditional
CAPITAL: Conakry beliefs 33%, Christian 2%
POPULATION: 10.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Peul 39%, Malinké 23%,
TOTAL AREA: 94,925 sq. miles other 21%, Soussou 11%, Kissi 6%
(245,857 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 106 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guinea franc = 100 centimes
228 AFRICA

Guinea-Bissau
Known as Portuguese Guinea while a colony,
Guinea-Bissau lies on Africa’s west coast. Since 1994, its
nascent democracy has been plagued by coups and rebellions.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low-lying, apart from savanna Mostly subsistence farming. Lack of
highlands in northeast. Rainforests and sufficiency in rice staple. Main cash crop
swamps are found along coastal areas. is cashew nuts. Major cocaine transit
route from South America to Europe.
CLIMATE Offshore oil as yet untapped. Fisheries
Tropical, with wet season May- and timber potential.
November and dry season December-
April. Hot, dry harmattan desert wind INSIGHT: In 1974, Guinea-Bissau
blows during dry season. became the first Portuguese
colony to gain independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SENEGAL
The largest ethnic group is the
Balante, who live in the south. Though São Farim
Gamamudo Pitche
Domingos
only around 1% of the population, the Mansôa
Canchungo Bafatá
mixed Portuguese–African mestiços
BISSAU
dominate the top ranks of government Arquipélago
dos Bijagós
and bureaucracy. Most people live and Quebo
work on small family farms, grouped in Catió GUINEA
self-contained villages. The bulk of the
urban population live in Bissau, where ATLANTIC
they face economic hardship. Narcotics OCEAN
traffickers are taking advantage of the 0 50 km
200m/656ft
ongoing instability. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole, Balante,

OFFICIAL NAME: Rep. of Guinea-Bissau Fulani, Malinke, Portuguese*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974 RELIGIONS: Indigenous beliefs 52%,
CAPITAL: Bissau Muslim 40%, Christian 8%
POPULATION: 1.61 million ETHNIC MIX: Balante 30%, other 24%,
TOTAL AREA: 13,946 sq. miles Fulani 20%, Mandyako 14%, Mandinka 12%
(36,120 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 148 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 SOUTH AMERICA 229
Guyana
On the northeast coast of South America, Guyana is
the continent's only English-speaking country. Independent
since 1966, it has close ties with the anglophone Caribbean.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly artificial coast, reclaimed Diverse exports: gold, sugar, fish,
by dikes and dams from swamps and bauxite, rice, timber, diamonds. Debt
tidal marshes. Forests cover 85% of relief granted. Narcotics transit zone.
the interior, rising to savanna uplands
and mountains. INSIGHT: Guyana means “land of
many waters,” reflecting its dense
network of rivers
CLIMATE
Tropical. Coast cooled by sea ATLANTIC
breezes. Lowlands are hot, wet, and OCEAN
VENEZUELA
humid. Highlands are a little cooler. Spring
Garden GEORGETOWN
Bartica New
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
G
Amsterdam

u
Guyana is a complex multiracial Linden
i a
Corriverton
society. Tension exists between the n a t yn e

u r an
Afro-Guyanese, descended from slaves, BRAZIL H i
SURINAME

Co
and the Indo-Guyanese, descendants of
g h

E ss
laborers brought over after slavery was (claimed
eq ui bo
l a n

by Suriname)
abolished. Politics is highly polarized (claimed by
Venezuela)
around this split and has often spilled
d s

over into violence on the streets.

Amerindian subsistence farmers are the 1000m/3281ft
poorest people in society and have 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
little representation. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 10 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Cooperative Republic LANGUAGES: Creole, Hindi, English*
of Guyana RELIGIONS: Christian 57%, Hindu 33%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 Muslim 9%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Georgetown ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 43%, Black
POPULATION: 762,500 African 30%, other 18%, Amerindian 9%
TOTAL AREA: 83,000 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(214,970 sq. km) CURRENCY: Guyanese dollar = 100 cents
230 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Haiti
Formerly a French colony, Haiti shares the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. At
independence in 1804, it became the world’s first black republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous, with In crisis due to instability, hurricane
forests and fertile plains. damage, and corruption. Profiteering
from narcotics trade to US. Food
CLIMATE shortages. 70% unemployment.
Tropical, with rain throughout the
year. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler INSIGHT: A slave rebellion headed
in the mountains. by Toussaint Louverture in 1791 led to
Haiti’s independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC
Île de la Tortue
Most Haitians are of African OCEAN
descent. A few have European roots, 1000m/3281ft
Port-de-Paix Cap-Haïtien
M a s Limbé
primarily French. The rigid class structure 500m/1640ft s i f
d u
Fort-
200m/656ft Gonaïves Liberté
maintains vast disparities of wealth. Sea Level N o
r d
Desdunes

DOMINICAN REP.
Golfe de la
The majority of the population live in Gonâve Hinche
St-Marc
extreme poverty; Haiti is one of the Petite-
Rivière-
poorest countries in the Americas. Île de la Gonâve de-l'Artibonite
A combination of political oppression Jérémie
PORT-AU-PRINCE
and a collapsing economy led thousands Massif d e Pétionville
la Hotte
to seek asylum in the US or the Cayes Jacmel
Dominican Republic. Though most are
Christians, many Haitians practice Caribbean Sea

Voodoo, which was recognized as an 0 50 km

official religion in 2003. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Haiti RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1804 Protestant 16%, other 3%, nonreligious 1%;
CAPITAL: Port-au-Prince Voodoo is widely practiced
POPULATION: 10 million ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%, Mixed race
TOTAL AREA: 10,714 sq. miles and European 5%
(27,750 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 943 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Gourde = 100 centimes
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 231
Honduras
Straddling the Central American isthmus, Honduras
returned to democratic rule in 1984, after a period of military
government. Hurricane Mitch devastated the country in 1998.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Narrow plains along both coasts, Garments, coffee, bananas, and
with a mountainous interior, cut by river shellfish are exported. Remittances
valleys. Tropical forests, swamps, and account for a fifth of GDP. Debt relief
lagoons in the east. from 2005. Mineral potential. High
underemployment and corruption.
CLIMATE
Tropical coastal lowlands are hot INSIGHT: The Honduran currency is
and humid, with May–October rains. named after a Lenca Indian chief who
Interior is cooler and drier. was the main leader of resistance to the
Spanish conquest in the 16th century
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 100 km
The majority of the population is 0 100 miles
mestizo (mixed race). An English-speaking C a r ib bean
Se a
garífuna (black) community and Miskito Tela
Amerindians struggle to preserve their GUATEMALA La Ceiba Laguna de
San Pedro Sula Caratasca
rights to land along the remote El Progreso
Santa Rosa Juticalpa
Caribbean coast. Women’s status remains de Copán Comayagua
Co co
low. Hurricane Mitch impoverished 85% TEGUCIGALPA Danlí
of the population. Wealth inequalities EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
are large and poverty is at the root PACIFIC Choluteca
of social tension. The army ousted 2000m/6562ft
OCEAN 1000m/3281ft
the president in 2009. Violent crime 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
is a major issue. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Garífuna,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Honduras English Creole
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%,
CAPITAL: Tegucigalpa Protestant 3%
POPULATION: 7.47 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 90%, Black African 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 43,278 sq. miles Amerindian 4%, White 1%
(112,090 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 173 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lempira = 100 centavos
232 EUROPE

Hungary
Landlocked in central Europe, Hungary was one of the
twin centers of the once-great Habsburg Empire. It lost two-thirds
of its historical territory for supporting Germany in World War I.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked. Fertile plains in east Strong industrial base. Hard-hit in
and northwest; west and north are hilly. 2007–2008 "global downturn." Currency
The Danube River cuts through the plummeted, $25 billion from IMF to
country and the capital. avoid meltdown. Tough spending cuts
needed to keep on path to join euro.
CLIMATE
Continental, with wet springs, late INSIGHT: The Hungarian language
but very hot summers, and cold, cloudy is Asian in origin and is most closely
winters. The transition between seasons related to Finnish
tends to be sudden.
UK
RA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SLOVAKIA
Miskolc IN
E
Hungary’s population shrank in Nyíregyháza
Györ D a n ub e
the 1990s. Mostly ethnic Hungarian AUST. Debrecen
Tatabánya BUDAPEST
(Magyar), there are small minorities Szombathely
Szolnok
of Germans, Jews, and neighboring Székesfehérvár
Kecskemét
SL

Danube

Balaton
Békéscsaba
OV

peoples. Roma face particular Nagykanizsa

EN

ROMANIA
discrimination. The government is
IA

Szeged
Pécs
greatly concerned about the fate of SERBIA
CROATIA
ethnic Hungarians in Romania, Serbia,
and Slovakia. Hungary joined the EU
in 2004. Working hours are longer 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
than in western Europe. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hungarian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Hungary RELIGIONS: Catholic 52%, Calvinist 16%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918 other 15%, nonreligious 14%,
CAPITAL: Budapest Lutheran 3%
POPULATION: 9.99 million ETHNIC MIX: Magyar 94%, other 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 35,919 sq. miles Roma 1%
(93,030 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 280 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Forint = 100 fillér
 EUROPE 233
Iceland
Europe’s westernmost country, Iceland’s strategic ocean
location straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its spectacular
landscape is largely uninhabited, aside from coastal towns.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Grassy coastal lowlands, with fjords Once reliant on fish. Aluminum
in the north. Central plateau of cold lava smelting. Tourism. Banks overexposed in
desert, geothermal springs, and glaciers. 2007–2008 "global downturn." Nation
Around 200 volcanoes, with numerous bankrupt, króna depreciated 90%.
geysers and solfataras.
INSIGHT: The word geyser is
CLIMATE taken from Geysir (the “gusher”)
Its location in the middle of the in southwest Iceland
Gulf Stream moderates the climate. St r a it 0 50 km
ark
Mild winters and brief, cool summers. nm Ar
De cti
cC
0 50 miles
irc
le
Norwegian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea

Icelanders share a strong national

identity, with few foreign residents. Akureyri
Húsavík
Akranes
Their language has changed little in Keflavík
REYKJAVÍK
700 years, in part due to the country’s Hafnarfjördhur Kópavogur
isolation. There is high social mobility, Selfoss Egilsstadhir

free health care, and low-cost heating Vestmannaeyjar Vatnajökull

(geothermal and hydropower).
Iceland’s recent banking collapse
1000m/3281ft
and near financial ruin has swung the 500m/1640ft
ATLANTIC OCEAN
long-running debate over EU 200m/656ft
Sea Level
membership in favor of joining. Ice Cap

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Icelandic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iceland RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 93%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1944 nonreligious 6%,
CAPITAL: Reykjavík other (mostly Christian) 1%
POPULATION: 322,700 ETHNIC MIX: Icelandic 94%, other 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 39,768 sq. miles Danish 1%
(103,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Icelandic króna = 100 aurar
234 ASIA

India
India is the world’s second most populous country and
largest democracy. Despite some success in reducing the
birth rate, its population will probably overtake China’s by 2035.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Separated from northern Asia by India’s planners, overseeing an
the Himalaya mountain range, India economic revolution, see its growing
forms a subcontinent. As well as the population rather than environmental
Himalayas, there are two other main constraints as the main brake on
geographical regions, the Indo-Gangetic development. Nationwide awareness
plain, which lies between the foothills campaigns promote birth control
of the Himalayas and the Vindhya but cultural and religious pressures
Mountains, and the central-southern encourage large families. Rural
Deccan plateau. The Ghats are smaller deprivation spurs urban migration,
mountain ranges located on the east to live in sprawling slums. Almost 70%
and west coasts. of people survive on less than $2 a day.
The majority of Indians are Hindu.
CLIMATE Various attempts to reform the Hindu
Varies greatly according to latitude, caste system, which determines
altitude, and season. Most of India has social standing and even marriage,
three seasons: hot, wet, and cool. have met with violent opposition.
Summer temperatures in the north Severe tensions exist between Hindus
can reach 104°F (40°C). Monsoon rains and the Muslim minority, especially
normally break in June, petering out in in Kashmir and Gujarat. Smaller ethnic
September to October. In the cool groups exist in the northeast, and
season, the weather is mainly dry. many struggle for greater autonomy.
The climate in the warmer south is less Over two million people are living
variable than in the north. with HIV/AIDS.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hindi*, English*, Urdu, Bengali,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of India Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 RELIGIONS: Hindu 81%, Muslim 13%,
CAPITAL: New Delhi Christian 2%, Sikh 2%, other 2%
POPULATION: 1.2 billion ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 1,269,338 sq. miles Mongoloid and other 3%
(3,287,590 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 1044 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Indian rupee = 100 paise
 ASIA 235

THE ECONOMY textiles exported. High-tech industries,

One of Asia’s fastest-growing outsourcing center. Success of
economies. Protectionism has given way “Bollywood” films. Cheap labor. Huge
to free-market economics. Tea, gems, market, held back by poverty.

5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft INSIGHT: India’s national
3000m/9843ft animal, the tiger, was depicted
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft as early as 4000 years ago by the
500m/1640ft A ‘line off control’ Mohenjo-Daro civilization
200m/656ft was agreed
g between
Sea Level India and Pakis
akistan
tan
in 119972
in 2
Aksai
Ak
A k Chin -
Srín
Sr nag
naga
naaga
aag
gaar n
g ad
admin istered byy China,
mu & d u s
I

Jamm
JJam
Ja
amm
am
a mm
m claimed by India
Kash
Kas
K
Kaas
a
ash
shm
sh miiirH
mir r Demchok/Dêmqog q g-
Amrri
ritsar administered byy China,
Jal
Jala
Ja
aala
al
lla
an
ndha
ndh
nddh
dha
d har
ha c
cl
cla
claimed by India
i Much of Arunáchal Pradeesh h
Lu
Ludh
LLud
ud
udh
ud hián
dh naa Chan
Cha
C
Ch
h ndíg
haaan
han nd gar
ga
garh
arrh
aarh
rh is claimed by Chi
hina
hin
in
ina
naa
m CHINA
t s
s er Meer
Mee
M eer
eeeerru
utt a a
e l a y
D Delh
Del
De
Deel
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hi Ba tr a
PAKISTA
STA
TAN
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B aare
reiliill
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ly
ly NEPA
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N iicco bar
0 200 km
0 200 miles
236 ASIA

Indonesia
Formerly called the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia is the
world’s largest archipelago, with 18,108 islands scattered across
3000 miles (5000 km). It is the world’s fourth most populous nation.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Indonesia is highly mountainous, The basic Melanesian–Malay ethnic
with numerous tropical swamps. The division disguises a diverse society. Bahasa
land is covered with dense rainforest, Indonesia, the national language, coexists
especially on New Guinea, where it with at least 250 other spoken languages
remains largely unexplored. There are or dialects. Attempts by the Javanese
more than 200 volcanoes, many of
which are still active. Earthquakes,

St
it

ra
eruptions, and tsunamis are hazards. Baand
Ban
Ba nd
n daac
aaace
aace
ceeh
ceh
of
M
The islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumatra, Lan
Lang
LLa
an
an
ang
ngg
gsssa
a al
ac
ca Kepul
pulau
auan
aua
au
uann
and Borneo were once joined together Ace
Ac
Aceh
A ceh
ce
ceh
Meda
Med
M eda
eed
daan
da n
Nat
Natun
Natu
atunna
by dry land, which has since been
Pe
PPem
eema
em
maata
m taang
tan
tang
an
ng
n gsi
ssian
sia
iian
iaaan
nta
tar
ar
submerged by rising sea levels. Coastal
lowland development distinguishes Pulau
lau
au
u Nia
Nia
Nias
iass
ias Paka
PPak
Pa
aaka
akkanbar
kan
kanba
nbar
nbb
bar
baau Sing
Sin gka
kawa
kaw
awaang
ng
Pont
PPon
Po
onttian
iana
ianaak
some of the large islands. Pada
PPa
aada
d n
ngg S u m aatttrr a
Kep

Pe
ul a

Jam
JJa
am
ammbbi Bangk
Ban
B
Baangk
ngkka
gu
ua

CLIMATE
nu
Kettaapa
Keta pang
pang
g
n

PPang
Pa
aang
n kalp
alp
lp
pinan
ina
iin
naan
na
nanng
M

ng

The climate is predominantly

en

an
w
ta

ai Pale
Pal
PPa
ale
aal
lem
mban
mb
ban
b aang
Ba

tropical monsoon. Variations relate mainly Beng

Be
Ben
eng lu isa
gkkul
ku
kulu
ulu
ulu
ul
Pu
Pulau
P u
r

n Belitung
to differences in latitude and altitude; Baand
B ndaarr Lamp
am
mpu
m
mppu
p ung
ng
JAKA
JA
AKA
A
AK
K RTA
hilly areas are cooler overall. Rain falls
I N D I AN
throughout the year, often in Bogo
Bog
B
Bo o
ogo
og
go
g or SSeSem
eema
em
maaarang
m rang
an
ang
ng
n g
O C E AN Band
Ban
B an
aand
ndun
nd ung
u ng
n g JaJJav
aavv a
thunderstorms, but there is a relatively Yogyakar
Yogy
ogyakarrttaa
dry season from June to September. SSura
urakart
karta
ta

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Javanese, Sundanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Indonesia Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia*, Dutch
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 87%, Christian 9%,
CAPITAL: Jakarta Hindu 2%, other 2%
POPULATION: 230 million ETHNIC MIX: Javanese 42%, other 31%,
TOTAL AREA: 741,096 sq. miles Sundanese 15%, coastal Malays 12%
(1,919,440 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 332 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rupiah = 100 sen
 ASIA 237

political elite to suppress local cultures THE ECONOMY

have been vigorously opposed, especially Varied resources, especially natural
by the Aceh of northern Sumatra, and gas. Cheap and plentiful labor pool.
the Papuans. Religious and interethnic Sizable state-owned sector, and state
hostility is a problem, with clashes control of prices of basic goods. Large
between Christians and Muslims in many foreign debt rescheduled. Bureaucracy
areas, and discrimination against ethnic and corruption damage business
Chinese leading to mob attacks on their confidence. Regional conflicts and
businesses. Gender equality is enshrined terrorist attacks deter tourists and
in law; women are active in public life. investors. Piracy is rife. The 2004
tsunami, which killed over 130,000
people, devastated northern Sumatra.

BRU
BR
RUN
UN
NEI
EI
P A C I F I C
MA
MAL
ALA
ALLLA
A
AY
YSIA C ele bes O C E A N
ull an
M nung

Sea
er
gu

Leeok
Leok
Leo
eo
o
ok Manado
Manad
Mana do
Pe

Te at
Ternate
te Halm
Ha
H al
a lm
lm
maahera
Gor
Goro
G
Go
orrro
oro
o on
nta
ntal
ta
tal
talo
ao
al Equ r
Equat
Equato
Borneo Sama
Sam
SSa
am rind
ind
da
Molucca Soro
Soro
oro
rong
ng
Palu
alu
al
alu
u Sea Mano
Maano
an
no
n okkw
kwar
kwa
war
wa
w ai
Bal
Bali
Ba
Baalilliikpap
al kkpa
pa
p
pap
apaan
n Pos
Poso
PPo
osso
oso
o so Ma
lu k
u
SSamp
Sam
am
mp
m pitt
Sul
Su
S u laaw
ul awe
we ssii
we C e r a m S e a (Mo Mani
niiwo
n wor
wori
w ori
ori
or
Kota
K
Koo baru Wafl
Waf
W
Waafl
flia
a lu Jaya
Ja
JJay
aya
aay
yap
pur
pura
puura
ura
ur
ra
cc
as
Fakf
Fak
FFa
aak ak
ak
Ken
Ke
Kend
K end
een
nd
dar
a
ari )

PAPU
PAP
Banj
B
Ban
anj
aan
njjarma
masin
sin
sin
n Mart
Mar
M
Ma
aart
ar
rrtta
taap
pura
p Ambo
A mbo
bon Pu P e gu nu ng a n Ma

APU
Pula
Pul
ula
u la u
la
PPa
Par
arre
eparre
re Ser
Sera
era
er
r am oke

UA NE
Makassarr Am
mam
mapar
paarre
par
Pa
Pap
P
Papu
aapu
pu
p ua

NEW
Ja va Se a Banda Sea (Ir
((I
IIrriia
ian
aan
n Jaya
ay
aaya
ya )
ya
ar

W GU
SSur
Sura
Su
urra
ura
u ra b
baya
bay
ba a D am P Pulau
ulau
lau K eeppul
Kep pul auan
n
uan New
Ne
New
PPro
Prob
ro
rob
ob bolin
o ggogo
go K e pu la Yam
Yamde
amde
amm nuu Arru
Aru
Ar u GUIN
Gui
Gu
G u iin
ui nea
ba a n

JJe
emb
eem
mb
m ber
er Ra
Raba
a F l or
Flor
Fl ores
e
es
au

NEA
NE
NEA
l
r

Denp
Den
De
D een
enp
np
n pas
asar
aasa
ssar
sa
aarr pu
EA

M lang
Mala ng K e an im
B li
Bali
li EEnde
nde
nd
d h
EAST
EA
EAS
EASTT TIM
TIMOR T Ara f ura
ra
Pu
Pulau
Pula
Pu
ulau
l au
lau Kup
K
Kupa
Kupang
upang
u g S ea
Su
Sumb
Sum
umba
mbaba T im
Timo
Ti
Tim
imo
mor
mor

4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft INSIGHT: Indonesia has a very
500m/1640ft youthful population: almost 30%
Sea Level
of its people are under 15 years of age

0 500 km
0 500 miles
238 ASIA

Iran
Since the 1979 Islamic fundamentalist revolution led
by Ayatollah Khomeini, the Middle Eastern country of Iran
has been the world’s largest theocracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High desert plateau with large salt A leading oil producer: 80% of
pans in the east. West and north are exports. Government restricts contact
mountainous. Coastal land bordering with the West, blocking acquisition of
Caspian Sea is rainy and forested. vital technology. High unemployment
and inflation. Sizable black market.
CLIMATE
Desert climate. Hot summers, and INSIGHT: More than a hundred
bitterly cold winters. Area around the offenses carry the death penalty
Caspian Sea is more temperate. AZERBAIJAN
TURKEY Tabríz Ardabíl TURKMENISTAN
Caspian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Orúmíyeh Sea
Mashhad
Many ethnic groups, including Zag
TEHRÁN
Persians, Azaris (ethnically related
ro
Qom I r anian
sM

Kermánsháh Arák
to Azeris), and Kurds. Militant Shi’a E§fahán P lat e au AFGHANISTAN
ou

nt
IRAQ ai
Islamism has dominated since the Ahváz
ns
Khorramshahr Kermán
1979 revolution. The mullahs’ belief
KUWAIT Ábádán PAKISTAN
that adherence to religious values is Shiráz Záhedán

more important than economic Persian

Bandar-e ‘Abbás
Gulf
welfare has resulted in declining
living standards. Female emancipation 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
has been reversed. Student-backed 1000m/3281ft
demonstrations favoring greater 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
liberalism have been suppressed. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Farsi*, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Iran Mazanderani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1502 RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 93%,
CAPITAL: Tehran Sunni Muslim 6%, other 1%
POPULATION: 74.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Persian 50%, Azari 24%,
TOTAL AREA: 636,293 sq. miles other 10%, Kurd 8%, Lur and Bakhtiari 8%
(1,648,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Islamic theocracy
DENSITY: 117 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Iranian rial = 100 dinars
 ASIA 239
Iraq
Oil-rich Iraq is situated in the central Middle East. The
last 50 years have been dominated by dictatorship, war, and civil
strife. A US-led Coalition ousted Saddam Hussein in April 2003.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly desert. The Tigris and Economy and infrastructure have
Euphrates rivers water fertile regions and been destroyed. Given stability and aid
create the southern marshland. for reconstruction, hopes of recovery
Mountains along northeast border. rest on massive oil reserves.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: As Mesopotamia, Iraq

Southern deserts have hot, dry was the site where the Sumerians
summers and mild winters. North has dry established the world’s first civilization
summers, but winters can be harsh in the
0 100 km TURKEY
mountains. Rainfall is low. 0 100 miles
Al Maw§il Arbíl
PEOPLE & SOCIETY As Sulaymáníyah
Carved out of remnants of the SYRIA

Tigr
Kirkúk
Euphra IRAN
Ottoman Empire, Iraq is home to Arab

is
Buíayrat ath Tharthár

te s
Muslims (mainly Shi’a, some Sunni), Ar Ramádí Ba‘qúbah
Syrian BAGHDAD
northern Kurds (who were persecuted JORDAN Desert Karbalá’
under Saddam’s regime), and smaller Al ‘Amárah
An Najaf Euph
minorities. Since Saddam’s removal,

Tig
r ate s

r is
sectarian violence has overshadowed the SAUDI An Ná§iríyah
ARABIA Al Ba§rah
new democratic state. Now that security 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft KUWAIT
is improving, Coalition forces are pulling 1000m/3281ft
out. After years of war and sanctions, 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
poverty is widespread. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Kurdish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iraq Turkic languages, Armenian, Assyrian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932 RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 60%, Sunni
CAPITAL: Baghdad Muslim 35%, other 5%
POPULATION: 30.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 80%, Kurdish 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 168,753 sq. miles Turkmen 3%, other 2%
(437,072 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 182 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Iraqi dinar = 1000 fils
240 EUROPE

Ireland
In the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Britain,
the Irish Republic governs about 85% of the island of Ireland,
with the remainder (Northern Ireland) being part of the UK.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low mountain ranges along an Strong growth until 2008, when
irregular coastline surround an inland housing bubble burst and banks faltered.
plain punctuated by lakes, undulating Struggling to cut budget deficit. Skilled
hills, and peat bogs. workforce. Efficient agriculture, food-
processing, and electronics industries.
CLIMATE
The Gulf Stream accounts for the 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
mild and wet climate. Snow is rare, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
except in the mountains. UNITED
Donegal KINGDOM
Do ne ga l (Northern Ireland)
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ba y

Though homogeneous in ethnicity Sligo

Dundalk
and Roman Catholic by religion, society Westport
I ri sh
Mullingar S ea
has undergone a major generational Athlone
Galway DUBLIN
change, liberalizing birth control, divorce, n Dún Laoghaire
o
Shannon nn Lough
abortion, and general attitudes. ATLANTIC Airport Wicklow
S ha
Derg
Mts.
Traditionally an emigrant nation, there is OCEAN Limerick Kilkenny
now net immigration. The Good Friday Tralee Tipperary Wexford
Clonmel Waterford
peace agreement over Northern Ireland Killarney
was reached in 1998. Cork C e ltic
Se a

INSIGHT: About 40% of Irish 0 50 km

people can speak Irish Gaelic 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Irish Gaelic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Ireland RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1922 other and nonreligious 9%,
CAPITAL: Dublin Anglican 3%
POPULATION: 4.52 million ETHNIC MIX: Irish 99%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 27,135 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
(70,280 sq. km) system
DENSITY: 170 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 241
Israel
Created as a new state in 1948, Israel lies on the eastern
Mediterranean. The current phase of the Palestinian
intifada (armed struggle) against Israeli occupation began in 2000.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Coastal plain. Desert in the south. High-tech industries, modern
In the east lie the Great Rift Valley and infrastructure and educated workforce,
the Dead Sea – the lowest point on the but hampered by conflict and boycotts.
Earth’s land surface.
INSIGHT: All Jews worldwide have
CLIMATE the right to Israeli citizenship
Summers are hot and dry. Wet
season, March–November, is mild. LEBANON SYRIA
Golan
Heights
Hefa Tverya
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Natzrat Lake
Tiberias
Large numbers of Jews settled Mediterranean
Netanya Jordan
Sea
in Palestine before Israel was founded Tel Aviv-Yafo
WEST BANK
in 1948. After World War II, there was Holon Petah Tikva
Ashdod Jericho
a massive increase in immigration. Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Gaza Hebron
Sephardi Jews from the Middle East GAZA STRIP Dead Sea
(under Palestinian
and Mediterranean are now in the administration) Be’er Sheva
majority, but Ashkenazi Jews from
HaNe ge v
central Europe still dominate business 0 50 km
and politics. Palestinians in Gaza and EGYPT
0 50 miles
Jericho gained limited autonomy in 1994
1000m/3281ft
but their desire, backed by most of the 500m/1640ft JORDAN
world, for a separate state has led to 200m/656ft
Sea Level Elat
years of fierce violence. Below Sea Level Gulf of Aqaba

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hebrew*, Arabic*, Yiddish,

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Israel German, Russian, Polish, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 RELIGIONS: Jewish 76%, Muslim (mainly Sunni)
CAPITAL: Jerusalem (unrecognized by UN) 16%, other 6%, Christian 2%
POPULATION: 7.17 million ETHNIC MIX: Jewish 76%, other
TOTAL AREA: 8019 sq. miles (mostly Arab) 24%
(20,770 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 913 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Shekel = 100 agorot
242 EUROPE

Italy
The Italian peninsula was home to the Roman Empire,
one of the greatest ancient civilizations. The south
has two famous volcanoes, Vesuvius and Etna.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Appennines form the back- World leader in industrial and
bone of a rugged peninsula, extending product design, fashion, textiles. Strong
from the Alps into the Mediterranean tourism and agriculture sectors. Large
Sea. Alluvial plain in the north. public sector debt.
3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Mediterranean in the south. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Seasonal extremes in the mountains and SWITZERLAND Sea Level
AUSTRIA
on the northern alluvial plain. ps
Al Bolzano
SLOVENIA
Milano Verona Trieste
Torino Po Venezia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY FRANCE Parma Golfo di
Genova Venezia
Ethnically homogeneous, but with Bologna Rimini
Pisa Firenze SAN MARINO
a gulf between the prosperous, industrial Ancona
Adriatic

A
p Perugia
north and the poorer, agricultural south. p
e
Sea
ROME n n
Strong regional identities persist, VATICAN CITY
in
o
Bari
especially on Sicily and Sardinia. Napoli
Sassari Taranto Lecce
Family ties remain strong, though the Sardegna
Salerno

influence of the Roman Catholic (Sardinia)

Tyrrhenian
Ionian
Cagliari Cosenza S e a
Church has lessened. Sea
Messina
Me dite r r an e an Palermo
INSIGHT: Italy was a collection of Sea
Sicilia Siracusa
dukedoms, monarchies, and city- 0 100 km (Sicily)
states before unification in the 1860s 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, German, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Italian Republic Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1861 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 85%,
CAPITAL: Rome other and nonreligious 13%, Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 59.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Italian 94%, other 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 116,305 sq. miles Sardinian 2%
(301,230 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 527 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 243
Jamaica
First colonized by the Spanish and then by the
English, the Caribbean island of Jamaica achieved independence
in 1962. It remains an influential force in Caribbean politics.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous, with lush Major bauxite producer, though
tropical vegetation. Inaccessible sector suffering from low world prices.
limestone area in the northwest. Low, Tourism and light industry. Sugar,
irregular coastal plains are broken by hills bananas, coffee, and rum are exported.
and plateaus. Debt burden dominates budget.
High underemployment.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid at sea INSIGHT: Jamaica’s Rastafarians
level, with temperate mountain areas. revere the late emperor of Ethiopia,
Hurricanes are likely June–November. Haile Selassie, as their spiritual leader, and
see Africa as their spiritual home
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Social tensions result from vast Caribbean
Sea
disparities in wealth, rather than race. Montego Bay St. Ann's Bay
Economic and political life is dominated Savanna
The Cockpit Ocho Rios
Country Port Antonio
by a few wealthy, long-established -la-Mar Ewarton
families. Many women hold senior Mandeville Spanish Town KINGSTON
positions in public life. Armed crime, May Pen Old
much of it narcotics-related, is a Harbour Portmore
Caribbean
problem. Large areas of Kingston, Sea
2000m/6562ft
which have their own patois, are ruled 1000m/3281ft
by violent gangs. Jamaican music styles 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 40 km
are influential worldwide. Sea Level 0 40 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Jamaica RELIGIONS: Protestant 55%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 other and nonreligious 45%
CAPITAL: Kingston ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%,
POPULATION: 2.72 million Mulatto 6%, European and Chinese 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 4243 sq. miles East Indian 1%
(10,990 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 650 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Jamaican dollar = 100 cents
244 ASIA

Japan
Japan is located off the east Asian coast and comprises
four principal islands and over 3000 smaller ones. A powerful
economy, it has an emperor as ceremonial head of state.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The terrain is predominantly One of the most racially
mountainous, with fertile coastal homogeneous societies in the world.
plains; over two-thirds is woodland. A sense of order and social structure
There is no single continuous was founded on a strongly ingrained
mountain range; the mountains divide respect for elders and social superiors.
into many small land blocks separated In business, this underpinned the now
by lowlands and dissected by numerous much-diluted “lifetime employer”
river valleys. The islands lie on the concept, where company allegiance
Pacific “Ring of Fire,” and earthquakes determined social life as well as career.
and volcanic eruptions are frequent. The There is little tradition of generational
Pacific coast is vunerable to tsunamis. rebellion, but the youth market is
There are numerous hot springs. powerful and current fashions focus on
teenagers. The education system is highly
CLIMATE pressurized. Nongraduates have difficulty
Generally temperate–oceanic. reaching management-level jobs, so
Spring is warm and sunny, while competition for university places is
summer is hot and humid, with high intense. Long-term jobs for women are
rainfall. In western Hokkaido and now the norm. One of the world’s best
northwest Honshu, winters are very healthcare systems and increased
cold, with heavy snowfall. Freak storms longevity have led to an aging population,
and damaging floods in recent years with one in five people already over
have raised concern over global 65. The cost of living is high, especially
climate changes. in Tokyo.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Japanese*, Korean,

OFFICIAL NAME: Japan Chinese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1590 RELIGIONS: Shinto and Buddhist 76%,
CAPITAL: Tokyo Buddhist 16%, other (including Christian) 8%
POPULATION: 127 million ETHNIC MIX: Japanese 99%, other (mainly
TOTAL AREA: 145,882 sq. miles Korean) 1%
(377,835 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 875 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yen = 100 sen
 ASIA 245

THE ECONOMY INSIGHT: The Japanese are

World’s second-largest economy. among the world’s most avid
Established market leader in high-tech newspaper readers, with daily sales
electronic goods and cars. Talent for exceeding 70 million copies
developing ideas from abroad. Global
spread of business – especially to EU, US.
Once-revolutionary management and
Laa Pe
Perouse
P rouse
ousee S
Stra
St
Str
tra
trait
i Kurile Islands
production methods. Long-term research A
Admin istered by the Russ. Fed.,
claimed by
y Japa
Japan
and development. Largest coal importer.
Kuri
Kur
K u
uri
riile
le Is.
Trade surplus causes international tension. Hokkaidó
Protectionism in domestic economy. Kiita
Kit
K
Kita
iittam
mii
Asah
Asa
As
sah
ah
hika
ika
kkaw
aaw
w
waa
Much-needed reform of financial sector Otta
O
Otatar
taarru Obi
Obih
Ob
Obih
bi
b hiiro
iih irrro
o Ku
Kush
K ussh
ushhiro
ro
o
has been obstructed by traditional Sapp
Sa
Sapp
aappp
p po
p orrro
oro
o o
economic power brokers. Significant Muro
Mu
Murroorran
raan
an Toma
Tom
TTo
oma
o
ommaakom
m kko
om
o m
ma
ai
aid donor. Hak
Ha
H aako
koda
ko
oddat
da
ate
aat
ttee

Ao
Aoomo
om
mo
m ori ri PACIFIC
Ibusuki Hac
Ha
Hach
ac
chinohe
Sakishima- Kyúshú
Hirosa
aaki
kkii
shotó
Nansei- hotó
OCEAN
s Naze Sea of Mo
Morrriio
o okkkaa
Akkki
A kit
iitta
Amami-guntó Japan
Naha 0 100 km ( E a s t S e a ) Sak
akka
kattaa Hoo n shú
H
PACIFIC OCEAN Ish
IIshi
Is
ssh
hi
h
shi inoma
noma
no
nom
om
om
hinoma aki
maki
0 100 miles
Sado
Sad
Sa
ad
addoo
Niiiiig
N
Niigigata
ata
at
ta Seend
SSend
Sen en
nd
n daai
d ai 2000m/6562ft
Fukku
Fuk
Fu usshi
shim
him
h a 1000m/3281ft
Aizu
Aiz
Ai
Aiiz
zzu-W
izu Wak
W akkaama
amat
am
mat
m atssu
maat u 500m/1640ft
Nag
Naga
Nag aga
gaao
g oka
okka
ka Kóri
rriy
iiyyama
Sea Level
Oki
O
Ok
kkii
Toy
TTo
Toya
Toyam
oya
oy
o am
maa Iw
Iwak
Iwa
Iw
waak
wak
aki
Kana
azaw
zaw
awa
awwaa Nag
N
Na
Naga
aga
aag
gan
ga no
o Hita
Hit
H ittaachi
ch
Dózzen
en
en Fu
Fuk
Fuku
uku
ukkui
ku Oyam
Oya
O yam
yya
aam
ma
Tak
Ta
TTaka
ak
aaka
kkaasak
kasak
ssaki
saakki
aaki
Mat
Mats
Ma
M ats
atssu
ue
e Tot
To
TTott
ott
tttto
ori
orrrii Gif
Gi
Gifu
G iifu
ifffu
u
TOK
TO
TOKY
OK YOO
Tsush
ush
shhim
ima
ima
ma Kawa
Kaw
Ka
K aww
wa
aawa asa
ssak
akkkii
aaki Chib
Ch
C hibba TOKYO
Kyyót
K
Kyót
yyó
ótto
ó o Naago
Nago
Nag
Naag
g
gooyyaa Odaw
O
Od
Oda daaaw
daw
d war
aara
rraa 0 150 km
Hiiro
Hir
Hiro
Hiirrro
ossh
shim
shi
him
himma Ok
Okay
Oka
Okay
kka
aayyama
aam
maa
m
Toy
TTo
Toyo
oyyo
oy
oyo ota
ta
Kóbbee Óssaka SSh
Shiz
hiz
h iz
izuuok
uoka
uo oka
o
okka
Izu-

sak
sa
aaka
akka
ka 0 150 miles
Kita
Kita akkyyúsh
ta shú Yam
Y
Yama
Ya am
aama
m
maag
gu
guch
guc
uch
u
uc
cchhi Ham
H
Hama
am
ama
mam ma
mats
mat
aats
att u
FFuku
uku
uk
u kku
uooka
okka
ka Kócch
chi
hii
h
shotó

SSa
Sag
Saga
ag
aga
ag
gaa Óiit ttaa S
ita Shi
Sh
Shik
hik
hhii k ook
ik oku
kku
u Toku
TTok
okkku
oku
o usshim
sh
shi
him
him
im a
Naga
Na
Nag
aaga
ag
gaasaki
g sak
akkkii
aki Philippine
Yats
Ya
Y ats
ats
at
tsu
usssh
ushi
ush hiir
h
shiirroo Naaka
Naka
Na kaamura
mura
muu Hachijó-jji
jima
ma Sea
Koshi
hikij
kij
ki ijim
iji
jim
im
ma-
a-
PACIFIC
reetttttó
ó
Izu-shotó
ó OCEAN
Miy
Miya
M yyaazaki
iya
iy za P A C I F I C
Kag
ago
go
ossh
shim
him
iim
ma
ma Sumisu-ji
-ji
jim
imma
Kyú
K
Kyyyú
ú shú
Ib
Ibu
IIbus
bus
bu
busuk
u uki
uki
ki O C E A N Ogasawara-shotó

Kazan-rettó
0 200 km
0 200 miles
246 ASIA

Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan lies east of Israel, and
borders the Palestinian West Bank. Its relations with its Arab
neighbors are troubled by its relatively close ties to the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert plateaus, with Lack of water. Exports garments,
occasional salt pans. Lowest parts lie potash, fertilizers, and phosphates.
along the eastern shores of the Dead Sea Tourism hit by regional instability.
and the Jordan River.
INSIGHT: The Nabataean ruins of
the ancient city of Petra attract
CLIMATE thousands of tourists every year
Hot, dry summers. Cool, wet
winters. Areas below sea level very hot
SYRIA
in summer, and warm in winter. Syrian IRAQ
Irbid Ar Ramthá
Desert

J o r da n
Al Mafraq
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Az Zarqá’
Jordan is predominantly Wádí as Sír AMMAN
Muslim with a strong national identity, Dead Ma’dabá
Sea
but its people have Bedouin roots. Al Karak
SAUDI
ISRAEL
There is a Christian minority, while ARABIA
Palestinians who have emigrated from Wádí Músa‘
Israeli-occupied territory make up a (Petra)
third of the population. Jordan ceded EGYPT
its claim to the West Bank to the Gulf Al ‘Aqabah
of
aspiring Palestinian state in 1988. The Aqaba
1000m/3281ft
monarchy’s power base lies among the 500m/1640ft
rural tribes, which also provide the 0 50 km 200m/656ft
Sea Level
backbone of the military. 0 50 miles Below Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 184 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Hashemite Kingdom LANGUAGES: Arabic
of Jordan RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 92%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1946 other (mostly Christian) 8%
CAPITAL: Amman ETHNIC MIX: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%,
POPULATION: 6.32 million Armenian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 35,637 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
(92,300 sq. km) CURRENCY: Jordanian dinar = 1000 fils
 ASIA 247
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan was the last of the former Soviet
republics to declare independence. Foreign investment in
the oil and natural gas sector is strengthening its regional power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mainly steppe. Volga Delta and Vast mineral resources: natural gas,
Caspian Sea in the west. Central plateau. oil, bismuth, uranium, and cadmium. Oil
Inhospitable Altai Mountains in the east. pipelines to China and Black Sea. Many
Semidesert in the south. Western investors. Wheat exported. Sale
of farmland only legal since 2003.
CLIMATE
Dry continental. Temperature INSIGHT: The Soviet-built Baykonyr
space center is still an important launch
variations between desert south and
site for international missions
northern steppes are large. Winters are
mildest near the Caspian Sea.
RUSS. FED. RUSS. FED.
Kostanay Ir
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

ty
Rudnyy

sh
Ural’sk
ASTANA
Kazakhstan’s ethnic diversity Kirghiz Steppe Karaganda
Ust’-
Kamenogorsk
arose mainly from forced settlements Zhezkazgan Ozero
Caspian Balkhash
there during Soviet times. Since Sea
Baykonyr Taldykorgan
Aktau Syr Kyzylorda
independence, the proportion of ethnic Da
ry Almaty CHINA
Aral Taraz
Russians has dropped. Many emigrated,
a

Sea
UZBEK. Shymkent
while ethnic Kazakhs arrived from TURKMEN. KYRGYZSTAN
neighboring states. Very few Kazakhs
3000m/9843ft
maintain a traditional nomadic lifestyle, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
but Islam and loyalty to clans remain 500m/1640ft
strong. There are significant disparities 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 400 km
of wealth. Below Sea level 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kazakh*, Russian, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kazakhstan Tatar, Uzbek, Uighur, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 47%,
CAPITAL: Astana Orthodox Christian 44%, other 9%
POPULATION: 15.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Kazakh 57%, Russian 27%,
TOTAL AREA: 1,049,150 sq. miles other 10%, Ukrainian 3%, Uzbek 3%
(2,717,300 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 15 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tenge = 100 tiyn
248 AFRICA

Kenya
Kenya straddles the equator on Africa’s east coast. After
nearly 40 years in power, the KANU party was soundly
defeated in elections in 2002. Corruption is a serious issue.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A central plateau is divided by the Tourism: image damaged by 2008
Great Rift Valley. North of the equator is post-election violence. Flowers, tea, and
mainly semidesert. To the east lies a coffee are cash crops. Needs food aid.
fertile coastal belt. Diversified manufacturing sector. Sizable
informal economy.
CLIMATE
Elemi
The coast and the Great Rift Valley SUDAN Triangle ETHIOPIA
are hot and humid. The plateau interior is Lake

G re
temperate. The northeastern desert is Turkana

at R
Chalbi
hot and dry. Rain usually falls April–May Desert

i ft V a
Marsabit
and October–November. UGANDA

ll e y
Eldoret SOMALIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kisumu Meru
Nakuru Equator
70 ethnic groups share about 40 Lake Nyeri
Kericho
languages. Strong clan and family links in Victoria
NAIROBI Thika
rural areas are being weakened by urban Machakos
TANZANIA
migration. Poverty, severe drought, and
Ungama
years of high population growth Malindi Bay
exacerbate ethnic tensions. 5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft Mombasa INDIAN
3000m/9843ft OCEAN
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Kenya has more than 1000m/3281ft
50 game reserves, national parks, 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
and marine reservations Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, English*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kenya RELIGIONS: Christian 60%, traditional
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963 beliefs 25%, other 9%, Muslim 6%
CAPITAL: Nairobi ETHNIC MIX: Other 42%, Kikuyu 20%,
POPULATION: 39.8 million Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%
TOTAL AREA: 224,961 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(582,650 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 182 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kenya shilling = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 249
Kiribati
Situated in the mid-Pacific, the islands adopted the
name Kiribati (pronounced “Keer-ee-bus,” a corruption of their
former name “Gilberts”) upon independence from Britain in 1979.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Kiribati consists of three groups of Since exhaustion of Banaba’s
tiny, very low-lying coral atolls scattered phosphate deposits in 1980, copra (dried
across 1,930,000 sq. miles (5 million sq. coconut) and fish have become the main
km) of ocean. Most of the 33 atolls have exports. Foreign aid and remittances are
central lagoons. vital to compensate for Kiribati’s isolation
and lack of resources.
CLIMATE
Central islands have a maritime INSIGHT: In 1981, the UK paid A$10
equatorial climate. Those to north and million to Banabans for the destruction
south are tropical, with constant high of their island by mining
temperatures. There is little rainfall. All land under
200m/656ft
PACIFIC
PEOPLE & SOCIETY OCEAN
Officially I-Kiribati, many local Tungaru L

in
Tarawa Kiritimati
people still refer to themselves as

e
Equator

Isl
Gilbertese. Almost all are Micronesian, Banaba Phoenix

and
apart from the inhabitants of the island Islands

s
of Banaba, who employed Millennium
Island
anthropologists to establish their racial Tarawa
distinction. Most people are poor
subsistence farmers and many travel Bonriki
abroad to work. The islands are Betio 0 600 km
BAIRIKI
effectively ruled by traditional chiefs. 0 600 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Kiribati

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kiribati RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 53%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979 Kiribati Protestant Church 39%,
CAPITAL: Bairiki (Tarawa Atoll) other 8%
POPULATION: 99,000 ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 99%,
TOTAL AREA: 277 sq. miles other 1%
(717 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 361 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
250 ASIA

North Korea
Separated from the democratic South by the world’s
most heavily defended border, the Stalinist North Korean
state has been isolated from the outside world since 1948.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with fertile Minerals are only resource. Vital aid
plains in the southwest. streams lost with global collapse of
communism after 1989. Decades of
CLIMATE economic mismanagement have led to
Continental. Warm summers and chronic food shortages. Lack of fuel.
cold winters, especially in the north, Disproportionate defense budget.
where snow is common.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
RUSS.
FED.
200m/656ft
Life is heavily regulated. Cult of Sea Level
personality is more powerful than the Ch’ôngjin
state-controlled religions, which include C H I N A

Korea’s own Chondogyo. Women are

Kanggye
expected to work and to run the home.
Hûich’ôn Kimch’aek
Children are looked after in state-run Sinûiju Iwôn
Hamhûng
crèches. The Korean Worker’s Party is the
Hûngnam
sole party. Its elite have a privileged Sea of Japan
Korea Wônsan
lifestyle. Globally condemned for its Ba y (East Sea)
PYONGYANG
nuclear weapons development, its grip Namp’o
on power perpetuates its pariah status.
Haeju SOUTH
Kaesông KOREA
INSIGHT: Only the political elite are Y e llo w 0 50 km
Se a
allowed phones and private cars 0 50 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 514 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic People’s LANGUAGES: Korean*, Chinese
Republic of Korea RELIGIONS: Government-controlled
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 religions include Chondogyo, Buddhism,
CAPITAL: Pyongyang and Christianity
POPULATION: 23.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
TOTAL AREA: 46,540 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: One-party state
(120,540 sq. km) CURRENCY: N. Korean won = 100 chon
 ASIA 251
South Korea
South Korea occupies the southern half of the Korean
peninsula. Under US sponsorship, it was separated from the
communist North in 1948 and is now a capitalist economy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Over 80% is mountainous and two- World’s biggest shipbuilder.
thirds is forested. The flattest and most High-tech goods and cars: rising demand
populous parts lie along the west coast from China. Strong regional competition.
and in the extreme south. Aging population.

CLIMATE 0 50 km
There are four distinct seasons. 0 50 miles NORTH Sea of Japan
Winters are dry, and bitterly cold. KOREA (East Sea)
Summers are hot and humid.
Kangnûng
SEOUL Tonghae
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Inch’ôn Sôngnam
Suwôn
Inhabited for the last 2000 years by
a single ethnic group. The nuclear family Yellow Taejôn
is replacing traditional extended Sea
households. Since the 1953 armistice, the Kunsan Taegu
Ulsan
Koreas have remained technically at war.
Masan

t
Reunification is the ultimate goal, but in Kwangju Pusan

rai
St
2009 the South became less conciliatory Mokp’o Yôsu re
a
Ko
and the North retaliated by ending its
offer of cooperation.
C h ej u S t rait
1000m/3281ft
Cheju 500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: Half of all Koreans are Cheju-do 200m/656ft
named Kim, Lee, Park, or Choi Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Korean*, Chinese

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Korea RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 47%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 11%,
CAPITAL: Seoul Confucianist 3%, other 1%
POPULATION: 48.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
TOTAL AREA: 38,023 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(98,480 sq. km) CURRENCY: South Korean won =
DENSITY: 1268 people per sq. mile 100 chon
252 EUROPE

Kosovo
Once part of the former Yugoslav state, Kosovo seceded
from Serbia in 2008. International recognition, mainly from
Western countries, is strongly opposed by Serbia and Russia.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked and mountainous, with One of the two poorest countries
two plains in the east and west. in Europe. Aid and remittances cover a
large trade deficit. Organized crime:
CLIMATE smuggling of fuel, cigarettes, and cement.
Continental, with warm, sunny Uncertain status deters foreign investors.
summers and cold, snowy winters. High unemployment. Use of euro has
kept inflation low. Lignite deposits.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Inefficient agriculture.
The balance of Albanians to Serbs
in Kosovo has changed dramatically over SERBIA
centuries, both groups suffering
interethnic violence at various times.
Attacks against Albanians in the late MONT. Mitrovicë
o ra
ra G
ok
1990s caused a million to flee. After M Peje Vushtrri
Kamenicë
NATO stepped in, many Serbs left: Deçan PRISTINA
Klinë
Albanians now form a 92% majority. Most Gjilan
Gjakovë
Albanians are Muslim. Serbs dominate Ferizaj
Prizren
three northern provinces, which have ALBANIA
threatened to secede.
MACEDONIA
INSIGHT: The UN administered
1000m/3281ft 0 50 km
Kosovo in 1999–2008 after NATO 500m/1640ft
intervention to stop Serb ethnic cleansing 200m/656ft 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Serbian*, Bosniak,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kosovo Gorani, Roma, Turkish
DATE OF FORMATION: 2008 RELIGIONS: Muslim 92%, Roman
CAPITAL: Pristina Catholic 4%, Orthodox Christian 4%
POPULATION: 2.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 92%, Serb 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 4212 sq. miles Bosniak and Gorani 2%, other 2%
(10,908 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 499 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 253
Kuwait
Kuwait lies at the northwest tip of the Gulf, dwarfed
by its neighbors Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. It was a British
protectorate until 1961, when full independence was granted.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Terrain is low-lying desert. The Oil and natural gas dominate the
lowest land is in the north. Cultivation is economy. Skilled workforce, raw
only possible along the coast. materials, and food are imported. High
standard of living. Financial services:
CLIMATE stock market lost 40% of value in 2008.
Summers are very hot and dry. INSIGHT: During the 1991 Gulf War,
Winters are cooler, with some rain and Iraq deliberately set fire to 800 of
occasional frost at night. Kuwait’s 950 oil wells
0 25 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 25 miles
Oil-rich monarchy, ruled by the I R A Q
al-Sabah family. It is a conservative Sunni
Muslim society, but women are relatively Jazírat
Búbíyán
free. Nonetheless, a 1999 decree giving
women the vote was blocked for six Jál al-Liyáí Al Baírah
Shiqqat al Qalíb Persian
years in parliament by Islamic Gulf
KUWAIT CITY
traditionalists. Immigrant workers, from Al Jahrá’ As Salímíyah
other Arab states, India, and Pakistan, As Salímí Qalíb ash Shuyúkh
Al Fuíayííl
now outnumber native citizens. US-led Al Aímadí A§ flubayííyah
forces rescued Kuwait after the 1990
As

SAUDI ARABIA
hS

Iraqi invasion, and later used it as a

h
uq

ay
launchpad for the 2003 invasion to 200m/656ft q Al Wafrá’
oust Saddam Hussein. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, English

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Kuwait RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 45%, Shi’a
DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 Muslim 40%, Christian, Hindu,
CAPITAL: Kuwait City and other 15%
POPULATION: 2.99 million ETHNIC MIX: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%,
TOTAL AREA: 6880 sq. miles South Asian 9%, other 11%
(17,820 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 434 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kuwaiti dinar = 1000 fils
254 ASIA

Kyrgyzstan
A small and mountainous landlocked state in central
Asia, Kyrgyzstan is one of the least urbanized ex-Soviet republics,
and was slow to develop its own sense of cultural identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mountainous spurs of the Mainly still under state control;
Tien Shan range contain glaciers, alpine corruption issues. Agriculture employs
meadows, forests, and narrow valleys. half of the labor force. Cotton, wool,
Semidesert in the west. meat, and tobacco exports. Mercury,
gold, and antimony are mined. Great
CLIMATE potential for hydroelectric power.
Varies from permanent snow and
cold deserts at high altitudes, to hot INSIGHT: Kyrgyz folklore is based
deserts in low regions. around the 1000-year-old poem, Manas,
which takes a week to recite
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Kyrgyz have only been in KAZAKHSTAN
the majority since the late 1980s – due Tokmak
BISHKEK Ozero Karakol
to a high birth rate and the emigration Kara- Issyk- Issyk-Kul’
Talas an
of ethnic Russians. Wary of losing skills Balta Kul’
n S
h
Tie
vital to the economy, the government Naryn
Dzhalal-Abad
has attempted to deter Russians from UZBEKISTAN
leaving; concessions include making Osh
C H I N A
Russian an official language. There Sulyukta
are some tensions between Kyrgyz
TAJIKISTAN 4000m/13124ft
and Uzbeks, and a trend toward 3000m/9843ft
greater Islamization, particularly in 0 100 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
the poorer south. 0 100 miles 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kyrgyz*, Russian*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Kyrgyz Republic RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 70%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Orthodox Christian 30%
CAPITAL: Bishkek ETHNIC MIX: Kyrgyz 65%, Uzbek 14%,
POPULATION: 5.48 million Russian 13%, other 6%, Dungan 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 76,641 sq. miles Ukrainian 1%
(198,500 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 72 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Som = 100 tyiyn
 ASIA 255
Laos
A French colony prior to 1953, Laos lies landlocked in
southeast Asia. Heavily bombed during the Vietnam War, it fell
in 1975 to communist insurgents, whose regime remains in power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Largely forested mountains, One of world’s least developed
broadening in the north to a plateau. nations. Poor infrastructure. Gold, copper,
Lowlands along the Mekong Valley. electricity, timber, garments, and coffee
are exported. Levels of foreign
CLIMATE investment are rising.
Monsoon rains September–May.
The rest of the year is hot and dry. CHINA
0 100 km
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Phôngsali
There are over 60 ethnic groups. MYANMAR VIETNAM
(BURMA)
Lowland Laotians (Lao Loum) live along Houayxay Xam Nua
the Mekong River and are rice farmers. M ekon g Louangphabang
Xaignabouli
Upland and highland Laotians (Lao Xiangkhoang
Theung and Lao Soung) traditionally THAILAND Ban Naxon Pakxan
employ environmentally damaging VIENTIANE

M
ek
on
slash-and-burn farming, and grow

g
Thakhèk
illegal cash crops (notably opium). THAILAND
Khanthabouli
Government efforts to reform these
Muang Salavan
practices are resisted. Khôngxédôn
Pakxé
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Three small Laotian 1000m/3281ft
kingdoms were unified under 500m/1640ft CAMBODIA
200m/656ft
French control in 1899 Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lao*, Mon-Khmer, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Lao People’s Democratic RELIGIONS: Buddhist 85%,
Republic other (including animist) 15%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953 ETHNIC MIX: Lao Loum 66%,
CAPITAL: Vientiane Lao Theung 30%, Lao Soung 2%,
POPULATION: 6.32 million other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 91,428 sq. miles (236,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 71 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New kip = 100 at
256 EUROPE

Latvia
Latvia lies on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Like
its Baltic neighbors, it regained independence from
Moscow in 1991, and joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A flat coastal plain which is deeply Services sector now accounts for
indented by the Gulf of Riga. Poor over 70% of GDP. EU’s fastest-growing
drainage creates many bogs and swamps economy in 2004–2006. High inflation
in the forested interior. has delayed prospect of joining euro.
Global credit crunch brought Latvia to
CLIMATE verge of bankruptcy in 2008: banks were
Temperate, with warm summers bailed out and severe recession followed.
and cold winters. There is steady rainfall
throughout the year. INSIGHT: Ethnic Latvians are
outnumbered by Russians in Riga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Latvians make up just over half ESTONIA
Baltic
of the population and are mostly Sea

Lutheran. They have been officially Gulf

Valmiera
RUSS.
of FED.
favored by the state since 1991 over Ventspils
Riga Césis
the largely Orthodox Christian Júrmala
RIGA
We
Russian minority. Latvian was declared Saldus Dv st er n
in Jékabpils
Dobele Jelgava a
the only official language in 2000 and Liepája
has been used exclusively in schools Daugavpils
since 2004. This discrimination has LITHUANIA
BELARUS
strained relations with neighboring
Russia. Women enjoy full equality. The 200m/656ft
0 50 km
divorce rate is high. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Latvian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Latvia RELIGIONS: Lutheran 55%, Catholic 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 12%, Orthodox Christian 9%
CAPITAL: Riga ETHNIC MIX: Latvian 59%, Russian 29%,
POPULATION: 2.25 million Belarussian 4%, Ukrainian 3%, Polish 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 24,938 sq. miles other 2%
(64,589 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 90 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lats = 100 santimi
 ASIA 257
Lebanon
Once a vibrant cultural hotspot, Lebanon suffered badly
from years of civil war and occupation until a 1989 peace deal.
Reconstruction was reversed by Israeli bombardment in 2006.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Behind a narrow Mediterranean Much infrastructure destroyed.
coastal plain, two parallel mountain Instability undermines Beirut’s role as
ranges run the length of the country, regional financial center. Wine and fruit
separated by the fertile Beqaa Valley. production. High public debt.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The Cedar of Lebanon has

Winters are mild and summers are been the nation’s symbol for more
than 2000 years
hot, with high coastal humidity. Snow
falls on high ground in winter.
Mediterranean
Sea SYRIA
Tripoli
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Zgharta

n
Politics has long been dominated 0 20 km

a
by divisions between Sunni and Shi’a

b
0 20 miles n
no

i
ba
Muslims and the traditional ruling Le

ti-
Joûnié
Maronite Christians. Power-sharing ended Baalbek

An
l
BEIRUT Zahlé
14 years of civil war in 1989. Syria acted Baabda
b
e
a
as power broker until made to withdraw qa
Be
e

El SYRIA
J

in 2005. Israel attacked in 2006 in a Saïda

botched bid to crush Iranian-backed
Hezbollah militants. A huge gulf exists Nabatîyé
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
between the poor and a small, immensely Soûr Golan 1000m/3281ft
Heights
rich elite. Lebanon hosts 420,000 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
ISRAEL
Palestinian refugees. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Lebanon Armenian, Assyrian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941 RELIGIONS: Muslim 70%,
CAPITAL: Beirut Christian 30%
POPULATION: 4.22 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 94%, Armenian 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 4015 sq. miles other 2%
(10,400 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 1069 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lebanese pound = 100 piastres
258 AFRICA

Lesotho
The landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho is entirely
surrounded by – and economically dependent on – South Africa,
which even sent in troops to restore calm after rioting in 1998.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high mountainous plateau, cut by Dependent on South Africa. Water
valleys and ravines. The Maluti Range runs and energy exported from new Highlands
through the center. The Drakensberg Water Scheme. Subsistence farming.
Range lies to the east. Garment exports struggle to compete.
HIV/AIDS is depleting workforce.
CLIMATE
Temperate. Summers are hot with ledon
Ca
torrential rain storms. Snow is frequent in
the mountains in winter. SOUTH Hlotse

AFRICA Teyateyaneng

i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mokhotlong

t
MASERU
The overwhelming majority of

u
l

g
a

ber
people are Sotho, though there are M
Morija Mantsonyane
some South Asians, Europeans, and

ns
ke
Chinese. A strong sense of national Mafeteng

a
r
identity has tended to minimize D
ge Ri ver
ethnic tensions. Many men work Mohales O
ran
as migrant laborers in South Africa, Hoek
SOUTH
leaving women to run households. AFRICA

INSIGHT: Lesotho has one of the

highest literacy rates in Africa – but one 3000m/9843ft 0 50 km
2000m/6562ft
of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS too 1000m/3281ft 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Sesotho*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Lesotho isiZulu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Christian 90%,
CAPITAL: Maseru traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 2.07 million ETHNIC MIX: Sotho 97%, European
TOTAL AREA: 11,720 sq. miles and Asian 3%
(30,355 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 176 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Loti = 100 lisente
 AFRICA 259
Liberia
Liberia, on Africa’s Atlantic coast, was founded as a
republic of freed slaves. A brutal coup in 1980 and years
of civil war have left gang violence and looting widespread.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A coastline of beaches and War caused economic collapse.
mangrove swamps rises to forested Rubber is key export. Bans now lifted on
plateaus and highlands inland. timber and diamond exports. Revenue
from merchant shipping licenses. Debt
CLIMATE burden. Income well below prewar levels.
High temperatures. There is only Vast iron ore reserves.
one wet season, from May to October, 1000m/3281ft
except in the extreme southeast. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
SIERRA Sea Level
LEONE Voinjama
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The key social distinction used to GUINEA

be between Americo-Liberians –
descendants of freed slaves – and the Tubmanburg CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
indigenous tribal peoples. However, Robertsport Gbanga (IVORY
COAST)
political assimilation and intermarriage MONROVIA
have eased tensions. Intertribal tension is Harbel Zwedru
now a much more serious problem, Buchanan
ATLANTIC
fueling the civil war which ravaged the OCEAN
country from 1990 to 2003. Greenville

INSIGHT: Liberia is named after

Harper
the people liberated from slavery 0 50 km
who arrived from the US in the 1800s 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Grebo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Liberia Kissi, Gola, Loma, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1847 RELIGIONS: Christian 68%, traditional
CAPITAL: Monrovia beliefs 18%, Muslim 14%
POPULATION: 3.96 million ETHNIC MIX: Indigenous tribes (16 main
TOTAL AREA: 43,000 sq. miles groups) 95%, Americo-Liberians 5%
(111,370 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 106 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Liberian dollar = 100 cents
260 AFRICA

Libya
Situated on north Africa’s Mediterranean coast, Libya
was declared a revolutionary state in 1969 by Colonel Gaddafi,
who promotes Islam, African unity, and a communal lifestyle.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Apart from the coastal strip and a Oil is key export. Dates, olives,
mountain range in the south, Libya is and fruit grow in oases, but most
desert or semidesert. Natural oases food is imported. Corruption and
provide the agricultural land. mismanagement. High inflation.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: 90% of Libya is still desert,

Hot and arid. The coastal area has a despite grand irrigation projects
temperate climate, with mild, wet winters Mediterranean
Az Záwiyah TRIPOLI Sea
and hot, dry summers. TUNISIA Al Bayçá’
Mi§rátah
∏ubruq
Gharyán Khalíj Surt
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Banghází
Surt
Ghadámis
ALGERIA

Most Libyans are of Arab and

Berber origin. Once a nation of nomads

EGYPT
and livestock herders, it is almost 80% Sabhá
L i b y a n
urban. Revolution wiped out private Ghát I d h á n D e s e r t
M u r z u q
enterprise and the middle classes. Jews Al Kufrah
S a h a r a
and European settlers were banished.
NIGER
Years of political marginalization and
sanctions ended after Libya offered CHAD
compensation for terrorist bombings. 2000m/6562ft SUDAN
1000m/3281ft
The voluntary ending of its Weapons of 500m/1640ft
Mass Destruction (WMD) program was 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 200 km
also welcomed by the West. Below Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Great Socialist People’s LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tuareg
Libyan Arab Jamahariyah RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 97%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1951 other 3%
CAPITAL: Tripoli ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 95%,
POPULATION: 6.42 million other 5%
TOTAL AREA: 679,358 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: One-party state
(1,759,540 sq. km) CURRENCY: Libyan dinar = 1000 dirhams
 EUROPE 261
Liechtenstein
Perched in the Alps between Switzerland and Austria,
the state of Liechtenstein became an independent principality of
the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. It has close links with Switzerland.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The upper Rhine Valley covers the Banking secrecy (now modified)
western third of the country. The and low taxes help attract foreign
mountains and narrow valleys of the investment. Anti-money-laundering rules
eastern Alps make up the remainder. are recent. Diversified exports include
precision instruments, dental products,
CLIMATE and chemicals.
Warm, dry summers. Winters are
cold, with heavy snow in the mountains

ine
from December to March. 2000m/6562ft Ruggell

Rh
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Mauren
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Bendern
Planken
Principality’s role as a financial
center accounts for its many foreign Schaan
AUSTRIA
residents (a third of the population).
Half of the workforce are cross-border VADUZ
commuters. Living standards are high, SWITZERLAND

Sa
with few social tensions. Linked by a Triesenberg

mi
nat
customs union since 1924, Switzerland Triesen s

al
handles Liechtenstein’s foreign affairs p

l
and defense issues. Balzers
A

INSIGHT: Women in Liechtenstein 0 4 km

obtained the vote only in 1984 0 4 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 565 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of LANGUAGES: German*, Italian,
Liechtenstein Alemannish dialect
DATE OF FORMATION: 1719 RELIGIONS: Catholic 81%, other 19%
CAPITAL: Vaduz ETHNIC MIX: Liechtensteiner 66%,
POPULATION: 35,000 other 18%, Swiss 10%, Austrian 6%
TOTAL AREA: 62 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(160 sq. km) CURRENCY: Swiss franc = 100 centimes
262 EUROPE

Lithuania
Lying on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Lithuania is
the largest of the Baltic states. The first Soviet republic to declare
independence from Moscow in 1991, it joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat with moors, bogs, and High-tech and heavy industries:
an intensively farmed central lowland. engineering, shipbuilding, and food
Numerous lakes and forested sandy processing. Litas pegged to euro. High
ridges in the east. inflation has delayed euro’s adoption.
Recession in 2009 after strong growth.
CLIMATE
Coastal location moderates INSIGHT: The “amber coast” of
continental extremes. Cold winters, cool Lithuania produces most of the world’s
summers, and steady rainfall. amber – fossilized resin

PEOPLE & SOCIETY LATVIA

Homogeneous population, with Viek#niai

Lithuanians forming a large majority. Tel#iai
‹iauliai
Only 4000 Jews, known as Litvaks, Plungë Panevëªys
Baltic Klaipëda
remain in Lithuania. Strong Roman Sea Skaudvilë
Catholic tradition and historic links with Ukmergë
Poland. There are better relations among Neman Kaunas
RUSSIAN
ethnic groups than in other Baltic states FEDERATION VILNIUS BELARUS
and interethnic marriages are fairly Alytus

common. However, ethnic Russians POLAND Druskininkai

and Poles see a threat from
“Lithuanianization.” A large income 200m/656ft
0 50 km
gap has grown since independence. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lithuanian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Lithuania RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 83%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 12%, Protestant 5%
CAPITAL: Vilnius ETHNIC MIX: Lithuanian 85%,
POPULATION: 3.29 million Polish 6%, Russian 5%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 25,174 sq. miles Belarussian 1%
(65,200 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 131 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Litas = 100 centu
 EUROPE 263
Luxembourg
Part of the plateau of the Ardennes in western Europe,
Luxembourg is one of Europe’s richest states. A tax
haven and banking center, it is also home to key EU institutions.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Dense Ardennes forests in the Traditional industries such as
north, with a low, open plateau to the steelmaking have given way to the
south. Undulating terrain throughout. banking and service sectors. Low
taxes and banking secrecy laws attract
CLIMATE foreign investors.
The climate is moist, with warm
summers and mild winters. Snow is 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
common only in the Ardennes. Sea Level

Clervaux

s
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

e
Ethnic tensions are rare, despite a

n
GERMANY

n
large proportion of foreigners (over a

e
d
third of residents). Integration has been A
r
Ettelbrück

straightforward; most are fellow western Echternach

Europeans and Catholics, mainly from Mersch
lle
Italy and Portugal. Low unemployment

e
Mos
BELGIUM
and high salaries promote stability.
LUXEMBOURG
Divorce rates are rising and marriage is Pétange
becoming less common. Differdange
Esch-sur -Alzette Dudelange
INSIGHT: Luxembourg’s capital is FRANCE
home to around 2000 investment 0 10 km
funds and over 150 banks 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luxembourgish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Grand Duchy of German*, French*
Luxembourg RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%, Jewish,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867 Greek Orthodox, and Protestant 3%
CAPITAL: Luxembourg-Ville ETHNIC MIX: Luxembourger 62%,
POPULATION: 486,200 foreign residents 38%
TOTAL AREA: 998 sq. miles (2586 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 487 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
264 EUROPE

Macedonia
Landlocked Macedonia was hit hard by the sanctions
placed on its northern trading partners in the mid-1990s,
and by violent conflict with ethnic Albanians in 2001.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous or hilly, with Steel, minerals, clothing, shoes, and
deep river basins in the center. Plains in tobacco exported. Slow transition to
the northeast and southwest. market economy. Organized crime and
large gray economy. Investment boosted
CLIMATE by EU candidate status.
Continental climate with wet
springs and dry autumns. Heavy snowfalls INSIGHT: Ohrid is the deepest lake in
in northern mountains. Europe at 964 ft (294 m)
0 50 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 50 miles
Slav Macedonians are mostly
SERBIA BULGARIA
Orthodox Christians, with some Muslims.
Officially, Muslim Albanians account for Kumanovo

25% of the population, but they claim Tetovo SKOPJE

Koâani
to number a third. In 2001 Albanian
Veles
militants fought a bitter war against Gostivar ‹tip
ALBANIA

the government. A peace deal Kiâevo Strumica

promised greater equality. A major Prilep
Va
r

da
stumbling block to EU and NATO
r
accession is Greece’s objection to the Lake Ohrid Bitola
Ohrid
name Macedonia, in order to prevent Lake 1000m/3281ft
Prespa
any possibility of claims to historic 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
GREECE
“Macedonian” lands in north Greece. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Macedonian*, Albanian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Macedonia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 59%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Muslim 26%, other 11%, Catholic 4%
CAPITAL: Skopje ETHNIC MIX: Macedonian 64%, Albanian 25%,
POPULATION: 2.04 million other 5%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%
TOTAL AREA: 9781 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed
(25,333 sq. km) presidential–parliamentary system
DENSITY: 206 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Macedonian denar = 100 deni
 AFRICA 265
Madagascar
Lying off east Africa in the Indian Ocean, the former
French colony of Madagascar is the world’s fourth-largest island.
Power struggles erupted onto the streets in 2002 and 2009.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
More than two-thirds of the Most people are farmers. Cash
country forms a savanna-covered plateau, crops are vanilla, coffee, and cloves.
which drops in the east through Garments and shrimp also exported.
rainforests to the coast. Political crises deter investors.
0 200 km
CLIMATE
0 200 miles
Tropical and often hit by cyclones. Antsiraùana
Monsoons affect the east coast. The 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft Sambava
southwest is much drier. 500m/1640ft Analalava
200m/656ft
Sea Level Mahajanga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Marovoay
People are Malay-Indonesian
in origin, intermixed with later migrants Toamasina
from the African mainland. The main
ANTANANARIVO
ethnic division is between the Merina
Antsirabe
of the central plateau and the poorer Morondava Ambositra
côtier (coastal) peoples. The Merina Fianarantsoa
were the country’s historic rulers, and M o z a mb iq ue INDIAN
C ha nne l OCEAN
remain the social elite.
Toliara Farafangana

INSIGHT: 80% of Madagascar’s

plants and many of its animal Amboasary
species are found nowhere else

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malagasy*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Madagascar RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 52%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 Christian 41%, Muslim 7%
CAPITAL: Antananarivo ETHNIC MIX: Other Malay 46%,
POPULATION: 219.6 million Merina 26%, Betsimisaraka 15%, Betsileo 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 226,656 sq. miles other 1%
(587,040 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 87 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ariary = 5 iraimbilanja
266 AFRICA

Malawi
A former colony of the UK, Malawi lies landlocked in
southeast Africa, following the Great Rift Valley. Its name means
“the land where the sun is reflected in the water like fire.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lake Nyasa takes up one-fifth of Mainly subsistence farming.
the landscape. Highlands lie west of the Tobacco accounts for 60% of export
lake. Much of the land is covered by earnings. Tea and sugar are grown.
forests and savanna. Drought and corruption are problems.

CLIMATE 0 100 km

Mainly subtropical. The south is hot Karonga

0 100 miles

and humid. Highlands are cooler.

TANZANIA

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Mzuzu
Most Malawians share a common Euthini

Great Rif
Bantu origin. Ethnicity has not been Chisumulti Likoma
ZAMBIA
exploited for political ends as has (to Malawi)

happened in neighboring states. Four Lake MOZAMBIQUE

Nyasa
out of five people live in poverty. The Salima
LILONGWE t
election in 1994 of a member of the
Va

Muslim minority as president signaled the Dedza

Mangochi
ll

e
y
failure of previous attempts to enforce MOZAMBIQUE
Protestant dominance. Zomba
Blantyre
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Lake Nyasa is 353 miles 1000m/3281ft
(568 km) in length and contains at least 500m/1640ft Nsanje
200m/656ft
500 species of fish Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Chewa, Lomwe, Yao,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malawi Ngoni, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 RELIGIONS: Protestant 55%, Muslim 20%,
CAPITAL: Lilongwe Catholic 20%, traditional beliefs 5%
POPULATION: 15.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Bantu 99%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 45,745 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(118,480 sq. km) CURRENCY: Malawi kwacha
DENSITY: 420 people per sq. mile = 100 tambala
 ASIA 267
Malaysia
Malaysia stretches 1240 miles (2000 km) across
southeast Asia from the Malay peninsula to Sabah in eastern
Borneo. Federated in 1963, it included Singapore for two years.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Malay Peninsula has central The key distinction is between
mountains, an eastern coastal belt, and Malays (Bumiputras, literally “sons of the
fertile western plains. Swampy coastal soil”) and the Chinese, who traditionally
plains rise to mountains on Borneo. controlled most economic activity. Since
the 1970s, Malays have been favored for
CLIMATE education and jobs, in order to address
Warm equatorial. Rainfall always this imbalance.
heavy, but with distinct rainy seasons.
THE ECONOMY
INSIGHT: Malaysia is southeast Asia’s Successful industrial base include
major tourist destination, with over 20 manufacturing and heavy industry.
million visitors a year Tourism is a major earner. Leading
producer of palm oil, tin, and
tropical hardwoods.
THAILAND Sulu
Kangar Kudat
Kota Bharu Sea
George Town South China Kota Kinabalu Sandakan
Kuala Terengganu
Taiping Malay Sea
BRUNEI Keningau
Peninsula Sabah
Miri
KUALA LUMPUR
Kepulauan
Klang PUTRAJAYA Bintulu
Natuna
Mersing B o r n e o
Natuna Sibu
2000m/6562ft Sarawak INDONESIA
1000m/3281ft SINGAPORE Sea Kuching Sri Aman
500m/1640ft I NDO NESIA 0 100 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level INDONESIA 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bahasa Malaysia*, Malay,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federation of Malaysia Chinese, Tamil, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963 RELIGIONS: Muslim 53%, Buddhist 19%,
CAPITAL: Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya Chinese faiths 12%, other 9%, Christian 7%
POPULATION: 27.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Malay 50%, Chinese 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 127,316 sq. miles indigenous tribes 11%, other 14%
(329,750 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 217 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Ringgit = 100 sen
268 ASIA

Maldives
Set in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka, the
Maldives is an archipelago of 1191 small coral islands, or atolls. 200
are inhabited. The word atoll comes from the Dhivehi word “atolu.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Consists of low-lying islands and The fluctuating tourist industry
coral atolls. The larger ones are covered is the economic mainstay.
in lush, tropical vegetation. Fish, especially tuna, are
Ihavandippolhu
the main export. Atoll
CLIMATE Construction boom
Tropical. Rain falls throughout the to repair 2004 tsunami
year, but is heaviest June–November, damage.
Faadhippolhu
during the monsoon. Violent storms Atoll
occasionally hit the northern islands. INSIGHT:
Horsburgh
The islands, Atoll Male’
Atoll
PEOPLE & SOCIETY which all lie below
4 ft (1.2 m), are MALE’
Maldivians, who are all Sunni Ari
Atoll
Muslim, are descended from Sinhalese, threatened by Felidhu
Atoll
Dravidian, Arab, and black ancestors. rising sea levels,
brought about by Mulakatholhu
About 25% of the population live on Atoll
global warming Kolhumadulu
Male’. Tourism has grown on separate and climatic Atoll
resort islands away from residents. changes Hadhdhunmathi
Atoll
Politics has been controlled by a small n nel
O n e a n d H a l f D e g re e Ch a
group of influential families. However, I N D I A N
North Huvadhu
Atoll
a young elite pushed for reform: Sea Level
O C E A N South
Huvadhu
parties were legalized in 2005, and Equator Atoll
the presidential election in 2008 0 100 km
Addu Atoll
brought in a new regime. 0 100 miles Gan

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dhivehi* (Maldivian), Sinhala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Maldives Tamil, Arabic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
CAPITAL: Male’ ETHNIC MIX: All Maldivians are of Arab–
POPULATION: 309,400 Sinhalese–Malay descent
TOTAL AREA: 116 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(300 sq. km) CURRENCY: Rufiyaa
DENSITY: 2667 people per sq. mile = 100 laari
 AFRICA 269
Mali
A former French colony, Mali is landlocked in the heart
of west Africa. The 1991 coup ended the 23-year dictatorship of
Moussa Traoré and ushered in multiparty elections from 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The northern half of the country Widespread poverty. Most people
lies in the Sahara. The inland delta of the are farmers, herders, or river fishermen.
Niger River flows through a grassy Less than 2% of land can be cultivated.
savanna region in the south. High-quality cotton, gold, and livestock
account for 80% of exports. Vulnerable
CLIMATE to drought.
In the south, intensely hot, dry
weather precedes the westerly rains.
The north is almost rainless. ALGERIA
MAURITANIA S a h a r a
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Adrar des
Most people live in the southern Ifôghas
savanna region. The Bambara tribe are
culturally and politically dominant. A few Nig e r
Tombouctou Gao
nomadic Fulani and Tuareg herders travel S en
SEN

eg
a Mopti NIGER
the northern plains. There is tension l Kayes
EG

Ségou
between the peoples of the south and
AL

BAMAKO Koulikoro BURKINA

Tuareg in the north. Malian women have
Sikasso
little status. GUINEA
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
INSIGHT: Tombouctou (Timbuktu) (IVORY COAST)
was the center of the 14th-century 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Malinké trading empire 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bambara, Fulani, Senufo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mali Soninke, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 80%, traditional
CAPITAL: Bamako beliefs 18%, Christian 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 13 million ETHNIC MIX: Bambara 32%, other 33%,
TOTAL AREA: 478,764 sq. miles Fulani 14%, Senufu 12%, Soninka 9%
(1,240,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 28 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
270 EUROPE

Malta
The densely populated Maltese archipelago lies between
Africa and Europe. Controlled throughout its history by successive
colonial powers, it gained independence from the UK in 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The main island of Malta has low Tourism provides 30% of GDP.
hills and a ragged coastline with Joined eurozone in 2008. Developing
numerous harbors, bays, sandy beaches, offshore banking, high-tech industry.
and rocky coves. The island of Gozo is Semiconductors exported. Most
more densely vegetated. goods have to be imported.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The Maltese language

Mediterranean climate. There are has Phoenician origins but
many hours of sunshine all year round, features Arabic etymology
with very little rainfall. and intonation

PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 5 km

Over the centuries, the Maltese Gozo 0 5 miles

have been subject to Arab, Sicilian,

Victoria Comino
Spanish, French, and British influences. Mediterranean
Today, the population is socially Sea
Buèibba
conservative and devoutly Roman Mellieha St Julian's Sliema
Msida
Catholic – on a percentage basis, risen Mosta VALLETTA
Malta Qormi Hamrun
more so than virtually any other nation. Luqa Marsaxlokk
Rabat
Unemployment is high, particularly for Biræebbuèa
women. Divorce is banned. Illegal Mediterranean
migration from Africa has increased Sea
200m/656ft
since Malta joined the EU in 2004. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Maltese*, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malta RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 98%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 and nonreligious 2%
CAPITAL: Valletta ETHNIC MIX: Maltese 96%,
POPULATION: 408,700 other 4%
TOTAL AREA: 122 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
(316 sq. km) system
DENSITY: 3296 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 271
Marshall Islands
Under US rule as part of the UN Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands until independence in 1986, the Marshall
Islands comprises a group of 34 widely scattered atolls.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow coral rings with sandy Almost totally dependent on US
beaches enclosing lagoons. Those in the aid and the rent paid by the US for its
south have thicker vegetation. Kwajalein missile base on Kwajalein Atoll. High
is the world’s largest atoll. unemployment. Revenue from licenses to
fish in Marshallese waters for tuna. Copra
CLIMATE and coconut oil are the only significant
Tropical oceanic, cooled year round agricultural exports.
by northeast trade winds.
All land under
100m/328ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bokaak

Majuro, the capital city and

P A C I F I C O C E A N
commercial center, is home to almost
half the population. Tensions are high Enewetak
Rongelap
due to poor living conditions. Life on the Bikini Ratak
Chain
outlying islands is still traditional, based Likiep Wotje
around subsistence agriculture and Ujelang
Maloelap
Kwajalein
fishing. Society is matrilineal, with land
and titles handed down through the Ralik Chain Jabat MAJURO
mother’s clan. Jaluit
Majuro

Narikrik
INSIGHT: In 1954, Bikini Atoll was the Ebon
site for the testing of the largest US 0 200 km
H-bomb – the 18–22 megaton Bravo 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Marshallese*, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Marshall Japanese, German
Islands RELIGIONS: Protestant 90%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986 Catholic 8%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Majuro ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 97%,
POPULATION: 54,100 other 3%
TOTAL AREA: 70 sq. miles (181 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 733 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
272 AFRICA

Mauritania
Two-thirds of Mauritania’s territory is desert – the only
productive land is that drained by the Senegal River. The
country has taken a strongly Arab direction since 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara, barren except for Agriculture and herding. Iron,
some scattered oases, covers the north. copper, and gold mining. World’s largest
Savanna lands lie to the south. gypsum deposits. Offshore oil from 2006.
Rich fishing grounds.
CLIMATE
The climate is generally hot 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
and dry, aggravated by the dusty Sea Level ALGERIA
harmattan wind. Summer rain in the
south, virtually none in the north.
WESTERN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SAHARA Zouérat
The majority Maures control S a h a r a
political and economic life. Family Nouâdhibou MALI
solidarity among nomadic peoples is Aωr
particularly strong. Ethnic tension
ATLANTIC Tidjikja
centers on the oppression of the OCEAN
sizable black minority by Maures. NOUAKCHOTT
Rosso Néma
Tens of thousands of blacks are S en
eg
Kaédi Kiffa
al
estimated to be in illegal slavery.
SENEGAL MALI
INSIGHT: Slavery officially
became illegal in Mauritania in 0 200 km
1980, but de facto slavery still persists 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic LANGUAGES: Hassaniyah Arabic*, Wolof,
of Mauritania French
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
CAPITAL: Nouakchott ETHNIC MIX: Maure 81%, Wolof 7%,
POPULATION: 3.29 million Tukolor 5%, other 4%, Soninka 3%
TOTAL AREA: 397,953 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(1,030,700 sq. km) CURRENCY: Ouguiya = 5 khoums
 AFRICA 273
Mauritius
The islands that make up Mauritius lie in the Indian Ocean
east of Madagascar. They have enjoyed considerable economic
success following recent industrial diversification and expansion.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The volcanic main island of Clothing manufacture, tourism, and
Mauritius is ringed by coral reefs, and sugar. Loss of preferential trade terms for
rises from the coast to a fertile central sugar and textiles. Offshore financial
plateau. The outer islands – Rodriguez, center. New outsourcing and ICT
the Agalega Islands, and the Cargados industries. Most food is imported.
Carajos Shoals – lie some 300 miles
(500 km) to the north. INSIGHT: The islands form part of the
Mascarene Archipelago – once a land
CLIMATE bridge between Asia and Africa
Warm and humid. Tropical storms
500m/1640ft
are frequent December–March, the 200m/656ft
Ile Plate
Rodrigues
hottest and wettest months. Sea Level
Port Mathurin

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Triolet

Grand Baie
Most people are descendants of
Pamplemousses
laborers brought over from India in the
19th century. A small minority of French PORT LOUIS
INDIAN
descent form the wealthiest group. OCEAN
Creoles (descendants of African slaves) Curepipe
complain of discrimination. Literacy is
Mahébourg
high. Health care is free. Criminal offenses
are usually traffic-related; little crime 0 10 km
Bel Ombre Souillac
on outer islands. 0 10 miles

FACTFILE Tamil, Chinese, English*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mauritius RELIGIONS: Hindu 52%, Catholic 26%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 Muslim 17%, other 3%,
CAPITAL: Port Louis Protestant 2%
POPULATION: 1.29 million ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Mauritian 68%,
TOTAL AREA: 718 sq. miles (1860 sq. km) Creole 27%, other 5%
DENSITY: 1794 people per sq. mile GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
LANGUAGES: French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, CURRENCY: Mauritian rupee = 100 cents
274 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Mexico
Mexico stretches from the US border southward into the
ancient Aztec and Mayan heartlands. Independence from Spain
came in 1836. One in five Mexicans lives in the sprawling capital.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains along the Pacific and One of the world's largest oil
Atlantic seaboards rise to a high arid producers. Corn, fruit, vegetables, sugar are
central plateau. To the east and west are cash crops. NAFTA has boosted exports,
the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. but exposes farmers to subsidized US
Limestone lowlands form the projecting competition. Huge wealth disaprity. Swine
Yucatan peninsula. flu crippled economy in 2009.
INSIGHT: More people cross the
CLIMATE
US–Mexican border each year –
The plateau and high mountains are illegally or legally – than any other
warm for much of the year. Pacific coast border in the world
is tropical: storms occur mostly March–
December. Northwest is dry. UNITED STATES OF
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Tijuana AMERICA 1000m/3281ft
Ciudad Juárez 500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ba

200m/656ft
Chihuahua

Ri
Most Mexicans are mestizos of
ja

Sea Level

oG
S ie ccide
Ca

ra
Spanish–Amerindian descent. Rural
S ier rient
lifo

r r a nt

nd
O

e
rni

M al

ra a l

Amerindians are largely segregated from Monterrey

ad
a

Ma
re

Hispanic society and most live in poverty, Gulf of

dre

San Luis Potosí Mexico Mérida

though the state promotes their culture. León
Guadalajara MEXICO CITY Yucatan
The Zapatista movement backs PACIFIC Peninsula
Puebla
OCEAN S ierra Madr BEL.
indigenous rights. Few women in male- Acapulco d el Sur
e

dominated politics and business. 0 500 km GUAT.

Narcotics-related violent crime is rising. 0 500 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Nahuatl, Mayan,

OFFICIAL NAME: United Mexican States Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Totonac, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1836 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%, other 7%,
CAPITAL: Mexico City Protestant 5%
POPULATION: 110 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 60%, Amerindian 30%,
TOTAL AREA: 761,602 sq. miles European 9%, other 1%
(1,972,550 sq. km GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 149 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Mexican peso = 100 centavos
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 275
Micronesia
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), situated in
the western Pacific, comprise 607 islands and atolls grouped
into four main island states: Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, and Yap.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mixture of high volcanic islands Micronesians are physically,
with forested interiors, and low-lying culturally, and linguistically diverse.
coral atolls. Some of the islands have Melanesians live on Yap, Polynesians in
coastal mangrove swamps. Pohnpei. The supply of electricity and
running water is limited. Society is based
CLIMATE on matrilineal clans.
Tropical, with high humidity. There
is very heavy rainfall outside the January– THE ECONOMY
March dry season. Dependent on US aid. Fishing
licenses are a key source of foreign
INSIGHT: Chuuk’s lagoon contains the revenue. Tourism, fishing, betel nuts,
sunken wrecks of over 100 Japanese copra are economic mainstays. Trust fund
ships and 270 planes from World War II created to reduce aid reliance.
Philippine
Sea 200m/656ft
Yap Namonuito Hall Is. Sea Level
Murilo
Lamotrek Pohnpei Is.
Sorol Chuuk Is.
Ngulu Olimarao Oroluk
Weno PALIKIR
Woleai Nama
Pulusuk Pohnpei
Carol
ine I slands Mortlock
Satawan Islands Kosrae

P A C I F I C O C E A N Nukuoro 0 200 km
0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Trukese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federated States of Yapese, English*
Micronesia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 50%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986 Protestant 48%, other 2%
CAPITAL: Palikir (Pohnpei Island) ETHNIC MIX: Chuukese 49%, Pohnpeian 24%,
POPULATION: 110,700 other 19%, Kosraean 6%, Asian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 271 sq. miles (702 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 408 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
276 EUROPE

Moldova
The most densely populated of the former Soviet
republics, Moldova has strong ethnic, linguistic, and cultural
links with Romania, but relations with Russia remain paramount.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Steppes and hilly plains are drained One of the two poorest countries
by the Dniester and Prut rivers. in Europe. Mainly agricultural: produces
wine, tobacco, fruit. Food processing and
CLIMATE textiles. Depends on Russia for raw
Warm summers and relatively mild materials, fuel, exports. Instability.
winters. Moderate rainfall is evenly spread
throughout the year. Dn
ie ste UKRAINE

r
Edineπ Soroca
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Rî∞cani
A shared heritage with Romania Flore∞ti
Bâlπi Rîbniπa
defines national identity, though in 1994

Dnie
Pr
Dubâsari

ut
Moldovans voted against possible

ste
Reservoir

r
Orhei
reunification with Romania. Most of the TRANSNISTRIA
population is engaged in intensive (disputed)
CHIfiINÂU
Tiraspol
agriculture. Transnistria is a breakaway ROMANIA Tighina
(Bendery)
state along the east bank of the Dniester,
home to a largely ethnic Slav population. Comrat
The Gagauz, in the south, have
accepted autonomy. Cahul

INSIGHT: Vast underground wine

vaults contain entire “streets” of 0 50 km
200m/656ft
bottles built into rock quarries 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Moldovan*, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Moldova Russian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 98%,
CAPITAL: Chisinau Jewish 2%
POPULATION: 3.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Moldovan 64%, Ukrainian 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 13,067 sq. miles Russian 13%, Gagauz 4%, other 5%
(33,843 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 277 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Moldovan leu = 100 bani
 EUROPE 277
Monaco
Monaco is a tiny principality on the Côte d’Azur. Its
destiny changed radically when the casino was opened in 1863.
Today, it promotes its image as an upmarket, glamorous destination.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A rocky promontory overlooking Tourism, gambling, financial
a narrow coastal strip that has been services. Banking secrecy laws and tax-
enlarged through land reclamation. haven conditions attract foreign
investment. Close links and customs
CLIMATE union with France (but not in EU).
Mediterranean. Summers are hot No resources: depends on imports.
and dry; days with 12 hours of sunshine
are not uncommon. Winters are INSIGHT: High-profile social and
mild and sunny. sporting events attract large crowds
each spring, including the Rose Ball, Tennis
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Open, and Grand Prix
Less than 20% of residents
are Monégasques. Around a third
Lycée l'Annonciade
are French, the rest Italian, American, F R A N C E
British, Belgian, and many others. Musée Nation
Larvotto Monte-Carlo
Nationals enjoy considerable Hospitalier
La Condamine Sporting
Grand Prix Casino Club d'Eté
privileges, including housing Grace
Circuit
Centre de Congrès
Monte-Carlo
subsidies to protect them from Palais du Prince Port de Monaco
Ministère d'Etat Côte d'Azur
Monaco’s high property prices, and Stade Louis II Cathédrale
Fontvieille Musée Océanographique
the right of first refusal before a
Mediterranean Sea
job can be offered to a foreigner.
Women have equal status, but only 0 1000 m
acquired the vote in 1962. 0 1500 yds

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Italian, Monégasque

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Monaco RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1861 Protestant 6%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Monaco-Ville ETHNIC MIX: French 32%, other 29%,
POPULATION: 32,000 Italian 20%, Monégasque 19%
TOTAL AREA: 0.75 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(1.95 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 42,667 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
278 ASIA

Mongolia
Landlocked between Russia and China, Mongolia is a
huge, isolated, and sparsely populated nation. Over two-thirds
of the country is part of the Gobi Desert.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A mountainous steppe plateau in Rich deposits of oil, coal, copper,
the north, with lakes in the north and uranium, and other minerals remain
west. The desert region of the Gobi largely untapped. Cashmere exports.
dominates the south. Democracy, from 1990, brought a shift
toward a market economy, but also rising
CLIMATE poverty. State involvement in mining is
Continental. Mild summers and an issue. Agriculture uses 40% of
long, dry, very cold winters, with heavy workforce, mainly as herders.
snowfall. Temperatures can drop as low
as –22°F (–30°C). INSIGHT: Horseracing, wrestling,
and archery are the national sports
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mongolia was unified by RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ölgiy
Genghis Khan in 1206 and was later Mörön Sühbaatar
A

Hovd
absorbed into Manchu China. A Darhan
lt

i Erdenet
a

M Altay rule
n
majority of ethnic Mongolians live ou Ke Choybalsan
nt ULAN BATOR
within China in Inner Mongolia. ai
ns
Saynshand
Tibetan Buddhism dominates. G o b i
The traditional, nomadic way of Dalandzadgad
CHINA
life has been eroded as urban
migration continues, spurred by 3000m/9843ft
ferocious winters, known as zud, which 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km
can devastate the rural economy. 500m/1640ft 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khalkha Mongolian*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Mongolia RELIGIONS: Tibetan Buddhist 96%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1924 Muslim 4%
CAPITAL: Ulan Bator ETHNIC MIX: Khalkh 82%, other 9%,
POPULATION: 2.67 million Kazakh 4%, Dorvod 3%, Bayad 2%
TOTAL AREA: 604,247 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(1,565,000 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 4 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tugrik (tögrög) = 100 möngö
 EUROPE 279
Montenegro
Perched on the Adriatic coast, this tiny republic
became a separate state in 2006, after 88 years of federation
with its neighbors in various forms of the state of Yugoslavia.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A narrow coastal strip on the Tourism (along Adriatic) drives
Adriatic. Fertile lowland plains around growth. Bauxite reserves, aluminum
Lake Scutari. Mountainous interior with industry. Economy dominated by black
deep canyons. market; cigarette smuggling is rife. Return
of foreign aid and investment. The 2007
CLIMATE accord with the EU is the first step
The lowlands have hot, dry toward eventual accession.
summers and mild winters. Heavy snow
in winter in the mountains. BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA Pljevlja
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SERBIA
Most Montenegrins are Orthodox Bijelo Polje
Pivsko
Christians. They speak a language closely Jezero Piva S Ta
ra

in
related to Serbian, using the same D ina Berane H a j l a Roªaje

ja
ric A

vi n

im
Cyrillic script. Muslim Albanians, who Nik#iá lps L

a
make up 80% of the population of the
southern Ulcinj region, supported CRO. Herceg-Novi
Cetinje PODGORICA
independence and are now asking Tivat
ALBANIA
for autonomy. Budva
Lake
Adriatic Scutari
Sea
Bar 2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Dark forests once cloaked 1000m/3281ft
Montenegro’s mountains; its name 0 20 km Ulcinj 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
means ”Black Mountain” 0 20 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Montenegrin*, Serbian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Montenegro Albanian
DATE OF FORMATION: 2006 RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 74%,
CAPITAL: Podgorica Muslim 18%, Catholic 4%, other 4%
POPULATION: 624,200 ETHNIC MIX: Montenegrin 43%, Serb 32%,
TOTAL AREA: 5332 sq. miles other 12%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%
(13,812 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 117 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
280 AFRICA

Morocco
Morocco is a former French colony in northwest Africa.
Since 1975, it has occupied the territory of Western Sahara, the future
of which is yet to be determined by UN-supervised referendum.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile coastal plain is interrupted in Major exporter of phosphates.
the east by the Rif Mountains. Atlas Investment in tourism and agriculture.
Mountain ranges to the south. Beyond Fishing. Relations with EU strained over
lies the outer fringe of the Sahara. illegal immigrants and cannabis trade.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Karueein University in Fès,

Ranges from temperate and warm founded in 859 CE, is the world’s
in the north, to semiarid in the south. oldest existing educational institution
Cooler in the mountains.
Me di t erra n ea n
S ea
Tanger Ceuta
PEOPLE & SOCIETY AT LA N T IC (to Spain) Melilla
Tétouan (to Spain)
Around 30% of the population O C E AN
Kénitra Oujda
RABAT
are descendants of original Berber Mohammedia Salé
Fès
inhabitants of north Africa, and live Casablanca
Khouribga s
mainly in mountain villages. The Arab Safi in
ta
majority inhabits the lowlands. Marrakech
o un
Essaouira M
las At
Morocco is unusual among Arab states ALGERIA
Agadir Ouarzazate
in granting Jews religious freedom and tl as
-A
civil rights. The king is spiritual leader A nt i

and head of state. Islamists have 3000m/9843ft

2000m/6562ft
gained influence in politics. Islamist 1000m/3281ft
militancy and the emergence of WESTERN SAHARA 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
(Occupied by 200m/656ft
terrorist cells are of concern. Morocco) 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Morocco RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 other (mostly Christian) 1%
CAPITAL: Rabat ETHNIC MIX: Arab 70%, Berber 29%,
POPULATION: 32 million European 1%
TOTAL AREA: 172,316 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(446,300 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 186 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Mor. dirham = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 281
Mozambique
Mozambique lies on the southeast African coast. It was
torn apart by a savage and devastating civil war between the
Marxist government and a rebel faction between 1977 and 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Largely a savanna-covered plateau. Extremely dependent on aid.
The coast is fringed by coral reefs and Mineral potential. Cashew nuts, shrimp,
lagoons. The Zambezi River bisects cotton exported. Debt relief.
the country. 0 200 km
0 200 miles TANZANIA a
CLIMATE um
Rov
Tropical. Temperatures are hottest Lake Nyasa Pemba
on the coast. Extremes of rainfall: MALAWI Lichinga Lúrio
drought and flood. ZAMBIA Nacala
Lake Lumbo
Cahora Bassa
Nampula
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Tete
Tensions exist between north

Za
Quelimane

m
and south, rather than between ethnic

be
ZIMBABWE

zi
groups. Life is centered on the extended Beira Mozambique Channel

family. Polygamy is fairly common. The

INDIAN
country is struggling with the legacy of OCEAN
a war that killed around a million people, Funhalouro
Li
mp

and the effects of frequent floods and Inhambane

opo

droughts. Half the population lives in SOUTH Xai-Xai

abject poverty. AFRICA
MAPUTO 2000m/6562ft
SWAZILAND 1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Maputo’s busy port serves SOUTH 500m/1640ft
AFRICA 200m/656ft
Zimbabwe and South Africa Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Lomwe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Rep. of Mozambique Portuguese*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 56%,
CAPITAL: Maputo Christian 30%, Muslim 14%
POPULATION: 22.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Makua Lomwe 47%, Tsonga 23%,
TOTAL AREA: 309,494 sq. miles Malawi 12%, Shona 11% other 7%
(801,590 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 76 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New metical = 100 centavos
282 ASIA

Myanmar (Burma)
Forming the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal and
the Andaman Sea in southeast Asia, Myanmar suffers from
isolation, political repression, and ethnic conflict.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The fertile Irrawaddy basin lies at Corrupt, mismanaged, subject to
the center. Mountains to the west, Shan sanctions – but gas, teak, and gems are
plateau to the east. Tropical rainforest exported. Illicit opium production has
covers much of the land. fallen. Rice shortages in 2008 after
Cyclone Nargis. Prices
CLIMATE are high on the
Tropical. Hot summers, with high black market.
humidity, and warm winters. INDIA Myitkyina

y
CHINA

a dd
0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

I r ra w
0 200 miles
The military, in power since 1962, Monywa Mandalay
rules Myanmar with little regard to Pakokku

g
Sagaing

on
ek
Sittwe Shan
human rights. Opposition is not

M
Taunggyi Plateau LAOS

tolerated. The National League for NAY PYI TAW Taungoo

Thandwe Pyay
Democracy won elections in 1990, but Bay
Hinthada THAILAND
of Bago
was kept from power. Its leader, Aung Bengal Pathein
Insein
Thaton
San Suu Kyi, is frequently detained. Rangoon Mawlamyine
Mouths of the Kyaikkami
Minority groups maintain low-level Irrawaddy
guerrilla activity against the state. Dawei
Andaman
4000m/13124ft
2000m/6562ft
Sea Myeik
INSIGHT: Myanmar is one of the 1000m/3281ft Mergui
500m/1640ft Archipelago Isthmus
world’s biggest teak exporters, 200m/656ft of
though reserves are diminishing rapidly Sea Level Kra

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Burmese*, Shan, Karen,

OFFICIAL NAME: Union of Myanmar Rakhine, Chin, Yangbye, Kachin, Mon
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 87%, Christian 6%,
CAPITAL: Nay Pyi Taw Muslim 4%, other 2%, Hindu 1%
POPULATION: 50 million ETHNIC MIX: Burman 68%, other 13%,
TOTAL AREA: 261,969 sq. miles Shan 9%, Karen 6%, Rakhine 4%
(678,500 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Military-based regime
DENSITY: 197 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kyat = 100 pyas
 AFRICA 283
Namibia
Located in southwestern Africa, Namibia gained
independence from South Africa in 1990, after 24 years of
armed struggle. It regained the territory of Walvis Bay in 1994.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Namib Desert stretches along Varied mineral resources, notably
the coastal strip. Inland, a ridge of uranium and diamonds. Rich offshore
mountains rises to 8000 ft (2500 m). fishing grounds. High unemployment.
The Kalahari Desert lies in the east. HIV/AIDS epidemic. One of Africa’s most
skewed distributions of wealth.
CLIMATE
Almost rainless. The coast is usually ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
shrouded in thick fog, unless the hot, dry Zambezi
Rundu
berg wind is blowing. Tsumeb

N
Grootfontein

a
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Otjiwarongo
The Ovambo, the main ethnic m
Swakopmund i b
group, live mainly in the more populous WINDHOEK
Walvis Bay Rehoboth BOTSWANA
north. Some 100,000 whites, many of
D e s e

German descent, are centered around AT L AN T I C

Kalahari
Desert
Windhoek and still control the economy. O C E AN
The minority San and Khoi bushmen are Keetmanshoop
r t

Lüderitz
among the oldest human communities
e r
Or

in the world. The ban on homosexuality a n g e R iv

is contentious. SOUTH
2000m/6562ft AFRICA
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: The Namib is the Earth’s 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
oldest, and one of its driest, deserts Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ovambo, Kavango, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Namibia Bergdama, German, Afrikaans
DATE OF FORMATION: 1990 RELIGIONS: Christian 90%, traditional
CAPITAL: Windhoek beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 2.17 million ETHNIC MIX: Ovambo 50%, other 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 318,694 sq. miles Kavango 9%, Damara 8%, Herero 8%
(825,418 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 7 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Namibian dollar = 100 cents
284 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Nauru
Nauru lies in the Pacific, northeast of Australia.
Phosphate deposits gave its inhabitants huge temporary wealth,
but economic mismanagement has left them facing ruin.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A single low-lying coral atoll, with a Phosphate revenues all but dried
fertile coastal belt. Coral cliffs encircle an up. Sale of fishing rights sole resource.
elevated interior plateau. State trust fund invested badly overseas.
Offshore banking facilities closed after
CLIMATE international pressure.
Equatorial, moderated by sea
breezes. Occasional long droughts. INSIGHT: Phosphate mining has
left 80% of the island uninhabitable
P A C I F I C
PEOPLE & SOCIETY O C E A N
Native Nauruans are of mixed
Micronesian and Polynesian origin.
Most live in simple, traditional houses
and spend their money on luxury Nauru General
cars and consumer goods. Welfare Hospital
Phosphate Company Phosphate
and education are free. A diet of Hospital Company
Site Office
imported processed foods has caused
Phosphate
widespread obesity and diabetes. Company
Buada
Lagoon
Works Broadcasting
Mining was left to imported laborers, Nauru
Civic Centre
Transmitter Anibare
Bay
Post Office
mainly from Kiribati, who lived in Meneng Hotel
Air Terminal
enclaves of male-only barracks and Nauru State House
Secondary Police Station
had few rights. Many young Nauruans School 200m/656ft
leave to seek a better life in Australia 0 1 km Sea Level
or New Zealand. 0 1 mile Phosphate mines

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nauruan*, Kiribati, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nauru Tuvaluan, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Nauruan Congregational
CAPITAL: None Church 60%, Catholic 35%, other 5%
POPULATION: 9800 ETHNIC MIX: Nauruan 62%, other Pacific
TOTAL AREA: 8.1 sq. miles islanders 27%, Asian 8%, European 3%
(21 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 1210 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 285
Nepal
Nepal, lying between India and China on the southern
shoulder of the Himalayas, is one of the world’s poorest countries.
Its agricultural economy is heavily dependent on the monsoon.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous. The area Agriculture employs 70% of people.
includes some of the highest mountains Crops include rice and wheat. Tourism
in the world, including Mount Everest. and investment affected by instability
Flat, fertile river plains form the south. and Maoist insurgency. Reliant on aid.
Hydropower potential.
CLIMATE
Warm monsoon season from July INSIGHT: Southern Nepal was the
to October. The rest of the year is dry, birthplace of Buddha (Prince Siddhartha
sunny, and mild. Winter temperatures in Gautama) in 563 BCE
the Himalayas average 14°F (–10°C).

PEOPLE & SOCIETY H

Dadeldhurá i
Tensions are few between the Jumlá
m C HI N A
a
diverse ethnic groups. Buddhist l a Mt. Everest
Salyán Baglung y a 29,035ft (8850m)
women, including Sherpas, face fewer s (Sagarmatha)
Pokhará
social restrictions than Hindus. KATHMANDU Bhaktapur
Trafficking of women and child labor are Lalitpur
Ilám
problems. Human rights violations rose I N D I A Janakpur
Birátnagar
during the 1999–2006 Maoist insurgency.
4000m/13124ft
The peace deal led to the abolition of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
the monarchy and Maoist victory in 1000m/3281ft
elections, but fractious coalitions mean 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
instability continues. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nepali*, Maithili,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic Bhojpuri
Republic of Nepal RELIGIONS: Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1769 Muslim 3%, other (incl. Christian) 2%
CAPITAL: Kathmandu ETHNIC MIX: Other 57%, Chhetri 16%,
POPULATION: 29.3 million Hill Brahman 13%, Tharu 7%, Magar 7%
TOTAL AREA: 54,363 sq. miles (140,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 555 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa
286 EUROPE

Netherlands
Astride the delta of five major rivers in northwest
Europe, the Netherlands built its historic wealth on maritime
trade. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly flat, with 27% of the land Major trading hub. High-profile
below sea level and protected by dunes, multinationals. Diverse industrial base:
dikes, and canals. There are a few low chemicals, machinery, electronics, and
hills in the south and east. metals. Costly social welfare system.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: In 2002, the Netherlands

Mild, rainy winters and cool became the first country in the world
to legalize euthanasia
summers. Gales from the North Sea are n
n d e
common in fall and winter. e i l a
e n
Sea Level d ee
z

d
Below Sea Level n Groningen
de

a
W
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

ad
Leeuwarden

W
The Dutch have a long history of N o r t h

Ij s
sel
welcoming immigrants from former S e a

m
er

e
colonies and refugees seeking asylum. Haarlem
AMSTERDAM
However, lack of integration is now ’S-GRAVENHAGE Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
raising fears about the failing asylum (THE HAGUE) Utrecht
Ne Arnhem
Delft der R
system, immigrant crime, and militant Rotterdam
ij n
Nijmegen
Islam. Population is mostly urban and the Ma a
s
GERMANY
Tilburg
density is high. The state does not try to Breda
s
Eindhoven
aa
impose a particular morality on its
M

citizens. Laws concerning sexuality, BELGIUM

narcotics-taking, and euthanasia are 0 40 km Maastricht
among the world’s most liberal. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 1267 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of the LANGUAGES: Dutch*, Frisian
Netherlands RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 36%, other 34%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1648 Protestant 27%, Muslim 3%
CAPITAL: Amsterdam and The Hague ETHNIC MIX: Dutch 82%, other 12%,
POPULATION: 16.6 million Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan 6%
TOTAL AREA: 16,033 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(41,526 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 287
New Zealand
Lying in the South Pacific, 990 miles (1600 km)
southeast of Australia, New Zealand comprises North and South
Islands, separated by the Cook Strait, and many smaller islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
North Island, noted for hot springs Tourism is the biggest foreign-
and geysers, has the bulk of the exchange earner. Modern agricultural
population. South Island is mostly sector; world’s top exporter of dairy
mountainous, with eastern lowlands. products. Hi-tech manufacturing.
Open economy. Strong trade links.
CLIMATE
Generally temperate and damp.
2000m/6562ft North Island
The far north is almost subtropical, 1000m/3281ft
whereas southern winters are cold. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Auckland
Sea Level
Tauranga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Hamilton
Rotorua
Maoris were the first settlers, New Plymouth
1200 years ago. Today’s majority Hastings
Palmerston
European population is descended Tasman North
mainly from British migrants who settled Sea Blenheim
WELLINGTON
after 1840. Maoris’ living and education Greymouth
s Cook Strait
standards are generally lower than South Island A
lp
Christchurch
n
average. The government is continuing h er
ut Timaru
to negotiate the settlement of Maori So
Queenstown P A C I F I C
land claims. O C E A N
Dunedin
Invercargill
INSIGHT: New Zealand women were Stewart Island 0 200 km
the first to get the vote (1893) 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Maori*

OFFICIAL NAME: New Zealand RELIGIONS: Anglican 24%, other 22%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 Presbyterian 18%, nonreligious 16%,
CAPITAL: Wellington Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%
POPULATION: 4.27 million ETHNIC MIX: European 75%, Maori 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 103,737 sq. miles other 7%, Samoan 3%
(268,680 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 41 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Zealand dollar = 100 cents
288 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Nicaragua
Nicaragua lies at the heart of Central America. The
Sandinista revolution of 1978 led to 11 years of civil war between
the left-wing Sandinistas and the right-wing US-backed Contras.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Extensive forested plains in the Textiles, coffee, meat, tobacco are
east. Central mountain region with many main exports: affected by world price
active volcanoes. The Pacific coastlands fluctuations. Remittances from abroad.
are dominated by lakes. Substantial debt relief has cut debt to
60% of GDP. Corruption.
CLIMATE
Tropical. The lowlands are hot all 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
year round. The mountains are cooler. 200m/656ft
Prone to occasional hurricanes. Sea Level
Co co

HONDURAS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

t
as
Most of the population is mixed

o Co
Ocotal
race, and there is a large white elite.
Caribbean
The Caribbean regions are home to Estelí Matagalpa

Mosquit
Sea
communities of Miskito Amerindians and Chinandega Matiguas
blacks, who gained autonomy in 1987. León MANAGUA
The revolution improved the status of Juigalpa
Granada Bluefields
San Rafael del Sur
women, but these gains have been Lago de
undone by rampant poverty. Rivas Nicaragua
(Lake Nicaragua)
Sa
COSTA RICA n J u a n
INSIGHT: Lake Nicaragua is the
only freshwater lake in the world 0 100 km
to contain marine animals 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nicaragua Miskito
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant
CAPITAL: Managua Evangelical 17%, other 3%
POPULATION: 5.74 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 69%, White 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 49,998 sq. miles Black 8%, Amerindian 5%, Zambo 4%
(129,494 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 125 people per sq. mile) CURRENCY: Córdoba oro = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 289
Niger
Niger lies in west Africa, upstream from Nigeria on the
Niger River. One of the world’s poorest states, it was ruled by one-
party or military regimes until multipartyism was allowed in 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The north and northeast regions Vast uranium deposits. Frequent
are part of the Sahara. The Aïr Mountains droughts and food shortages. Banditry.
in the center rise high above the desert. Expansion of Sahara. Oil potential.
Savanna lies to the south.
INSIGHT: The name Niger comes from
CLIMATE the Tuareg word n’eghirren, which
High temperatures persist for most means “flowing water”
of the year at around 95°F (35°C). The
north is virtually rainless. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
ALGERIA
Tuareg nomads in the north feel S a h a r a

excluded from politics and the benefits é

ér
of development of their area’s uranium Massif én

T
de l'Aïr
resources. An early 1990s rebellion MALI Agadez
Ni

was reignited in 2007. In the south,

ge
r

egalitarianism and a sense of community Tahoua S a h e l CHAD

B UR

help to combat economic difficulties. NIAMEY Birnin Konni Lake

KI N

Zinder Diffa Chad

Almost the entire urban population Dosso Maradi
A

Dogondoutchi
lives in slum conditions. Two-thirds BENIN
of the population is under 25. Women NIGERIA
have limited rights and restricted 0 200 km
access to education. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, French*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Niger RELIGIONS: Muslim 85%, traditional
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 beliefs 14%, other (incl. Christian) 1%
CAPITAL: Niamey ETHNIC MIX: Hausa 55%, Djerma and
POPULATION: 15.3 million Songhai 21%, Peul 9%, Tuareg 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 489,188 sq. miles other 6%
(1,267,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 31 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
290 AFRICA

Nigeria
West Africa’s biggest nation, Nigeria is a federation of
36 states and the capital, Abuja. Dominated by military
governments since 1966, democracy returned in 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal area of beaches, swamps, Overdependent on oil, principal
and lagoons gives way to rainforest, and export since 1970s. Mismanagement and
then to savanna on the high plateaus. corruption. Foreign debt reduced.
Semidesert to the north.
INSIGHT: Nigeria is Africa’s most
CLIMATE populous state – one in every seven
The south is hot, rainy and humid Africans is Nigerian
for most of the year. The arid north has
one very humid wet season. The Jos CHAD
N I G E R
Plateau and highlands are cooler. Sokoto
Lake Chad
Katsina
Kano
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ni ge
Maiduguri
Some 250 ethnic groups: tensions BENIN Kaduna
r

threaten national unity, with sporadic Jos

ABUJA Plateau ue
en
intercommunal violence. The northern

B
Ilorin
states have introduced sharia (Islamic Ogbomosho
Makurdi
Ibadan
Niger

law) for their majority Muslim Lagos Enugu

populations. Women have more Bight of Benin Benin
CAMEROON
City Uyo
economic independence in the south. ATLANTIC Port Harcourt
In the Niger Delta, where 70% of people OCEAN
live on less than a dollar a day, militants 1000m/3281ft
are fighting for a share of the benefits 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of the region’s oil wealth. 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Nigeria Yoruba, Ibo
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%,
CAPITAL: Abuja traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 155 million ETHNIC MIX: Hausa 21%, Yoruba 21%,
TOTAL AREA: 356,667 sq. miles Ibo 18%, Fulani 11%, other 29%
(923,768 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 440 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Naira = 100 kobo
 EUROPE 291
Norway
The Kingdom of Norway traces the rugged western coast
of Scandinavia. Settlements are largely restricted to southern and
coastal areas. Vast oil and natural gas revenues bring prosperity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The western coast is indented with Western Europe’s top oil and natural
numerous fjords and features tens of gas producer: trust fund saves for post-oil
thousands of islands. Mountains and future. Metal, chemical, and
plateaus cover most of the country. engineering industries.
Generous aid donor.
Hammerfest
CLIMATE High cost of living. RUSS.
Mild coastal climate. Inland, the FED.
Tromsø FINLAND
weather is more extreme, with warmer 2000m/6562ft
summers and cold, snowy winters. 1000m/3281ft Narvik
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level Bodø
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Arctic Circle
Fairly homogeneous; influx of
refugees from 1990s Bosnian conflict. Norwegian SWEDEN
Strong family tradition despite high Sea
divorce rate. Fair-minded consensus
Trondheim
promotes female equality, boosted by
Ålesund
the generous childcare provision.
Wealth is more evenly distributed than Lillehammer
in most developed countries. Voted Bergen Hønefoss
not to join EU in 1994. No r th OSLO
Se a Moss
Stavanger
INSIGHT: Near Narvik, mainland Kristiansand
rak
0 200 km
S k ager
Norway is only 4 miles (7 km) wide 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Norwegian* (Bokmål and

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Norway Nynorsk), Sámi
DATE OF FORMATION: 1905 RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 89%,
CAPITAL: Oslo other 10%, Roman Catholic 1%
POPULATION: 4.81 million ETHNIC MIX: Norwegian 93%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 125,181 sq. miles Sámi 1%
(324,220 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 41 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Norwegian krone = 100 øre
292 ASIA

Oman
Oman occupies a strategic position on the Arabian
Peninsula, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. It is the
least developed Gulf state, despite modest oil exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly gravelly desert, with Oil and natural gas account for
mountains in the north and south. Some almost all export revenue. Commercially
narrow fertile coastal strips. extractable reserves are limited. Other
exports include fish, animals, and dates.
CLIMATE Foreigners work in all sectors.
Blistering heat in the west. Summer
Strait of Hormuz
temperatures often climb above 113°F 2000m/6562ft
Al Kha§ab
(45°C). Southern uplands receive rains 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Musandam
Gulf
of
June–September. 200m/656ft Peninsula
Oman
Sea Level
UAE fluíár
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MUSCAT
Al Qábil Ar Rustáq
Urban drift has seen most Omanis Bahlah flamad flúr
move to northern towns. The majority
are Ibadi Muslims who follow an
SAUDI Arabian
appointed leader, the imam. Ibadism is ARABIA Sea
not opposed to freedom for women, and
a few women hold positions of authority. Duqm

Baluchi from Pakistan are the largest A r R u b ' a l K h á l í INDIAN

OCEAN
group of foreign workers.
flawqirah
YEMEN
INSIGHT: Until the late 1980s, flalálah
Oman was closed to all but 0 100 km
business or official visitors 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Baluchi, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Sultanate of Oman RELIGIONS: Ibadi Muslim 75%, other Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1951 and Hindu 25%
CAPITAL: Muscat ETHNIC MIX: Arab 88%, Baluchi 4%,
POPULATION: 2.85 million Persian 3%, Indian and Pakistani 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 82,031 sq. miles African 2%
(212,460 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 35 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Omani rial = 1000 baisa
 ASIA 293
Pakistan
Once a part of British India, Pakistan was created in 1947
in response to demands for an independent Muslim state. In
1971, Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) became a separate state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Indus floodplain across east and Major cotton and rice producer,
south. Hindu Kush mountains in north. but unpredictable weather conditions
Semidesert plateau, mountains in west. often affect crop. Textiles. Instability.
Corruption. Aid to fight terrorism and for
CLIMATE earthquake reconstruction.
Temperatures can soar to 122°F
(50°C) in south and west, and fall to –4°F 5000m/16405ft CHINA
4000m/13124ft
(–20°C) in the Hindu Kush. 3000m/9843ft h
u Kus
2000m/6562ft nd
Hi
Karakoram
1000m/3281ft Indu s Range
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft ISLÁMÁBÁD
200m/656ft
Punjabis dominate government and Sea Level Khyber Pass
Pesháwar
the army. Tensions with minority groups, Ráwalpindi Siálkot
exacerbated by the vast gap between AFGHANISTAN
Sargodha
Gujránwála
rich and poor. Strong family ties Faisalábád Lahore
Punjab
permeate politics and business. Quetta Multán

Indu s
Relations with India are tense over Baháwalpur
Kashmir. Islamist taliban insurgency in
Sukkur
tribal areas on Afghan border: in 2009, IRAN Baluchistán
Thar
INDIA

fighting displaced two million. Sindh Desert

Hyderábád
Karáchi
us

INSIGHT: In 1988, Pakistan elected

I nd

Arabian Sea
Benazir Bhutto as the first female prime 0 200 km
minister in the Muslim world 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Urdu*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Rep. of Pakistan Baluchi, Brahui
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 77%, Shi’a
CAPITAL: Islamabad Muslim 20%, Hindu 2%, Christian 1%
POPULATION: 181 million ETHNIC MIX: Punjabi 56%, Pathan 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 310,401 sq. miles Sindhi 14%, other 8%, Mohajir 7%
(803,940 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 607 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pakistani rupee = 100 paisa
294 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Palau
The 300-island Palau archipelago (known locally as
Belau) lies in the western Pacific Ocean. It achieved independence
in 1994, and is gradually reducing its aid dependence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Terrain varies from thickly forested Tourism and fishing licenses are
mountains to limestone and coral reefs. main earners. Coconuts, taro, and
Babeldaob, the largest island, is volcanic, bananas. 15-year US aid plan to 2009.
with many rivers and waterfalls.
INSIGHT: Palau’s reefs contain 1500
CLIMATE species of fish and 700 types of coral
Hot and wet. Little variation in daily
and seasonal temperatures. February– Ngaruangl
April is the dry season.
Kayangel
Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Native Palauans are a mix of 200m/656ft
the original Southeast Asian migrants Sea Level
Ollei
and Pacific settlers. A modern influx
from Asia has led to tension. 70% of P A C I F I C Ngardmau
the population lives on the island-city O C E A N MELEKEOK
of Koror, prompting the construction Koror Babeldaob
Airai
of a new capital on Babeldaob. Oreor
Urukthapel
Native culture is preserved on
Eil Malk
outer islands despite strong influence
from the US and Japan. Modekngei Peleliu

is a blend of Christianity and Angaur 0 30 km

local beliefs. 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Palauan*, English*, Japanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Palau Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1994 RELIGIONS: Christian 66%, Modekngei 34%
CAPITAL: Melekeok ETHNIC MIX: Palauan 74%, Filipino 16%,
POPULATION: 20,400 other 6%, Chinese and
TOTAL AREA: 177 sq. miles other Asian 4%
(458 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 104 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 295
Panama
Panama is the southernmost country in Central America.
The colossal Panama Canal (which was under US control
until 2000) links the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lowlands along both coasts, with Colón Free Trade Zone: world’s
savanna-covered plains and rolling hills. second-largest. Income from the canal
Mountainous interior. Swamps and (expansion project underway) and
rainforests in the east. merchant ships sailing under flag of
Panama. Banana and shrimp exports.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid, with heavy rainfall INSIGHT: The Panama Canal shortens
in the May–December wet season. the sea route between the east coast of
Cooler at high altitudes. the US and Japan by 3000 miles (4800 km)

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Caribbean Sea

A multiethnic society, Colón
Cristóbal San Miguelito
Panama Canal
dominated by people of COSTA PANAMA CITY
Spanish origin. Amerindians RICA La Concepción C o r d i l l e r a Balboa
l
live in remote areas. The Panama David Cen t r a
Santiago
Archipielago La Palma
Canal and former US military Golfo de
Chitré de las Perlas
Chiriquí
bases (the last of which closed Isla de Las Tablas Golfo de
Panamá COLOMBIA
in 1999) have given society a Coiba
PACIFIC
cosmopolitan outlook, but Catholicism OCEAN
and the extended family remain
2000m/6562ft
strong. Crime is high; money-laundering, 1000m/3281ft
narcotics trafficking, and 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
corruption are rife. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Panama Amerindian and Chibchan languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1903 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 86%, other 8%,
CAPITAL: Panama City Protestant 6%
POPULATION: 3.45 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 60%, White 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 30,193 sq. miles Black 12%, Amerindian 8%, other 6%
(78,200 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 118 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Balboa = 100 centésimos
296 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Papua New Guinea

A former Australian colony, Papua New Guinea (PNG)
occupies the eastern section of the island of New Guinea and
several other island groups. Much of the country is isolated.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and forested Minerals: significant quantities of
mainland, with broad, swampy river gold, copper, oil, and natural gas. High
valleys. 40 active volcanoes in the north. government spending almost led to
Around 600 outer islands. national bankruptcy in 2002.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: PNG is home to the only

Hot and humid in lowlands, cooling known poisonous birds; contact with
toward highlands, where snow can fall on the feathers of some species of pitohui
highest peaks. produces skin blisters
Bi sm
ar c k P A C I F I C O C E A N
PEOPLE & SOCIETY New Guinea
Lorengau
Arc h
Aitape Admiralty Is. i p el
Around 800 language groups and ago
INDONESIA

Wewak New Ireland

even more tribes. The main social Bismarck
Sea
Rabaul

distinction is between lowlanders, who Madang New Britain

Mount
Kandrian
have frequent contact with the outside Hagen
Bougainville I. Kieta
Lae
world, and the very isolated, but
O

Solomon
Fl

w
en

Popondetta S e a
y

increasingly threatened, highlanders.

St

PORT nl Kiriwina Is.

a

ey
Great tensions exist between highland MORESBY Ra
ng
e Louisiade
tribes, and vendettas can often last Archipelago
several generations. The island of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Coral Sea
Bougainville has been granted autonomy 1000m/3281ft
and promised an eventual referendum 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
on independence. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State of LANGUAGES: Pidgin English, Papuan, English*,
Papua New Guinea Motu, c.800 native languages
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Protestant 60%, Roman
CAPITAL: Port Moresby Catholic 37%, other 3%
POPULATION: 6.73 million ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian and mixed 100%
TOTAL AREA: 178,703 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(462,840 sq. km) CURRENCY: Kina = 100 toea
 SOUTH AMERICA 297
Paraguay
Landlocked in central South America, and once a
Spanish colony, Paraguay’s postindependence history has
included periods of military rule. Free elections were held in 1993.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Paraguay River divides the hilly Agriculture: soybeans are the main
and forested east from a flat alluvial export. Electricity exported from massive
plain, with marsh and semidesert scrub hydroelectric dams, including Itaipú
land in the west. (world’s second-largest, jointly run
with Brazil). Large informal economy.
CLIMATE Corruption and smuggling.
Subtropical. The Gran Chaco is
0 100 km
generally hotter and drier. All areas BOLIVIA
0 100 miles
experience floods and droughts.

Pa
r agu
n
a BRAZIL

ay
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

o
r

c
G a
Population mainly of mixed Spanish C
h
and native Guaraní origin. Most people
are bilingual, though in rural areas Guaraní Pedro Juan Caballero

is more widely used. Cattle ranchers Concepción

populate the Chaco, along with ARGENTINA Represa
communities of the German-origin de Itaipú

Mennonite Church. The army is ASUNCIÓN Coronel Oviedo

Lambaré
politically active. Villarrica Ciudad
del Este
Pilar
Par a n
INSIGHT: The War of the Triple 1000m/3281ft á
Encarnación
Alliance (1864–1870) killed almost 90% 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of Paraguay’s male population Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Guaraní*, Spanish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Paraguay German
DATE OF FORMATION: 1811 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%,
CAPITAL: Asunción Protestant (including Mennonite) 4%
POPULATION: 6.35 million ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 91%, other 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 157,046 sq. miles Amerindian 2%
(406,750 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 41 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guaraní = 100 céntimos
298 SOUTH AMERICA

Peru
Once the heart of the Inca Empire, before the Spanish
conquest in the 16th century, Peru lies on the Pacific coast
of South America, just south of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plain rises to Andes Abundant mineral resources:
Mountains. Uplands, dissected by fertile notably copper and gold. Rich Pacific fish
valleys, lie east of the Andes. Tropical stocks. Illegal cocaine producer.
forest in extreme east.
INSIGHT: Lake Titicaca is the world’s
CLIMATE highest navigable lake
Coast is mainly arid. Middle slopes Equator
of the Andes are temperate; higher peaks COLOMBIA

Pu
are snow-covered. East is hot, humid,

tu
m
ECUADOR ay
o
and very wet. Iquitos
Amazo
n
M ar a ñ ó n

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Piura

Uca y a
Chiclayo
Though most people are A
BRAZIL

li
Amerindians or mixed-race mestizos, Trujillo Pucallpa
society is dominated by a small group of Chimbote
n

Huánuco
Spanish descendants. Amerindians, and LIMA Huancayo
d

the small black community, suffer Callao e

Cusco
discrimination in towns, but access to PACIFIC Ayacuchos
OCEAN Ica
information and political power are Juliaca
Lake
Titicaca
growing; the first Amerindian president Arequipa
was elected in 2001–2006. Clashes with BOLIVIA
4000m/13124ft Tacna
left-wing militants killed almost 70,000 2000m/6562ft
500m/1640ft
0 200 km CHILE
people between 1980 and 2000. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Peru Aymara
DATE OF FORMATION: 1824 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%,
CAPITAL: Lima other 5%
POPULATION: 29.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 50%, Mestizo 40%,
TOTAL AREA: 496,223 sq. miles White 7%, other 3%
(1,285,200 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 59 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New sol = 100 céntimos
 ASIA 299
Philippines
Lying in the western Pacific Ocean, the Philippines is
the world’s second-largest archipelago, with 7107 islands, of
which 4600 are named but only around 1000 inhabited.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Larger islands are forested and Coconuts, bananas, pineapples
mountainous. Over 20 active volcanoes. exported. Growing outsourcing center.
Frequent earthquakes. Remittances from abroad. Corruption
and poor infrastructure limit growth.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Warm and humid all year 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
round. Typhoons occur in the rainy 500m/1640ft Babuyan Is.
season: June–October. 200m/656ft P A C I F I C
Sea Level
O C E A N
Luzon Philippine
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Over 100 ethnic groups, most of Cabanatuan
Angeles
which are of Malay origin. The Catholic MANILA
Batangas Legazpi City
Church is a dominant cultural force; it South Mindoro
opposes family-planning, despite high Calbayog
China Samar
Panay
population growth. The Chinese minority Sea Bacolod City
Iloilo
has been established for 400 years. Palawan Puerto Cebu
Butuan
Women play a prominent part in society. Princesa Negros
it
ra Sulu Iligan
High literacy levels. Islamist separatists and St
bac Sea Davao
B a la
communist insurgents undermine stability. Zamboanga General
Sulu Mindanao Santos
Archipelago
INSIGHT: Mass “People Power” Celebes Sea
demonstrations have brought down 0 200 km
two presidents, in 1986 and 2001 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Filipino*, Tagalog, Cebuano,

OFFICIAL NAME: Rep. of the Philippines Hiligaynon, other, including English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1946 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 83%,
CAPITAL: Manila Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, other 3%
POPULATION: 92 million ETHNIC MIX: Tagalog 28%, Cebuano 13%,
TOTAL AREA: 115,830 sq. miles Ilocano 9%, Hiligaynon 8%, other 42%
(300,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 799 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Philippine peso = 100 centavos
300 EUROPE

Poland
Located in the heart of Europe, Poland has undergone
massive social, economic, and political change since the
collapse of communism in 1989. It joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lowlands, part of the North Foreign investment reflects the
European Plain, cover most of the country’s large potential market. Rapid
country. The Tatra Mountains run along privatization. Heavy industries dominate,
the southern border. though services growing. Plans to join
euro in 2012.
CLIMATE
Rainfall peaks during the hot Baltic
RUSSIAN
summers. Cold winters with snow, Sea
Gdynia FEDERATION
LITHUANIA
especially in mountains. Gdaúsk
Olsztyn
Szczecin
GERM ANY

BELARUS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bydgoszcz Biaîystok
Ethnic homogeneity masks a
O

Wîocîawek
de
r

number of tensions. Secular liberals Poznaú

WARSAW
criticize the semiofficial status of the

W
Zielona Îód¶

is
Góra a

î
Roman Catholic Church, and emerging Radom
Lublin
Wrocïaw
wealth disparities are resented by those Czèstochowa
not profiting from the free market. The CZECH Gliwice
Katowice Rzeszów

E
REP.
German minority in the west is growing

IN
Kraków

RA
more assertive. T at r a M t s .

UK
SLOVAKIA
INSIGHT: Wild wisent (European 1000m/3281ft
bison) live in the Bialowieza Forest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
straddling the Poland–Belarus border Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Polish

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Poland RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918 and nonreligious 5%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Warsaw Christian 2%
POPULATION: 38.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Polish 97%, other 2%,
TOTAL AREA: 120,728 sq. miles Silesian 1%
(312,685 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 324 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Zloty = 100 groszy
 EUROPE 301
Portugal
Portugal, with its long Atlantic coast, lies on the
western side of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with Spain.
It is the most westerly country on the European mainland.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Tagus River bisects the Tourism. Vegetables, fruit, wine,
country roughly east to west, dividing cars, and clothing are exported, but
mountainous north from lower and agriculture and manufacturing are in
more undulating south. decline. Resilient banking sector.

CLIMATE
North is cool and moist. South is Viana do
Castelo Madeira
Vila Real o
warmer, with dry, mild winters. Porto Do
ur
Vila Nova
de Gaia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC Madeira Is.
A homogeneous and stable society, Coimbra 0 50 km
OCEAN
which is losing some of its conservative 0 50 miles

traditions. History of immigration from SPAIN

Santarém
former colonies, and recently from
Estoril
eastern Europe. Urban areas and the LISBON São
Miguel
Barreiro Évora
south are more socially liberal. The Setúbal
north is more responsive to traditional Beja Azores
Roman Catholic values. Family ties 0 200 km

remain important. Algarve

0 200 miles

Portimão
Faro
INSIGHT: Portugal is the world’s 1000m/3281ft
leading producer of cork, which comes 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
from the bark of the cork oak 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Portugal RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1139 other 2%, Protestant 1%
CAPITAL: Lisbon ETHNIC MIX: Portuguese 98%, African
POPULATION: 10.7 million and other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 35,672 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
(92,391 sq. km) system
DENSITY: 302 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
302 ASIA

Qatar
Projecting from the Arabian Peninsula into the Persian
Gulf, Qatar was a founding member of OPEC. One of the
region's wealthiest states due to oil and natural gas exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat, semiarid desert with dunes Steady supply of crude oil and
and salt pans. Vegetation is limited to huge natural gas reserves, plus related
small patches of scrub. industries. All other raw materials and
most foods are imported. Strong GDP
CLIMATE growth. Economy is heavily dependent
Hot and humid. Temperatures in on foreign workforce.
summer can soar to over 104°F (40°C).
Ar Ru’ays
Rainfall is rare.
Al Khuwayr
G ulf
PEOPLE & SOCIETY of Madínat al
Ba hr a in Ka‘bán
Only one in five residents is native-
Al Khawr
born; the rest are guest workers from
across the Middle East, the Indian
subcontinent, Southeast Asia and north Ash Shaíaníyah
Africa. Qataris were once nomadic Ar Rayyán
DOHA
Bedouins, but since the advent of oil Umm Báb
Al Wakrah
wealth, most now live in Doha and its
suburbs, leaving the north dotted with
As Salwá Persian
abandoned villages. Women enjoy Gulf
relative freedom; most wear the veil. SAUDI
ARABIA
UAE
INSIGHT: There are twice as 0 30 km
200m/656ft
many men as women in Qatar 0 30 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Qatar RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 95%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 other 5%
CAPITAL: Doha ETHNIC MIX: Qatari 20%, other Arab 20%,
POPULATION: 1.41 million Indian 20%, Nepalese 13%, Filipino 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 4416 sq. miles Pakistani 7%, other 10%
(11,437 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 332 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Qatar riyal = 100 dirhams
 EUROPE 303
Romania
Once dominated by Poles, Hungarians, and Ottomans,
Romania has been slowly converting to a market economy since the
1989 overthrow of its communist regime. It joined the EU in 2007.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Carpathian Mountains encircle the Polluting, outdated heavy industries
Transylvanian plateau. Wide plains to the and unmechanized agricultural sector.
south and east. Danube River forms Exports of textiles and metals have
southern border. led growth in 2000s. Has plans to join
euro currency zone in 2015.
CLIMATE Privatization continues.
Continental. Summers are hot and
humid, winters are cold and snowy. Very UKRAINE

Pr
heavy spring rains.

ut
Satu Mare Ca
rp Boto∞ani
HUNGARY Baia Mare at Suceava
h Ia∞i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Oradea

ia
n
Cluj-Napoca ania MOLD.
Romanians are ethnically distinct Bacâu

M
ylv
ns

ou
Târgu
Arad ra
from their Slav and Hungarian (Magyar)

nt
Mure∞
T

ain
Timi∞oara Foc∞ani UKRAINE
neighbors. Hungarians are the largest Sibiu Bra∞ov

s
Re∞iπa Galaπi
C a r p a √ i i M e r i d i o n a l i Buzâu Brâila
minority, living mainly in Transylvania. Danube
Drobeta-Turnu Pite∞ti
They are protected by the influence of Severin Ploie∞ti Delta

Hungary, unlike the Roma, who suffer SERBIA BUCHAREST Constanπa Black
Craiova e Sea
from discrimination. The overall Da
n ub
Mangalia
population is shrinking.
BULGARIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: In 2001, Romania became 1000m/3281ft
the last country in Europe to lift its ban 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
on homosexuality Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Romanian*, Hungarian

OFFICIAL NAME: Romania RELIGIONS: Romanian Orthodox 87%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1878 Roman Catholic 5%, Protestant 4%, other 2%,
CAPITAL: Bucharest Greek Orthodox 1%, Uniate 1%
POPULATION: 21.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Romanian 89%, Magyar 7%,
TOTAL AREA: 91,699 sq. miles Roma 2%, other 2%
(237,500 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 239 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Romanian leu
304 EUROPE / ASIA

Russian Federation
The Russian Federation was the core of the old Soviet
Union, which broke up in 1991. Russia is still the world's largest
state. Its diversity is a source of both strength and problems.

GEOGRAPHY
The Ural Mountains divide the Mur
M urm
urm
rmaan
ans
nsk
ns
n ssk
k
F LAN
FINL AN
AND
AN
NDD
European steppes and forests from the Kalining
gra
raad
d
(Russ. Fe
Fed
ed.)
ed
d.)
.)
tundra and forests of Siberia. South-
central deserts and mountains. San
SSank
ank
ank
an
ankt
nkt Pe
Pete
teer
ter
terb
erb
rrb
burg
urrg
ur g
(SStt Pe
(St
(S Pet
Pete
Pet
ettersb
rsbu
burrg)
bu rgg)
g) Ark
Arkh
Arrk
rkh
khange
hange
an
nge
el’l’s
l’s
l’sk
BELARUS
S
CLIMATE
MO
MOS
MOS
OOSC
SCOW
W
Continental in European Russia. TTula
ula
la
Yar
Y
Ya
Yaro
arrro
aaroosslav
sllla
avvll’’
UKRAINE
Elsewhere climate ranges from sub-arctic Nizh
Nizhniy
izh
iz
zzhhniy
niiy
n iy N
Nov
Novg
No
ovvg
ovg
o go
oro
orod
or
ro
ro d V
od

l
ra
to Mediterranean and hot desert.

olg
Vo
orro
or
oroone
nez
n eezzzh
h Kaza
K
Kaz
aza
azzaann’’

U
a
Izh
Izhe
IIz
zhe evvs
vsk
sskk
Ul’yyanov
ano nov
no ovvsk
o sk Peer
Perm
erm
rrm
m’
Rosto
ovv-n
ov --n
naa-D
a-Do
-Do
-Do
-D
Donnu
u Sara
SSa
aarr tovovv Nabe
Nab
Na
N ab
aabe
b
berezh ezhhnnyye
nyy
nyy
PEOPLE & SOCIETY To
TTol’ol’
ol’l’yatt
yatt
ya
atti
tti
tt Chel
C
Che
Ch he
hel
h eellny
ny
Krasn
no
n oda
da r V
Besides the ethnic Russian majority, C Volgolg
o go
ogr
ogra
grad Sam
SSama
Saam
aama
maarra
m a Yeka Yek
eka
kka atte
ter
teri
eriinbur
eri inbu
nbur
bur
b
buur
urg
au Orrre
Ore
Oren
O ren
een
nb
nbur
burg
bur
buurrrg
urg
u g Ch
Chel
Che
C hel
h
heeelyya
yab
yabi
abi
aab
biinsk
b ns
ns
there are 57 “nationalities” with territorial ca Assst
Ast
Astrttrrrakha
aakha
kkhan n’’
GEORGIA
GIA
IA
A su
status, and a further 95 minorities Gro
ro
ozny
oz nyy
n yy
yy
s
without their own region. Most ethnic
AZERBAIJAN
AN
N
republics are in European Russia. The KAZAKHSTAN
number of Muslims is rising, though the
overall population is predicted to fall by
30% in 50 years. Nation-based separatism INSIGHT: The Trans-Siberian
is brutally suppressed, as in Chechnya. Railroad, which runs 5578 miles
HIV/AIDS is spreading. Healthcare and (9297 km) from Moscow to Vladivostok,
education are underfunded. Crime is a is the longest in the world, passing
serious problem. through eight time zones

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Russian*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Russian Federation RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 75%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1480 Muslim 14%, other 11%
CAPITAL: Moscow ETHNIC MIX: Russian 80%, other 13%,
POPULATION: 141 million Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 2%, Chavash 1%
TOTAL AREA: 6,592,735 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(17,075,200 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 21 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Russian rouble = 100 kopeks
 EUROPE / ASIA 305
0 500 km
0 500 miles C hu kc hi
Se a

Oss trro
ro v
Vrang
ngg el
e l ’ ya
ya B e r ing
A R C T I C O C E A N
Sea
Zem
Zeml
emly
mly
ml lly
ya V o s to chno -
Frant
ntt sa
sa-Io
sa-I
sa-
a-Io
a-
aa-I
--IIo
I ssif
sifa
ifa
if
ffaa Sib ir shoy e
Sev
Se
ever
eeve
ev
v er nayay Novos
osibirs
ibirs
birs
irs
rskki
kkiye
kiy
iye
iiy
y
Zemly
Z emly
mlylyy a More
Baren
Bare
aren
are
aar
r e n tss Ostro
Ostr
Os
O s va
stro va

y
S ea
Sea

sk i
More

l ym
N ov
Nova
No
Nov
Novay
ova
oovay
vvay
aayy a Z
Zeeem
Zem m ly
mllya L aap te v y kh
kh

K o l ym a
Kaa rsk
K r oye
rs

K h r e b et K o
M o re
Po
P o lu
l u o sstt rro
ov
Tay ymm
my yr

. Ka
Ka
amc
amm
mchat
mcch
hat
haatk
at
a ttk
k
kaa
ts Nori
Nor
No
Norill’sk
or l’’’sk
l’s sk
sk V er
M Maga
Mag
Ma
Mag
aaga
g d
gadan
daan
dan
an
ho
k
Ye ni s e y

y a n skiy Khre
Cent
Cen
C een
ent
ntt rral
all
a bet
PPetr
Pe
e op
opa
o pav
avvlo
locs
lloc
ocs
oc
o csk-
cs k-
N Sib
Sibe
S ibe
b e ri
be ria
rrian
iia
ian
an P
a Pla
Pl lla
a tte
at teau
tea
eau
eea
a
auu Kaa hat
Kam
Kamc
K hats
h
haats
tsskkiy
kiiy
iy
izh Yaku
Yak
aku
kku
uttsk
sk
sk See a
S
n y aya Tu of
Wes
West
We
W e ngu
ska na Okk hoo t s k
Sib
Sibe
Si
S iib
b rian
ria
ia
a P lain
in
n Le
S i b e r i a
et
reb
Ob

Sak
Sa
S akh
ak
a kha
haa lin
in
in
Kh
v oy
’

Tran
an
n s-Si
s -Si
-S
Sii beri
S b an n R ai
aail
ailr
iillr ooaaadd A n g a r a
l r oad St a no K uril e
Kuril
Omsk
O
Ommsk
m
msssk
k Koms
Kom
K
Koo
oms
omm
mssoomo
omol
omm
mol
moo
oll''s
'sk
'sk-
ssk-
sk
k-
k- I slan
Islan
Iss lan ds
ds
TToms
omssk Kra
Kras
Kr
Kraas
ras
asnoya
noy
n oy
oya
oyyarsk
rsk
rs na-A
na
n aa-A
--A
Am
mur
mure
mu ure
uree
et

Brat
B rrats
rat
ratssk
k A mu r
r eb

Novo
No
Nov
N ovo
o
ovvvo
o
osibi
sibi
sibi
birsk
birs
rrssk
sk Oze
Oz
Ozer
O zzer o
Bay
Ba
Bayk
B aay
aykyk
y k aall Kh
Kha
Khab
K haabaarov
hab aro
rov
rro
ovvsskk
o Yuzh
Yu
Y u
uzh
zhno
no-
no- o-
Kh

Nov
Novo
No
Novo
ov
o voku
vokkuz
kuzn
uzzn
uzn
u zneetsk
ettsk
k
A rgu n ’

Bar
Barn
B arn
aar
rn
rnau
au
aul
ull Sakh
Sakh
Sak
akhal
a aalin
aliliin
ins
nsk
sk
yy

Ab
Abak
A
Aba
bak
baaak
kaan
n
Ula
Ul
U
Ulan
llan
la
aan
n-Ud
--U
-Ude
Ud
U
Ude
dee
d Bllag
Bla
Blag
B lag
la
agov
oves
o vves
ve
esh
es hche
hc
hch
chen
ch nsk
sk
sk See a ooff
S
ov

O bb’’ Irk
Irku
rku
rrk
kku
uttsk
tsssk
k
on Chit
Ch
C hit
hita J a pa
p n
Rubt
Rub
btso
bt sovs
ssov
ovvvssk
ovs
o bl ((E
E
Eaa s t Se a )
Ya CHINA
Vlad
Vla
Vl
V lla
lad
adiv
ad ivo
vos
vo
ostok
MONGOLIA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
Below Sea Level

THE ECONOMY areas of the economy. Widespread tax

Huge natural resources (oil and evasion, corruption. Lingering
natural gas, precious metals, timber) inefficiencies in industry and agriculture.
account for 80% of exports. Important High oil prices brought strong GDP growth
military, engineering, and scientific base. and budget surpluses in 2000s, allowing
Wealth disparities and black-market Russia to repay its Soviet-era debt. Stock
activities have accompanied reforms. market collapse, devaluation of rouble in
Organized crime syndicates own huge 2008, then recession in 2009.
306 AFRICA

Rwanda
Rwanda lies just south of the equator in east central
Africa, far from the nearest sea port. Since independence
from France in 1962, ethnic tensions have dominated politics.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A series of plateaus descend from Rwanda is reliant on aid, but (given
the ridge of volcanic peaks in the west stability) could become a big coffee and
to the Akagera River on the eastern tea producer. Exports tin, coltan, and iron
border. The Great Rift Valley also passes ore. Ecotourism is growing. Possible oil
through this region. and gas reserves. Landlocked: high
transportation costs.
CLIMATE
Tropical, though tempered by the INSIGHT: Rwanda’s parliament in
2008 was the first in the world to
altitude. Two wet seasons are separated
have more women members than men
by a dry season, from June to August.
Heaviest rain in the west. 0 50 km
0 50 miles TANZANIA
UGANDA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

A
ka
DEM. REP.

ge
For over 500 years the cattle- CONGO

ra
Ruhengeri Byumba
owning Tutsi minority were politically
dominant over the land-owning Hutu. In Lake Gisenyi
Kivu
1959, violent revolt led to a reversal of KIGALI
the roles. Ethnic tensions are fierce; in Kibuye Gitarama Kibungo
the most recent violence, in 1994, over
800,000 people, mostly Tutsi, were Cyangugu
massacred in an act of state-backed Butare

genocide; trials are ongoing. Most people 2000m/6562ft

1000m/3281ft
live at subsistence level. BURUNDI 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kinyarwanda*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Rwanda Kiswahili, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 RELIGIONS: Catholic 56%, traditional
CAPITAL: Kigali beliefs 25%, Muslim 10%, Protestant 9%
POPULATION: 10 million ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, other
TOTAL AREA: 10,169 sq. miles (including Twa) 1%
(26,338 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 1038 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rwanda franc = 100 centimes
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 307
St. Kitts & Nevis
A popular Caribbean tourist destination, St. Kitts and
Nevis lies in the northern part of the Leeward Island chain.
Nevis is the smaller and less developed of the two islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic in origin, with forested, Successful tourist industry is
mountainous interiors. Nevis has hot and vulnerable to downturns in US market.
cold springs. Financial services. Once-key sugar
industry closed down in 2005.
CLIMATE
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. INSIGHT: Nevis has been renowned
Little seasonal variation in temperature. as a spa since the 18th century, and is
Moderate rainfall. known as the “Queen of the Caribbean”

0 5 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 5 miles
The majority of the population Dieppe Bay Town
are descended from former African St. Paul's ATLANTIC
slaves. There are small numbers of St Kitts Cayon
OCEAN

Europeans, and South Asians, and a

community of Lebanese. Levels of Old Road Golden Rock Airport

emigration are high, and overseas Town BASSETERRE

remittances are an important source
Caribbean
of national income. The government Sea ws
r o Newcastle
has pledged to retrain sugar workers.
ar
eN

Native professionals and civil servants

Th

Nevis
have largely replaced the former 1000m/3281ft Charlestown
Zion
expatriate elite. The secessionist 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Bath
movement on Nevis remains an issue. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Federation of Saint RELIGIONS: Anglican 33%, Methodist 29%,
Christopher and Nevis other 22%, Moravian 9%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1983 Roman Catholic 7%
CAPITAL: Basseterre ETHNIC MIX: Black 95%, Mixed race 3%,
POPULATION: 46,100 White 1%, other and Amerindian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 101 sq. miles (261 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 332 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: East Caribbean $ = 100 cents
308 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

St. Lucia
St. Lucia is one of the most beautiful of the Caribbean
Windward Islands. Ruled by France and the UK at different times
in its past, the island retains the character of both.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic and mountainous, with Bananas are still biggest export,
some broad fertile valleys. The Pitons, but struggling to compete since loss of
ancient lava cones, rise from the sea on preferential access to EU market.
the forested west coast. Successful tourism. Offshore banking.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: St. Lucia has two

Tropical, moderated by trade winds. Nobel laureates, the most per
May–October wet season brings daily capita in the world
warm showers. Rainfall is highest in
u cia Chann el
Saint L
the mountains. 0 5 km
0 5 miles Gros Islet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Population is a tension-free CASTRIES
mixture of descendants of Africans,
Caribs, and Europeans. Family life and
the Roman Catholic Church are Canaries The
Praslin
ATLAN TI C
O CEAN
Pitons
important to most St. Lucians. In Soufrière
rural areas, women often head the Micoud
Caribbean
households and run much of the Sea
farming. Plantation and hotel owners
are the richest group. There is growing Vieux Fort
local resistance to overdevelopment 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of the island for tourism. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Lucia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979 other 10%
CAPITAL: Castries ETHNIC MIX: Black 83%, Mixed race 13%,
POPULATION: 172,200 Asian 3%, White 1%
TOTAL AREA: 239 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(620 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
DENSITY: 730 people per sq. mile 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 309
St. Vincent & the Grenadines
The islands of St. Vincent and the Grenadines form part
of the Windward group in the Caribbean. St. Vincent is mostly
volcanic, while the Grenadines are flat, mainly bare, coral reefs.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
St. Vincent is mountainous and Dependent on agriculture and
forested, with one of two active tourism. Bananas are the main cash crop.
volcanoes in the Caribbean, La Soufrière. Tourism, targeted at the jet-set and
The Grenadines are 32 islands and cays, cruise-ship markets, is concentrated on
fringed by beaches the Grenadines.

CLIMATE La Soufrière
1000m/3281ft 4078ft (1234m)
Tropical, with constant trade winds. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Chateaubelair
Hurricanes are likely during July– Sea Level Georgetown
November wet season. St Vincent
0 10 km
KINGSTOWN
0 10 miles Arnos Vale
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Airport
Population is racially diverse;
Bequia
intermarriage has reduced tensions.
Society is informal and relaxed, but Caribbean
Sea
family life is strongly influenced by the Isle
à Quatre Baliceaux
Christian Church. Locals fear that their s
Mustique
traditional lifestyle is being threatened
ne
di

by the expanding tourist industry. Canouan

na
re
G

Mayreau
he

INSIGHT: The islands’ precolonial

T

Union I. ATLANTIC
inhabitants, the Carib, named them OCEAN
“Harioun” – home of the blessed

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Vincent and RELIGIONS: Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%,
the Grenadines Roman Catholic 13%, other 12%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979 ETHNIC MIX: Black 77%, Mixed race 16%,
CAPITAL: Kingstown other 3%, Carib 3%, Asian 1%
POPULATION: 109,200 GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
TOTAL AREA: 150 sq. miles (389 sq. km) CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
DENSITY: 834 people per sq. mile 100 cents
310 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Samoa
The Pacific islands of Samoa gained independence
from New Zealand in 1962. Four of the nine volcanic islands
are inhabited – Apolima, Manono, Savai’i, and Upolu.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Comprises two large islands and Exports fish, coconut products (oil,
seven smaller ones. The two largest cream, copra), and nonu fruit. Growth of
islands have rainforested, mountainous tourism, offshore banking, and light
interiors surrounded by coastal lowlands manufacturing (Japanese car parts).
and coral reefs. Dependent on aid and expatriate
remittances. Rainforests are increasingly
CLIMATE exploited for timber.
Tropical, with high humidity.
Cooler in May–November. Cyclone INSIGHT: Samoa was named for
season is December–March. the sacred (sa) chickens (moa) of
Lu, son of Tagaloa, the god of creation
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Samoans are the world’s 1000m/3281ft
second-largest Polynesian group, Savai‘i Fagamálo 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
after the Maoris. Their way of life is Fálelima Sea Level
communal and formalized. Extended Tuasivi
family groups own 80% of the land. Palauli
it

Taga
ra

Each family has an elected chief, who APIA

St

a
im Upolu
looks after its political and social ol Mulifanua
Ap Ti‘avea
Lotofaga
interests. Large-scale migration to PACIFIC
the US and New Zealand reflects the OCEAN
country’s lack of jobs and the 0 15 km
attractions of a Western lifestyle. 0 15 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 164 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State LANGUAGES: Samoan*, English*
of Samoa RELIGIONS: Christian 99%, other 1%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 90%,
CAPITAL: Apia Euronesian (mixed European and
POPULATION: 178,800 Polynesian) 9%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 1104 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(2860 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tala = 100 sene
 EUROPE 311
San Marino
Perched on the slopes of Monte Titano in the Italian
Appennines, San Marino has maintained its independence since the
4th century CE, but Italy effectively controls most of its affairs.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Distinctive limestone outcrop of Tourism provides over half of GDP.
Monte Titano dominates wooded hills Banking: transparency has improved.
and pastures near Italy’s Adriatic coast. Lower tax rates than Italy. Wine, cheese,
olive oil, textiles, and ceramics are
CLIMATE exported. Also relies on Italian subsidy
High altitude and sea breezes and infrastructure.
moderate a Mediterranean climate.
Hot summers and cool, wet winters.
Dogana
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Serravalle
Territory is divided into nine Fiorina
“castles,” or districts. Tightly knit Cailungo
Gualdicciolo
society, with 16 centuries of tradition. Borgo Maggiore
Strict immigration rules require SAN MARINO
ITALY
30-year residence before applying Monte Titano
2424ft (739m) Faetano
for citizenship. Living standards A p
Murata
ITALY
are similar to those in northern Italy. p e
n
Chiesanuova n Montegiardino
About 20,000 Sammarinesi live i n
o
abroad, most in Italy.

INSIGHT: Sales of postage stamps

and coins contribute around 10% of 500m/1640ft 0 4 km
200m/656ft
the national income Sea Level 0 4 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 1308 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of LANGUAGES: Italian
San Marino RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1631 and nonreligious 7%
CAPITAL: San Marino ETHNIC MIX: Sammarinese 88%, Italian 10%,
POPULATION: 31,400 other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 23.6 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(61 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
312 AFRICA

São Tomé & Príncipe

A former Portuguese colony, São Tomé and Príncipe
comprises two main islands and surrounding islets, off the
west coast of Africa. Elections in 1991 ended 15 years of Marxism.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Islands scattered across the Cocoa provides 95% of export
equator. São Tomé and Príncipe are earnings. Coconuts, pepper, coffee also
heavily forested and mountainous. farmed. Tourism potential. Offshore oil
may come onstream in 2012.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid, but cooled by the 1000m/3281ft Santo
500m/1640ft Príncipe António
Benguela Current. Plentiful rainfall. 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Infante
Dom
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Henrique
Population is mostly black, Ilha Caroço
0 20 km
though Portuguese culture pre-
0 20 miles
dominates. Blacks run the political
parties. Society is well integrated and
free of racial prejudice. Príncipe assumed
autonomous status in 1995. There
Ilha das Cabras
is a growing business class. Extended Neves
family offers main form of social SÃO TOMÉ
Santana
security. One of Africa’s highest
aid-to-population ratios. São Tomé
Santa Cruz
INSIGHT: The population is entirely Porto Alegre
Gulf
of
of immigrant descent: the islands Equator Guinea
were uninhabited when colonized in 1470 Ilha das
Rôlas

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic of Portuguese*
São Tomé and Príncipe RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 84%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 other 16%
CAPITAL: São Tomé ETHNIC MIX: Black 90%, Portuguese
POPULATION: 162,800 and Creole 10%
TOTAL AREA: 386 sq. miles (1001 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 439 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dobra = 100 céntimos
 ASIA 313
Saudi Arabia
Occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia
covers an area the size of western Europe. It is the world’s
largest oil producer and has a major petrochemicals industry.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert or semidesert Vast oil and natural gas reserves.
plateau. Mountain ranges in the west run A third of workers are foreign. Attractive
parallel to the Red Sea and drop steeply jobs for young Saudis are scarce, however.
to a coastal plain.
INSIGHT: Three million Muslims a year
CLIMATE make the haj (pilgrimage) to the holy
city of Mecca. Only practicing Muslims are
In summer, temperatures often
allowed inside the city
soar above 118°F (48°C), but in winter
they may fall below freezing. Rainfall
JORDAN IRAQ
is rare.
A n Na fu d KUWAIT
EGYPT
Tabúk
PEOPLE & SOCIETY P ersi a n
Gul f
Ad Dammán
Most Saudis are Sunni Muslims Buraydah
BAHRAIN
Al Hufúf
who follow the strictly orthodox Al Madínah N QATAR
(Medina) a RIYADH
Wahhabi interpretation of Islam and j
d Íaraç UAE
Jiddah
embrace sharia (Islamic law) in their (Jedda) Makkah (Mecca)
A√ ◊á’if
daily lives. Women are obliged to wear
A r R ub ' al K h á l í
the veil, cannot hold a driver's license, Re d S e a OMAN
and have no role in public life. The Abhá
YEMEN
al-Sa’ud family has had absolute rule
2000m/6562ft
since 1932. With the support of the 1000m/3281ft
religious establishment, it controls 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
all political life. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia RELIGIONS: (Native population) Sunni Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932 85%, Shi’a Muslim 15%
CAPITALS: Riyadh ETHNIC MIX: Arab 72%, foreign
POPULATION: 25.7 million (mostly S or SE Asian) 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 756,981 sq. miles Afro-Asian 8%
(1,960,582 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 32 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Saudi riyal = 100 halalat
314 AFRICA

Senegal
Senegal’s capital, Dakar, stands on the westernmost
cape of Africa. After independence from France, Senegal became
a single-party state, but it has had multiparty elections since 1981.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Arid semidesert in the north. The Good infrastructure, particularly
south is mainly savanna bushland. Plains port at Dakar. Fishing (though stocks
in the southeast. diminishing). Remittances. Phosphate
mining. Groundnuts. Development of
CLIMATE tourism. Oil potential off Casamance.
Tropical, with humid rainy
conditions June–October, and a drier INSIGHT: Senegal’s name derives
season December–May. The coast is from the Muslim Zenega Berbers who
cooled by northern trade winds. invaded in the 1300s
Senegal
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Saint- MAURITANIA
Louis
Interethnic marriage has reduced A TLA NTIC
OC EA N
ethnic tensions. Groups can be identified Louga Matam
Se

ne
regionally. Dakar is a Wolof area, the DAKAR

ga
Thiès

l
Diourbel
Senegal River is dominated by the Mbour
Toucouleur, and the Malinké mostly Kaolack Kaffrine Tambacounda
live in the east. The Diola (Jola) in MALI
GAMBIA
Casamance have felt politically Casamance Kolda G
am
excluded, prompting a long-running Ziguinchor bia

secessionist struggle; a cease-fire has GUINEA-BISSAU

GUINEA
held since 2004. A large diaspora has
raised global awareness of Senegalese 200m/656ft
0 100 km
culture and music. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Wolof, Serer, Pulaar, Diola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Senegal Mandinka, Malinké, Soninké, French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 90%, traditional
CAPITAL: Dakar beliefs 5%, Christian 5%
POPULATION: 12.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Wolof 43%, Serer 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 75,749 sq. miles other 14%, Peul 14%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 5%
(196,190 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 169 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 EUROPE 315
Serbia
The central and eastern region of what was once Yugoslavia,
Serbia was a pariah state until Slobodan Milosevic was ousted
in 2000. Montenegro broke away in 2006, and Kosovo in 2008.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked since secession of Recovering from sanctions and 1999
Montenegro. Fertile Danube plain in the NATO bombing: GDP is only just back to
north, rolling uplands in the center and pre-1990 level. Reserves of coal, oil.
southeast. Mountains in southwest. Strong industrial base. Privatization
ongoing. Foreign investment growing.
CLIMATE Danube is a key transportation link.
Continental in north, with wet
HUNGARY
springs and warm summers. Colder 0 50 km
Subotica
winters with heavy snow in south. 0 50 miles

Vojvodina
Da Zrenjanin
PEOPLE & SOCIETY CROATIA n ube
Serbs are Orthodox Christian, and Novi Sad ROMANIA
Panâevo
their language uses Cyrillic script. The ‹abac
BELGRADE Smederevo
Catholic Magyars (Hungarians) live mainly an

D
ub
in Vojvodina, which has been granted BOSNIA Kragujevac
e

some autonomy. Society was severely & Âaâak

HERZEGOVINA
shaken in the 1990s by interethnic Kraljevo Kru#evac
Ni#
conflict. EU integration is dependent on Leskovac
Serbia’s cooperation in apprehending MONTENEGRO
suspected war criminals. KOSOVO BULG.
2000m/6562ft (disputed)
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: The medieval Serbian 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft MACEDONIA
Empire reached into northern Greece Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Serbian*, Hungarian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Serbia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 85%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 2006 other 6%, Roman Catholic 6%,
CAPITAL: Belgrade Muslim 3%
POPULATION: 7.75 million ETHNIC MIX: Serb 83%, other 10%, Magyar 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 34,116 sq. miles Bosniak 2%, Roma 1%
(88,361 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 259 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dinar = 100 para
316 AFRICA

Seychelles
Formerly a UK colony, the Seychelles comprises 115
islands in the Indian Ocean. After 14 years as a one-party
state, multiparty elections were introduced in 1993.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying coral atolls, but Tourism is main sector, based on
40, including the largest, Mahé, are appeal of beaches and exotic wildlife.
mountainous and are the only granitic Tuna is fished and canned for export.
midocean islands in the world. Re-export trade. Virtually no mineral
resources. All domestic requirements are
CLIMATE imported. High debt-servicing burden.
Tropical oceanic climate. Hot and Lack of foreign exchange.
humid. Rainy season December–May.

PEOPLE & SOCIETY VICTORIA

Mahé
The islands were uninhabited 0 5 km
Inner Islands
Praslin
when French settlers arrived in the 0 5 miles
Grand’Anse Mahé
18th century. Today, the population Amirante
is homogeneous – a result of inter- Islands
marriage between ethnic groups.
I N D I A N

s
Almost 90% of people live on Mahé.
d
n
a
Living standards are among Africa’s I s l O C E A N
Aldabra r
highest. Poverty is rare and the Group O u t e
Farquhar
welfare system caters to all. Group

INSIGHT: The Seychelles’ unique

species include the coco-de-mer palm, 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
which produces the world's largest seeds 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Creole*, English*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Seychelles RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976 Anglican 8%, other (including
CAPITAL: Victoria Muslim) 2%
POPULATION: 84,600 ETHNIC MIX: Creole 89%, Indian 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 176 sq. miles other 4%, Chinese 2%
(455 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 813 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Seychelles rupee = 100 cents
 AFRICA 317
Sierra Leone
The west African state of Sierra Leone achieved
independence from the UK in 1961. Today, trying to recover from ten
years of devastating civil war, it is one of the world’s poorest nations.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat plain, running the length of the Aid is vital: reconstruction will
coast, stretches inland for 83 miles take years. Diamond exports, though
(133 km). Beyond, forests rise to highlands smuggling is rife. Rutile and bauxite also
near neighboring Guinea in the northeast. mined. Coffee and cocoa are cash crops,
but most farming is subsistence.
CLIMATE
Hot tropical weather, with very INSIGHT: The British philanthropist
high rainfall and humidity. The dusty, Granville Sharp set up a settlement for
northeastern harmattan wind blows freed slaves in Freetown in 1787
November–April.
1000m/3281ft GUINEA
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft Kabala
Sea Level
Mende and Temne are the major
ethnic groups. Freetown’s citizens are
Makeni
largely descended from slaves freed
Lunsar Koidu
from Britain and the US, resulting in
FREETOWN
a strongly Anglicized Creole culture Boajibu
in the capital. The countryside is less
Bo
developed. A brutal civil war broke Kenema

out in 1991 and was not properly Sherbro I. LIBERIA

Zimmi
resolved until a 2001 peace ATLANTIC
OCEAN
agreement. Two million people were 0 50 km
displaced during the conflict. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mende, Temne, Krio,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Sierra Leone English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 RELIGIONS: Muslim 30%, traditional
CAPITAL: Freetown beliefs 30%, other 30%, Christian 10%
POPULATION: 5.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Mende 35%, Temne 32%,
TOTAL AREA: 27,698 sq. miles other 21%, Limba 8%, Kuranko 4%
(71,740 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 206 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Leone = 100 cents
318 ASIA

Singapore
Linked to the southernmost tip of the Malay peninsula
by a causeway, Singapore was established as a trading settlement
in 1819. It is one of Asia’s most important commercial centers.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Little remains of the original Wealth from success as entrepôt
vegetation on Singapore Island. The other and center of high-tech industries, such
54 much smaller islands are little more as electronics and pharmaceuticals.
than swampy jungle. Leads research in new biotechnologies.
All food, energy, and water imported.
CLIMATE Worst-ever recession in 2008–2009.
Equatorial. Hot and humid, with
heavy rainfall all year round. INSIGHT: Chewing gum was banned
outright from 1992 to 2004
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 5 km
Dominated by the Chinese, 0 5 miles
who make up three-quarters of M
A
Causeway LA
the community. The old YS
IA
English-speaking Straits Chinese Pulau Ubin
Lim
and newer Mandarin-speakers are Chu Kang Bukit
Panjang Pulau Tekong
now well integrated. Malays are Choa
Chu Kang
Houngang
Bukit New Town Changi
generally the poorest group. The Jurong Timah Bedok International
Jurong
population is skilled and Industrial Queenstown New Town
Airport
Estate City
industrious; there is a significant Telok
Blangah
South China
d an Sea
foreign workforce. Society is highly Pan Sentosa
Pulau Brani
dat
regulated; official campaigns aim to Se

improve public behavior. Crime is limited Urban areas

Open areas
and punishment can be severe. Strait of Singapore Nature reserves

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, Malay*, Tamil*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Singapore English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 55%, Taoist 22%,
CAPITAL: Singapore Muslim 16%, Hindu, Christian, Sikh 7%
POPULATION: 4.74 million ETHNIC MIX: Chinese 77%, Malay 14%,
TOTAL AREA: 250 sq. miles Indian 8%, other 1%
(648 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 20,072 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Singapore dollar = 100 cents
 EUROPE 319
Slovakia
Landlocked in central Europe, Slovakia became a
separate state in 1993, splitting ex-communist Czechoslovakia in
two. It joined the EU in 2004 and the eurozone five years later.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Tatra Mountains stretch along Emphasis on heavy industry,
the northern border with Poland. especially cars. Inexpensive workforce.
Southern lowlands include the fertile Rising foreign investment. Successful
Danube plain. privatizations. Strong growth until 2009
recession. High unemployment.
CLIMATE
Continental. Moderately warm INSIGHT: From 1526 to 1784 Bratislava,
summers and steady rainfall. Cold winters then known as Pozsony, served as the
with heavy snowfalls. capital of Hungary

PEOPLE & SOCIETY POLAND

The majority Slovaks are the Car
dominant group. The Magyars pathian Mts. Bardejov
CZECH ·ilina
(Hungarians) seek protection of REPUBLIC
Pre#ov

E
Martin

AIN
their language and culture, backed Trenâín Ko#ice

UKR
by Hungary. Magyar parties exist Banská Bystrica
AUS. Trnava
in the political mainstream, and Nitra Luâenec
on occasion form part of the BRATISLAVA
D
ruling coalition. Ethnic Czechs a nube
HUNGARY
have dual citizenship. Roma are
2000m/6562ft
unrepresented and face significant 1000m/3281ft
discrimination. Rural eastern regions 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
are least developed. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovak*, Hungarian (Magyar),

OFFICIAL NAME: Slovak Republic Czech
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 60%, other 22%,
CAPITAL: Bratislava Atheist 10%, Protestant 8%
POPULATION: 5.41 million ETHNIC MIX: Slovak 86%, Magyar 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 18,859 sq. miles Roma 2%, Czech 1%, other 1%
(48,845 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 286 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
320 EUROPE

Slovenia
Lying at the junction of central Europe and the
Balkans, Slovenia seceded from socialist Yugoslavia in 1991. In
2004, it became the first former Yugoslav state to join the EU.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Alpine terrain with hills and First new EU member to join
mountains. Forests cover almost half the eurozone (in 2007). Export-oriented, so
country’s area. There is a short coastline vulnerable to global economic trends.
on the Adriatic Sea. Competitive manufacturing industry.
Sizable state-owned sector remains.
CLIMATE
Mediterranean climate on the small INSIGHT: A wheel found in a marsh
coastal strip. The alpine interior has in 2003 is claimed to be the world’s
continental extremes. oldest, pre-dating 3000 BCE
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Long historical association with Sea Level HUNGARY
western Europe, accounts for the “Alpine” AUSTRIA Murska
Sobota
rather than “Balkan” outlook of Mu

Dr
r a
Slovenia’s people, despite close Maribor

av
a
similarities to other former Jesenice
Ptuj
Kranj Celje
Yugoslavs. The absence of sizable
I T A L Y

Serb or Croat minorities made for LJUBLJANA Sava

a relatively peaceful secession Nova Gorica Kr#ko

from Yugoslavia. There are small Breªice
Postojna
communities of Italians and Adriatic CROATIA
Sea
Magyars (Hungarians) in the Ko
lpa 0 25 km
southwest and east respectively. 0 25 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovenian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Slovenia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 3%, Muslim 1%
CAPITAL: Ljubljana ETHNIC MIX: Slovene 83%,
POPULATION: 2.02 million other 12%, Serb 2%, Croat 2%,
TOTAL AREA: 7820 sq. miles Bosniak 1%
(20,253 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 258 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 321
Solomon Islands
The Solomons archipelago comprises several
hundred coral reef islands scattered in the southwestern
Pacific. Most of the population live on the six largest islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The six largest islands are volcanic, Subsistence farming and fishing
mountainous, and thickly forested. sustain 75% of people. Cash crops are
Flat coastal plains provide the only copra and cocoa. Gold deposits. Civil
cultivable land. conflict bankrupted the government,
closed the main gold mine, and cut trade
CLIMATE links. Forests have been depleted.
Northern islands are hot and humid
all year round; farther south a cool INSIGHT: The battle for Japanese-
season develops. November–April wet held Guadalcanal was the first major
season brings cyclones. US offensive in the Pacific War during
World War II
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Almost all Solomon Islanders are P A C I F I C
Choiseul
Melanesian. Tensions are regional; Santa Isabel
O C E A N
New Gizo
Guadalcanal natives (Isatabu) fought Georgia Munda Malaita
Santa Cruz
against immigrant Malaitan workers in New Georgia Is. HONIARA Islands
Guadalcanal
the 1998–2000 conflict, displacing Kirakira Lata
thousands and ruining the economy. Solomon
San Cristobal
Rennell
In 2003, Australian-led peacekeepers Sea

arrived to try to restore the rule of law.

Outlying islands have pressed for
autonomy. Animist beliefs exist 500m/1640ft
0 200 km
alongside Christianity. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Pidgin English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Solomon Islands Melanesian Pidgin, c. 120 others
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 RELIGIONS: Anglican 34%, Catholic 19%,
CAPITAL: Honiara other Protestant 38%, other 9%
POPULATION: 523,200 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian 94%, Polynesian 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 10,985 sq. miles other 2%
(28,450 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 48 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Solomon Is. dollar = 100 cents
322 AFRICA

Somalia
A semiarid state occupying the Horn of Africa, Somalia
was formed from the Italian and British colonies of Somaliland.
Conflict has left it without effective government since 1991.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Highlands in the north, flatter Ongoing war. Every commodity,
scrub-covered land to the south. Coastal except arms, is in short supply. Piracy and
areas are more fertile. banditry. Few natural resources. Prone to
drought. Somaliland region is more stable,
CLIMATE but its trade is hampered by lack of
Very dry, except for the north international recognition.
coast, which is hot and humid. The
INSIGHT: Until 1973, Somali was an
interior has among the world’s highest unwritten language
average annual temperatures.
Raas
Gulf of Aden Caseyr
DJIBOUTI
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Berbera

d
SOMALILAND

an
The clan system forms the basis of (not internationally

ntl
Hargeysa
recognized)
all commercial, political, and social life.

Pu
Burco
Most people are ethnic Somali. The Garoowe
minority Bantu are traditionally seen as ETHIOPIA
Gaalkacyo
socially inferior. Since the 1991 coup,
Beledweyne INDIAN
Somalia has lacked a strong central OCEAN
authority. Somaliland has declared KENYA Baydhabo
0 200 km
independence, while Puntland claims MOGADISHU
0 200 miles
autonomy. Islamist militias now control Marka
1000m/3281ft
most of the country: some have joined Jilib Equator 500m/1640ft
the latest attempt at a transitional Kismaayo 200m/656ft
Sea Level
government, but fighting continues. Below Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Somali*, Arabic*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Somalia English, Italian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 98%,
CAPITAL: Mogadishu Christian 2%
POPULATION: 9.13 million ETHNIC MIX: Somali 85%,
TOTAL AREA: 246,199 sq. miles other 15%
(637,657 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Somali shilin = 100 senti
 AFRICA 323
South Africa
After 80 years of white minority rule, South Africa held
its first multiracial, multiparty elections in 1994. Victory for the
blacks marked the symbolic overturning of long years of apartheid.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Much of the interior is grassy veld. Africa’s largest, most developed
Desert in the west and far north. economy. Leading mineral producer,
Mountains east, south, and west. notably metals, diamonds, coal. Tourism
is also key. Wealth gap has widened: jobs,
CLIMATE housing, and better access to basic
Warm, temperate, and dry. services are needed to fight poverty.
Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate. 2000m/6562ft
Semiarid in the west. 1000m/3281ft ZIMBABWE
500m/1640ft
o

MOZAMBI
Sea Level p
po
m
PEOPLE & SOCIETY BOTSWANA Li
The majority black population now TSHWANE/ Middelburg

QUE
dominates politically, but the minority Kalahari PRETORIA
Johannesburg
white community still controls the NAMIBIA
Vryburg Soweto SWAZILAND
Desert al Piet Retief
economy. A small black middle class is Upington Va
Orange Kroonstad
growing, but unemployment among Kimberley
blacks remains high. Over five million BLOEMFONTEIN Pietermaritzburg
K a r o o LESOTHO
he n
r

g
people are HIV-positive, but the fight t

er
r Durban
No Middelburg

b
against AIDS is hampered by social
s
INDIAN
n
e
a
K roo
Great
k

attitudes. Violent crime is a problem. CAPE a r OCEAN

TOWN Beaufort West D East London
George Port Elizabeth
INSIGHT: Over the last century, Cape of
South Africa has produced over half Good Hope 0 400 km
of the world’s gold 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, isiZulu*, isiXhosa*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Africa Afrikaans*, 7 other official languages*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1934 RELIGIONS: Christian 68%, animist and
CAPITAL: Tshwane / Pretoria; Cape Town; traditional beliefs 29%, other 3%
Bloemfontein ETHNIC MIX: Black 79%, White 10%,
POPULATION: 50.1 million Mixed race 9%, Asian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 471,008 sq. miles (1,219,912 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 106 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Rand = 100 cents
324 EUROPE

Spain
Lodged between Europe, Africa, the North Atlantic, and
the Mediterranean, Spain has occupied a pivotal global
position since unification under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain ranges in the north, Decade of sustained growth,
center, and south, with a huge central until construction boom ended in
plateau. Mediterranean lowlands. 2007, followed by global recession:
Verdant valleys in the northwest. unemployment soared. Large fishing
fleet. Few natural resources. Proximity
CLIMATE to Africa makes it a target for would-be
Maritime in north. Hotter and drier economic migrants.
in south. The central plateau has an
0 100 km
extreme climate. Bay of Biscay
0 100 miles
Gijón Donostia-
A Coruña Bilbao San Sebastián
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santander P y FRANCE
Vigo León re
A vigorous ethnic regionalism, Ourense
Burgos n e e ANDORRA
s
Logroño
suppressed under Franco’s fascist Valladolid Soria
Lleida
Zaragoza
regime, now flourishes. There are Ávila Ta gu
Barcelona
Tarragona
PORTUGAL
17 autonomous regions. People MADRID
s
Menorca

remain churchgoing, though Roman Getafe Mallorca Palma

Valencia
Catholic teachings on social issues are Badajoz Albacete
Ibiza
Islas
Baleares
often flouted. Spanish women are Córdoba Murcia Alicante
increasingly emancipated, with strong Huelva Sevilla
Granada Cartagena
political representation. Málaga
Cádiz Almería 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Over 3000 festivals and 500m/1640ft
Me dite r r an e an 200m/656ft
feasts take place each year in Spain Sea Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Catalan*, Galician*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain Basque*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1492 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%,
CAPITAL: Madrid other 4%
POPULATION: 44.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Spanish 72%, Catalan 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 194,896 sq. miles Galician 6%, other 3%, Basque 2%
(504,782 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 233 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 325
Sri Lanka
The teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka is separated
from India by the Palk Strait. Ethnic Tamil rebels – the Tamil
Tigers – were defeated in 2009, after a brutal 26-year civil war.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The main island is dominated by Garment industry. Remittances.
rugged central highlands. Fertile northern Major tea exporter. Civil war drained
plains are dissected by rivers. Much of government funds, deterred investors
the land is tropical jungle. and tourists. Tsunami damage in 2004.
INSIGHT: Sri Lanka elected the world’s
CLIMATE
first woman prime minister, Sirimavo
Tropical, with breezes on the coast Bandaranaike, in 1960
and cooler air in highlands. Northeast is t
0 50 km
rai
driest and hottest. St 0 50 miles
k
P al Bay
Jaffna of
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bengal
Gulf
The Sinhalese are mostly of
Mannar
Buddhist, while Tamils are mostly Mannar
Trincomalee
Hindu. Moors are the Muslim
Anuradhapura
descendants of Arab traders. Tamils Puttalam
were the minority group favored by Batticaloa
the British colonists. Majority-Sinhalese
power since independence in 1948 Negombo Kandy
fueled tensions, erupting into civil COLOMBO
Sri Jayewardenepura
INDIAN
war in 1983. The eventual government Kalutara
Ratnapura OCEAN
2000m/6562ft
victory in 2009 made this the 1000m/3281ft
Galle
only rebel insurgency ever 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Matara
defeated in modern times. Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 810 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Socialist LANGUAGES: Sinhala*, Tamil*, English
Republic of Sri Lanka RELIGIONS: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948 Muslim 8%, Christian 8%
CAPITAL: Colombo ETHNIC MIX: Sinhalese 82%, Tamil 9%,
POPULATION: 20.2 million Moor 8%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 25,332 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(65,610 sq. km) CURRENCY: Sri Lanka rupee = 100 cents
326 AFRICA

Sudan
The largest country in Africa, Sudan has undergone
two civil wars between its Arab north and black African south.
Darfur in the west now endures a terrible humanitarian crisis.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lies within the upper Nile basin. Oil exports. Cotton, sesame, gum
Mostly arid plains, with marshes in the arabic. Violence and drought hamper
south. Highlands border the Red Sea in farming. Millions of people displaced.
the northeast.
INSIGHT: Sudan’s Sudd is the
world’s largest swamp
CLIMATE
North is hot, arid desert with EGYPT
constant dry winds. Rainy season ranging

Re
LIBYA Nubian
from two months in the center to eight

d
Desert

Se
Nil e
Port Sudan
in the south. Atbara

a
fur
CHAD
Omdurman ERITREA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ar
KHARTOUM Kassala
El Geneina Sodiri Wad Medani
D
Two million people are nomads.

h i t e N i le
El Obeid Kosti
Many ethnic groups. Key social divide is Blue Nile
between Arabized Muslims in north, and
W
mostly black African, largely Christian or ETHIOPIA
CENTRAL Jonglei Canal
animist peoples in south. Attempts to AFRICAN Sudd Elemi
Triangle
impose Arab and Islamic values were the REPUBLIC Juba
root cause of civil war (1955–1972, 1983– DEM. REP. KENYA
2005). Ethnic violence by Arab militias in CONGO UGANDA
2000m/6562ft
Darfur since 2003 has killed 300,000 1000m/3281ft
people: huge refugee crisis. Women’s 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 km
rights are restricted. Sea Level 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, African languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Sudan RELIGIONS: Muslim 70%, traditional
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 beliefs 20%, Christian 9%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Khartoum ETHNIC MIX: Black 59% (including Beja
POPULATION: 42.3 million and Dinka 7%), Arab 40%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 967,493 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(2,505,810 sq. km) CURRENCY: Sudanese pound or dinar
DENSITY: 44 people per sq. mile = 100 piastres
 SOUTH AMERICA 327
Suriname
Suriname is a former Dutch colony on the north coast of
South America. Democracy was restored in 1991, after almost 11 years
of military rule. The Netherlands is still the main supplier of aid.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly covered by tropical Alumina and gold are the key
rainforest. Coastal plain rises to central exports. Rice and bananas are main cash
plateaus and the Guiana Highlands. crops. Oil production and tourism are
growing. Excessive bureaucracy.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid, but INSIGHT: In a 1667 Anglo-Dutch deal,
cooled by trade winds. High rainfall, Holland gained Suriname but lost New
especially in the interior. Amsterdam (now New York )
A TLA NTIC O CEAN

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The Dutch brought laborers from Nieuw PARAMARIBO Nieuw
Amsterdam
South Asia and Java. Independence saw Nickerie Kwakoegron
ne
mass emigration: over 300,000 ty

i
an Brokopondo

Maron
r
Cou

Surinamese live in the Netherlands. Of

those left, over 85% live near the coast, W.J. van FRENCH
Blommesteinmeer GUIANA
the rest in scattered rainforest
communities. Indigenous Amerindians
only number a few thousand. Bosnegers – GUYANA
Gui
ana
descended from runaway African slaves – Highlands

fought the military government in the BRAZIL

late 1980s. Under civilian rule, each 1000m/3281ft
group has had a political party 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
representing its interests. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sranan (Creole), Dutch*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Suriname Javanese, Sarnami, Hindi, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Christian 48%, Hindu 27%,
CAPITAL: Paramaribo Muslim 20%, traditional beliefs 5%
POPULATION: 519,700 ETHNIC MIX: South Asian 27%, other 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 63,039 sq. miles Creole 18%, Javanese 15%, Black 15%
(163,270 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Surinamese dollar = 100 cents
328 AFRICA

Swaziland
The tiny southern African kingdom of Swaziland is
crippled with HIV/AIDS and economically dependent on South
Africa. Vocal demands for multiparty democracy have been ignored.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly high plateaus and mountains. Sugarcane is the main cash crop.
Rolling grasslands and low scrub plains to Wood pulp and soft drink concentrates
the east. Pine forests on western border. are also exported. Loss of workforce to
HIV/AIDS, and high cost of health care.
CLIMATE
Temperatures rise and rainfall 0 25 km
declines as the land descends eastward, 0 25 miles
from high to low grassy veld.
Piggs Peak
Tshaneni
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SOUTH
One of Africa’s most conservative AFRICA

states, though there is pressure from MBABANE

urban-based modernizers. Political Manzini
Siteki
system promotes Swazi tradition and Bhunya
Sidvokodvo
is dominated by powerful monarchy.
Women face discrimination. Swaziland
has world’s highest prevalence of Hlathikulu
HIV/AIDS: chastity is urged to combat MOZAMBIQUE
its spread. Nhlangano

SOUTH AFRICA
INSIGHT: Polygamy is practiced 1000m/3281ft
in Swaziland – when King Sobhuza 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
died in 1982, he left 100 widows Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, siSwati*, isiZulu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Swaziland Xitsonga
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Christian 60%, traditional
CAPITAL: Mbabane beliefs 40%
POPULATION: 1.18 million ETHNIC MIX: Swazi 97%,
TOTAL AREA: 6704 sq. miles other 3%
(17,363 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 178 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Lilangeni = 100 cents
 EUROPE 329
Sweden
The largest Scandinavian country by both population and
area, Sweden has one of the world’s most extensive welfare systems
and is among the leading proponents of equal rights for women.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Heavily forested, with many lakes. Companies of global importance,
Northern plateau extends beyond the including Volvo, Saab, SFK, Ericsson.
Arctic Circle. Southern lowlands are Highly developed infrastructure. Up-to-
widely cultivated. date technology. Skilled workforce.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Sweden FINLAND

Southern coasts warmed by Gulf has maintained a
Stream. Northern areas have more position of armed
Arctic Lapland
extreme continental climate. neutrality since 1815 Circle

AY
Luleå
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

RW
The nuclear family forms the basis

NO
Umeå Gul f
of society, but the marriage rate is one Östersund of
Bot hni a
of the lowest in the world, and 1000m/3281ft Sundsvall
cohabitation is now common. The model 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
welfare system is paid for by a high tax Sea Level
burden. Women are well represented at Uppsala
Västerås
all levels. A minority of 20,000 Sámi lives Örebro
in the far north. Most industries and the Vänern STOCKHOLM
Vättern Norrköping
bulk of population are based in and Göteborg Jönköping
around the southern cities. An EU Gotland
Kattegat Öland
member since 1995, Sweden has voted 0 100 km Helsingborg
not to join the euro. 0 100 miles Malmö Baltic Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Swedish*, Finnish, Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Sweden RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 82%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1523 other 13%, Roman Catholic 2%, Muslim 2%,
CAPITAL: Stockholm Orthodox Christian 1%
POPULATION: 9.25 million ETHNIC MIX: Swedish 86%, recent
TOTAL AREA: 173,731 sq. miles immigrant 12%, Finnish and Sámi 2%
(449,964 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 58 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Swedish krona = 100 öre
330 EUROPE

Switzerland
One of the world’s most prosperous countries, Switzerland
sits at the center of Europe. It has retained its neutral status
through every major European conflict since 1815.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with river Diversified economy relies on
valleys. The Alps cover 60% of its area; services – the banking sector manages
the Jura in the west cover 10%. Lowlands over a quarter of the world’s offshore
lie along the east–west axis. private wealth – and specialized
industries (engineering, watches, etc).
CLIMATE
Most rain falls in the warm summer INSIGHT: Famed for its neutrality,
months. Winters are snowy, but milder Switzerland only joined the UN in
and foggy away from the mountains. 2002, and remains outside the EU
Avalanches are a problem.
Schaffhausen GERMANY
R h ine Lake Constance
Basel Winterthur
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sankt Gallen
r a
Switzerland is composed of distinct FRANCE
J
u Biel Zürich AUSTRIA
Luzern
German-Swiss, French-Swiss, and Italian- Neuchâtel
BERN
LIECHTENSTEIN
Lac de Chur
Swiss linguistic groups. In the east, a Neuchâtel
s R h in
e

35,000-strong minority speaks Romansch. Interlaken

l p Davos
Lausanne A ône
The country is divided into 26 Lake Geneva Montreux
Rh
autonomous cantons (states), each with Genève Sion
Brig Locarno
ITALY
control over housing and economics. FRANCE Lake Lugano
ITALY Maggiore
Public referenda are widely used to
3000m/9843ft
decide policy. Society is conservative; 2000m/6562ft
marriage is common but divorce is above 0 50 km 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
the EU average rate. 0 50 miles 200m/656ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Swiss-German,

OFFICIAL NAME: Swiss Confederation French*, Italian*, Romansch*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1291 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 42%,
CAPITAL: Bern Protestant 35%, other 19%, Muslim 4%
POPULATION: 7.57 million ETHNIC MIX: German 64%, French 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 15,942 sq. miles other 9.5%, Italian 6%, Romansch 0.5%
(41,290 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 493 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Franc = 100 rappen/centimes
 ASIA 331
Syria
Stretching from the eastern Mediterranean to the Tigris
River, Syria’s borders are regarded as an artificial creation of French
colonial rule by many Syrians. Foreign relations are turbulent.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A short stretch of coastal plain Oil, though production is falling.
is backed by a low range of hills. The Natural gas. High defense spending. Large
Euphrates River cuts through a vast public sector. Agriculture: fruit, cotton,
interior desert plateau. and grain. Under US sanctions.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Syria is an ancient land;

Mediterranean coastal climate. there are at least 3500 as yet
Inland areas are arid. In winter, snow is unexcavated archaeological sites
common on the mountains.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Most Syrians live within 60 miles Sea Level TURKEY
Al Qámishlí
(100 km) of the coast. 90% are Muslim,
Íalab (Aleppo) Al Íasakah
including the politically dominant Shi’a Idlib
Alawis. In the north and west are groups Al Ládhiqíyah
Ar Raqqah
Buíayrat
of Kurds, Armenians, and Turkic-speaking

Eu
al-Asad
Íamáh

ph
peoples. Some 460,000 Palestinian

ra
∏arπús Íim§ IRAQ

tes
refugees live in Syria, and over a million
o n

LEBANON t
an

b er
Iraqis have fled here since 2003. There Le De
s
ti- Dúmá S y r i a n
is a growing gulf between rich and An
Golan
poor. Human rights are an issue, but Heights DAMASCUS
Dar‘á
women’s rights are among the best ISRAEL 0 100 km
in the Arab world. JORDAN 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, Kurdish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Syrian Arab Republic Armenian, Circassian, Assyrian, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 74%, other
CAPITAL: Damascus Muslim 16%, Christian 10%
POPULATION: 21.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 89%, Kurd 6%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 71,498 sq. miles Armenian, Turkmen, Circassian 2%
(184,180 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 308 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Syrian pound = 100 piastres
332 ASIA

Taiwan
The republic of Taiwan (formerly Formosa) is on an
island 80 miles (130 km) off the southeast coast of mainland
China, which still considers it to be a renegade province.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain region covers two-thirds Successful economy of small,
of the island. Highly fertile lowlands and adaptable companies. High-tech goods:
coastal plains. TVs, computers, and semiconductors.
Rising trade, investment with China.
CLIMATE
Tropical monsoon. Hot and humid. INSIGHT: Taiwan lost its seat at
Typhoons July–September. Snow falls in the UN to Beijing in 1971: both
mountains in winter. claim to represent “China”
TAIPEI Chilung
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Pate Hsintien
3000m/9843ft Hsinchu
Most Taiwanese are Han Chinese, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
descendants of the 1644 migration of 500m/1640ft

o
the Ming dynasty from the mainland. 200m/656ft T’aichung

nm
Sea Level Changhua

Sha
The modern republic was created in 1949, Yüanlin Hualien
when the nationalist Kuomintang was

ng
Chiai

ga
expelled from the mainland following PACIFIC

un
Communist victory in the civil war. OCEAN
Ch
T’ainan
100,000 emigrés established themselves T’aitung
as a ruling class. Initial resentment has
Kaohsiung P’ingtung
subsided as a new Taiwan-born S ou th Chin a
generation has taken over the reins Sea
of power. The aboriginal minority 0 40 km
suffers discrimination. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Amoy Chinese, Mandarin

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of China (ROC) Chinese*, Hakka Chinese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949 RELIGIONS: Buddhist, Confucianist,
CAPITAL: Taipei and Taoist 93%, Christian 5%, other 2%
POPULATION: 23 million ETHNIC MIX: Indigenous Chinese 84%,
TOTAL AREA: 13,892 sq. miles mainland Chinese 14%, aboriginal 2%
(35,980 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 1844 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Taiwan dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 333
Tajikistan
Tajikistan lies landlocked on the western slopes of the
Pamirs in central Asia. Soon after the breakup of the USSR in
1991, civil war erupted between ruling communists and Islamists.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous: bare slopes of Mass poverty. Declining cotton
the Pamir ranges, with fast-flowing rivers, revenue. Also exports aluminum. Uranium
cover most of the country. Small but deposits. Transit route for Afghan opium.
fertile Fergana Valley in northwest. Corruption. Needs reforms to attract
foreign investment.
CLIMATE
Continental extremes in the valleys. INSIGHT: Carpet-making, an ancient
Bitterly cold winters in the mountains. tradition learned from Persia, is still a
Rainfall is low. major source of revenue
0 100 km 4000m/13124ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 3000m/9843ft
0 100 miles
Unlike the other former Soviet 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
republics of central Asia, Tajikistan is UZBEKISTAN
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
dominated by a people of Persian Fergana Valley

(Iranian) rather than Turkic origin. Khujand Isfara

The main ethnic conflict is with the Ûroteppa

KYRGYZSTAN
Turkic Uzbek minority. Russians are CHINA
Panjakent
discriminated against; most fled
DUSHANBE
in the 1992–1997 civil war, and P a m i r s
Norak
standards of living fell dramatically.
Qûrghonteppa
Islamist militants are active. Two Kûlob
Farkhor Khorugh
a
million people work abroad, Am
u D rya
primarily in Russia. AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tajik*, Uzbek,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tajikistan Russian
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 80%, other 15%,
CAPITAL: Dushanbe Shi’a Muslim 5%
POPULATION: 6.95 million ETHNIC MIX: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, other 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 55,251 sq. miles Kyrgyz 1%, Russian 1%
(143,100 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 126 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Somoni = 100 diram
334 AFRICA

Tanzania
The east African state of Tanzania was formed in
1964 by the union of Tanganyika and the Zanzibar islands.
A third of its area is game reserve or national park.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mainland is mostly a high Heavily reliant on agriculture,
plateau lying to the east of the Great Rift including forestry and cattle. Coffee,
Valley. Forested coastal plain. Highlands in cotton, tea, cashew nuts, sisal, and cloves
the north and south. are cash crops. Gold, diamonds, and gems
are mined. Safari and beach tourism.
CLIMATE Debt relief.
Tropical on the coast and Equator
Zanzibar. Semiarid on central plateau, UGANDA Lake
KENYA
Victoria Musoma
semitemperate in the highlands. RWANDA Kilimanjaro
March–May rains. Mwanza
n 19,340ft (5895m)
ai
BURUNDI Shinyanga Pl
t i Arusha Moshi
n ge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY re Masai
Kigoma Se
Tabora Steppe Tanga
99% of people belong to one of L. Tanganyika
Zanzibar
Gr

120 small ethnic Bantu groups. Arabs, DODOMA

ea

DEM. REP. Morogoro Dar es

Asians, and Europeans make up the Salaam
t

CONGO Iringa
R

remaining population. Use of Kiswahili as

if

t
V INDIAN
al
the lingua franca has eliminated ethnic l e Mbeya OCEAN
ZAMBIA y
rivalries. The majority of Tanzanians are Lindi
Songea
subsistence famers. MALAWI Mtwara
L.Nyasa Ru v u m
a
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft MOZAMBIQUE
INSIGHT: At 19,340 ft (5895 m), 1000m/3281ft
Kilimanjaro in northeast Tanzania 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
is Africa’s highest mountain Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 128 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: United Republic LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, English*, other
of Tanzania RELIGIONS: Muslim 33%, Christian 33%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 traditional beliefs 30%, other 4%
CAPITAL: Dodoma ETHNIC MIX: Native African (over 120
POPULATION: 43.7 million tribes) 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%
TOTAL AREA: 364,898 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(945,087 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents
 ASIA 335
Thailand
Thailand lies at the heart of mainland southeast Asia.
Continuing rapid industrialization has resulted in massive congestion
in the capital and a serious depletion of natural resources.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
One-third is low plateau, drained Successful manufacturing. Natural
by tributaries of the Mekong River. gas reserves. Leading exporter of rice and
Central plain is the most fertile area. rubber. Tourism, though sex industry
harms image. 2004 tsunami damage.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot, humid March–May; 0 200 km
MYANMAR
monsoon rains May–October; cooler (BURMA) LAOS
0 200 miles
M
season November–March. e

ko
Chiang Mai

ng
Udon Thani
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Sa
Khon Kaen

lw
ee
Buddhism is a national binding n Phitsanulok
Nakhon Sawan Ubon
Ratchathani
force. 600,000 hill tribes-people, with Nakhon
Ratchasima
their own languages, live in the north and
BANGKOK CAMBODIA
northeast. The Chinese minority is the Ratchaburi Pattaya
most assimilated in the region. Malay G ulf
Islamists in the undeveloped far south of
Tha ila nd
are fighting for secession. Politics has Chumphon
Isthmus
been unstable since the 2006 fall of of Nakhon Si
pro-poor Prime Minister Thaksin. Kra Thammarat
Phuket Songkhla
2000m/6562ft Hat Yai Malay
INSIGHT: Thailand, meaning “land of 1000m/3281ft Andaman
Peninsula
the free,” is the only SE Asian nation 500m/1640ft Sea MALAYSIA
200m/656ft
never to have been colonized Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Thai*, Chinese, Malay, Khmer,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Thailand Mon, Karen, Miao
DATE OF FORMATION: 1238 RELIGIONS: Buddhist 95%, Muslim 4%,
CAPITAL: Bangkok other (including Christian) 1%
POPULATION: 67.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Thai 83%, Chinese 12%, Malay 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 198,455 sq. miles Khmer and other 2%
(514,000 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 344 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Baht = 100 satang
336 AFRICA

Togo
Togo lies sandwiched between Ghana and Benin in west
Africa. General Eyadema ruled from 1967–2005; his son succeeded
him. Lomé port is an important entrepôt for regional trade.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central forested region bounded Most people are farmers. Self-
by savanna lands to the north and south. sufficient in staple foods. Togo’s main
Mountain range stretches southwest cash crops are coffee and cocoa: cotton
to northeast. has declined. Its phosphate deposits are
the most
BURKINA
CLIMATE mineral-rich
Coast hot and humid; drier inland. in the world, Dapaong
Rainy season March–July, with heaviest but easily BENIN
Sansanné-
falls in the west. extractable Mango
reserves are
Kara
PEOPLE & SOCIETY depleted and the
Harsh resentment between Ewe in sector needs Tchamba
the south and Kabye in the north. Kabye investment.
control the military, but the north is less

M o no
developed than the south. Extended GHANA
family is important. Tribalism and
nepotism are key factors in everyday life. Atakpamé
Some ethnic groups, such as the Mina,

Mono
have matriarchal societies. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level Kpalimé
Tsévié
INSIGHT: The “Nana Benz,” the Aného
entrepreneurial market-women 0 50 km LOMÉ
of Lomé, control Togo’s retail trade 0 50 miles ATLANTIC OCEAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ewe, Kabye, Gurma,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Togo French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%,
CAPITAL: Lomé Christian 35%, Muslim 15%
POPULATION: 6.62 million ETHNIC MIX: Ewe 46%, other African 41%,
TOTAL AREA: 21,924 sq. miles Kabye 12%, European 1%
(56,785 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 315 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 337
Tonga
Tonga is an archipelago of 170 islands in the South
Pacific. Only 45 of these islands are inhabited. The king’s powers
have been challenged: democratic reforms are promised for 2010.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Easterly islands are generally low Squashes and vanilla exported.
and fertile. Those in the west are higher Remittances. Potential for tourism and
and volcanic in origin. fisheries. Capital’s business district
destroyed in 2006 prodemocracy riots.
CLIMATE
Tropical oceanic. Temperatures
range between 68°F (20°C) and 86°F (30°C) Niuatoputapu
Tafahi
all year round. Heavy rainfall, especially
February–March. 0 100 km
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
‘Uta Vava‘u
Tonga is the last remaining Vava‘u
Neiafu
Group
Polynesian monarchy. All land belongs to
the crown, but is administered by nobles
P A C I F I C Ha‘apai
who allot it to the common people. Group
O C E A N Tofua Pangai
Respect for traditional values is high, Kotu
though younger, Westernized Tongans Group

are starting to question some attitudes. Nomuka Otu Tolu

Group Group
The first elected commoner became Tongatapu
prime minister in 2006. NUKU’ALOFA
Tongatapu ‘Eua ‘Ohonua
Group
INSIGHT: Unique in the Pacific, Tonga 200m/656ft
was never brought under foreign rule Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Tongan*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Tonga RELIGIONS: Free Wesleyan 41%, other 29%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970 Roman Catholic 16%, Church of Jesus Christ
CAPITAL: Nuku’alofa of Latter-Day Saints 14%
POPULATION: 104,000 ETHNIC MIX: Tongan 98%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 289 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
(748 sq. km) CURRENCY: Pa’anga (Tongan dollar)
DENSITY: 374 people per sq. mile = 100 seniti
338 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Trinidad & Tobago

The two islands of the former UK colony of Trinidad
and Tobago are the most southerly of the Caribbean Windward
Islands, lying just 9 miles (15 km) off the coast of Venezuela.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Both islands are hilly and wooded. Oil and natural gas: it provides 75%
Trinidad has a rugged mountain range of US imports of liquefied natural gas, but
in the north, and swamps on its east only 12 years of reserves left. Associated
and west coasts. industries: second-largest producer of
methanol. Tourism on wildlife-rich Tobago.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with July–December wet 500m/1640ft Little Tobago
season. Escapes the region’s hurricanes, 200m/656ft Tobago
Sea Level
which pass to the north. Scarborough

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Caribbean

Trinidad’s East Indian community is Sea

the Caribbean’s largest and holds onto its

PORT-OF-SPAIN ATLANTIC
Muslim and Hindu heritage. There are Arima OCEAN
tensions with the mainly Christian blacks; Car o n Guaico

i
political parties are divided along race Gulf Trinidad
of
lines. Blacks form the majority on Tobago. Paria
Rio Claro

High rates of kidnapping and murder Siparia

San Fernando
are an issue.
e l
C ol um bu s Ch a nn

INSIGHT: Trinidad and Tobago is

the birthplace of steel bands and 0 30 km
Calypso music 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*, Hindi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Trinidad French, Spanish
and Tobago RELIGIONS: Catholic 32%, Hindu 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 Protestant 28%, other 9%, Muslim 7%
CAPITAL: Port-of-Spain ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 40%, Black 40%,
POPULATION: 1.34 million Mixed race 18%, White, Chinese 1%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 1980 sq. miles (5128 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 676 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Trin. & Tob. dollar = 100 cents
 AFRICA 339
Tunisia
Tunisia has traditionally been one of the more liberal
Arab states, moving toward a multiparty democracy, but its
government is now facing a challenge from Islamic fundamentalists.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains in the north are Competitive and diversified.
surrounded by plains. Vast, low-lying salt Expanding manufacturing. Exports olives,
pans in the center. To the south lies the dates, citrus fruit, phosphates. Tourism.
Sahara Desert. Free trade area with EU.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Tunisia was the center

Summer temperatures are high. The of trading empires from the 9th
north is often wet and windy in winter. century BCE Mediterranean
Bizerte Sea
Far south is arid. Menzel
Bourguiba
Béja TUNIS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Hammamet
Sousse
The population is almost entirely of Monastir
Kairouan
Arab-Berber descent, with Jewish and Kasserine Îles de
Kerkenah
Christian minorities. Many still live in ALGERIA Sfax
extended family groups, in which three Gafsa Golfe de
Gabès Gabès
or four generations are represented. Chott Île de Jerba
el Jerid Matmata
Women have better rights than in most
other Arab countries and make up over
30% of the workforce. Parliamentary and
municipal quotas aim to increase their
LIBYA
representation in politics. A low birth rate 1000m/3281ft
S a h a r a
is a result of a long-standing family 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
planning policy. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tunisia RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956 Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
CAPITAL: Tunis ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 98%, Jewish 1%,
POPULATION: 10.3 million European 1%
TOTAL AREA: 63,169 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(163,610 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tunisian dinar =
DENSITY: 171 people per sq. mile 1000 millimes
340 EUROPE / ASIA

Turkey
Lying partly in the region of eastern Thrace in Europe,
but mostly in Asia, Turkey’s position gives it significant influence
in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Middle East.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Asian Turkey (Anatolia) is Liberalized economy, boosted by
dominated by two mountain ranges, self-sufficient agriculture, and textiles,
separated by a high, semidesert plateau. tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Coastal regions are fertile. Route of Asian oil pipelines to Europe.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Turkey had two of the

seven wonders of the ancient world:
Coast has a Mediterranean climate.
the tomb of King Mausolus at
Interior has cold, snowy winters and hot, Halicarnassus (now Bodrum), and the
dry summers. temple of Artemis at Ephesus

PEOPLE & SOCIETY BULGARIA zi

Despite racial diversity, l Boêa Black Sea
a nbu GEORGIA
GREECE ƒstanbul ƒs t Samsun Trabzon
Turkey has a strong sense of l e s ARMENIA
el Bursa
national identity, and close links a rda n ANKARA es Erzurum
Eski§ehir h r at
D Eup
with other Turkic states. Kurds, Manisa Kayseri . Van Gölü
ƒzmir Malatya Van
the largest minority, based in ts
Aegean Konya s M Diyarbakır IRAN
Sea Bodrum u T
the southeast, have waged a Taur flanlıurfa

ig
ris
Antalya Adana Gaziantep
violent campaign for greater ƒskenderun
IRAQ
autonomy intermittently since 1984. Mediterranean SYRIA
Sea
Islamist parties are challenging 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Turkey’s cherished identity as a secular 1000m/3281ft
state. It has applied to join the EU, 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
though progress will be slow. 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkish*, Kurdish, Arabic,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Turkey Circassian, Armenian, Greek, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1923 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%,
CAPITAL: Ankara other 1%
POPULATION: 74.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkish 70%, Kurdish 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 301,382 sq. miles other 8%, Arab 2%
(780,580 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 252 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Turkish lira = 100 kurus
 ASIA 341
Turkmenistan
Stretching from the Caspian Sea into the central
Asian desert, Turkmenistan has had less upheaval than
most ex-Soviet states, but President Niyazov was a dictator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low Garagum Desert covers 80% State-controlled, though there is
of the country. Mountains on southern some private investment. Natural gas and
border with Iran. Fertile Amu Darya oil are main resources. Overintensive
Valley in north. farming of cotton. Black market.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: President Niyazov created

Arid desert climate with an elaborate personality cult, styling
extreme summer heat, but himself as Turkmenbashi – “head” of
sub-freezing winter temperatures. all Turkmen
0 200 km
0 200 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY KAZAKHSTAN

Before Russia annexed the area Garabogaz Köneürgenç

Aylagy
Da§oguz
in 1884, the Turkmen were a largely UZBEKISTAN
nomadic tribal people. Today, the Türkmenba§y Turan
Lowland

Am
tribal unit remains strong, with Balkanabat

uD
Gumdag Serdar
population clustered around desert

ar
Caspian Garagum Türkmenabat

ya
oases. Relations with Uzbek and Sea
AflGABAT
Russian minorities have become
IRAN Tejen Atamyrat
tense in recent years due to the Mary
“Turkmenization” of government, Garagum
1000m/3281ft Kanaly
education, and religion. Political reform 500m/1640ft
since Niyazov’s sudden death in 2006 is 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Serhetabat
slowly dismantling the old regime. Below Sea Level AFGHANISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkmen*, Uzbek, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Turkmenistan Kazakh, Tatar, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 87%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Asgabat Christian 11%, other 2%
POPULATION: 5.11 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 188,455 sq. miles Russian 7%, other 5%, Kazakh 2%
(488,100 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 27 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Manat = 100 tenge
342 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Tuvalu
One of the world’s smallest, most isolated states,
Tuvalu lies in the central Pacific. The nine islands were linked to
the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) as a UK colony until independence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A series of coral atolls, none more World’s smallest economy.
than 15 ft (4.6 m) above sea level. Poor Remittances from Tuvaluan seafarers. Sale
soils restrict vegetation to bush, coconut of fishing licenses. Copra, stamps, and
palms, and breadfruit trees. coins exported. Income from trust fund
and the lease of .tv Internet suffix.
CLIMATE
Hot all year round. Heavy annual 200m/656ft
Sea Level
rainfall. Hurricane season brings many Nanumea

violent storms. Niutao

Nanumaga P A C I F I C

O C E A N
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
People are mostly Polynesian. Nui

Around half the population lives on Vaitupu

Funafuti, where government jobs are Nukufetau

based. Life is communal and traditional.

Most people live by subsistence farming, FONGAFALE
Funafuti
digging pits out of the coral to grow
crops. Fresh water is precious, due to P A C I F I C Nukulaelae

frequent droughts. O C E A N

INSIGHT: Low-lying Tuvalu, like Niulakita

the Maldives, is set to disappear 0 100 km
with rising sea levels 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Tuvalu RELIGIONS: Church of Tuvalu 97%, Baha’i 1%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978 Seventh-day Adventist 1%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Fongafale, on Funafuti Atoll ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 92%, other 6%,
POPULATION: 11,100 Kiribati 2%
TOTAL AREA: 10 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
(26 sq. km) CURRENCY: Australian dollar and
DENSITY: 1110 people per sq. mile Tuvaluan dollar = 100 cents each
 AFRICA 343
Uganda
Landlocked in east Africa, Uganda has a history of
ethnic strife. Under President Museveni, steps have been taken to
restore peace and to rebuild the economy and democracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly a large plateau with Resource-rich, but undeveloped
the Ruwenzori mountain range and the and poor. Exports coffee, fish, tea, and
Great Rift Valley in the west. Lake flowers. Oil exploration. Hydroelectric
Victoria lies to the southeast. Vegetation power is reducing oil imports. Great
is of savanna type. potential from mining. Debt relief.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Lake Victoria is

Altitude and the influence of the the world’s third-largest lake
lakes modify the equatorial climate. Rain
falls throughout the year; spring is the 3000m/9843ft
SUDAN
2000m/6562ft
wettest period. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft KENYA
Arua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Gulu
Albert Nile
The mostly rural population
comprises some 13 main ethnic groups.
y

Lake
lle

DEM. REP. Albert Lake Kyoga

Va

President Museveni has worked hard to CONGO Victoria Mbale

ft

Nile
break down ethnic animosities, but a
Ri

Kabarole Jinja Tororo

at

noticeable north–south divide persists,

Gr e

Mubende KAMPALA
Kasese
with most development in the south. Masaka Entebbe Equator
Lake
After two decades of brutal conflict with Edward
Mbarara
Sese Is.
La k e
northern rebels, a final peace deal has Kabale TANZANIA
V icto r ia
been mediated but not yet signed; many RWANDA 0 100 km
refugees have returned home. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Lango,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uganda Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 RELIGIONS: Catholic 38%, Protestant 33%,
CAPITAL: Kampala trad. beliefs 13%, Muslim 8%, other 8%
POPULATION: 32.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Baganda 17%, Banyakole 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 91,135 sq. miles Basoga 9%, Iteso 7%, other 57%
(236,040 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 425 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New Ug. shilling = 100 cents
344 EUROPE

Ukraine
The former “breadbasket of the Soviet Union,” Ukraine
lies on the north coast of the Black Sea. Politics is divided
between pro-Russian sentiments and pro-European nationalism.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly fertile steppes and Minerals: 5% of global reserves.
forests. Carpathian Mountains in west, Slow reform of land laws, holding back
Crimean chain in south. Pripet Marshes agriculture. Oil/natural gas transit
in northwest. from Russia and the Caspian to Europe:
natural gas price disputes with Russia.
CLIMATE Political crisis.
Mainly continental climate, with
distinct seasons. Southern Crimea has INSIGHT: Ukraine means “on
Mediterranean climate. the border,” referring to its
position on the edge of the
2000m/6562ft
old Russian Empire 1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Over 90% of people in the west 200m/656ft
BELARUS Sea Level
are Ukrainian, but in cities in the east and Pripet
Marshes Chernihiv
south, and in Crimea, Russians form a Luts’k Chornobyl’ RUSS. FED.
POLAND KIEV
majority. The government is wary of L’viv Zhytomyr Kremenchuts’ke Kharkiv
Crimean separatism. Tatars have been Vdskh.
Vinnytsya Dnipro-
Cherkasy Luhans’k
returning there since the Soviet Chernivtsi
petrovs’k
Union’s collapse and now comprise HUNGARY MOLDOVA Zaporizhzhya Donets’k
around 12% of the local population. ROMANIA
Mykolayiv
pe
r Mariupol’
nie
Over five million people in Ukraine, Odesa D Sea
of Azov
Belarus, and Russia live in areas D a n ube Cr ime a
“contaminated” by the 1986 0 100 km Sevastopol’
Chornobyl nuclear disaster. 0 100 miles Black Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ukrainian*, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Ukraine Tatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly
CAPITAL: Kiev Orthodox) 95%, other 5%
POPULATION: 45.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 223,089 sq. miles other 5%
(603,700 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 196 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Hryvna = 100 kopiykas
 ASIA 345
United Arab Emirates
Bordering the Gulf on the northern coast of the Arabian
Peninsula, the seven states of the UAE are Abu Dhabi, Dubai,
Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn, Ras al Khaymah, and Fujayrah.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat, semiarid desert with Major oil and natural gas exporter;
dunes, salt pans, and occasional oases. plentiful reserves. Dynamic Dubai: free
Cities are watered by extensive trade zone, financial center (but 2008
irrigation systems. global downturn caught overextended
banks). Water is scarce. Imports most
CLIMATE food. Some emirates are less developed.
Summers are humid, despite
minimal rainfall. Sand-laden shamal INSIGHT: Mina Jabal Ali, in Dubai, is
winds blow in winter and spring. the largest man-made port in the world
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft OMAN
Sea Level
Emirians, who make up just a Ras al Khaymah
Umm al Qaywayn
quarter of the population, are mostly Persian Gulf Sharjah Ajmán
Sunni Muslims of Bedouin descent, and Dubai
Fujayrah
largely city dwellers. In theory, women QATAR
enjoy equal rights with men. Poverty is ABU DHABI Al Maqπa‘
rare and there is no income tax. The Ghuwayfát ∏aríf Al ‘Ayn
1970s oil boom encouraged the Íabshán
immigration of workers, mostly from
OMAN
Asia. Western expatriates are permitted
a virtually unrestricted lifestyle. SAUDI ARABIA
Islamism, however, is a growing force 0 50 km
among the young. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Farsi, Indian and

OFFICIAL NAME: United Arab Emirates Pakistani languages, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 96%,
CAPITAL: Abu Dhabi Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
POPULATION: 4.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Asian 60%, Emirian 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 32,000 sq. miles other Arab 12%, European 3%
(82,880 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 142 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: UAE dirham = 100 fils
346 EUROPE

United Kingdom
Separated from continental Europe by the English
Channel, the UK consists of Great Britain (England, Wales,
and Scotland), several smaller islands, and Northern Ireland.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Rugged uplands dominate The Scottish and Welsh
the landscape of Scotland, Wales, nations remain recognizably distinct,
and northern England. All of the and the creation of the Scottish
peaks in the United Kingdom over Parliament and Welsh Assembly has
4000 ft (1219 m) are in highland given each country greater political
Scotland. The Pennine mountains, autonomy. The future of devolved
known as the “backbone of England,” government in Northern Ireland
run the length of northern England. remains problematic. People from
Lowland England rises into several other ethnic minorities account for
ranges of rolling hills, and there 5% of the population; more than half
is an interconnected system of rivers of them were born in the UK. Asians
and canals. Over 600 islands, many and West Indians in most cities face
uninhabited, lie west and north of deprivation and social stress; Asian
the Scottish mainland. women can be particularly isolated. In
key areas such as policing, multiethnic
CLIMATE recruitment has made little progress.
Generally mild, temperate, Marriage is in decline. Over 40% of
and highly changeable. Rain is fairly all births occur outside marriage, but
well distributed throughout the year. most of them to cohabiting couples.
The west is generally wetter than Single-parent households account for
the east, and the south warmer than just over a quarter of all families.
the north. Winter snow is common Income inequality is greater now than
in upland areas. in 1884, when records began.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Welsh*, other

OFFICIAL NAME: United Kingdom of Great RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%, other 39%,
Britain and Northern Ireland Catholic 9%, Presbyterian 4%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1707 Muslim 3%
CAPITAL: London ETHNIC MIX: English 80%, Scottish 9%,
POPULATION: 61.6 million other 5%, Welsh 3%, Northern Irish 3%
TOTAL AREA: 94,525 sq. miles (244,820 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 660 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pound sterling = 100 pence
 EUROPE 347

THE ECONOMY in euro threatens former status as

World leader in financial services, EU’s largest recipient of inward
pharmaceuticals, and defense industries. investment, and has prompted some
Strong multinationals. Precision major investors to close UK factories.
engineering and high-tech industries, High levels of government, corporate,
including biotechnology and and consumer debt: institutional
telecommunications. Energy sector based vulnerability to 2007–2008 global
on declining North Sea oil and natural downturn. Bank bailouts and stimulus
gas reserves. Innovative in computer packages pushed the government’s
software development. Flexible working finances further into the red.
practices. Long-term decline of
manufacturing sector, particularly heavy
Orkneyy I s.
s. Shetlands
industries and car manufacture, Is.
Outerr Lerwick
matched by rise in financial and Hebr
brr id
ides
ide
des
ess
other services. Nonparticipation Sto
Stor
SSt
tto
tor
onno
owa
o
oww
wa
ay

Inv
IInve
In
nvve
nveern
rnes
rrne
neess
Abe
Ab
Abeeerrdeen
b
INSIGHT: The UK has no Scotland
formal written constitution, Inn
In
nn
nne
n ne
n r
but a stable government system Hebr
ebr
eb
b r iid
d es
des
es Dund
Dun
und
un
nddee
Ob
Oba
O
Oban
ban
baaan
b n
based on Parliament, which Gla
Gl
G
Glas
la
llas
aassgo
go
gow
oww Edi
EEd
Edin
din
d
diinbur
in burg
b
buu
ur
urg
rrg
gh
originated as a check on royal
power in the 13th century Neew
Ne wcastle
Lon
Lon
Lo
ond
onddon
ond
onde
nd
nde
n derrr
de rry
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Sea Level Plym
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OCEAN
0 100 km English Channel

0 100 miles
348 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

United States of America

Stretching across the most temperate part of North
America, and with many natural resources, the US is
the world’s leading economic power and third-largest country.
C A N A D A

t
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s
GEOGRAPHY Ell Paaso
o
The US has a varied topography. M E X I C O
Forested mountains stretch from New
England in the far northeast, giving way CLIMATE
to lowlands and swamps in the extreme There are four main climatic zones.
south. The central plains are dominated The north and east are continental and
by the Mississippi–Missouri River system temperate, with heavy rainfall, warm
and the Great Lakes on the Canadian summers, and cold winters. Florida and
border. The Rocky Mountains in the west the Deep South are tropical and prone
contain active volcanoes and drop to the to hurricanes. The southwest is arid
coast across the earthquake-prone San desert, with searing summer heat and
Andreas Fault. The southwest is arid low rainfall. Southern California is
desert. Mountainous Alaska is mostly Mediterranean, with hot summers and
Arctic tundra. mild winters.
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 349

INSIGHT: The United States of America has

the world’s oldest constitution. Drafted in 1787,
it has operated continuously ever since, albeit with
numerous amendments

C A N A D A
NO
NOR
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t Eve
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dee
d
Gulf of Mexico
nde

Miami

3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 miles Sea Level
350 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

United States of America

INSIGHT: By law, the actual records
collected in a United States census
must remain confidential for 72 years

PEOPLE & SOCIETY THE ECONOMY

Although the demographic, World’s largest economy: well-
economic, and cultural dominance of established engineering and high-tech
White Americans is firmly entrenched industries, huge resource base, global
after over 400 years of settlement, the spread of US culture. Manufacturing is
ethnic balance of the country is shifting. in decline as jobs are lost to low-wage
Barack Obama, whose father was African, economies. The combination of tax
became the first non-White US president cuts, to boost consumer spending after
in 2009. The African-American the 2001 slowdown, and the rising
community, originally uprooted by the defense budget for the “war on terror”
slave trade, has a strong consciousness. drove the budget into a record deficit.
Less well organized socially but more Oil production was hit badly in 2005
numerous, and faster-growing, the by Hurricane Katrina, causing global
Hispanic community is predicted to price hikes. The “subprime” mortgage
number over 25% of the population by lending crisis of 2007 sent global stock
2050. Native Americans, dispossessed in markets plummeting. In 2008, Lehman
the 19th century, are now among the Brothers bank crashed spectacularly,
poorest people. Constitutionally, state while other giants in the financial sector
and religion are clearly separated. received huge bailouts. Further tax cuts
Conservative Christianity, however, is and billion-dollar spending packages in
increasingly dominant politically. Living 2009 attempted to lift the economy
standards are high, but bad diet and back out of recession, but the gaping
insufficient exercise have left over a budget deficit also needs to be
third of Americans obese. brought under control.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English, Spanish, other

OFFICIAL NAME: United States of America RELIGIONS: Protestant 52%, Catholic 25%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1776 other 19%, Muslim 2%, Jewish 2%
CAPITAL: Washington, D.C. ETHNIC MIX: White 62%, Hispanic 13%,
POPULATION: 315 million African American 13%, other 7%, Asian 4%,
TOTAL AREA: 3,717,792 sq. miles Native American 1%
(9,626,091 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 89 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 351
Uruguay
Situated in southeastern South America, Uruguay returned
to civilian government in 1985, after 12 years of military rule.
Most land is used for farming: Uruguay is a major wool exporter.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low, rolling grasslands cover 80% Exports wool, meat, hides, rice,
of the country. Narrow coastal plain. wood, soy. Rebounded from 1999–2002
Alluvial floodplain in southwest. Five economic crisis. Mineral potential.
rivers flow westward and drain into
the Uruguay River. INSIGHT: Uruguay’s rich pastures are
ideal for raising livestock; animal
CLIMATE products bring in over 40% of export earnings
Temperate throughout the
200m/656ft 0 100 km
country. Warm summers, mild winters, Sea Level
0 100 miles
and moderate rainfall.

y
ua
g
ru
U
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rivera
Uruguayans are largely second-or BRAZIL
third-generation Italians or Spaniards. Salto
TINA

Tacuarembó
Wealth derived from cattle ranching Embalse del
ARGEN

enabled the country to establish the Paysandú Río Negro Melo

Mirim
first welfare state in South America. Fray Bentos Paso de los Toros Lagoon
Despite economic decline since the Mercedes Treinta
y Tres
1950s, a large, if less prosperous, Trinidad
Colonia del
middle class remains. Though a Roman Sacramento San José de Mayo
Ri Rocha
Catholic country, Uruguay is liberal ve rPLas Piedras
late
in its attitude to religion and all forms Punta del Este
MONTEVIDEO A TLA NTIC O CEAN
are tolerated.

FACTFILE DENSITY: 50 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Eastern Republic LANGUAGES: Spanish*
of Uruguay RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 66%, other 30%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1828 Jewish 2%, Protestant 2%
CAPITAL: Montevideo ETHNIC MIX: White 90%, Mestizo 6%,
POPULATION: 3.36 million Black 4%
TOTAL AREA: 68,039 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(176,220 sq. km) CURRENCY: Urug. peso = 100 centésimos
352 ASIA

Uzbekistan
Sharing what is left of the Aral Sea with its neighbor,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan lies on the ancient Silk Road between
Asia and Europe. It is the most populous central Asian republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Arid and semiarid plains in much Highly regulated. Reserves of
of the west. Fertile, irrigated farmland in natural gas, oil, coal, gold (has one of the
the east lies below the peaks of the world’s largest gold mines), and other
western Pamirs. minerals. Cash crop is cotton: requires
much irrigation. Grain imports necessary.
CLIMATE
Harsh continental climate. INSIGHT: The Aral Sea has shrunk
Summers can be extremely hot and to just a tenth of its former size, due
dry; winters are cold. to diversion of rivers for irrigation

3000m/9843ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
Complex ethnic makeup. Aral
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Ex-Communists are in firm control, Sea
KAZAKHSTAN 200m/656ft
Sea Level
but traditional social patterns based
on clan, religion, and region have Nukus Kyzyl Kum
reemerged. Constitutional measures Tur an
KYRGY.
Lowland Chirchiq
aim to control the influence of Urganch A
TASHKENT Angren
m

Islam: activities against Islamists

uD

Aydarko'l Olmaliq Namangan

Ko'li
a ry a

TU
have drawn international RK
Navoiy Farg'ona
KYRGY.
condemnation. Most people live M Buxoro Samarqand
EN
in the fertile east. Birth rates are IS
TA Qarshi TAJIKISTAN

high, and the status of women 0 100 km N

continues to be low. 0 100 miles AFGHANISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Uzbek*, Russian, Tajik,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uzbekistan Kazakh
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 88%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Tashkent Christian 9%, other 3%
POPULATION: 27.5 million ETHNIC MIX: Uzbek 80%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 172,741 sq. miles Russian 6%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%
(447,400 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 159 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Som = 100 tiyin
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 353
Vanuatu
An archipelago of 82 islands and islets in the South
Pacific, Vanuatu was ruled jointly by the UK and France from 1906
until independence in 1980. Politics is democratic but volatile.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and volcanic, with Reliant on aid. Main export is copra;
coral beaches and dense rainforest. diversifying into beef, timber, kava.
Cultivated land along the coasts. Tourism. Offshore banking: rules
tightened after international pressure.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Temperatures and rainfall 0 100 km
Torres Islands
decline from north to south. 0 100 miles

Banks Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Espiritu P A C I F I C
Indigenous Melanesians form a Santo
Maéwo O C E A N
majority. Ni-Vanuatu culture is traditional; Luganville
Aoba

local social and religious customs are Pentecost

strong, despite centuries of missionary Norsup Ambrym
influence. Subsistence farming and Malekula Epi
fishing are the main activities. 80% C o r a l Shepherd Islands
of the population lives on the 12 main S e a
islands. Women have lower social PORT VILA
Efate
status than men and payment of
Erromango
bride-price is common.
Tanna
INSIGHT: With 105 indigenous tongues, 1000m/3281ft Isangel
Vanuatu has the world’s highest per 500m/1640ft Aneityum
200m/656ft
capita density of languages Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bislama*, English*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Vanuatu RELIGIONS: Presbyterian 37%, other 25%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980 Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%, traditional
CAPITAL: Port Vila beliefs 8%
POPULATION: 239,800 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian 98%, European 1%,
TOTAL AREA: 4710 sq. miles other 1%
(12,200 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 51 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Vatu = 100 centimes
354 EUROPE

Vatican City
The Vatican City, or Holy See, the seat of the Roman
Catholic Church, is a walled enclave in the Italian city of
Rome. It is the world’s smallest fully independent state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Vatican’s territory includes Investments and voluntary
10 other buildings in Rome, plus the papal contributions made by Catholics
residence. The Vatican Gardens cover half worldwide (known as Peter’s Pence) are
the City’s area. backed up by tourist revenue and the
issue of Vatican stamps and coins.
CLIMATE
Mild winters with regular rainfall. INSIGHT: The Vatican City is the
Hot, dry summers with occasional spiritual center for one in six of the
thunderstorms. world’s population
M ai n E nt r a n c e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Vatican has about 800 R OME Pi g na
permanent inhabitants, including over 100 C our t yar d
Vatican
lay persons. Thousands of lay staff are Museums
also employed. Citizenship can be
no

Be l ve de r e
Vatican
ca

C our t yar d
acquired through long-term residence
ti

Papal
Sistine Raphael
Va

Radio apartments
and holding a position within the City. Vatican Chapel Stanza
te
on

Gardens
M

The reigning pope has supreme Papal St. Peter's St Peter's

Basilica Square
legislative and judicial powers, and Heliport

holds office for life. Though the Vatican Vatican

Railway
City is officially neutral, papal opinion Station

has a great influence on the world’s 0 200 m ROME

1.1 billion Roman Catholics. 0 250 yds

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, Latin*

OFFICIAL NAME: State of the Vatican City RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 100%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1929 ETHNIC MIX: Cardinals are from many
CAPITAL: Vatican City nationalities, but Italians form the
POPULATION: 800 largest group. The current pope is
TOTAL AREA: 0.17 sq. miles from Germany.
(0.44 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Papal state
DENSITY: 4706 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 355
Venezuela
Lying on the southern shores of the Caribbean,
Venezuela was the first of Spain’s colonies to seek independence.
Despite large oil reserves, many Venezuelans still live in poverty.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Andes Mountains and the Oil accounts for 95% of exports.
Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest. Reserves of coal, gold, other minerals.
Central grassy plains are drained by the Nationalization program is enlarging the
Orinoco River system. Forested Guiana inefficient, corruption-prone state sector
Highlands in the southeast. and deterring foreign investors.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Venezuela’s Angel Falls is the

Tropical. Hot and humid. Uplands world’s tallest waterfall, with a total
are cooler. Orinoco plains are alternately drop of 3210 ft (979 m)
parched or flooded. 0 200 km
0 200 miles
Caribbean Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Maracay
Venezuela is historically a “melting Maracaibo Valencia CARACAS
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Cabimas Cumaná
pot,” with immigrants from Europe and Lago de
Barquisimeto Barcelona
Maracaibo
all over Latin America. The few o s
Barinas a n Ciudad
indigenous Amerindians live in remote San L
l
c o Ciudad Guayana
Cristóbal no
areas. Venezuela has one of the most Bolívar Angel Falls
i
Or

M et a
urbanized societies in the region, with nds
GUYANA
COLOMBIA ighla
most of its population living in the aH
ian
Gu
northern cities. President Chávez’s left- Or
in
2000m/6562ft oc BRAZIL
wing rhetoric raises opposition within 1000m/3281ft
o

Venezuela from urban society, and 500m/1640ft

200m/656ft
Equator
from the US. Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 84 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Bolivarian Republic LANGUAGES: Spanish*, native languages
of Venezuela RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830 Protestant and other 11%
CAPITAL: Caracas ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 69%, White 20%,
POPULATION: 28.6 million Black 9%, Amerindian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 352,143 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(912,050 sq. km) CURRENCY: Bolívar fuerte = 100 céntimos
356 ASIA

Vietnam
French rule of Vietnam ended in 1954. Divided at 17°N,
the US-backed South fought the Communist North. Reunified
after the North’s 1975 victory, it is run as a single-party state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A heavily forested mountain range Liberal economic policy (doi moi)
separates the northern Red River delta from 1986: now one of fastest-growing
lowlands from the Mekong Delta in economies. Major rice exporter. Cheap
the south. labor. Strong manufacturing: textiles,
electrical goods. Diverse resource base.
CLIMATE
Cool winters in north; south is C H I N A

tropical, with even temperatures. Red River

LAOS HANOI Hông Gai

PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Nam Ãinh Hai Phong
Ethnic Vietnamese dominate; the
Gulf
Chinese minority was viewed as a corrupt 0 100 km
Vinh of
Tongking
bourgeoisie by the victorious 0 100 miles

Communists after the war. Mountain- 2000m/6562ft Huê

based minorities (montagnards) were 1000m/3281ft South
500m/1640ft Ãa Nâng China
also sidelined; tensions persist over the 200m/656ft Sea
settling of highlands by lowlanders. Sea Level
CAMBODIA Quy Nhòn
Women play an active role in society.
There is no political or press freedom. Mekong Nha Trang
Ãa Lat
Long Xuyên Hô Chi Minh
INSIGHT: Intense US bombing and Gulf Vung Tau
Cân Thò Mekong
of
defoliant spraying in the 1962–1975 Thailand Delta
Vietnam War has scarred the landscape

FACTFILE DENSITY: 701 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Socialist Republic LANGUAGES: Vietnamese*, Chinese, other
of Vietnam RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 81%, Buddhist 9%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976 Christian 7%, other 3%
CAPITAL: Hanoi ETHNIC MIX: Vietnamese 86%, other 10%,
POPULATION: 88.1 million Tay 2%, Thai 2%
TOTAL AREA: 127,243 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: One-party state
(329,560 sq. km) CURRENCY: Dông = 10 hao = 100 xu
 ASIA 357
Yemen
Located in southern Arabia, Yemen was formerly two
countries: the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (south and
east) and the Yemen Arab Republic (northwest) were united in 1990.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous west with a fertile Instability deters investment.
strip along the Red Sea. Arid desert and Considerable oil and natural gas reserves.
mountains elsewhere. Agriculture is the largest employer: qat
(mild narcotic), coffee, and cotton.
CLIMATE
Desert climate, modified by INSIGHT: Mokha, on the Red Sea,
altitude, which affects temperatures by gave its name to the first coffee beans
as much as 54°F (30°C). exported to Europe in the 1600s

3000m/9843ft 0 100 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
0 100 miles
Almost entirely of Arab and 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Bedouin descent, most Yemenis are Sunni 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Muslims, of the Shafi sect. In rural and
OMAN
northern areas, tribalism and Islamic
SAUDI ARABIA
orthodoxy are strong and most
women wear the veil. Tension A r R u b ' a l K h á l í
continues between the south, led Say’ún
by cosmopolitan Aden, and the SANA Sayíút
more conservative north, though Red Al Íudaydah t Ash Shiír
aw
political opposition is now Sea Bayt al Faqíh ra
m Al Mukallá
Íaç
primarily from Islamists. Foreigners Ta‘izz
Al Mukhá ‘Adan Suqu√rá
are subject to sporadic attacks (Mokha) (Aden) ‘Abd al Kúri
Gulf of Aden
and kidnappings.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Yemen RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 55%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1990 Shi’a Muslim 42%, Christian, Hindu,
CAPITAL: Sana and Jewish 3%
POPULATION: 23.6 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 99%, Afro-Arab, Indian,
TOTAL AREA: 203,849 sq. miles Somali, and European 1%
(527,970 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 108 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yemeni rial = 100 fils
358 AFRICA

Zambia
Bordered to the south by the Zambezi River, Zambia lies
at the heart of southern Africa. In 1991, it made a peaceful
transition from single-party rule to multiparty democracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high savanna plateau, broken by Copper: output has risen since
mountains in northeast. Vegetation 2000, when decades of falling global
mainly trees and scrub. prices ended. New agricultural exports,
notably flowers. Debt relief.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with three seasons: cool INSIGHT: Spray from Musi-o-Tunya
and dry, hot and dry, and wet. Southwest (Victoria Falls) can be seen up to
is prone to drought. 20 miles (35 km) away

TANZANIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
L. Tanganyika

There are more than 70 different 200m/656ft L. Mweru

ethnic groups, but there are fewer DEM. REP. Kasama
CONGO

A W I
tensions than in many African states. Mansa
Major groups are the Bemba (in the
Mufulira

A L
northeast), Tonga (south), Nyanja (east), ANGOLA Chingola
Ndola
Kitwe
and Lozi (west). There are also thousands

M
Luanshya Chipata
of refugees, mostly from the DRC and Kabwe
Angola. A National Gender Policy was Mongu LUSAKA MOZAMBIQUE
issued in 2000 to redress inequalities
Zam

Monze Lake
between the sexes. The standard of Choma Kariba
be

i
z

living has fallen in real terms since NAMIBIA

Livingstone ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA Victoria
independence. One in seven adults Falls 0 200 km
is infected with HIV/AIDS. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia Lala-bisa, Nsenga, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 RELIGIONS: Christian 63%, traditional
CAPITAL: Lusaka beliefs 36%, Muslim and Hindu 1%
POPULATION: 12.9 million ETHNIC MIX: Bemba 34%, other 27%,
TOTAL AREA: 290,584 sq. miles Tonga 16%, Nyanja 14%, Lozi 9%
(752,614 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 45 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Zamb. kwacha = 100 ngwee
 AFRICA 359
Zimbabwe
Situated in southern Africa, Zimbabwe achieved
independence from the UK in 1980. President Robert Mugabe,
in power since then, has become increasingly authoritarian.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High plateaus in center bordered by Undermined by mismanagement,
Zambezi River in the north and Limpopo corruption, and international isolation.
in the south. Rivers crisscross central area. High unemployment. Hyperinflation.
Stabilization could cost US$45 billion.
CLIMATE
Tropical, though moderated by the INSIGHT: The ruins of the
high altitude. Wet season November– 1000-year-old city of Great
March. Drought is common in the Zimbabwe, after which the country is
eastern highlands. named, are near modern-day Masvingo
0 100 km bezi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Zam MOZAMBIQUE
0 100 miles
Two main ethnic groups: Shona Kariba
ZAMBIA Kariba
in the north and east, and Ndebele in Dam
IA

the south. Shona outnumber Ndebele Lake Kariba HARARE

IB

Zamb e zi
M

Kadoma Chitungwiza
NA

by four to one. Whites are generally Victoria Falls

Victoria Marondera
Hwange
far more affluent than Blacks. Official Falls Kwekwe
Mutare
efforts to redress this imbalance Gweru
Bulawayo Masvingo
(such as land redistribution) have
Matopos
become increasingly aggressive. BOTSWANA
The political opposition to Mugabe
2000m/6562ft
joined him in a fractious unity 1000m/3281ft Limp
opo
government from 2009 in an 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft SOUTH
attempt to rebuild the country. Sea Level AFRICA

FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Syncretic 50%, Christian 25%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zimbabwe traditional beliefs 24%, other 1%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980 ETHNIC MIX: Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%,
CAPITAL: Harare other African 11%, White 1%, Asian 1%
POPULATION: 12.5 million GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
TOTAL AREA: 150,803 sq. miles (390,580 sq. km) CURRENCY: Zimbabwe dollar suspended
DENSITY: 84 people per sq. mile in 2009; US dollar and South African rand
LANGUAGES: Shona, isiNdebele, English* legal tender
360
Overseas territories
Despite the rapid process of global decolonization since World War II, around
eight million people in more than 50 territories around the world continue to
live under the protection of France, Australia, Denmark, the Netherlands,
Norway, New Zealand, the UK, or the USA. These remnants of former colonial
empires may have persisted for economic, strategic, or political reasons and are
administered by the protecting country in a variety of ways.
AUSTRALIA Coral Sea Islands Ref: 126 B4
Australia’s overseas territories have not STATUS: External territory
been an issue since Papua New Guinea CLAIMED: 1969
became independent in 1975. Consequently CAPITAL : Not applicable
there is no overriding policy toward them. POPULATION : 8 (Meteorologists)
Norfolk Island is inhabited by descendants AREA : 1.2 sq miles (3 sq km)
of the HMS Bounty mutineers and more
recent Australian migrants. Phosphate is Heard & McDonald Is. Ref: 123 C7
mined on Christmas Island. STATUS: External territory
CLAIMED: 1947
Ashmore & Cartier Is. Ref: 124 A3 CAPITAL : Not applicable
STATUS: External POPULATION : None
territory AREA : 161 sq miles (417 sq km)
CLAIMED: 1931
CAPITAL : Not applicable Norfolk Island Ref: 124 D4
POPULATION : None STATUS: External territory
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km) CLAIMED: 1774
CAPITAL : Kingston
Christmas Island Ref: 123 E5 POPULATION : 2100
STATUS: External territory AREA : 13 sq miles (34 sq km)
CLAIMED: 1958
CAPITAL : The Settlement
POPULATION : 1400 DENMARK
AREA : 52 sq miles (135 sq km) The Faeroe Islands have been under Danish
administration since Queen Margreth I of
Cocos Islands Ref: 123 D5 Denmark inherited Norway in 1380. The
STATUS: External territory Home Rule Act of 1948 gave the Faeroese
CLAIMED: 1955 control over all their internal affairs.
CAPITAL : Not applicable Greenland first came under Danish rule
POPULATION : 574 in 1380. Denmark remains responsible for
AREA : 5.5 sq miles (14 sq km) the island’s foreign affairs.
 361
Overseas territories
Faeroe Islands Ref: 65 F5 French Polynesia Ref: 127 H4
STATUS: External territory STATUS: Overseas country
CLAIMED: 1380 CLAIMED: 1843
CAPITAL : Tórshavn CAPITAL : Papeete
POPULATION : 49,000 POPULATION : 264,000
AREA : 540 sq miles (1399 sq km) AREA : 1608 sq miles (4165 sq km)

Greenland Ref: 64 D3 Guadeloupe Ref: 37 G4

STATUS: External territory STATUS: Overseas department
CLAIMED: 1380 CLAIMED: 1635
CAPITAL : Nuuk CAPITAL : Basse-Terre
POPULATION : 57,500 POPULATION : 441,000
AREA : 836,109 sq miles (2,166,086 sq km) AREA : 687 sq miles (1780 sq km)
Martinique Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Overseas department
FRANCE CLAIMED: 1635
France has developed economic ties CAPITAL : Fort-de-France
with its Territoires d’Outre–Mer, thereby POPULATION : 402,000
stressing interdependence over AREA : 425 sq miles (1100 sq km)
independence. Overseas départements,
officially part of France, have their own Mayotte Ref: 61 G2
STATUS: Territorial collectivity
governments. Territorial collectivités
and overseas territoires have varying CLAIMED: 1843
degrees of autonomy. CAPITAL : Mamoudzou
POPULATION : 194,000
Clipperton Island Ref: 135 F3 AREA : 144 sq miles (374 sq km)
STATUS: Dependency of French New Caledonia Ref: 126 D5
Polynesia STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1935 CLAIMED: 1853
CAPITAL : Not applicable CAPITAL : Nouméa
POPULATION : None POPULATION : 249,000
AREA : 3.4 sq miles (9 sq km) AREA : 7347 sq miles (19,100 sq km)

French Guiana Ref: 41 H3 Réunion Ref: 61 H4

STATUS: Overseas department STATUS: Overseas department
CLAIMED: 1817 CLAIMED: 1638
CAPITAL : Cayenne CAPITAL : Saint-Denis
POPULATION : 221,500 POPULATION : 827,000
AREA : 35,135 sq miles (91,000 sq km) AREA : 970 sq miles (2500 sq km)
362
Overseas territories
St Pierre & Miquelon Ref: 21 G4 NEW ZEALAND
STATUS: Territorial collectivity New Zealand’s government has
CLAIMED: 1604 no desire to retain any overseas
CAPITAL : Saint-Pierre territories. However, the economic
POPULATION : 6125 weakness of Tokelau, Niue, and
AREA : 93 sq miles (242 sq km) the Cook Islands has forced it to
remain responsible for their foreign
Wallis & Futuna Ref: 127 E4 policy and defense.
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1842 Cook Islands Ref: 127 G4
CAPITAL : Mata‘Utu STATUS : Associated
POPULATION : 13,484 territory
AREA : 106 sq miles (274 sq km) CLAIMED: 1901
CAPITAL : Avarua
POPULATION : 19,500
NETHERLANDS AREA : 91 sq miles (235 sq km)
The country’s two remaining territories
were formerly part of the Dutch West Niue Ref: 127 F5
Indies. Both are now self-governing, but STATUS: Associated
the Netherlands remains responsible territory
for their defense. CLAIMED: 1901
CAPITAL : Alofi
Aruba Ref: 37 E5 POPULATION : 1400
STATUS: Autonomous AREA : 102 sq miles (264 sq km)
part of the Netherlands
CLAIMED: 1634 Tokelau Ref: 127 F3
CAPITAL : Oranjestad STATUS: Dependent territory
POPULATION : 103,000 CLAIMED: 1926
AREA : 75 sq miles (194 sq km) CAPITAL : Not applicable
POPULATION : 1400
Netherlands Antilles Ref: 37 E5 AREA : 4 sq miles (10 sq km)
STATUS: Autonomous
part of the Netherlands
CLAIMED: 1816 NORWAY
CAPITAL : Willemstad In 1920, 41 nations signed the Spitsbergen
POPULATION : 184,000 treaty recognizing Norwegian sovereignty
AREA : 371 sq miles (960 sq km) over Svalbard. There is a NATO base on Jan
Mayen. Bouvet Island is a nature reserve.
 363
Overseas territories
Bouvet Island Ref: 49 D7 Ascension Island Ref: 49 C5
STATUS: Dependency STATUS : Dependency of St Helena
CLAIMED: 1928 CLAIMED : 1673
CAPITAL : Not applicable CAPITAL : Georgetown
POPULATION : None POPULATION : 940
AREA : 22 sq miles (58 sq km) AREA : 34 sq miles (88 sq km)

Jan Mayen Ref: 65 F3 Bermuda Ref: 17 E6

STATUS: Dependency STATUS: Crown colony
CLAIMED: 1929 CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Not applicable CAPITAL : Hamilton
POPULATION : 18 (Meteorologists) POPULATION : 67,800
AREA : 147 sq miles (381 sq km) AREA : 20 sq miles (53 sq km)

Peter I. Island Ref: 136 A3 British Indian Ocean Territory

STATUS: Dependency Ref: 122 C4
STATUS: Dependent territory
CLAIMED: 1931
CLAIMED: 1814
CAPITAL : Not applicable
CAPITAL : Diego Garcia
POPULATION : None
POPULATION : 4000
AREA : 69 sq miles (180 sq km)
AREA : 23 sq miles (60 sq km)
Svalbard Ref: 65 F2
British Virgin Is. Ref: 37 F3
STATUS: Dependency
STATUS: Dependent territory
CLAIMED: 1920
CLAIMED: 1672
CAPITAL : Longyearbyen CAPITAL : Road Town
POPULATION : 2100 POPULATION : 22,000
AREA : 24,289 sq miles (62,906 sq km) AREA : 59 sq miles (153 sq km)
Cayman Islands Ref: 36 B3
UNITED KINGDOM STATUS: Dependent territory
The UK has the largest number of CLAIMED: 1670
overseas territories. These are locally CAPITAL : George Town
governed by a mixture of elected POPULATION : 52,000
representatives and appointed officials. AREA : 100 sq miles (259 sq km)
Anguilla Ref: 37 G3 Falkland Islands Ref: 47 D7
STATUS: Dependent territory STATUS: Dependent territory
CLAIMED: 1650 CLAIMED: 1832
CAPITAL : The Valley CAPITAL : Stanley
POPULATION : 13,477 POPULATION : 3100
AREA : 37 sq miles (96 sq km) AREA : 4699 sq miles (12,173 sq km)
364
Overseas territories
Gibraltar Ref: 74 D5 Saint Helena Ref: 49 D5
STATUS: Crown colony STATUS : Dependent territory
CLAIMED: 1713 CLAIMED: 1673
CAPITAL : Gibraltar CAPITAL : Jamestown
POPULATION : 28,800 POPULATION : 4299
AREA : 2.5 sq miles (6.5 sq km) AREA : 47 sq miles (122 sq km)

Guernsey Ref: 71 D8 South Georgia & The

STATUS: Crown dependency Sandwich Islands Ref: 49 C7
CLAIMED: 1066 STATUS: Dependent territory
CAPITAL : St. Peter Port CLAIMED: 1775
POPULATION : 65,500 CAPITAL : Not applicable
AREA : 25 sq miles (65 sq km) POPULATION : None
AREA : 1387 sq miles (3592 sq km)
Isle of Man Ref: 71 C5
STATUS: Crown dependency Tristan da Cunha Ref: 49 D6
CLAIMED: 1765 STATUS: Dependency of St. Helena
CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Douglas
CAPITAL : Edinburgh
POPULATION : 76,500
POPULATION : 270
AREA : 221 sq miles (572 sq km)
AREA : 38 sq miles (98 sq km)
Jersey Ref: 71 D8
Turks & Caicos Islands Ref: 37 E2
STATUS: Crown dependency
STATUS : Dependent territory
CLAIMED: 1066
CLAIMED : 1766
CAPITAL : St. Helier
CAPITAL : Cockburn Town
POPULATION : 91,600
POPULATION : 36,600
AREA : 45 sq miles (116 sq km)
AREA : 166 sq miles (430 sq km)
Montserrat Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Dependent UNITED STATES
territory US Commonwealth territories are
CLAIMED: 1632 self-governing incorporated territories that
CAPITAL : Plymouth (uninhabitable) are an integral part of the US. Unincorporated
POPULATION : 4500 territories have varying degrees of autonomy.
AREA : 40 sq miles (102 sq km)
American Samoa Ref: 127 F4
Pitcairn Islands Ref: 125 G4 STATUS : Unincorporated
STATUS: Dependent territory territory
CLAIMED: 1887 CLAIMED : 1900
CAPITAL : Adamstown CAPITAL : Pago Pago
POPULATION : 45 POPULATION : 65,600
AREA : 18 sq miles (47 sq km) AREA : 75 sq miles (195 sq km)
 365
Overseas territories
Baker & Howland Islands Ref: 127 E2 Navassa Island Ref: 36 D3
STATUS: Unincorporated territory STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CAPITAL : Not applicable CLAIMED: 1856
CLAIMED: 1856 CAPITAL : Not applicable
POPULATION : None POPULATION : None
AREA : 0.5 sq miles (1.4 sq km) AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)

Guam Ref: 126 B1 Northern Mariana Islands Ref: 124 C1

STATUS: Commonwealth
STATUS: Unincorporated
territory territory
CLAIMED: 1947
CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL : Saipan
CAPITAL : Hagåtña
POPULATION : 86,600
POPULATION : 178,000 AREA : 177 sq miles (457 sq km)
AREA : 212 sq miles (549 sq km)
Palmyra Atoll Ref: 127 G2
Jarvis Island Ref: 127 G2 STATUS: Unincorporated territory
STATUS: Unincorporated territory CLAIMED: 1898
CLAIMED: 1856 CAPITAL : Not applicable
CAPITAL : Not applicable POPULATION : None
POPULATION : None AREA : 5 sq miles (12 sq km)
AREA : 1.7 sq miles (4.5 sq km) Puerto Rico Ref: 37 F3
Johnston Atoll Ref: 125 E1 STATUS : Commonwealth
STATUS: Unincorporated territory territory
CLAIMED: 1858 CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL : Not applicable CAPITAL : San Juan
POPULATION : None POPULATION : 4 million
AREA : 1 sq mile (2.8 sq km) AREA : 3515 sq miles (9104 sq km)

Kingman Reef Ref: 127 F2 Virgin Islands Ref: 37 F3

STATUS: Unincorporated
STATUS: Administered territory
territory
CLAIMED: 1856
CLAIMED: 1917
CAPITAL : Not applicable
CAPITAL : Charlotte Amalie
POPULATION : None POPULATION : 108,500
AREA : 0.4 sq miles (1 sq km) AREA : 137 sq miles (355 sq km)
Midway Islands Ref: 134 D2 Wake Island Ref: 124 D1
STATUS: Administered territory STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1867 CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL : Not applicable CAPITAL : Not applicable
POPULATION : None POPULATION : 200
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km) AREA : 2.5 sq miles (6.5 sq km)
366
International organizations
This listing provides acronym definitions for the main international organizations
concerned with worldwide economics, trade, and defense, plus an indication
of membership.

ASEAN IMF International Monetary Fund

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (UN agency)
ESTABLISHED : 1967 ESTABLISHED : 1945
MEMBERS : Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, MEMBERS : 186
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
CIS ESTABLISHED : 1994
Commonwealth of Independent States MEMBERS : Canada, Mexico, US
ESTABLISHED : 1991
MEMBERS : Arm., Az., Belarus, Kaz., Kyrgy., NATO
Mold., Russia, Tajik., Turkmen.*, Ukraine*, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Uzbek. *Unofficial members ESTABLISHED : 1949
MEMBERS : Albania, Belg., Bulg., Canada,
COMM The Commonwealth of Nations Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., France,
ESTABLISHED : 1931; evolved out of the
Ger., Greece, Hung., Iceland, Italy, Lat., Lith.,
Lux., Neth., Norway, Poland, Port., Rom.,
British Empire. Formerly known as the
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
British Commonwealth of Nations.
MEMBERS : 53
OPEC Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
EU European Union ESTABLISHED : 1960
ESTABLISHED : 1965; formerly known as EEC
MEMBERS : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran,
(European Economic Community) and EC Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
(Economic Community) Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
MEMBERS : Austria, Belg., Bulg., Cyprus,
Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., Fin., Fr., Ger., UN United Nations
Greece, Hung., Ireland, Italy, Lat., Lith., Lux., ESTABLISHED : 1945
Malta, Neth., Pol., Port., Rom., Slvka., Slvna., MEMBERS : 192; all nations are represented,
Spain, Swed., UK except Taiwan. The Vatican City has
“observer status” only.
G8 Group of 8
ESTABLISHED : 1994 WTO World Trade Organization
MEMBERS : Canada, France, Germany, Italy, ESTABLISHED : 1995
Japan, Russia, UK, US MEMBERS : 153
 367
Abbreviations
This glossary provides a Geo. Georgia R. River, Rio, Río
comprehensive guide to Geor. Georgian Res. Reservoir
Ger. Germany/German Rom. Romania/Romanian
the abbreviations used in Gk. Greek Rus. Russian
this atlas. Russ. Fed. Russian Federation
Heb. Hebrew
Hung. Hungary/Hungarian S South
abbrev. abbreviation S. Korea South Korea
Afgh. Afghanistan I. Island SA South Africa
Amh. Amharic Ind. Indonesia, Indonesian SCr. Serbian and Croatian
anc. ancient Is. Islands Serb. Serbia
Ar. Arabic It. Italian Slvka. Slovakia
Arm. Armenia/Armenian Slvna. Slovenia
Aus. Austria Kaz. Kazakhstan/Kazakh Som. Somali
Aust. Australia Kep. Kepulauan (Ind. island Sp. Spanish
Az. Azerbaijan group) St, St. Saint
Kir. Kirghiz Str. Strait
Bas. Basque Kor. Korean Swed. Swedish
Bel. Belorussian Kos. Kosovo Switz. Switzerland
Belg. Belgium/Belgian Kurd. Kurdish
Bos. & Herz. Bosnia & Kyrgy. Kyrgyzstan Tajik. Tajikistan
Herzegovina Th. Thai
Bul. Bulgarian L. Lake, Lago Turk. Turkish
Bulg. Bulgaria Lat. Latvia Turkm. Turkmen
Bur. Burmese Latv. Latvian Turkmen. Turkmenistan
Leb. Lebanon
C Central Liech. Liechtenstein U.A.E. United Arab Emirates
C. Cape Lith. Lithuania/Lithuanian UK United Kingdom
Cam. Cambodian Lux. Luxembourg Ukr. Ukrainian
Cast. Castilian Urug. Uruguayan
Chin. Chinese Mac. Macedonia US United States of America
Cord. Cordillera (Sp. mts.) Med. Sea Mediterranean Sea Uzb. Uzbek
Cz. Czech Mon. Montenegro Uzbek. Uzbekistan
Czech Rep. Czech Republic Mold. Moldova
Mt. Mount/Mountain var. variant
D.C. District of Columbia Mts. Mountains Vdkhr. Vodokhranilishche
Dan. Danish (Rus. reservoir)
Dominican Rep. Dominican N North Vdskh. Vodoskhovyshche
Republic N. Korea North Korea (Ukr. reservoir)
Neth. Netherlands Ven. Venezuela
E East NW Northwest
Emb. Embalse NZ New Zealand W West
Eng. English W. Sahara Western Sahara
Eq. Guinea Equatorial Guinea P. Pulau (Ind. island) Wel. Welsh
Est. Estonia/Estonian Peg. Pegunungan (Ind.
mountain range) Yugo. Yugoslavia
Faer. Faeroese Per. Persian
Fin. Finland/Finnish Pol. Poland/Polish Zamb. Zambian
Flem. Flemish Port. Portugal, Portuguese
Fr. France/French prev. previously
368
Aabenraa — Albany

Adapazarı Turkey var. Sakarya Aïr, Massif de l’ region Niger

A 98 B2
Ad Dahná· desert Saudi Arabia
57 G2
Aix-en-Provence France
Aabenraa Denmark 67 A8 103 C5 73 D6
Aachen Germany 76 A4 Ad Dakhla Western Sahara Ajaccio Corse, France 73 E7
52 A4 Ajdábiyá Libya 53 G2
Aalborg Denmark 67 B7
Ad Dawíah see Doha Ajmer India 116 D3
Aalst Belgium 69 B5
Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopia Akaba see Al ¶Aqabah
Aba Nigeria 57 G5 Amh. Ádís Ábeba 55 C5
Ábádán Iran 102 C4 Akchâr desert Mauritania
Adelaide Australia 131 B6 56 C2
Abadan Turkmenistan prev. Adélie, Terre d· territory
Bezmein, Büzmeÿin Akimiski Island island Canada
Antarctica 136 C4 20 C3
104 B3
Aden see ¶Adan Akita Japan 112 D3
Abashiri Japan 112 D2
Aden, Gulf of sea feature Akjoujt Mauritania 56 C2
Abéché Chad 58 D3 Indian Ocean 122 A3
Aberdeen Scotland, UK 70 D3 Akmola see Astana
Adige river Italy 78 C2
Aberdeen South Dakota, USA Akmolinsk see Astana
Ádís Ábeba see Addis Ababa
25 E2 Akpatok Island island Canada
Adıyaman Turkey 99 E4 21 E1
Aberdeen Washington, USA Adriatic Sea Mediterranean
26 A2 Akra Kanestron see Palioúri,
Sea 78 D4 Akrotírio
Aberystwyth Wales, UK 71 C6 Aegean Sea Mediterranean
Abhá Saudi Arabia 103 B6 Akron Ohio, USA 22 D3
Sea Gk. Aigaío Pélagos, Turk.
Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire 56 D5 Ege Denizi 87 D5 Aksai Chin disputed region
China/India 108 B4
Abilene Texas, USA 29 F3 Aeolian Islands see Isole Eolie
Aktau Kazakhstan prev.
Abomey Benin 57 F4 Afghanistan country C Asia Shevchenko 96 A4
Abu Dhabi capital of United 104-105
Akureyri Iceland 65 E4
Arab Emirates var. Abú ±aby Africa 50-51
103 D5 Africa, Horn of physical region Akyab see Sittwe
Abuja capital of Nigeria Ethiopia/Somalia 122 A3 Alabama state USA 30 D3
57 G4 Afyon Turkey prev. Alacant see Alicante
Abú ±aby see Abu Dhabi Afyonkarahisar 98 B3 Alajuela Costa Rica 34 D4
Acapulco Mexico 33 E5 Afyonkarahisar see Afyon Alamogordo New Mexico, USA
Acarai Mountains mountain Agadez Niger 57 G3 28 D3
range Brazil/Guyana 41 F3 Agadir Morocco 52 B2 Åland island group Finland Fin.
Acarigua Venezuela 40 D1 Agassiz Fracture Zone tectonic Ahvenanmaa 67 D6
Accra capital of Ghana 57 E5 feature Pacific Ocean Al ¶Aqabah Jordan var. Akaba
135 E4 101 B7
Acklins Island island Bahamas
36 D2 Agen France 73 B6 Alaska state USA 18
Aconcagua, Cerro peak Ágra India 116 D3 Alaska, Gulf of sea feature
Argentina 46 B4 Agrigento Italy 79 C7 Pacific Ocean 16 C3
A Coruña Spain Cast. La Agrínio Greece 87 B5 Alaska Range mountain range
Coruña 74 C1 Aguarico river Ecuador/Peru Alaska, USA 18 C3
ACT see Australian Capital 40 B4 Albacete Spain 75 E3
Territory Aguascalientes Mexico 32 D4 Alba Iulia Romania 90 B4
Adalia see Antalya Ahaggar mountains Algeria Albania country SE Europe 83
Adalia, Gulf of see Antalya var. Hoggar 53 E4 Albany Australia 129 B7
Körfezi Ahmadábád India 116 C4 Albany Georgia, USA 31 E3
¶Adan Yemen Eng. Aden Ahváz Iran 102 C4 Albany New York, USA
103 B7 Ahvenanmaa see Åland 23 F3
Adana Turkey var. Seyhan Aigaío Pélagos see Aegean Sea Albany Oregon, USA 26 A3
98 D4 Aintab see Gaziantep Albany river Canada 20 B3
 369
Al Ba§rah — Ammassalik

Al Ba§rah Iraq var. Basra Al Iskandaríyah Egypt Eng. Altar, Desierto de Desert
102 C4 Alexandria 54 B1 Mexico/USA var. Sonoran
Al Bayçá· Libya 53 G2 Al Ismá¶ílíya Egypt Eng. Ismalia Desert 32 A1
Albert, Lake lake Uganda/Dem. 54 B1 Altay China 108 C2
Rep. Congo 59 E5 Al Jawf Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Altay Mongolia 108 D2
Alberta province Canada 19 E4 Al Jazírah region Iraq/Syria Altun Shan mountain range
Albi France 73 C6 100 E2 China 108 C3
Albuquerque New Mexico, USA Al Jízah Egypt var. El Gîza 54 B1 Alturas California, USA 26 B4
28 D2 Al Karak Jordan 101 B6 Al Uq∞ur Egypt Eng. Luxor
Alcácer do Sal Portugal 74 C4 Al Khalíl see Hebron 54 B2
Aldabra Group island group Al Khárijah Egypt var. Alytus Lithuania Pol. Olita
Seychelles 61 G2 El Khârga 54 B2 89 B5
Aleg Mauritania 56 C3 Al Khums Libya 53 F2 Amadeus, Lake seasonal lake
Aleksandriya see Oleksandriya Al Khur√úm see Khartoum Australia 129 E5
Aleksandropol· see Gyumri Alkmaar Netherlands 68 C2 Amakusa-nada island group
Al Kufrah Libya 53 H4 Japan 113 A6
Aleksinac Serbia 82 E4
Al Ládhiqíyah Syria Eng. Amami-Ó-shima island Japan
Alençon France 72 B3 113 A8
Alessandria Italy 78 B2 Latakia 100 B3
Allahábád India 117 E4 Amarillo Texas, USA 29 E2
Ålesund Norway 67 A5 Amazon river South America
Aleutian Basin undersea Allenstein see Olsztyn
38 C3
feature Bering Sea 134 D1 Allentown Pennsylvania, USA
23 F4 Amazon Basin region C South
Aleutian Islands islands Alaska, America 42 D2
USA 18 A3 Alma-Ata capital of Kazakhstan
Rus./Kaz. Almaty 96 C5 Ambanja Madagascar 61 G2
Aleutian Trench undersea Ambarchik Russian Federation
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1 Al Madínah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Medina 102 A5 97 G2
Alexander Island island
Al Mafraq Jordan 101 B5 Ambato Ecuador 40 A4
Antarctica 136 A3
Almalyk Uzbekistan Uzb. Amboasary Madagascar 61 F4
Alexandra New Zealand133 B7
Alexandretta see ƒskenderun Olmaliq 105 E2 Ambon Indonesia 121 F4
Alexandria see Al Iskandaríyah Al Manámah see Manama Ambositra Madagascar 61 G3
Alexandria Louisiana, USA Al Marj Libya 53 G2 Ambriz Angola 60 B1
30 B3 Almaty see Alma-Ata Amdo China 108 C4
Alexandroúpoli Greece 86 D3 Al Maw§il Iraq Eng. Mosul Ameland island Netherlands
102 B3 68 D1
Al Fáshir see El Fasher
Almelo Netherlands 68 E3 American Falls Reservoir
Alföld see Great Hungarian Reservoir Idaho, USA 26 E4
Plain Almería Spain 75 E5
American Samoa external
Algarve region Portugal 74 C4 Al Minyá Egypt 54 B2 territory USA, Pacific Ocean
Algeciras Spain 74 D5 Al Mukallá Yemen 103 C7 127 F4
Algeria country N Africa Alofi capital of Niue 127 F5 Amersfoort Netherlands 68 D3
52-53 Alor, Kepulauan island group Amga river Russian Federation
Alghero Italy 79 A5 Indonesia 121 E5 95 F2
Algiers capital of Algeria Alps mountain range C Europe Amiens France 72 C3
52 D1 62 D4 Amíndívi Islands island group
Al Íasakah Syria 100 D2 Al Qáhirah see Cairo India 114 C2
Al Íudaydah Yemen 103 B7 Al Qámishlí Syria var. Kamishli Amirante Islands island group
Al Hufúf Saudi Arabia 103 C5 100 E1 Seychelles 61 H1
Alicante Spain Cat. Alacant Al Qunay√irah Syria 100 B4 Amman capital of Jordan
75 F4 Altai Mountains mountain 101 B5
Alice Springs Australia range C Asia 108 C2 Ammassalik Greenland var.
130 A4 Altamura Italy 79 E5 Angmagssalik 64 D4
370
Ammochostos — Arad

Ammochostos see Gazimaêusa Angeles Philippines 121 E1 Anticosti, Île d· island Canada
Ámol Iran 102 C3 Ángel, Salto waterfall 21 F3
Amorgós island Greece 87 D6 Venezuela Eng. Angel Falls Antigua island Antigua &
Amritsar India 116 D2 41 F2 Barbuda 37 G3
Amsterdam capital of Ångermanälven river Sweden Antigua & Barbuda country
Netherlands 68 C3 66 C4 West Indies 37
Amsterdam Island island Angers France 72 B4 Anti-Lebanon mountains
French Southern and Anglesey island Wales, UK Lebanon/Syria 100 B4
Antarctic Territories 123 C6 71 C5 Antipodes Islands island group
Am Timan Chad 58 C3 Angmagssalik see Ammassalik New Zealand124 D5
Amu Darya river C Asia 104 D3 Angola country C Africa 60 Antofagasta Chile 46 B2
Amundsen Gulf sea feature Angola Basin undersea feature Antsiraùana Madagascar
Canada 19 E2 Atlantic Ocean 49 D6 61 G2
Amundsen Plain undersea Angora see Ankara Antsohihy Madagascar 61 G2
feature Pacific Ocean 136 B4 Angoulême France 73 B5 Antwerp see Antwerpen
Amundsen Sea Antarctica 97 G4 Angren Uzbekistan 105 E2 Antwerpen Belgium Eng.
Amur river E Asia 97 G4 107 E1 Anguilla external territory UK, Antwerp 69 C5
Anabar river Russian West Indies 37 Anyang China 110 C4
Federation 95 E2 Anhui province China var. Aoga-shima island Japan
Anadolu Daêları see Doêu Anhwei, Wan 111 C5 113 D6
Karadeniz Daêlariı Anhwei see Anhui Aomori Japan 112 D3
Anadyr· Russian Federation Anjouan island Comoros 61 F2 Aoraki peak New Zealand var.
97 H1 Ankara capital of Turkey prev. Cook, Mount 133 B6
Anápolis Brazil 43 F4 Angora 98 C3 Aosta Italy 78 A2
Anatolia region SE Europe Annaba Algeria 53 E1 Aoukâr Plateau Mauritania
85 G3 An Nafúd desert region Saudi 56 D3
Anchorage Alaska, USA 18 C3 Arabia 102 B4 Apeldoorn Netherlands 68 D3
Ancona Italy 78 C3 An Najaf Iraq var. Najaf 102 B4 Apennines see Appennino
Andalucía region Spain 74 D4 Annapolis Maryland, USA 23 F4 Apia capital of Samoa 127 F4
Andaman Islands island group Ann Arbor Michigan, USA 22 C3 Appalachian Mountains
India 115 H2 119 A5 Annecy France 73 D5 mountain range E USA 17 D5
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean Anshan China 110 D4 Appennino mountain range
122 D3 Ansongo Mali 57 E3 Italy Eng. Apennines 78 C4
Andes mountain range South Antakya Turkey var. Hatay Apure river Venezuela 40 D2
America 39 B6 98 D4 Aqaba see Al ¶Aqabah
Andijon Uzbekistan Rus. Antalaha Madagascar 61 G2 Aqaba, Gulf of sea feature Red
Andizhan 105 F2 Sea Ar. Khalíj al ¶Aqabah
Antalya Turkey prev. Adalia
Andhra Pradesh state India 98 B4 101 A8
115 E1 ¶Aqabah, Khalíj al see Aqaba,
Antalya, Gulf of see Antalya
Andizhan see Andijon Körfezi Gulf of
Andorra country SW Europe Antalya Körfezi sea feature Áqchah Afghanistan var.
73 B6 Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf Áqcheh 104 D3
Andorra la Vella capital of of Antalya, var. Gulf of Áqcheh see Áqchah
Andorra 73 B6 Adalia 98 B4 Arabian Basin undersea
Ándros island Greece 87 D5 Antananarivo capital of feature Indian Ocean 122 B3
Andros Island island Bahamas Madagascar prev. Tananarive Arabian Peninsula peninsula
36 C1 61 G3 Asia 85 H5 94 B5 103 C5
Angara river C Asia 95 D3 Antarctica 136 Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
Ángel de la Guarda, Isla island Antarctic Peninsula peninsula 122 B3
Mexico 32 B2 Antarctica 136 A2 Aracaju Brazil 43 H3
Angel Falls see Salto Ángel Antequera Spain 74 D5 Arad Romania 90 B4
 371
Arafura Sea — A√ ◊alfílah

Arafura Sea Asia/Australasia Armidale Australia 131 D5 Asmera see Asmara

126 A4 Arnhem Netherlands 68 D4 Assab see ¶Aseb
Araguaia river Brazil 43 F3 Arnhem Land region Australia As Sal√ Jordan var. Salt
Arák Iran 102 C3 128 E2 101 B5
Araks see Aras Arno river Italy 78 B3 Assamakka Niger 57 F2
Arak·s see Aras Arran island Scotland, UK Assen Netherlands 68 E2
Aral Sea inland sea 70 C4 Assad, Lake see
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan 94 C3 Ar Raqqah Syria 100 C2 Asad, Buíayrat al
Araouane Mali 57 E2 Arras France 72 C3 As Sulayyil Saudi Arabia
Ararat, Mount peak Turkey var. Ar Riyáç see Riyadh 103 B6
Great Ararat, Turk. Ar Rub ¶al Khálí desert Asia As Suwaydá· Syria 101 B5
Büyükaêrı Daêı 94 F3 Eng. Empty Quarter, Great As Suways Egypt Eng. Suez
Aras river SW Asia Arm. Arak·s, Sandy Desert 103 C6 54 B1
Per. Rúd-e Aras, Rus. Araks, Ar Rustáq Oman var. Rostak Astana country capital
Turk. Aras Nehri 99 G3 103 D5 Kazakhstan prev. Akmola,
Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Kaz.
Aras Nehri see Aras Artesia New Mexico, USA Aqmola. 96 C4
Arauca Colombia 40 C2 28 D3
Astoria Oregon, USA 26 A2
Arauca river Colombia/ Artigas Uruguay 44 B4
Astrakhan· Russian Federation
Venezuela 40 C2 Aru, Kepulauan island group 93 B7
Arbíl Iraq Kurd. Hawlér 102 B3 Indonesia 121 G5
Astypálaia island Greece 87 D6
Arctic Ocean 18-19 137 Arua Uganda 55 B6
Asunción capital of Paraguay
Arda river Bulgaria/Greece Aruba external territory 44 B3
86 C3 Netherlands, West Indies
37 E5 Aswán Egypt 54 B2
Ardabíl Iran 102 C3 Asyú√ Egypt 54 B2
Ardennes region W Europe Arusha Tanzania 55 C7
Asad, Buíayrat al Lake Syria Atacama Desert desert Chile
69 D7 46 B2
Arendal Norway 67 A6 Eng. Lake Assad 100 C2
Asadábád Afghanistan 105 E4 Atamyrat prev. Kerki.
Arensburg see Kuressaare Turkmenistan 104 D3
Arequipa Peru 42 B4 Asahikawa Japan 112 D2
Aωr Mauritania 56 C2
Arezzo Italy 78 C3 Asamankese Ghana 57 E5
Atbara Sudan 54 C3
Argentina country S South Ascension island Atlantic
Ocean 49 C5 Athabasca, Lake lake Canada
America 46-47 19 F4
Argentine Basin undersea Ascoli Piceno Italy 78 C4
Athens capital of Greece Gk.
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 B7 ¶Aseb Eritrea var. Assab 54 D4 Athína, prev. Athínai 87 C5
Argun river China/Russian Ashburton New Zealand Athens Georgia, USA 31 E2
Federation 95 E3 133 C6
Athína see Athens
Århus Denmark 67 A7 Asheville North Carolina, USA
Athínai see Athens
Arica Chile 46 B1 31 E1
Athlone Ireland 71 B5
Arizona state USA 28 B2 A§gabat capital of
Turkmenistan prev. Ati Chad 58 C3
Arkansas state USA 30 B1 Atlanta Georgia, USA 30 D2
Ashkhabad, Poltoratsk
Arkansas river C USA 17 C5 104 C3 Atlantic City New Jersey, USA
Arkhangel·sk Russian Ashkhabad see A§gabat 23 F4
Federation 92 C3 96 C2 Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean 48-49
Arles France 73 D6 Australian external territory Atlantic-Indian Basin undersea
Arlington Texas, USA 29 G3 Indian Ocean 124 A3 feature Indian Ocean 136 B1
Arlington Virginia, USA 23 E4 Ash Sháriqah United Arab Atlantic-Indian Ridge undersea
Arlon Belgium 69 D8 Emirates Eng. Sharjah 103 D5 feature Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Armenia country SW Asia Asia 94-95 106-107 Atlas Mountains mountain
99 G2 Asmara capital of Eritrea Amh. range Morocco 52 C2
Armenia Colombia 40 B3 Asmera 54 C4 A√ ◊alfílah Jordan 101 B6
372
A√ ◊á·if — Balabac Strait

A√ ◊á·if Saudi Arabia 102 B6 Ayer·s Rock see Uluru Baghdad capital of Iraq var.
Attapu Laos 119 E5 Ayr Scotland, UK 70 C4 Bagdad, Ar. Baghdád 102 B3
Attawapiskat Canada 20 C3 Ayutthaya Thailand 119 C5 Baghdád see Baghdad
Attawapiskat river Canada Ayvalık Turkey 98 A3 Baghlán Afghanistan 105 E3
20 B3 Azaouâd desert Mali 57 E2 Bago Myanmar prev. Pegu
Attu Island island Alaska, USA A¶záz Syria 100 B2 118 B4
18 A2 Azerbaijan country SW Asia Bagoé river Côte d·Ivoire/Mali
Auch France 73 B6 99 G2 56 D4
Auckland New Zealand 132 D3 Azores islands Portugal, Baguio Philippines 121 E1
Auckland Islands island group Atlantic Ocean 48 C3 Bahamas country West Indies,
New Zealand124 D5 Azov, Sea of Black Sea Atlantic Ocean 36
Augsburg Germany 77 C6 Ukr. Azovs·ke More, Baharden see Baharly
Augusta Australia 129 B7 Rus. Azovskoye More Baharly Turkmenistan prev.
Augusta Georgia, USA 31 E2 93 A6 91 G4 Baharden, Bäherden,
Azovs·ke More see Azov, Sea Bakharden, Bakherden
Augusta Maine, USA 23 G2 104 B3
of
Aurillac France 73 C5 Baháwalpur Pakistan 116 C3
Azovskoye More see
Aurora Colorado, USA 24 D4 Bäherden see Baharly
Azov, Sea of
Aurora Illinois, USA 22 B3 Bahía Blanca Argentina 47 C5
Azul Argentina 46 D4
Aussig see Ústí nad Labem Bahía, Islas de la islands
Azur, Côte d· coastal region
Austin Texas, USA 29 G4 France 73 E6 Honduras 34 D2
Australasia 124-125 Az Zarqá· Jordan 101 B5 Bahir Dar Ethiopia 54 C4
Australes, Îles island group Az Záwiyah Libya 53 F2 Bahrain country SW Asia
French Polynesia 125 F4 103 C5
Austral Fracture Zone Baia Mare Romania 90 B3
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 H4
Australia country Pacific Ocean
B Baikal, Lake see Baykal, Ozero
Bairiki capital of Kiribati
127 E2
124 Baalbek Lebanon var. Baishan China 110 E3
Australian Alps Australia Ba¶labakk 100 B4
131 D7 Baja Hungary 81 C7
Babeldaob Island Palau 124 B2 Baja California peninsula
Australian Capital Territory Babruysk Belarus Rus. Bobruysk
territory Australia abbrev. Mexico Eng. Lower California
89 D6 32 B2
A.C.T. 131 D6
Babuyan Channel channel Bajo Nuevo island Colombia
Austria country C Europe 77 Philippines 121 E1 35 F2
Auxerre France 72 C4 Bacan, Pulau island Indonesia Baker Oregon, USA 26 C3
Avarua capital of Cook Islands 121 F4
127 G5 Baker & Howland Islands
Baâka Topola Serbia 82 D3 external territory USA,
Aveiro Portugal 74 C2 Bacâu Romania 90 C4 Pacific Ocean 125 E2
Avignon France 73 D6 Badajoz Spain 74 C4 Bakersfield California, USA
Ávila Spain 74 D2 Baden Switzerland 77 E6 27 C7
Avilés Spain 74 D1 Bádiyat ash Shám see Syrian Bakharden see Baharly
Awbárí Libya 53 F3 Desert Bakherden see Baharly
Axel Heiberg Island island Baffin Bay sea feature Atlantic Bákhtarán see Kermánsháh
Canada 19 F1 Ocean 48 B1 Bakı see Baku
Axios see Vardar Baffin Island island Canada Baku capital of Azerbaijan
Ayacucho Peru 42 B4 19 G2 Az. Bakı, var. Baky 99 H2
Aydarko'l Ko'li lake Uzbekistan Bafing river Africa 56 C3 Baky see Baku
var. Aydarkûl 104 D2 Bafoussam Cameroon 58 B4 Balabac Strait sea feature
Aydarkûl see Aydarko'l Ko'li Bagdad see Baghdad South China Sea/Sulu Sea
Aydın Turkey 98 A3 Bagé Brazil 44 C4 120 D2
 373
Ba¶labakk — Basra

Ba¶labakk see Baalbek Bandar Lampung Indonesia Baranovichi see Baranavichy

Balakovo Russian Federation prev. Tanjungkarang 120 C4 Baranowicze see Baranavichy
93 C6 Bandar Seri Begawan capital Barbados country West Indies
Bálá Morgháb Afghanistan of Brunei 120 D3 37 H4
104 D4 Bandon Oregon, USA 26 A3 Barbuda island Antigua &
Balaton lake Hungary var. Lake Bandundu Dem. Rep. Congo Barbuda 37 G3
Balaton, Ger. Plattensee 59 C6 Barcaldine Australia 130 C4
81 C7 Bandung Indonesia 120 C5 Barcelona Spain 75 G2
Balaton, Lake see Balaton Bangalore India 114 D2 Barcelona Venezuela 41 E1
Balbina, Represa Reservoir Banggai, Kepulauan island Barcolod City Philippines
Brazil 42 D2 group Indonesia 121 E4 121 E2
Baleares, Islas island group Banghází Libya Eng. Benghazi Bareilly India 117 E3
Spain Eng. Balearic Islands 53 G2 Barentsburg Svalbard 65 F2
75 H3 Bangka, Palau island Indonesia Barentsøya island Svalbard
Balearic Islands see 120 C4 65 G2
Baleares, Islas Bangkok capital of Thailand Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
Bali island Indonesia 120 D5 Th. Krung Thep 119 C5 137 H5
Balıkesir Turkey 98 A3 Bangladesh country S Asia 117 Bari Italy 79 E5
Balikpapan Indonesia 120 D4 Bangor Northern Ireland, UK Barinas Venezuela 40 D2
Balkanabat Turkmenistan prev. 71 B5
Barisan, Pegunungan
Nebitdag 104 B2 Bangor Maine, USA 23 G2 mountains Indonesia 120 B4
Balkan Mountains mountain Bangui capital of Central Barkly Tableland plateau
range Bulgaria Bul. Stara African Republic 59 C5 Australia 130 B3
Planina 86 C2 Bani river Mali 56 D3 Barlavento, Ilhas de island
Balkhash Kazakhstan 96 C5 Baní Suwayf Egypt var. group Cape Verde var.
Balkhash, Lake see Beni Suef 54 B1 Windward Islands 56 A2
Balkhash, Ozero Banja Luka Bosnia & Bar-le-Duc France 72 D3
Balkhash, Ozero lake Herzegovina 82 B3 Barlee, Lake lake Australia
Kazakhstan Eng. Lake Banjarmasin Indonesia 120 D4 129 B 5
Balkhash 94 C3 Banjul capital of Gambia 56 B3 Barlee Range mountain range
Ballarat Australia 131 C7 Banks Island island Canada Australia 128 B4
Balsas river Mexico 33 E5 19 E2 Barnaul Russian Federation
Bâl√i Moldova 90 D3 Banks Islands island group 96 D4
Baltic Port see Paldiski Vanuatu, Pacific Ocean Barnstaple England, UK 71 C7
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean 67 C7 126 D4 Barquisimeto Venezuela 40 D1
Baltimore Maryland, USA 23 F4 Banks Peninsula peninsula Barra island Scotland, UK 70 B3
Baltischport see Paldiski New Zealand133 C6 Barranquilla Colombia 40 B1
Baltiski see Paldiski Banks Strait sea feature Barrier Range mountain range
Tasman Sea 131 C7 Australia 131 C5
Bamako capital of Mali 56 D3
Banská Bystrica Slovakia Ger. Barrow river Ireland 71 B6
Bambari Central African Neusohl, Hung.
Republic 58 D4 Besztercebánya 81 C6 Barstow California, USA 27 C7
Bamenda Cameroon 58 B4 Bantry Bay sea feature Ireland Bartang river Tajikistan 105 F3
Banaba island Kiribati prev. 71 A6 Bartica Guyana 41 G2
Ocean Island 127 E2 Banyo Cameroon 58 B4 Baruun-Urt Mongolia 109 F2
Bandaaceh Indonesia 120 A3 Banzare Seamounts undersea Barwon River river Australia
Banda, Laut see Banda Sea feature Indian Ocean 131 D5
Banda Sea sea feature Pacific 123 C7 Barysaw Belarus Rus. Borisov
Ocean Ind. Laut Banda Baotou China 109 F3 89 D5
121 F4 Baranavichy Belarus Rus. Basarabeasca Moldova 90 D4
Bandar-e ¶Abbás Iran 102 D4 Baranovichi, Pol. Basel Switzerland 77 B6
Bandar-e Búshehr Iran 102 C4 Baranowicze 89 C6 Basra see Al Ba§rah
374
Bassein — Berne

Bassein see Pathein Beijing capital of China var. Bend Oregon, USA 26 B3
Basse-Terre capital of Peking 110 C4 Bendery see Tighina
Guadeloupe 37 G4 Beira Mozambique 61 E3 Bendigo Australia 131 C7
Basseterre capital of St Kitts & Beirut capital of Lebanon Benevento Italy 79 D5
Nevis 37 G3 var. Beyrouth, Bayrút 100 B4 Bengal, Bay of sea feature
Bass Strait sea feature Beja Portugal 74 C4 Indian Ocean 122 D3
Australia 131 C7 Béjaïa Algeria 53 E1 Bengbu China 111 D5
Bastia Corse, France 73 E7 Bek-Budi see Karshi Benghazi see Banghází
Bastogne Belgium 69 D7 Békéscsaba Hungary 81 D7 Bengkulu Indonesia 120 B4
Bata Equatorial Guinea 58 A5 Belarus country E Europe var. Benguela Angola 60 B2
Batangas Philippines 121 E2 Belorusia 89 Beni river Bolivia 42 C4
Bâtdâmbâng Cambodia 119 D5 Belau see Palau Benidorm Spain 75 F4
Bath England, UK 71 D6 Belcher Islands islands Canada Beni-Mellel Morocco 52 C2
Bathurst Canada 21 F4 20 C2 Benin country N Africa prev.
Bathurst Island island Australia Beledweyne Somalia 55 D5 Dahomey 57
128 D2 Belém Brazil 43 F2 Benin, Bight of sea feature W
Bathurst Island island Canada Belfast Northern Ireland, UK Africa 57 F5
19 F2 71 B5 Benin City Nigeria 57 F5
Bá√in, Wádí al dry watercourse Belfort France 72 E4 Beni Suef see Baní Suwayf
Asia 102 C4 Belgaum India 114 C1 Ben Nevis mountain Scotland,
Batman Turkey var. ƒluh 99 E4 Belgium country W Europe 69 UK 70 C3
Batna Algeria 53 E1 Belgorod Russian Federation Benue river Cameroon/Nigeria
Baton Rouge Louisiana, USA 93 A5 57 G4
30 B3 Belgrade capital of Serbia SCr. Beograd see Belgrade
Batticaloa Sri Lanka 115 E3 Beograd 82 D3 Berat Albania 83 D6
Bat·umi Georgia 99 F2 Belitung, Pulau island Berbera Somalia 54 D4
Bauru Brazil 44 D2 Indonesia 120 C4 Berbérati Central African
Bavarian Alps mountains Belize country Central America Republic 58 C5
Austria/Germany 34 Berdyans·k Ukraine 91 G4
77 C6 Belize City Belize 34 C1 Bereket Turkmenistan prev.
Bayamo Cuba 36 C2 Belle Île island France 72 A4 Gazandzhyk, var.
Bayan Har Shan mountain Belle Isle, Strait of sea feature Kazandzhik, Turkm.
range China 108 D4 Canada 21 G3 Gazanjyk 104 B2
Bayanhongor Mongolia 108 D2 Bellevue Washington, USA Berezina see Byerazino
Bay City Michigan, USA 22 C3 26 B2 Bergamo Italy 78 B2
Baydhabo Somalia 55 D6 Bellingham Washington, USA Bergen Norway 67 A5
Baykal, Ozero lake Russian 26 B1 Bergse Maas river Netherlands
Federation Eng. Lake Baikal Bellingshausen Sea Antarctica 68 D4
95 E3 136 A3 Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Bayonne France 73 A6 Bello Colombia 40 B2 Bering Strait sea feature
Baÿramaly Turkmenistan Bellville South Africa 60 C5 Bering Sea/Chukchi Sea
104 C3 Belmopan capital of Belize 134 D1
Bayrút see Beirut 34 C1 Berkeley California, USA 27 B6
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean Belo Horizonte Brazil Berlin capital of Germany
137 F2 45 F1 76 D3
Beaufort West South Africa Belorussia see Belarus Bermejo river Argentina 46 D2
60 D5 Belostok see Biaîystok Bermuda external territory UK,
Beaumont Texas, USA 29 H4 Beloye More Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Beauvais France 72 C3 Eng. White Sea 63 F1 Bern capital of Switzerland Fr.
Béchar Algeria 52 C2 Belyy, Ostrov island Russian Berne 77 B7
Be·er Sheva¶ Israel 101 A6 Federation 137 H4 Berne see Bern
 375
Berner Alpen — Bongor

Berner Alpen mountain range Birmingham Alabama, USA Blida Algeria 52 D1

Switzerland 77 B7 30 D2 Bloemfontein South Africa
Bertoua Cameroon 59 B5 Bîr Mogreïn Mauritania 56 C1 60 D4
Besançon France 72 D4 Birsen see Birªai Blois France 72 C4
Besztercebánya see Banská Birªai Lithuania Ger. Birsen Bloomington Indiana, USA
Bystrica 88 C4 22 C4
Bethlehem West Bank 101 A5 Biscay, Bay of sea feature Bluefields Nicaragua 35 E3
Beyrouth see Beirut Atlantic Ocean 62 C4 Blue Mountains mountains W
Béziers France 73 C6 Bishkek capital of Kyrgyzstan USA 26 C2
Bezmein see Abadan prev. Frunze, Pishpek 105 F2 Blue Nile river Ethiopia/Sudan
Bhamo Myanmar 118 B2 Bishop California, USA 27 C6 54 C4
Bhávnagar India 116 C4 Biskra Algeria 53 E2 Blumenau Brazil 44 D3
Bhópal India 116 D4 Bismarck North Dakota, USA Bo Sierra Leone 56 C4
25 E2 Boa Vista Brazil 42 D1
Bhutan country S Asia 117
Bismarck Archipelago island Boa Vista island Cape Verde
Biak, Pulau island Indonesia group Papua New Guinea
121 G4 56 A3
126 B3
Biaîystok Poland Rus. Belostok Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina 56 D4
Bismarck Sea sea Pacific Ocean
80 E3 Bobruysk see Babruysk
124 B2
Biel Switzerland 77 B7 Bissau capital of Guinea-Bissau Boca de la Serpiente see
Bielefeld Germany 76 B4 56 B4 Serpent·s Mouth, The
Bielitz-Biala see Bielsko-Biaîa Bitola Macedonia 83 E6 Bochum Germany 76 B4
Bielsko-Biaîa Poland Ger. Bitterroot Range mountains Bodø Norway 66 C3
Bielitz-Biala 81 C5 NW USA 26 D2 Bodrum Turkey 98 A4
Bié Plateau upland Angola Biwa-ko lake Japan 113 C5 Bogor Indonesia 120 C5
51 C6 Bizerte Tunisia 53 E1 Bogotá capital of Colombia
Bighorn Mountains mountains Bjelovar Croatia 82 B2 40 B3
C USA 24 C2 Bo Hai sea feature Yellow Sea
Bjørnøya Island N Norway Eng.
Bignona Senegal 56 B3 Bear Island 65 G3 110 D4
Big Spring Texas, USA 29 E3 Black Drin river Albania/ Bohemian Forest region
Bihaá Bosnia & Herzegovina Macedonia 83 D5 Germany 77 D5
82 B3 Black Forest see Schwarzwald Bohol Sea Sea Philippines
Bihár state India 117 F3 Black Hills mountains C USA 121 E2
Bijelo Polje Montenegro 24 D3 Boise Idaho, USA 26 D3
82 D4 Blackpool England, UK 71 D5 Boké Guinea 56 C4
Bikáner India 116 C3 Black River river China/Vietnam Bokhara see Buxoro
Bila Tserkva Ukraine 91 E2 118 D3 Bol Chad 58 B3
Bilbao Spain 75 E1 Black Sea Asia/Europe 63 F4 Bolivia country C South
Billings Montana, USA 24 C2 Black Volta river Ghana/Côte America 42-43
Bilma, Grand Erg de desert d’Ivoire 57 E4 Bologna Italy 78 C3
Niger 57 G3 Blackwater river Ireland Bolton England, UK 71 D5
Biloela Australia 130 D4 71 A6 Bolzano Italy Ger. Bozen 78 C2
Biloxi Mississippi, USA Blagoevgrad Bulgaria 86 C3 Boma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7
30 C3 Blagoveshchensk Russian Bombay see Mumbai
Biltine Chad 58 D3 Federation 97 G4 Bomu river Central African
Binghamton New York, USA Blanca, Bahía sea feature Republic/Dem. Rep. Congo
23 F3 Argentina 39 D5 59 D5
Birák Libya 53 F3 Blanche, Lake lake Australia Bongo, Massif des upland
Birátnagar Nepal 117 F3 131 B5 Central African Republic
Birmingham England, UK Blantyre Malawi 61 E2 58 D4
71 D6 Blenheim New Zealand 133 D5 Bongor Chad 58 C3
376
Bonn — Buchanan

Bonn Germany 76 B4 Bozeman Montana, USA 24 B2 Brig Switzerland 77 B5

Boosaaso Somalia 54 E4 Bozen see Bolzano Brighton England, UK 71 E7
Borås Sweden 67 B7 Braâ island Croatia 82 B4 Brindisi Italy 79 E5
Bordeaux France 73 B5 Bradford England, UK 71 D5 Brisbane Australia 131 E5
Borger Texas, USA 29 E2 Braga Portugal 74 C2 Bristol England, UK 71 D6
Borisov see Barysaw Bragança Portugal 74 C2 British Columbia province
Borlänge Sweden 67 C6 Brahmaputra river Asia 117 G3 Canada 18-19
Borneo island SE Asia 120-121 Brâila Romania 90 D4 British Indian Ocean Territory
Bornholm island Denmark Brainerd Minnesota, USA 25 F2 external territory UK, Indian
67 C8 Ocean 122 C4
Brandon Canada 19 F5
Bosanski ‹amac Bosnia & British Isles islands W Europe
Brasília capital of Brazil 43 F4 70-71
Herzegovina 82 C3 Bra§ov Romania 90 C4
Bosna river Bosnia & British Virgin Islands external
Bratislava capital of Slovakia territory UK, West Indies 37
Herzegovina 82 C3 Ger. Pressburg, Hung.
Bosna I Hercegovina, Brittany see Bretagne
Pozsony 81 C6
Federacija Admin. region Brno Czech Republic
Bratsk Russian Federation 97 E4 Ger. Brünn 81 B5
republic Bosnia and
Herzegovina 82 C4 Braunau am Inn Austria 77 D6 Broken Arrow Oklahoma, USA
Bosnia & Herzegovina country Braunschweig Germany Eng. 29 G1
SE Europe 82-83 Brunswick 76 C4 Broken Hill Australia 131 B6
Bosporus sea feature Turkey Brazil country South America Broken Ridge undersea feature
Turk. ƒstanbul Boêazi 98 B2 42-43 Indian Ocean 123 D6
Bossangoa Central African Brazil Basin undersea feature Bromberg see Bydgoszcz
Republic 58 C4 Atlantic Ocean 49 C5
Brooks Range mountains
Bosten Hu Lake China 108 C3 Brazilian Highlands upland Alaska, USA 18 D2
Boston Massachusetts, USA Brazil 43 G4
Brookton Australia 129 B6
23 G3 Brazos river SW USA 29 G3 Broome Australia 128 C3
Bothnia, Gulf of sea feature Brazzaville capital of Congo Brownfield Texas, USA 29 E2
Baltic Sea 67 C5 59 B6
Brownsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Boto§ani Romania 90 C3 Brecon Beacons hills Wales, UK
71 C6 Bruges see Brugge
Botswana country southern Brugge Belgium Fr. Bruges
Africa 60 Breda Netherlands 68 C4
69 A5
Bouar Central African Republic Bregenz Austria 77 B7
Brunei country E Asia 120 D3
58 C4 Bremen Germany 76 B3
Brünn see Brno
Bougainville Island island Bremerhaven Germany 76 B3
Papua New Guinea 126 C3 Brunswick Georgia, USA 31 E3
Brescia Italy 78 B2
Bougouni Mali 56 D4 Brunswick see Braunschweig
Breslau see Wrocîaw
Boulder Colorado, USA 24 C4 Brusa see Bursa
Brest Belarus Pol. Brze¡á nad
Boulogne-sur-Mer France Bugiem, prev. Brze¡á Brussel see Brussels
72 C2 Litewski, Rus. Brest-Litovsk Brussels capital of Belgium Fr.
Bourges France 72 C4 89 B6 Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel 69 C6
Bourgogne region France Eng. Brest France 72 A3 Brüx see Most
Burgundy 72 D4 Brest-Litovsk see Brest Bruxelles see Brussels
Bourke Australia 131 C5 Bretagne region France Eng. Bryan Texas, USA 29 G3
Bournemouth England, UK Brittany 72 A3 Bryansk Russian Federation
71 D7 Brezhnev see Naberezhnyye 93 A5 96 A2
Bouvet Island external territory Chelny Brze¡á Litewski see Brest
Norway, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7 Bria Central African Republic Brze¡á nad Bugiem see Brest
Bowen Australia 130 D3 58 D4 Bucaramanga Colombia
Bowling Green Kentucky, USA Bridgetown capital of 40 C2
22 C5 Barbados 37 H4 Buchanan Liberia 56 C5
 377
Bucharest — Cancún

Bucharest capital of Romania Buxoro Uzbekistan var. Calgary Canada 19 E5

90 C5 Bokhara, Rus. Bukhara Cali Colombia 40 A3
Budapest capital of Hungary 104 D2 Calicut India see Kozhikode
81 C6 Büyükaêrı Daêı see Ararat, 114 D2
Budweis see Âeské Budêjovice Mount California state USA 26-27
Buenaventura Colombia 40 B3 Buzâu Romania 90 C4 California, Golfo de sea feature
Buenos Aires capital of Büzmeÿin see Abadan Pacific Ocean Eng. California,
Argentina 46 D4 Bydgoszcz Poland Ger. Gulf of 32 B2 123 F2
Buenos Aires, Lago lake Bromberg 80 C3 Callabonna, Lake lake
Argentina/Chile 47 B6 Byerazino river Belarus Rus. Australia131 B5
Buffalo New York, USA 23 E3 Berezina 89 D6 Callao Peru 42 A3
Bug river E Europe 90 C1 Byzantium see ƒstanbul Caltanissetta Italy 79 C7
Bujumbura capital of Burundi Camagüey Cuba 36 C2
prev. Usumbura 55 B7 Cambodia country SE Asia
Bukavu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Bukhara see Buxoro C Cam. Kampuchea 119
Cambridge England, UK 71 E6
Bulawayo Zimbabwe 60 D3 Cambridge New Zealand132 D2
Caazapá Paraguay 44 C3
Bulgan Mongolia 109 E2 Cameroon country W Africa
Bulgaria country E Europe 86 Cabanatuan Philippines 121 E1 58-59
Bumba Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D5 Cabimas Venezuela 40 C1 Campbell Plateau undersea
Bunbury Australia 129 B6 Cabinda exclave Angola 60 B1 feature Pacific Ocean
Bundaberg Australia 130 E4 Cabot Strait sea feature 134 C5
Atlantic Ocean 21 G4 Campeche Mexico 33 G4
Bunia Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5
Âaâak Serbia 82 D4 Campeche, Bahía de sea
Buraydah Saudi Arabia 103 B5
Cáceres Spain 74 D3 feature Mexico Eng. Gulf of
Buré Ethiopia 54 C4
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Brazil Campeche 33 G4
Burgas Bulgaria 86 E2 45 F1 Campina Grande Brazil 43 H3
Burgos Spain 75 E2 Cadiz Philippines 121 E2 Campinas Brazil 45 E2
Burgundy see Bourgogne Cádiz Spain 74 D5 Campo Grande Brazil 44 C1
Burketown Australia 130 B3
Caen France 72 B3 Campos Brazil 45 F2
Burkina country W Africa 57
Cagayan de Oro Philippines Canada country North America
Burlington Iowa, USA 25 G4 121 F2 16-17
Burlington Vermont, USA 23 F2 Cagliari Italy 79 A5 Canada Basin undersea feature
Burma see Myanmar Cahors France 73 B5 Arctic Ocean var. Laurentian
Burnie Tasmania 131 C8 Cairns Australia 130 D3 Basin 137 F2
Burns Oregon, USA 26 C3 Cairo capital of Egypt Ar. Al Canadian River river SW USA
Bursa Turkey prev. Brusa 98 B3 Qáhirah, var. El Qâhira 54 B1 29 E2
BúrSaΫíd Egypt Eng. Port Said Âakovec Croatia 82 B2 Çanakkale Turkey 98 A3
54 B1 Calabar Nigeria 57 G5 Çanakkale Boêazı see
Burtnieku Ezers lake Latvia Dardanelles
Calabria region Italy 79 D6
88 C3 Canarias, Islas islands Spain
Calafate see El Calafate
Buru, Pulau island Indonesia Eng. Canary Islands 50 A2
121 E4 Calais France 72 C2
Canary Basin undersea feature
Burundi country C Africa 55 Calais Maine, USA 23 H1 Atlantic Ocean 48 C4
Busselton Australia 129 B7 Calama Chile 46 B2 Canary Islands see Canarias,
Butembo Dem. Rep. Congo Calbayog Philippines 121 F2 Islas
59 E5 Calcutta see Kolkata Canaveral, Cape coastal
Buton, Pulau Island Indonesia Caldas da Rainha Portugal feature Florida, USA 31 F4
121 E4 74 B3 Canberra capital of Australia
Butte Montana, USA 24 B2 Caldwell Idaho, USA 27 C3 131 D6
Butuan Philippines 121 F2 Caleta Olivia Argentina 47 C6 Cancún Mexico 33 H3
378
Caniapiscau — Chágai Hills

Caniapiscau river Canada 21 E2 Caroline Island see Millennium Cayenne capital of French
Caniapiscau, Réservoir Island Guiana 41 H3
Reservoir Canada 21 E3 Caroline Islands island group Cayman Islands external
Canik Daêları mountains Micronesia 126 B1 territory UK, West Indies 36
Turkey 98 D2 Caroní river Venezuela 41 F2 Cebu Philippines 121 E2
Çankırı Turkey 98 C2 Carpathian Mountains Cedar Rapids Iowa, USA 25 G3
Cannes France 73 D6 mountain range E Europe Cedros, Isla island Mexico
Canoas Brazil 44 D4 var. Carpathians 63 E4 32 A2
Canterbury England, UK 71 E6 Carpathians see Carpathian Ceduna Australia131 A6
Canterbury Bight sea feature Mountains Cefalù Italy 79 C6
Pacific Ocean 133 C6 Carpa√ii Meridionali mountain Celebes see Sulawesi
Canterbury Plains plain New range Romania Eng. South Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Zealand 133 B6 Carpathians, Transylvanian Laut Sulawesi 134 B3
Alps 90 B4
Cân Thò Vietnam 119 D6 Celje Slovenia 77 E7
Carpentaria, Gulf of sea
Canton Ohio, USA 22 D4 feature Australia 130 B2 Central African Republic
Canton see Guangzhou country C Africa
Carson City Nevada, USA 27 B5 abbrev. CAR 58-59
Cape Basin undersea feature Cartagena Colombia 40 B1
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6 Central, Cordillera mountain
Cartagena Spain 75 F4 range Philippines 121 E1
Cape Town South Africa 60 C5
Cartago Costa Rica 35 E4 Central Makrán Range
Cape Verde country Atlantic
Ocean 56 A2 Cartwright Canada 21 G2 mountains Pakistan 116 A3
Cape Verde Basin undersea Carúpano Venezuela 41 E1 Central Pacific Basin undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 48 C4 Casablanca Morocco 52 C2 feature Pacific Ocean 125 E1
Cape York Peninsula peninsula Casa Grande Arizona, USA Central Russian Upland upland
Australia 124 B3 28 B3 Russian Federation 94 B3
Cap-Haïtien Haiti 36 D3 Cascade Range mountain Central Siberian Plateau see
range Canada/USA 26 B2 Srednesibirskoye
Capri, Isola di island Italy 79 D5 Ploskogor’ye
Caquetá river Colombia 40 C4 Cascais Portugal 74 B3
Central Siberian Uplands
CAR see Central African Casper Wyoming, USA 24 C3 see Srednesibirskoye
Republic Caspian Sea inland sea Asia/ Ploskogor·ye
Caracas capital of Venezuela Europe 94 B4 Central, Sistema mountain
40 D1 Castellón de la Plana Spain range Spain 74 D3
Carazinho Brazil 44 C3 75 F3 Cephalonia see Kefalloniá
Carbondale Illinois, USA 22 B5 Castelo Branco Portugal 74 C3 Ceram Sea Sea Indonesia
Carcassonne France 73 C6 Castries capital of St Lucia 121 F4
Cardiff Wales, UK 71 C6 37 G4 Cernâuπi see Chernivtsi
Cardigan Bay sea feature Castro Chile 47 B6 Césis Latvia Ger. Wenden 88 C3
Wales, UK 71 C6 Cat Island island Bahamas Âeské Budêjovice Czech
Carey, Lake lake Australia 36 D1 Republic Ger. Budweis 81 B5
129 C5 Catania Italy 79 D7 Ceuta external territory Spain,
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean Catanzaro Italy 79 D6 N Africa 52 C1
36-37 Cauca river Colombia Cévennes mountains France
Carlisle England, UK 70 D4 40 B2 73 C6
Carlsbad New Mexico, USA Caucasus mountains Asia/ Ceylon see Sri Lanka
28 D3 Europe 93 A7 Ceylon Plain undersea feature
Carlsberg Ridge undersea Caura river Venezuela Indian Ocean 122 C4
feature Indian Ocean 122 B4 41 E2 Chad country C Africa 58
Carnavon Australia 128 A5 Caviana, Ilha island Brazil Chad, Lake lake C Africa
Carnegie, Lake lake Australia 43 F1 58 B3
129 C5 Cawnpore see Kánpur Chágai Hills mountains
Carolina Brazil 43 F3 Caxias do Sul Brazil 44 D4 Pakistan 116 A2
 379
Chagos-Laccadive Plateau — Choma

Chagos-Laccadive Plateau Châteauroux France 72 C4 Chiang Mai Thailand 118 B4

undersea feature Indian Chatham Islands islands New Chiang-su see Jiangsu
Ocean 122 C4 Zealand 134 D4 Chiba Japan 113 D5
Chagos Trench undersea Chattanooga Tennessee, USA Chicago Illinois, USA 22 B3
feature Indian Ocean 122 C4 30 D1 Chiclayo Peru 42 A3
Chalkída Greece 87 C5 Chauk Myanmar 118 A3 Chico California, USA 27 B5
Challenger Deep undersea Chaves Portugal 74 C2 Chicoutimi Canada 21 E4
feature Pacific Ocean 134 B3
Cheboksary Russian Federation Chifeng China var. Ulanhad
Châlons-en-Champagne France 93 C5 109 F2
72 D3
Cheboygan Michigan, USA Chihli see Hebei
Chambéry France 73 D5
22 C2 Chihuahua Mexico 32 C2
Champaign Illinois, USA 22 B4
Chech, Erg desert Algeria/ Chile country S South America
Chañaral Chile 46 B2 Mali 56 D1 46-47
Chandígarh India 116 D2 Che-chiang see Zhejiang Chile Basin undersea feature
Chang, Ko island Thailand Cheju-do island South Korea Pacific Ocean 135 G4
119 C5 111 E5 Chile Chico Chile 47 B6
Changchun China 110 D3 Cheju Strait sea feature South Chile Rise undersea feature
Chang Jiang river China var. Korea 111 E5 Pacific Ocean 135 G4
Yangtze 111 B6 Chekiang see Zhejiang Chi-lin see Jilin
Changsha China 111 C6 Cheleken see Hazar Chillán Chile 46 B4
Chaniá Greece 87 C7 Chelyabinsk Russian Federation Chiloé, Isla de island Chile
Channel Islands island group 96 C3 47 B6
California, USA 27 B8 Chemnitz Germany prev. Chimborazo peak Ecuador
Channel Islands islands UK Karl-Marx-Stadt 76 D4 38 A3
71 D8 Chenáb river Pakistan Chimbote Peru 42 A3
Channel-Port-aux-Basques 116 C2 Chimkent see Shymkent
Canada 21 G4 Chengdu China 111 B5 Chimoio Mozambique 61 E3
Channel Tunnel France/UK 71 E7 Chennai India prev. Madras China country E Asia 108-109
Chapala, Lago de lake Mexico 115 E2 Chinandega Nicaragua 34 C3
32 D4 Cherbourg France 72 B3 Chindwinn river Myanmar
Chardzhev see Türkmenabat Cherepovets Russian 118 A2
Chardzhou see Türkmenabat Federation 92 B4 Chinghai see Qinghai
Chari river C Africa 58 C3 Cherkasy Ukraine 91 E2 Chingola Zambia 60 D2
Cháríkár Afghanistan 105 E4 Cherkessk Russian Federation Chinook Trough undersea
Chärjew see Türkmenabat 93 A7 feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Charleroi Belgium 69 C6 Chernigov see Chernihiv Chíos Greece 87 D5
Charleston South Carolina, Chernihiv Ukraine Rus. Chíos island Greece prev. Khíos
USA 31 F2 Chernigov 91 E1 87 D5
Charleston West Virginia, USA Chernivtsi Ukraine Rus. Chirchik Uzbekistan Uzb.
22 D5 Chernovtsy, Rom. Cernâuπi Chirchiq 105 E2
Charleville Australia 130 C4 90 C3 Chirchiq see Chirchik
Charlotte North Carolina, USA Chernobyl·see Chornobyl· Chiriquí, Golfo de sea feature
31 F1 Chernovtsy see Chernivtsi Panama 35 E5
Charlotte Amalie capital of Chernyakhovsk Kaliningrad, Chi§inâu capital of Moldova,
Virgin Islands 37 F3 Russian Federation 88 B4 var. Kishinev 90 D3
Charlottesville Virginia, USA Chesapeake Bay sea feature Chita Russian Federation 97 F4
23 E5 USA 23 F5 Chitré Panama 35 F5
Charlottetown Canada 21 G4 Chester England, UK 71 D5 Chittagong Bangladesh 117 G4
Charters Towers Australia Cheyenne Wyoming, USA Chitungwiza Zimbabwe 60 D3
130 D3 24 D4 Choluteca Honduras 34 C3
Chartres France 72 C3 Chiang-hsi see Jiangxi Choma Zambia 60 D3
380
Chona — Comodoro Rivadavia

Chona river Russian Federation Ciudad del Este Paraguay Cocos Islands external territory
95 E2 44 C3 Australia, Indian Ocean
Chon Buri Thailand 119 C5 Ciudad de México see 122 D5
Ch·ôngjin North Korea Mexico City Cod, Cape coastal feature
110 E3 Ciudad Guayana Venezuela NE USA 23 G3
Chongqing province China 41 E2 Coeur d’Alene Idaho, USA
var. Chungking 111 B5 Ciudad Juárez Mexico 32 C1 26 C2
Chonos, Archipiélago de los Ciudad Obregón Mexico 32 B2 Coffs Harbour Australia
island group Chile 47 B6 Ciudad Ojeda Venezuela 40 C1 131 E6
Chornobyl· Ukraine Rus. Ciudad Real Spain 75 E3 Coihaique Chile 47 B6
Chernobyl· 91 E1 Ciudad Valles Mexico 33 E3 Coimbatore India 114 D3
Choûm Mauritania 56 C2 Ciudad Victoria Mexico 33 E3 Coimbra Portugal 74 C3
Choybalsan Mongolia 109 F2 Clarence river New Zealand Colchester England, UK 71 E6
Christchurch New Zealand 133 C5 Colmar France 72 E4
133 C6 Clarion Fracture Zone tectonic Cologne see Köln
Christmas Island external feature Pacific Ocean 125 G1 Colombia country N South
territory Australia, Indian Clarksville Tennessee, USA America 40-41
Ocean 122 D5 30 D1 Colombo capital of Sri Lanka
Christmas Island see Kiritimati Clearwater Florida, USA 31 E4 115 E4
Christmas Ridge undersea Clermont Australia 130 D4 Colón Panama 35 F4
feature Pacific Ocean 125 F1 Clermont-Ferrand France Colón, Archipiélago de see
Chuan see Sichuan 73 C5 Galapagos Islands
Chubut river Argentina 47 B6 Cleveland Ohio, USA 22 D3 Colorado state USA 24 C4
Chudskoye Ozero see Clipperton Fracture Zone Colorado river USA 16 B5
Peipus, Lake tectonic feature Pacific Ocean Colorado river Argentina
Chuí see Chuy 125 G2 47 C5
Chukchi Plain undersea feature Clipperton Island external Colorado Plateau upland
Arctic Ocean 137 G2 territory France, Pacific region S USA 28 B1
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean Ocean 135 F3
Colorado Springs Colorado,
Rus. Chukotskoye More Cloncurry Australia 130 C3 USA 24 D4
137 F1 Clovis New Mexico, USA 29 E2 Columbia South Carolina, USA
Chukotskoye More see Cluj-Napoca Romania 90 B3 31 F2
Chukchi Sea Clutha river New Zealand Columbia river NW USA
Chula Vista California, USA 133 B7 26 C1
27 C8 Coast Ranges mountain range
Chulym river Russian Columbus Georgia, USA
W USA 26 A5 30 D3
Federation 94 D3
Coats Island island Canada Columbus Mississippi, USA
Chumphon Thailand 119 C6 20 C1 30 C2
Chungking see Chongqing Coats Land physical region Columbus Nebraska, USA
Chuquicamata Chile 46 B2 Antarctica 136 B2 25 E4
Chur Switzerland 77 B7 Coatzacoalcos Mexico 33 G4 Columbus Ohio, USA 22 D4
Churchill Canada 19 G4 Cobán Guatemala 34 B2 Comayagua Honduras 34 C2
Chuuk Islands island group Cochabamba Bolivia 42 C4 Comilla Bangladesh 117 G4
Micronesia 126 B1 Cochin India see Kochi Communism Peak peak
Chuy Brazil var. Chuí 44 C5 114 D3 Tajikistan Rus. Pik
Cienfuegos Cuba 36 B2 Cochrane Canada 20 C4 Kommunizma, prev. Stalin
Cieza Spain 75 F4 Cochrane Chile 47 B6 Peak, Garmo Peak 105 F3
Cilacap Indonesia 120 C5 Coco river Honduras/Nicaragua Como, Lago di lake Italy
Cincinnati Ohio, USA 22 C4 34 D2 78 B2
Ciudad Bolívar Venezuela Cocos Basin undersea feature Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina
41 E2 Indian Ocean 122 D4 47 C6
 381
Comoros — Czîuchów

Comoros country Indian Ocean Cordova Alaska, USA Crete, Sea of Mediterranean
61 18 D3 Sea Gk. Kritikó Pélagos
Conakry capital of Guinea Corfu see Kérkyra 87 D7
56 C4 Corinth see Kórinthos Crimea see Krym
Concepción Chile 47 B5 Corinth, Gulf of see Cristóbal Panama 48 A4
Concepción Paraguay 44 B2 Korinthiakós Kólpos Croatia country SE Europe 82
Conchos river Mexico 32 C2 Corinto Nicaragua 34 C3 Croker Island island Australia
Concord New Hampshire, USA Cork Ireland 71 B6 128 E2
22 G2 Corner Brook Canada 21 G3 Crotone Italy 79 E6
Concordia E Argentina 46 D3 Coro Venezuela 40 D1 Crozet Basin undersea feature
Congo country C Africa 59 Coronel Oviedo Paraguay Indian Ocean 123 B6
Congo river C Africa var. Zaire 44 C2 Crozet Islands island group
51 C5 Corpus Christi Texas, USA Indian Ocean 123 B7
Congo Basin drainage basin C 29 G5 Crystal Brook Australia
Africa 59 C5 Corrib, Lough lake Ireland 131 B6
Congo, Democratic Republic of 71 A5 Cuanza river Angola 60 B2
country C Africa 59 Corrientes Argentina 46 D3 Cuba country West Indies 36
Connecticut state USA 23 G3 Corse island France Eng. Cubango see Okavango
Constance, Lake river C Europe Corsica 73 E7 84 D2
Cúcuta Colombia 40 C2
77 B6 Corsica see Corse
Cuenca Ecuador 40 A5
Constantine Algeria 53 E1 Çorum Turkey 98 D2
Cuenca Spain 75 E3
Constantinople see ƒstanbul Corvallis Oregon, USA
26 A3 Cuernavaca Mexico 33 E4
Constan√a Romania 90 D5 Cuiabá Brazil 43 E4
Cosenza Italy 79 D6
Coober Pedy Australia 131 A5 Culiacán Mexico 32 C3
Costa Blanca coastal region
Cook, Mount see Aoraki
Spain 75 F4 Cumaná Venezuela 41 E1
Cook Islands external territory Costa Brava coastal region Cumberland Maryland, USA
New Zealand, Pacific Ocean Spain 75 H2 23 E4
127 G4
Costa Rica country Central Cunene river Angola/Namibia
Cook Strait sea feature New America 34-35 60 B3
Zealand 133 D5
Côte d’Ivoire country W Africa Cunnamulla Australia 131 C5
Cooktown Australia 130 D2 Eng. Ivory Coast 56 D4
Cooma Australia 131 D7 Curicó Chile 46 B4
Cottbus Germany 76 D4 Curitiba Brazil 44 D3
Coos Bay Oregon, USA 26 A3 Council Bluffs Iowa, USA 25 F4
Cootamundra Australia Cusco Peru prev. Cuzco 42 B4
Courantyne river Guyana /
131 D6 Suriname var. Corantijn 41 G3 Cuttack India 117 F5
Copenhagen capital of Courland Lagoon sea feature Cuxhaven Germany 76 B3
Denmark 67 B7 Baltic Sea 88 B4 Cuyuni river Guyana/Venezuela
Copiapó Chile 46 B3 Coventry England, UK 71 D6 41 F2
Coppermine see Kuglukutuk Covilhã Portugal 74 C3 Cuzco see Cusco
Coquimbo Chile 46 B3 Cowan, Lake lake Australia Cyclades see Kykládes
Corabia Romania 90 B5 129 C6 Cymru see Wales
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 130 E3 Cozumel, Isla de island Mexico Cyprus country Mediterranean
Coral Sea Islands external 33 H3 Sea 98 C5
territory Australia, Coral Sea Cracow see Kraków Czechoslovakia see Czech
130 E3 Craiova Romania 90 B5 Republic or Slovakia
Corantijn see Courantyne Cremona Italy 78 B2 Czech Republic country C
Cordillera Cantábrica mountain Cres island Croatia 82 A3 Europe 80-81
range Spain 74 D1 Crescent City California, USA Czèstochowa Poland Ger.
Córdoba Argentina 46 C3 26 A4 Tschenstochau 80 C4
Córdoba Spain 74 D4 Crete see Kríti Czîuchów Poland 80 C3
382
Dacca — Dhaka

Darien, Gulf of sea feature Dej Romania 90 B3

D Caribbean Sea 35 G5
Darling river Australia 131 C6
Delaware state USA 23 F4
Delémont Switzerland 77 A7
Dacca see Dhaka Darmstadt Germany 77 B5 Delft Netherlands 68 C4
Dagden see Hiiumaa Darnah Libya 53 H2 Delfzijl Netherlands 68 E1
Dagö see Hiiumaa Dartmoor region England, UK Delhi India 116 D3
Dagupan Philippines 121 E1 71 C7 Del Rio Texas, USA 29 F4
Da Hinggan Ling mountain Dartmouth Canada 21 F4 Demchok disputed region
range China Eng. Great Darwin Australia 128 D2 China/India var. Dêmqog
Khingan Range 109 G1 Dashhowuz see Da§oguz 108 B4
Dahomey see Benin Da§oguz Turkmenistan prev. Demopolis Alabama, USA
Dakar capital of Senegal 56 B3 Tashauz, Turkm. Dashhowuz 30 C2
Ãakovo Croatia 82 C3 104 C2 Dêmqog see Demchok
Dalain Hob China 108 D3 Datong China 110 C4 Denali see Mount McKinley
Dalaman Turkey 98 B4 Daugava see Western Dvina Denham Australia 129 A5
Dalandzadgad Mongolia Daugavpils Latvia Ger. Den Helder Netherlands 68 C2
109 E3 Dünaburg, Rus. Dvinsk 88 D4 Denizli Turkey 98 B4
Ãa Lat Vietnam 119 E5 Dávangere India 114 D2 Denmark country NW Europe
Dalby Australia 131 D5 Davao Philippines 121 F3 67
Dalian China 110 D4 Davao Gulf gulf Philippines Denmark Strait sea feature
Dallas Texas, USA 29 G3 121 F3 Greenland/Iceland var.
Dalmacija region Croatia 82 B4 Davenport Iowa, USA 25 G3 Danmarksstraedet 65 D4
David Panama 35 E5 Denpasar Indonesia 120 D5
Daly Waters Australia 128 E3
Davie Ridge undersea feature Denton Texas, USA 29 G2
Damán India 116 C5
Indian Ocean 123 A5 Denver Colorado, USA 24 D4
Damas see Damascus Davis Sea Indian Ocean 136 D3
Damascus Syria var. Esh Sham, Dera Gházi Khán Pakistan
Davis Strait sea feature 116 C2
Fr. Damas, Ar. Dimashq Atlantic Ocean 64 C3
100 B4 Derby England, UK 71 D6
Dawei Myanmar prev. Tavoy Derg, Lough lake Ireland
Dampier Australia 128 B4 119 B5
Damxung China 108 C5 71 B6
Dayr az Zawr Syria 100 D3
Ãa Nâng Vietnam 119 E4 Desé Ethiopia 54 C4
Dayton Ohio, USA 22 C4
Dandong China 110 D4 Deseado river Argentina
Daytona Beach Florida, USA 47 C6
Daneborg Greenland 65 E3 31 F4
Danghara Tajikistan 105 E3 Des Moines Iowa, USA 25 F3
Dead Sea salt lake SW Asia Ar.
Danmarksstraedet see Despoto Planina see Rhodope
Al Baír al Mayyit, Baírat Lút,
Denmark Strait Mountains
Heb. Yam HaMela¡ 101 B5
Danube river C Europe Dessau Germany 76 D4
Death Valley valley W USA
63 E4 27 C6 Detroit Michigan, USA 22 D3
Danville Virginia, USA 23 E5 Deatnu river Finland/Norway Deutschendorf see Poprad
Danzig see Gdaúsk 66 D2 Deva Romania 90 B4
Danzig, Gulf of 76 C2 Gulf Debrecen Hungary prev. Deventer Netherlands 68 D3
Poland 80 C2 Debreczen, Ger. Debreczin Devollit, Lumi i river Albania
Dar¶á Syria 101 B5 81 D6 83 D6
Dardanelles sea feature Turkey Debreczen see Debrecen Devon Island island Canada
Turk. Çanakkale Boêazı Debreczin see Debrecen 19 F2
98 A2 Decatur Illinois, USA 22 B4 Devonport Tasmania, Australia
Dar es Salaam Tanzania 55 C7 Deccan plateau India 131 C8
Darfur Cultural region Sudan 106 B3 115 D1 Dezfúl Iran 102 C3
54 A4 Dêâín Czech Republic Dhaka capital of Bangladesh
Darhan Mongolia 109 E2 Ger. Tetschen 80 B4 var. Dacca 117 G4
 383
Dhanbád — Durham

Dhanbád India 117 F4 Dodekánisa islands Greece Dráma Greece 86 C3

Dhrepanon, Ákra see Drépano, Eng. Dodecanese 87 E6 Drammen Norway 67 B6
Akrotírio Dodge City Kansas, USA 25 E5 Drau river C Europe var. Drava
Diamantina Fracture Zone Dodoma capital of Tanzania 77 D7 82 C3
tectonic feature Indian Ocean 55 C7 Drava river C Europe var. Drau
123 E6 Doêu Karadeniz Daêlariı 81 C7
Dickinson North Dakota, USA mountains Turkey var. Drépano, Akrotírio coastal
24 D2 Anadolu Daêları 99 E2 feature Greece var.
Diekirch Luxembourg 69 D7 Doha capital of Qatar Ar. Ad Dhrepanon Ákra 86 C4
Dieppe France 72 C3 Dawíah 103 C5 Dresden Germany 76 D4
Digul River Indonesia 121 H5 Dolisie Congo 59 B6 Drina river Bosnia &
Dijon France 72 D4 Dolomites see Dolomitiche, Herzegovina/Serbia 82 D4
Dikson Taymyrskiy (Dolgano- Alpi Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Nenetskiy) Russian Federation Dolomitiche, Alpi mountains Romania prev. Turnu Severin
137 H4 Italy Eng. Dolomites 78 C2 90 B4
Dili capital of East Timor 121 F5 Dolores Argentina 46 D4 Dronning Maud Land region
Dilling Sudan 54 B4 Dolores Hidalgo Mexico Antarctica 137 B1
33 E4 Druskieniki see Druskininkai
Dilolo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D8
Dominica country West Indies Druskininkai Lithuania Pol.
Dimashq see Damascus 37
Dimitrovo see Pernik Druskieniki 89 B5
Dominican Republic country Dubayy United Arab Emirates
Dinant Belgium 69 C7 West Indies 37 103 D5
Dinaric Alps mountains Bosnia Don river Russian Federation
& Herzegovina/Croatia 82 B4 Dubâsari Moldova 90 D3
93 B6 96 A3
Diourbel Senegal 56 B3 Dubawnt river Canada 19 F4
Donegal Bay sea feature
Diré Dawa Ethiopia 55 D5 Dubbo Australia 131 D6
Ireland 71 A5
Dirk Hartog Island island Dublin capital of Ireland 71 B5
Donets river Russian
Australia 129 A5 Federation/Ukraine 93 A6 Dubrovnik Croatia 83 C5
Disappointment, Lake salt lake Donets·k Ukraine 91 G3 Dubuque Iowa, USA 25 G3
Australia 128 C4 Dongguan China 111 C6 Duero river Portugal/Spain
Dispur India 117 G3 Dongola Sudan 54 B3 Port. Douro 74 D2
Divinópolis Brazil 45 F1 Donostia see San Sebastián Dugi Otok island Croatia 82 A4
Diyarbakır Turkey 99 E4 Dordogne river France 73 B5 Duisburg Germany 76 A4
Dkaraganda see Zhezkazgan Dordrecht Netherlands 68 C4 Dulan China 108 D4
Dorpat see Tartu Duluth Minnesota, USA 25 F2
Djambala Congo 59 B6
Dortmund Germany 76 B4 Dumfries Scotland, UK 70 C4
Djibouti country E Africa 54
Dothan Alabama, USA 30 D3 Düna see Western Dvina
Djibouti capital of Djibouti var.
Jibuti 54 D4 Douai France 72 D3 Dünaburg see Daugavpils
Dnieper river E Europe 63 F4 Douala Cameroon 59 A5 Dundalk Ireland 71 B5
Dniester river Moldova/Ukraine Douglas UK 71 C5 Dundee Scotland, UK 70 D3
90 D3 Douglas Arizona, USA 28 C3 Dunedin New Zealand 133 B7
Dnipropetrovs·k Ukraine 91 F3 Dourados Brazil 44 C2 Dunkerque France Eng.
Dobele Latvia Ger. Doblen Dunkirk 72 C2
Douro river Portugal/Spain Sp.
88 C3 Duero 74 C2 Dunkirk see Dunkerque
Doberai, Jazirah Peninsula Dover England, UK 71 E7 Duqm Oman 103 E6
Indonesia 121 G4 Dover Delaware, USA 23 F4 Durango Mexico 32 D3
Doblen see Dobele Drakensberg mountain range Durango Colorado, USA 24 C5
Doboj Bosnia & Herzegovina Lesotho/South Africa 60 D5 Durazno Uruguay 44 C5
82 C3 Drake Passage sea feature Durban South Africa 60 E4
Dobrich Bulgaria 86 E1 Atlantic Ocean/Pacific Ocean Durham North Carolina, USA
Dodecanese see Dodekánisa 39 C8 31 F1
384
Durrës — Enderby Land

Durrës Albania 83 C5 East Siberian Sea see El Calafate Argentina var.

Dushanbe capital of Tajikistan Vostochno-Sibirskoye More Calafate 47 B7
var. Dyushambe, prev. East St Louis Illinois, USA Elche Spain Cat. Elx 75 F4
Stalinabad 105 E3 22 B4 Elda Spain 75 F4
Düsseldorf Germany 76 A4 East Timor country SE Asia Eldoret Kenya 55 C6
Dutch Harbor Alaska, USA 121 Eleuthera island Bahamas
18 B3 East Novaya Zemlya Trench 36 C1
Dutch West Indies see var. Novaya Zemlya Trench. El Fasher Sudan var. Al Fáshir
Netherland Antilles Undersea feature Kara Sea 54 A4
Dvinsk see Daugavpils 137 H4
El Geneina Sudan 54 A4
Eau Claire Wisconsin, USA
Dyushambe see Dushanbe Elgin Scotland, UK 70 C3
22 A2
Dzaudzhikau see Vladikavkaz El Gîza see Al Jízah
Ebolowa Cameroon 59 B5
Dzhalal-Abad Kyrgyzstan Kir. El Ìank cliff Mauritania 56 D1
Ebro river Spain 75 F2
Jalal-Abad 105 F2 Elista Russian Federation 93 B6
Ecuador country NW South
Dzhambul see Taraz El Khalíl see Hebron
America 40
Dzhezkazgan see Zhezkazgan El Khârga see Al Khárijah
Ede Netherlands 68 D3
Dzvina see Western Dvina Ede Nigeria 57 F4 Elko Nevada, USA 27 D5
Edgeøya island Svalbard 65 G2 Ellensburg Washington, USA
26 B2
Edinburgh Scotland, UK 70 C4
E Edirne Turkey 98 A2
Edmonton Canada 19 E5
Ellesmere Island island Canada
19 F1
Ellsworth Land region
Eagle Pass Texas, USA Edward, Lake lake Uganda/ Antarctica 136 A3
29 F4 Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6 Elmira New York, USA 23 E3
East Antarctica region Edwards Plateau upland S USA El Mreyyé desert Mauritania
Antarctica 136 C3 29 F4 56 D2
East Cape coastal feature New Efate Island Vanuatu prev. El Obeid Sudan 54 B4
Zealand 132 E2 Sandwich Island 124 D4
El Paso Texas, USA 28 D3
East China Sea Pacific Ocean Effingham Illinois, USA 22 B4
El Puerto de Santa María Spain
111 E5 Eforie-Sud Romania 90 D5
74 D5
Easter Fracture Zone tectonic Egadi, Isole island group Italy El Qâhira see Cairo
feature Pacific Ocean 79 B6
El Salvador country Central
135 G4 Ege Denizi see Aegean Sea America 34
Easter Island island Pacific Eger see Ohüe Eltanin Fracture Zone tectonic
Ocean 135 F4 Egypt country NE Africa 54 feature Pacific Ocean
Eastern Ghats mountain range Eighty Mile Beach beach 135 E5
India 117 B5 Australia 128 C3 El Tigre Venezuela 41 E2
Eastern Sierra Madre see Sierra Eindhoven Netherlands 69 D5 Elx see Elche
Madre Oriental Eisenstadt Austria 77 E6 Ely Nevada USA 27 D5
East Falkland island Falkland Eivissa see Ibiza
Islands 47 D7 Emden Germany 76 B3
Elat Israel 101 A7 Emerald Australia 130 D4
East Indiaman Ridge undersea
Elazig Turkey 99 E3 Emmen Netherlands 68 E2
feature Indian Ocean
23 D5 Elba, Isola d· island Italy 78 B4 Empty Quarter see Ar Rub¶al
East Indies island group Asia Elbasan Albania 83 D6 Khali
122 E4 Elbe river Czech Republic/ Ems river Germany/Netherlands
East London South Africa Germany 81 B5 76 B3
60 D5 Elbing see Elblàg Encarnación Paraguay 44 C3
Eastmain river Canada 20 D3 Elblàg Poland Ger. Elbing Enderbury Island atoll Kiribati
East Pacific Rise undersea 80 D2 136 C2
feature Pacific Ocean El·brus peak Russian Enderby Land region
135 F4 Federation 93 A7 Antarctica 136 C2
 385
Enderby Plain — Fehmarn Belt

Enderby Plain undersea feature Esh Sham see Damascus

Indian Ocean 123 B7
England national region UK
Eski§ehir Turkey 98 B3 F
Esmeraldas Ecuador 40 A4
70-71 Esperance Australia 129 C6 Fada-N·gourma Burkina 57 E4
English Channel sea feature Espiritu Santo Island Vanuatu Faeroe Islands external
Atlantic Ocean 71 D7 territory Denmark, Atlantic
124 D3
Enguri river Georgia Rus. Inguri Ocean Faer. Fóroyar, Dan.
Espoo Finland 67 D6
99 F1 Færøerne 65 F5
Esquel Argentina 47 B6
Enid Oklahoma, USA 29 F1 Færøerne see Faeroe Islands
Ennedi plateau Chad 58 D2 Essaouira Morocco 52 B2 Faguibine, Lac lake Mali 57 E3
Enns river Austria 77 D6 Essen Germany 76 A4 Fairbanks Alaska, USA 18 D3
Enschede Netherlands Essequibo river Guyana 41 G3 Fairlie New Zealand 133 B6
68 E3 Estelí Nicaragua 34 D3 Faisalábád Pakistan 116 C2
Ensenada Mexico 32 A1 Estevan Canada 19 F5 Faizabad see Feyzábád
Entebbe Uganda 55 B6 Estonia country E Europe Falkland Islands external
Enugu Nigeria 57 G5 88 D2 territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
Eolie, Isole island group Italy Ethiopia country E Africa 54-55 47 D7
Eng. Lipari Islands, var. Ethiopian Highlands upland Fallon Nevada, USA 27 C5
Aeolian Islands 79 D6 E Africa 50 D4 Falun Sweden 67 C6
Eperies see Pre#ov Etna, Mount peak Sicily, Italy Famagusta see Gazimaêusa
Eperjes see Pre#ov 79 D7 Farafangana Madagascar 61 G4
Épinal France 72 E4 Etosha Pan salt basin Namibia Faráh Afghanistan 104 C5
Equatorial Guinea country W 60 C3 Farasán, Jazá·ir island group
Africa 59 Eucla Australia 129 D6 Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Erdenet Mongolia 109 E2 Eugene Oregon, USA 26 A3 Farewell, Cape headland New
Erechim Brazil 44 D3 Eugene Washington, USA Zealand 132 C4
Erenhot China 109 F2 26 B1 Farewell, Cape see Nunap Isua
Erevan see Yerevan Euphrates river SW Asia 102 C4 Farghona see Farg·ona
Ereêli Turkey 98 C4 Europe 62-63 Farg·ona Uzbekistan prev.
Novyy Margilan, Uzb.
Erfurt Germany 76 C4 Evansville Indiana, USA 22 B5 Farghona 105 F2
Erie Pennsylvania, USA 22 D3 Everest, Mount peak China/ Fargo North Dakota, USA 25 E2
Erie, Lake lake Canada/USA Nepal 108 B5
Farkhor Tajikistan 105 E3
17 D5 Everett Washington, USA 26 B1 Farmington New Mexico, USA
Eritrea country E Africa 54 Everglades, The wetlands 28 C1
Erivan see Yerevan Florida, USA 31 F5 Faro Portugal 74 C4
Erlangen Germany 77 C5 Évvoia island Greece 87 C5 Farquhar Group island group
Ernákulam India 114 D3 Exeter England, UK 71 C7 Seychelles 61 G2
Er Rachidia Morocco 52 C2 Exmoor region England, UK Farvel, Cap see Nunap Isua
Erzerum see Erzurum 71 C7 Faxaflói bay Iceland 64 D5
Erzgebirge mountain range Exmouth Australia 128 A4 Faya Chad 58 C2
Czech Republic/Germany var Exmouth Gulf gulf Australia Fayetteville Arkansas, USA
Kru#né Hory 77 D5 128 A4 30 A1
Erzincan Turkey 99 E3 Exmouth Plateau undersea Fayetteville North Carolina,
Erzurum Turkey prev. Erzerum feature Indian Ocean 123 E5 USA 31 F1
99 F3 Eyre North, Lake salt lake Fdérik Mauritania 56 C1
Esbjerg Denmark 67 A7 Australia131 B5 Fear, Cape coastal feature
Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg Eyre Peninsula peninsula North Carolina, USA 31 G2
69 D8 Australia131 A6 Fehmarn island Germany 76 C2
Escuintla Guatemala 34 B2 Eyre South, Lake salt lake Fehmarn Belt sea feature
E§fahán Iran 102 C3 Australia131 B5 Germany 76 C2
386
Feira de Santana — Freiburg im Breisgau

Feira de Santana Brazil 43 G3 Florence Alabama, USA 30 C2 Fort Myers Florida, USA 31 E4
Fellin see Viljandi Florence South Carolina, USA Fort Peck Lake lake Montana,
Fengtien see Liaoning 31 F2 USA 24 C1
Fenoarivo see Fenoarivo Florence see Firenze Fort Saint John Canada 19 E4
Atsinanana Florencia Colombia 40 B3 Fort Smith Canada 19 E4
Fenoarivo Atsinanana Flores Guatemala 34 B1 Fort Smith Arkansas, USA
Madagascar prev. Fenoarivo Flores island Indonesia 121 E5 30 A1
61 G3 Fort Wayne Indiana, USA
Flores, Laut see Flores Sea
Fens, The wetland England, UK 22 C4
71 E6 Flores Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Laut Flores 121 E5 Fort William Scotland, UK
Fergana see Farg·ona 70 C3
Florianópolis Brazil 44 D3
Ferizaj Kosovo prev. Uro#evac Fort Worth Texas, USA 29 G3
83 D5 Florida state USA 31 E4
Florida, Straits of sea feature Foveaux Strait sea feature New
Ferrara Italy 78 C3 Zealand 133 A7
Bahamas/USA 31 F5 36 B1
Ferrol Spain 74 C1 Fox Glacier New Zealand
Florida Keys island chain
Fès Morocco Eng. Fez 52 C2 133 B6
Florida, USA 31 F5
Feyzábád Afghanistan var. Franca Brazil 45 E1
Faizabad 105 E3 Flórina Greece 86 B3
France country W Europe
Fez see Fès Flushing see Vlissingen
72-73
Fianarantsoa Madagascar 61 G3 Foâa Bosnia & Herzegovina
Francistown Botswana 60 D3
82 C4
Fier Albania 83 D6 Frankfort Kentucky, USA
Foc§ani Romania 90 C4
Figueira da Foz Portugal 74 C3 22 C5
Foggia Italy 79 D5
Figueres Spain 75 G2 Frankfurt see Frankfurt am
Fogo island Cape Verde 56 A3 Main
Figuig Morocco 52 D2
Foligno Italy 78 C4 Frankfurt am Main Germany
Fiji country Pacific Ocean 127
Fongafale capital of Tuvalu Eng. Frankfurt 77 B5
Finland country N Europe 127 E3
66-67 Frankfurt an der Oder
Fonseca, Gulf of sea feature Germany 76 D5
Finland, Gulf of sea feature El Salvador/Honduras 34 C3
Baltic Sea 67 E6 Fränkische Alb mountains
Forlì Italy 78 C3 Germany 77 C6
Fiordland physical region New
Zealand 133 A7 Formentera island Spain 75 G4 Frantsa-Iosifa, Zemlya islands
Firenze Italy Eng. Florence Former Yugoslav Republic of Russian Federation Eng.
78 C3 Macedonia see Macedonia Franz Josef Land 137 G4
Fishguard Wales, UK 71 C6 Formosa Argentina 46 D2 Franz Josef Land see Frantsa-
Fitzroy river Australia 128 C3 Formosa see Taiwan Iosifa, Zemlya
Fitzroy Crossing Australia Formosa Strait see Fraser Island island Australia
128 D3 Taiwan Strait 130 E4
Fiume see Rijeka Fóroyar see Faeroe Islands Frauenburg see Saldus
Flagstaff Arizona, USA 28 B2 Fortaleza Brazil 43 H2 Fray Bentos Uruguay 44 B5
Flanders region Belgium 69 A5 Fortescue River river Australia Fredericksburg Virginia, USA
Flensburg Germany 76 B2 128 B4 23 E4
Flinders Island island Australia Fort Collins Colorado, USA Fredericton Canada 21 F4
131 C7 24 D4 Frederikshavn Denmark
Flinders Ranges mountain Fort-de-France capital of 67 B7
range Australia 131 B6 Martinique 37 G4 Fredrikstad Norway 67 B6
Flinders River river Australia Forth river Scotland, UK 70 C4 Freeport Bahamas 36 C1
130 C3 Forth, Firth of inlet Scotland, Freeport Texas, USA 29 G4
Flin Flon Canada 19 F5 UK 70 D4 Freetown capital of
Flint Michigan, USA 22 C3 Fort Lauderdale Florida, USA Sierra Leone 56 C4
Flint Island island Kiribati 31 F5 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
127 H4 Fort McMurray Canada 19 F4 77 B6
 387
Fremantle — General Santos

Fremantle Australia 129 B6 Gaeta, Golfo di sea feature Gansu province China var. Gan,
French Guiana external Italy 79 C5 Kansu 111 B5
territory France, N South Gafsa Tunisia 53 E2 Gao Mali 57 E3
America 41 Gagnoa Côte d’Ivoire Gaoual Guinea 56 C4
French Polynesia external 56 D5 Gar China var. Shiquanhe
territory France, Pacific Gagra Georgia 99 E1 108 A4
Ocean 135 E3 Gairdner, Lake lake Australia Garagum Kanaly canal
French Southern and 131 B6 Turkmenistan prev.
Antarctic Territories French Galapagos Fracture Zone Karakumskiy Kanal 104 C3
overseas territory Indian tectonic feature Pacific Ocean Garagum desert Turkmenistan
Ocean Fr. Terres Australes 135 F3 var. Kara Kum, Karakumy
et Antarctiques Françaises Galapagos Islands islands 104 C2
123 C7 Ecuador, Pacific Ocean Garda, Lago di lake Italy
Fresnillo Mexico 32 D1 var. Tortoise Islands, Sp. 78 B2
Fresno California, USA 27 B6 Archipiélago de Colón Gardíz Afghanistan 105 E4
Fobisher Bay see Iqaluit 135 G3 Garissa Kenya 55 C6
Frome, Lake salt lake Australia Galapagos Rise undersea Garmo Peak see Communism
131 B5 feature Pacific Ocean Peak
Frunze see Bishkek 135 G3
Garonne river France 73 B5
Fu-chien see Fujian Gala√i Romania 90 D4
Garoowe Somalia 55 E5
Fuerte Olimpo Paraguay 44 B1 Galesburg Illinois, USA 22 B4
Garoua Cameroon 58 B4
Fuerteventura island Spain Galicia region Spain 74 C1
Gary Indiana, USA 22 B3
52 A3 Galilee, Sea of see Tiberias, Lake
Fuhkien see Fujian Gaspé Canada 21 F4
Galle Sri Lanka 115 E4
Fujian province China var. Gastonia North Carolina, USA
Gallego Rise undersea feature
Fu-chien, Fuhkien, Fukien, 31 E1
Pacific Ocean 135 F3
Min 111 D6 Gävle Sweden 67 C5
Gallipoli Italy 79 E5
Fukien see Fujian Gaya India 117 F4
Gällivare Sweden 66 D3
Fukui Japan 113 C5 Gaza Gaza Strip 101 A6
Gallup New Mexico, USA
Fukuoka Japan 113 A6 28 C2 Gazandzhyk see Bereket
Fukushima Japan 112 D4 Galveston Texas, USA Gazanjyk see Bereket
Fulda Germany 77 C5 29 G4 Gaza Strip disputed territory
Fünfkirchen see Pécs Galway Ireland 71 A5 SW Asia 101 A6
Fushun China 110 D3 Gambia country W Africa 56 Gaziantep Turkey prev. Aintab
Furnas, Represa de Reservoir Gambia River Africa 56 C3 98 D4
Brazil 45 E1 Gambier, Îles island group Gazimaêusa Cyprus var.
Fuxin China 110 D3 French Polynesia 135 E4 Famagusta Gk. Ammochostos
Fujian China prev. Linchuan Gan see Gansu 98 C5
111 D6 Gan see Jiangxi Gdaúsk Poland Ger. Danzig
FYR Macedonia see Macedonia Gäncä Azerbaijan Rus. 80 C2
Gyandzha, prev. Kirovabad, Gdingen see Gdynia
Yelisavetpol 99 G2 Gdynia Poland Ger. Gdingen

G Gand see Gent

Gander Canada 21 H3
80 C2
Gedaref Sudan 54 C4
Gandía Spain 75 F3 Geelong Australia 131 C7
Gaalkacyo Somalia 55 E5 Ganges river S Asia 116 F4 Gëkdepe see Gökdepe
Gabès Tunisia 53 E2 Ganges Fan Undersea feature Gemena Dem. Rep. Congo
Gabon country W Africa 59 Bay of Bengal 122 D3 59 C5
Gaborone capital of Botswana Ganges, Mouths of the General Eugenio A. Garay
60 D4 wetlands Bangladesh/India Paraguay 44 A1
Gabrovo Bulgaria 86 D2 117 G4 General Santos Philippines
Gadsden Alabama, USA 30 D2 Gangtok India 117 G3 121 F3
388
Geneva — Grand Erg Occidental

Geneva see Genève Gilbert River river Australia Gorgán Iran 102 D3
Geneva, Lake lake France/ 130 C3 Gorki see Horki
Switzerland Fr. Lac Léman, Gillette Wyoming, USA 24 C3 Gor·kiy see Nizhniy Novgorod
var. Le Léman, Ger. Genfer Gingin Australia 129 B6 Gorlovka see Horlivka
See 77 A7 Girin see Jilin Gorontalo Indonesia 121 E4
Genève Switzerland Eng. Girne Cyprus var. Kyrenia Gorzów Wielkopolski Poland
Geneva 77 A7 98 C5 Ger. Landsberg 80 B3
Genfer See see Geneva, Lake Girona Spain var. Gerona 75 G2 Gospiá Croatia 82 B3
Genhe China 109 F1 Gisborne New Zealand 132 E3 Gosford Australia 131 D6
Genk Belgium 69 D5 Giurgiu Romania 90 C5 Gostivar Macedonia 83 D5
Genoa see Genova Gjirokastër Albania 83 D6 Göteborg Sweden 67 B7
Genova Italy see Genoa 78 B3 Gjøvik Norway 67 B5 Gotel Mountains mountain
Genova, Golfo di sea feature Glasgow Scotland, UK 70 C4 range Nigeria 57 G4
Italy 78 B3 Gleiwitz see Gliwice Gotland island Sweden 67 C7
Gent Belgium Fr. Gand, Eng. Glendale Arizona, USA 28 B2 Gotó-rettó island group Japan
Ghent 69 B5
Glendive Montana, USA 24 D2 113 A6
Geok-Tepe see Gökdepe
Gliwice Poland Ger. Gleiwitz Göttingen Germany 76 C4
George South Africa 60 D5 81 C5 Gouda Netherlands 68 C4
George V Land physical region Gloucester England, UK 71 D6
Antarctica 136 C4 Gough Island external territory
Glubokoye see Hlybokaye UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Georgenburg see Jurbarkas
Gobi desert China/Mongolia Gouin, Réservoir Reservoir
George Town capital of 108 D3 Canada 20 D4
Cayman Islands 36 B3
Godáveri river India Gouré Niger 57 G3
Georgetown capital of Guyana 106 B3 115 E1 Governador Valadares Brazil
41 G2 43 G4 45 F1
Godoy Cruz Argentina 46 B4
George Town Malaysia 120 B3 Govî Altayn Nuruu mountain
Godthåb see Nuuk
Georgia country SW Asia 99 F2 range Mongolia 109 E3
Godwin Austin, Mount see K2
Georgia state USA 31 E3 Gozo island Malta 79 C7
Goiânia Brazil 43 F4
Gera Germany 76 C4 Grafton Australia 131 E5
Gökdepe Turkmenistan prev.
Geraldton Australia 129 A5 Geok-Tepe, prev. Gëkdepe Grampian Mountains mountains
Gereshk Afghanistan 104 D5 104 B3 Scotland, UK 70 C3
Germany country W Europe Golan Heights disputed Granada Nicaragua 34 D3
76-77 territory SW Asia 100 B4 Granada Spain 75 E4
Gerona see Girona Gold Coast coastal region Gran Canaria island Spain
Getafe Spain 75 E3 Australia 131 E5 52 A3
Gettysburg Pennsylvania, USA Goldingen see Kuldíga Gran Chaco region C South
23 E4 Golmud China 108 D4 America 38 C4 44 A2 46 D2
Gevgelija Macedonia 83 E6 Goma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6 Grand Bahama island Bahamas
Ghana country W Africa 57 36 C1
Gomel· see Homyel·
Ghanzi Botswana 60 C3 Grand Banks undersea feature
Gómez Palacio Mexico 32 D2
Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Ghardaïa Algeria 52 D2 Gonaïves Haiti 36 D3
Grand Canyon valley SW USA
Gharyán Libya 53 F2 Gonder Ethiopia 54 C4 28 B1
Ghazní Afghanistan 105 E4 Gongola river Nigeria 57 G4 Grande, Rio river Brazil 45 E1
Ghent see Gent Good Hope, Cape of coastal Grande, Rio River Mexico/
Gibraltar external territory UK, feature South Africa 60 C5 USA 17 B6
SW Europe 74 D5 Goondiwindi Australia 131 D5 Grande Comore island
Gibson Desert desert region Goose Lake lake W USA 26 B4 Comoros 61 F2
Australia 128 C4 Goré Chad 58 C4 Grande Prairie Canada 19 E4
Gijón Spain var. Xixón 74 D1 Goré Ethiopia 55 C5 Grand Erg Occidental desert
Gilbert Islands see Tungaru Gore New Zealand 133 B7 region Algeria 52 D2
 389
Grand Erg Oriental — Guizhou

Grand Erg Oriental desert Great Rift Valley valley E Guadalajara Mexico 32 D4
region Algeria/Tunisia 53 E3 Africa/SW Asia 55 C6 Guadalcanal island Solomon
Grand Falls Canada 21 G3 Great Salt Desert see Kavír, Islands 124 C3
Grand Forks North Dakota, Dasht-e Guadalquivir river Spain 74 D4
USA 25 E1 Great Salt Lake salt lake Utah, Guadeloupe external territory
Grand Junction Colorado, USA USA 24 B3 France, West Indies 37 G4
24 C4 Great Sand Sea desert region Guadiana river Portugal/Spain
Grand Rapids Michigan, USA Egypt/Libya 53 H3 74 C4
22 C3 Great Sandy Desert desert Gualeguaychú Argentina 46 D4
Graudenz see Grudziàdz Australia 128 C4 Guam external territory USA,
Graz Austria 77 E7 Great Sandy Desert see Ar Pacific Ocean 126 B1
Great Abaco island Bahamas Rub¶al Khali Guanare Venezuela 40 D1
36 C1 Great Slave Lake lake Canada Guanare river Venezuela 40 D2
Great Ararat see Ararat, Mount 19 E4
Guangdong province China var.
Great Australian Bight sea Great Victoria Desert desert Kuang-tung, Kwangtung,
feature Australia 129 D6 Australia 129 C5 Yue 111 C6
Great Barrier Island island Greece country SE Europe 86-87 Guangxi autonomous region
N NZ 132 D2 Green Bay Wisconsin, USA 22 B2 China var. Kwangsi 111 B6
Great Barrier Reef coral reef Greenland external territory Guangzhou China Eng. Canton
Coral Sea 130 C4 Denmark, Atlantic Ocean var. 111 C6
Great Basin region USA 26 D4 Grønland 64 Guantánamo Cuba 36 D3
Great Bear Lake lake Canada Greenland Sea Atlantic Ocean Guaporé River Bolivia/Brazil
19 E3 65 F2 32 D3
Great Dividing Range Greenock Scotland, UK 70 C4 Guarapuava Brazil 44 D3
mountain range Australia Greensboro North Carolina, Guatemala country Central
130-131 USA 31 F1 America 34
Great Exhibition Bay inlet New Greenville South Carolina, USA Guatemala Basin undersea
Zealand132 C1 31 E2 feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
Great Wall of China ancient Greifswald Germany 76 D2 Guatemala City capital of
monument China 110 C4 Gregory Range mountain Guatemala 34 B2
Greater Antilles island group range Australia 130 C3 Guaviare river Colombia 40 D3
West Indies 36 C3 Grenada country West Indies Guayaquil Ecuador 40 A4
Great Exuma Island island 37 G5
Bahamas 36 C2 Guayaquil, Golfo do sea
Grenoble France 73 D5 feature Ecuador/Peru 40 A5
Great Falls Montana, USA Greymouth New Zealand 133 B5
24 B1 Guernsey island Channel
Grey Range mountain range Islands 71 D8
Great Hungarian Plain plain SE Australia 124 B4
Europe Hung. Alföld 81 D7 Güney Dogu Toroslar mountain
Grimsby England, UK 71 E5 range SE Turkey 99 F3
Great Inagua island Bahamas
Groningen Netherlands 68 E1 Guiana Highlands upland
36 D2
Grønland see Greenland N South America 38 C2
Great Khingan Range see Da
Hinggan Ling Groote Eylandt island Australia Guider Cameroon 58 B4
130 B2 Guimarães Portugal 74 C2
Great Lakes, The lakes N
America see Erie, Huron, Grootfontein Namibia 60 C3 Guinea country W Africa 56
Michigan, Ontario, Superior Grosseto Italy 78 B4 Guinea, Gulf of sea feature
17 C5 Grosskanizsa see Nagykanizsa Atlantic Ocean 49 D5
Great Nicobar island India Groznyy Russian Federation Guinea-Bissau country W
115 H3 93 B7 96 A4 Africa 56
Great Plain of China region Grudziàdz Poland Ger. Guiyang China 111 B6
China 106 E2 Graudenz 80 C3 Guizhou province China var.
Great Plains region N America Grünberg in Schlesien see Kuei-chou, Kweichow, Qian
16-17 C5 Zielona Góra 111 B6
390
Gujarát — Hawke Bay

Gujarát state India 116 C4 Haibowan see Wuhai Hangzhou China 111 D5
Gujránwála Pakistan116 C2 Haicheng China 110 D4 Hannover Germany Eng.
Gujrát Pakistan 116 C2 Haifa see Hefa Hanover 76 B4
Gulf, The sea feature Arabian Íá·il Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Hanoi capital of Vietnam
Sea var. Persian Gulf Hailar see Hulun Buir 118 D3
122 B2 Hainan island China var. Hanover see Hannover
Gulfport Mississippi, USA 30 C3 Hainan Dao 106 D3 111 C8 Hanzhong China 111 B5
Gulu Uganda 55 B6 Hainan province China var. Hapsal see Haapsalu
Gumbinnen see Gusev Qiong 111 C7 Íaraç Yemen 103 C5
Gunnbjørn Fjeld Hainan Dao see Hainan Dao Harare capital of Zimbabwe
mountain Greenland 64 D4 Hai Phong Vietnam 118 D3 61 E3
Guri, Embalse de Reservoir Haiti country West Indies 36 Harbin China 110 E3
Venezuela 41 E2 Hajdarken see Khaydarkan Hargeysa Somalia 55 D5
Gusau Nigeria 57 F3 Hakodate Japan 112 D3 Hari river Indonesia 120 B4
Gusev Kaliningrad, Russian Íalab Syria 100 B2 Harírúd river C Asia 104 D4
Federation prev. Gumbinnen Íaláníyát, Juzur al Island Harper Liberia 56 D5
88 B4 group Oman 103 D6 Harrisburg Pennsylvania, USA
Gushgy see Serhetabat Halden Norway 67 B6 23 E4
Guwáháti India 117 G3 Halfmoon Bay New Zealand Harstad Norway 66 C2
Guyana country NE South 133 A7 Hartford Connecticut, USA
America 41 Halifax Canada 21 F4 23 G3
Gwalior India 116 D3 Halle Germany 76 C4 Har Us Nuur lake Mongolia
Gyandzha see Gäncä Hallein Austria 77 D7 108 C2
Gyangzê China 108 C5 Halls Creek Australia 128 D3 Hasselt Belgium 69 D5
Györ Hungary Ger. Raab 81 C6 Halmahera, Pulau island Hastings New Zealand 132 E4
Gyumri Armenia Rus. Kumayri, Indonesia 121 F3 Hastings Nebraska, USA
prev. Leninakan, Halmahera Sea Sea Indonesia 24 E4
Aleksandropol·99 F2 121 F4 Hatay see Antakya
Gyzylarbat see Serdar Halmstad Sweden 67 B7 Hatteras, Cape coastal feature
Hamada Japan 113 B5 North Carolina, USA 31 G1
Hamadán Iran 102 C3 Hattiesburg Mississippi, USA
H Íamáh Syria 100 B3
Hamamatsu Japan 113 C5
30 C3
Hat Yai Thailand 119 C7
Hamar Norway 67 B5 Haugesund Norway 67 A6
Hamburg Germany 76 C3 Hauraki Gulf gulf New Zealand
Ha¶apai Group islands Tonga 132 D2
127 F5 Hämeenlinna Finland 67 D5
HaMela¡, Yam see Dead Sea Havana capital of Cuba Sp. La
Haapsalu Estonia Ger. Hapsal Habana 36 B2
88 C2 Hamersley Range mountain
range Australia 128 B4 Havelock North Carolina, USA
Haarlem Netherlands 31 G1
68 C3 Hamhûng North Korea 110 E4
Havre Montana, USA 24 C1
Haast New Zealand 133 B6 Hami China 108 C3
Havre-Saint-Pierre Canada
Hachijó-jima island Japan Hamilton Canada 20 D5 21 F3
113 D5 Hamilton New Zealand 132 D3 Hawaii state USA 135 E2
Hachinohe Japan 112 D3 Hamm Germany 76 B4 Hawaiian Islands islands USA
Hadejia river Nigeria Hammerfest Norway 66 D2 125 F1
57 G3 Handan China 110 C4 Hawaiian Ridge undersea
Íaçramawt Mountain range HaNegev desert region Israel feature Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Yemen 103 C7 Eng. Negev 101 A6 Hawera New Zealand 132 D4
Hagåtña Guam 126 B1 Hangayn Nuruu mountain Hawke Bay bay New Zealand
Hague, The see ·s-Gravenhage range Mongolia 108 D2 132 E4
 391
Hawlér — Hulun Buir

Hawlér see Arbíl Hilversum Netherlands 68 C3 Honshú island Japan 112 D3

Hawthorne Nevada, USA 27 C6 Himalayas mountain range S Hoorn Netherlands 68 C2
Hay River Canada 19 E4 Asia 106 B2 Hopa Turkey 99 E2
Hays Kansas, USA 25 E4 Himora Ethiopia 54 C4 Hopedale Canada 21 F2
Hazar Turkmenistan prev. Íim§ Syria 100 B3 Hopeh see Hebei
Cheleken 104 A2 Hinchinbrook Island island Hopei see Hebei
Heard & McDonald Islands Australia 130 D3 Hopkinsville Kentucky, USA
islands Indian Ocean 123 C7 Hindu Kush mountain range 22 B5
Hebei province China var. C Asia 105 E4 Horki Belarus Rus. Gorki 89 E5
Hopeh, Hopei, Ji; prev. Chihli Hinthada Myanmar prev. Horlivka Ukraine Rus. Gorlovka
110 C4 Henzada 118 A4 90 G3
Hebron West Bank var. Hiroshima Japan 113 B5 Horn, Cape see Hornos, Cabo
Al Khalíl, El Khalil, Heb. Hitachi Japan 112 D4 Hornos, Cabo Eng Cape Horn
⁄evron 101 D7 Hjørring Denmark 67 A7 coastal feature Chile 47 C8
Heerenveen Netherlands 68 D2 Horsham Australia 131 C7
Hlybokaye Belarus Rus.
Heerlen Netherlands 69 D6 Glubokoye 89 D5 Hospitalet see L·Hospitalet de
Hefa Israel prev. Haifa 101 A5 Hobart Tasmania 131 C8 Llobregat
Hefei China 111 D5 Hobbs New Mexico, USA 29 E3 Hot Springs Arkansas, USA
Hei see Heilongjiang 30 B2
Hô Chi Minh Vietnam var. Ho
Heidelberg Germany 77 B5 Chi Minh City, prev. Saigon Houston Texas, USA 29 G4
Heilbronn Germany 77 B5 119 E6 Hovd Mongolia 108 C2
Heilongjiang province China Ho Chi Minh City see Hô Chi Hövsgöl Nuur lake Mongolia
var. Hei, Hei-lung-chiang Minh 108 D1
110 E3 Hradec Králové Czech Republic
Hodeida see Al Íudaydah
Hei-lung-chiang see Ger. Königgrätz 81 B5
Heilongjiang Hoek van Holland Netherlands
68 B4 Hrodna Belarus Rus. Grodno
Helena Montana, USA 24 B2 89 B5
Hells Canyon valley Idaho/ Hoggar see Ahaggar
Hohe Tauern mountain range Huacho Peru 42 A3
Oregon USA 26 C3
Austria 77 C7 Huainan China 111 D5
Helmand river Afghanistan
104 C5 Hohhot China 109 F3 Huambo Angola 60 B2
Helmond Netherlands 69 D5 Hokitika New Zealand 133 B5 Huancayo Peru 42 B3
Helsingborg Sweden 67 B7 Hokkaidó island Japan 112 D2 Huang He river China Eng.
Holguín Cuba 36 C2 Yellow River 110 C4
Helsinki capital of Finland
67 D6 Holland see Netherlands Huánuco Peru 42 B3
Henan province China var. Hollabrunn Austria 77 E6 Huaraz Peru 42 B3
Honan, Yu 111 C5 Holon Israel 101 A5 Hubei province China 111 C5
Hengduan Shan mountain Holyhead Wales, UK 71 C5 Hubli India 114 C2
range China 111 A6 Hombori Mopti, Mali 57 E3 Hudson river NE USA 23 F3
Hengelo Netherlands 68 E3 Homyel· Belarus Rus. Gomel· Hudson Bay sea feature
Hengyang China 111 C6 89 E7 Canada 16 C4
Henzada see Hinthada Honan see Henan Hudson Strait sea feature
Herát Afghanistan 104 C4 Honduras country Central Canada 19 H3
Hermansverk Norway America 34-35 Huê Vietnam 118 E4
67 A5 Honduras, Gulf of sea feature Huehuetenango Guatemala
Hermosillo Mexico 32 B2 Caribbean Sea 34 C2 34 B2
Herning Denmark 67 A7 Hønefoss Norway 67 B6 Huelva Spain 74 C4
Heywood Islands island group Hông Gai Vietnam 118 E3 Huesca Spain 75 F2
Australia 128 C3 Hong Kong China var Hughenden Australia 130 C4
Hiiumaa island Estonia Ger. Xianggang 111 C6 Hull see Kingston upon Hull
Dagden, Swed. Dagö 88 C2 Honiara capital of Solomon Hulun Buir China var. Hailar
Hildesheim Germany 76 C4 Islands 126 C3 109 F1
392
Hulun Nur — Irish Sea

Hulun Nur lake China 109 F1 Ifôghas, Adrar des upland Mali Indus Fan var. Indus Cone.
Humboldt river W USA 27 C5 var. Adrar des Iforas 57 F2 Undersea feature Arabian
Hunan province China var. Iforas, Adrar des see Ifôghas, Sea 122 B3
Xiang 111 C6 Adrar des Indus, Mouths of the wetlands
Hungarian Plain plain C Europe Iglau see Jihlava Pakistan 116 B4
85 E2 Iglesias Italy 79 A5 Ingolstadt Germany 77 C6
Hungary country C Europe 81 Iguaçu River Argentina/Brazil Inguri see Enguri
Huntington Beach California, 44 C3 Inhambane Mozambique 61 E4
USA 27 C8 Iguîdi, ¶Erg desert Algeria/ Inn river C Europe 77 D6
Huntington West Virginia, USA Mauritania 56 D1 Innaanganeq headland
22 D5 Ihavananthapuram island Greenland 64 C1
Huntsville Alabama, USA 30 D2 Maldives 114 C4 Inner Islands islands Seychelles
Hurghada Egypt 54 B2 Ihosy Madagascar 61 G4 61 H1
Huron, Lake lake Canada/USA Iisalmi Finland 66 E4 Inner Mongolia autonomous
22 D2 IJssel river Netherlands 68 D3 region China 109 F3
Hurunui river New Zealand IJsselmeer lake Netherlands Innsbruck Austria 77 C7
133 C5 prev. Zuider Zee 68 D2 I-n-Sâkâne, Erg Desert Mali
Húsavík Iceland 65 E4 Ikaría island Greece 87 D5 57 E2
Huvadhu Atoll island Maldives Iki island Japan 113 A6 I-n-Salah Algeria 52 D3
114 C5 Ilagan Philippines 121 E1 Insein Myanmar 118 B4
Hvar island Croatia 82 B4 Ilebo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Inukjuak Canada prev. Port
Hyargas Nuur lake Mongolia Ili River China/Kazakhstan Harrison 20 D2
108 D2 94 D3 Inuvik Canada 19 E3
Hyderábád India 114 D1, Iligan Philippines 121 F2 Invercargill New Zealand 133 A7
116 B3 Inverness Scotland, UK 70 C3
Illapel Chile 46 B3
Hyères, Îles d· islands France Investigator Ridge undersea
73 D6 Illinois state USA 22 B4
Iloilo Philippines 121 E2 feature Indian Ocean 122 D4
Ioánnina Greece 86 A4
Ilorin Nigeria 57 F4
Iónia Nisiá island group Greece
ƒluh see Batman
I Imatra Finland 67 E5
Eng. Ionian Islands 87 A5
Ionian Islands see Iónia Nisiá
Imperatriz Brazil 43 F2
Ia§i Romania 90 D3 Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea
Impfondo Congo 59 C5 87 A6
Ibadan Nigeria 57 F4 Imphál India 117 H4 Íos island Greece 87 D6
Ibagué Colombia 40 B3 Independence Missouri, USA Iowa state USA 25 F3
Ibarra Ecuador 40 A4 25 F4
Ipoh Malaysia 120 B3
Iberian Peninsula peninsula India country S Asia 114-115,
SW Europe 84 B3 Ipswich England, UK 71 E6
116-117
Ibérico, Sistema Mountain Iqaluit Canada prev. Frobisher
Indian Ocean 122-123
range Spain 75 F2 Bay 19 H3
Indiana state USA 22 C4 Iquique Chile 46 B1
Ibiza island Spain Cat. Eivissa
Indianapolis Indiana, USA Iquitos Peru 42 B2
75 G4
22 C4
Ica Peru 42 B4 Irákleio Greece 87 D7
Indigirka river Russian
čel see Mersin Federation 95 F2 Iran country SW Asia 102-103
Iceland country Atlantic Ocean Indonesia country SE Asia Iranian Plateau upland Iran
65 E4 120-121 102 D4
Idaho state USA 26 Indonesian Borneo see Iraq country SW Asia 102
Idaho Falls Idaho, USA 26 E3 Kalimantan Irbid Jordan 101 B5
Idfú Egypt 54 B2 Indore India 116 D4 Ireland country W Europe 70-71
Idlib Syria 100 B2 Indus river S Asia 116 C1 Irian Jaya see Papua
Ieper Belgium Fr. Ypres 69 A6 Indus Cone see. Indus Fan Irish Sea British Isles 71 C5
 393
Irkutsk — Jin

Irkutsk Russian Federation Izhevsk Russian Federation Java Sea Pacific Ocean var.
97 E4 93 C5 96 B3 Laut Jawa 122 D4
Iron Mountain Michigan, USA ƒzmir Turkey prev. Smyrna Java Trench undersea feature
22 B2 98 A3 Indian Ocean 122 D4
Ironwood Michigan, USA 22 B1 ƒzmit Turkey var. Kocaeli 98 B2 Jawa island Indonesia var. Java
Irrawaddy river Myanmar Izu-shotó island group Japan 120 C5
118 B2 113 D6 Jawa, Laut see Java Sea
Irrawaddy, Mouths of the Jayapura Indonesia 121 H4
wetlands Myanmar 118 A4 Jaz Múríán, Hámún-e lake Iran
Irtysh River Asia 94 C3
Iruña see Pamplona J 102 E4
Jedda see Jiddah
Ishim River Kazakhstan/Russian Jefferson City Missouri, USA
Federation 94 C3 Jabal ash Shifá desert Saudi 25 G4
Isiro Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5 Arabia 102 A4 Jékabpils Latvia Ger.
ƒskenderun Turkey Eng. Jabalpur India 116 E4 Jakobstadt 88 C4
Alexandretta 98 D4 Jackson Mississippi, USA 30 C2 Jelgava Latvia Ger. Mitau
Iskûr river Bulgaria 86 C1 Jacksonville Florida, USA 31 E3 88 C3
Iskûr, Yazovir Reservoir Jacksonville Texas, USA 29 G3 Jember Indonesia 120 D5
Bulgaria 86 C2 Jacmel Haiti 36 D3 Jena Germany 76 C4
Islay island Scotland, UK 70 B4 Jaén Spain 75 E4 Jenín var. Janín, Jinín; anc.
Islámábád capital of Pakistan Jaffna Sri Lanka 115 E3 Engannim. West Bank 101 D6
116 C1 Jagdaqi China 109 G1 Jérémie Haiti 36 D3
Ismaila see Al Ismá¶ílíya Jiangxi province China 111 C6 Jerevan see Yerevan
Isná Egypt 54 B2 Jaipur India 116 D3 Jericho West Bank 101 B5
ƒsparta Turkey 98 B4 Jajce Bosnia & Herzegovina Jerid, Chott el salt lake Africa
Israel country SW Asia 82 C4 84 D4
100-101 Jakarta capital of Indonesia Jersey island Channel Islands
Issyk-Kul, Ozero lake 120 C5 71 D8
Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 Jakobstad Finland 66 D4 Jerusalem capital of Israel
ƒstanbul Turkey var. Stambul, Jakobstadt see Jékabpils 101 B5
prev. Constantinople, Jalálábád Afghanistan 105 E4 Jhelum Pakistan 116 C2
Byzantium, Bul. Tsarigrad Jalal-Abad see Dzhalal-Abad Ji see Hebei
98 B2 Jalandhar India 116 D2 Ji see Jilin
ƒstanbul Boêazi see Bosporus Jalapa see Xalapa Jiangsu province China var.
Itabuna Brazil 43 G4 Chiang-su, Kiangsu, Su
Jamaame Somalia 55 D6
Itagüí Colombia 40 B2 111 D5
Jamaica country West Indies 36 Jiangxi province China var.
Italy country S Europe 78-79 Jamálpur Bangladesh 117 G4 Chiang-hsi, Gan, Kiangsi
Ittoqqortoormiit Greenland Jambi Indonesia 120 B4 111 C6
65 E3 James Bay sea feature Canada Jiaxing Zhejiang, China 111 D5
Iturup island Japan/Russian 20 C4 Jibuti see Djibouti
Federation (disputed) 112 E1 Jammu & Kashmir disputed Jiddah Saudi Arabia Eng. Jedda
Ivanhoe Australia 131 C6 region India/Pakistan 116 D2 103 A5
Ivano-Frankivs·k Ukraine 90 C2 Jámnagar India 116 B4 Jiftlik Post West Bank
Ivanovo Russian Federation Jan Mayen external territory 101 D7
92 B4 Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 F3 Jihlava Czech Republic Ger.
Ivittuut Greenland 64 B4 Japan country E Asia 112-113 Iglau 81 B5
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean Jilin province China var. Chi-lin,
Ivujivik Canada 20 D1 112 B3 Girin, Ji, Kirin 110 E3
Iwaki Japan 112 D4 Jarvis Island external territory Jilin China 110 E3
Izabal, Lago de lake Guatemala USA, Pacific Ocean 125 F2 Jíma Ethiopia 55 C5
34 C2 Java see Jawa Jin see Shanxi
394
Jinan — Kanazawa

Jinan China 111 C4 Jutland see Jylland Kalahari Desert desert

Jingdezhen China 111 D5 Juventud, Isla de la island southern Africa 60 C4
Jinhua China 111 D5 Cuba 36 B2 Kalamariá Greece 86 C3
Jining see Ulan Qab Jylland peninsula Denmark Kalámata Greece 87 B6
Jinotega Nicaragua 34 D3 Eng. Jutland 67 A7 Kalát Afghanistan 104 D5
Jinsha Jiang river China 108 D5 Jyväskylä Finland 67 D5 Kalbarri Australia 129 A5
Jinzhou China 110 D4 Kalemie Dem. Rep. Congo
Jízán Saudi Arabia 103 B6 59 E7
João Pessoa Brazil 43 H3
Jodhpur India 116 C3
K Kalgoorlie Australia 129 C6
Kalimantan geopolitical region
Joensuu Finland 67 E5 Indonesia Eng. Indonesian
K2 peak China/Pakistan Borneo 120 D4
Johannesburg South Africa Eng. Mount Godwin Austen Kaliningrad external territory
60 D4 116 D1 Russian Federation 96 A2
Johnston Atoll US Kaachka see Kaka
unincorporated territory Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,
Kaakhka see Kaka Russian Federation prev.
Pacific Ocean 125 E1
Kabale Uganda 55 B6 Königsberg 88 A4
Johor Bahru Malaysia 120 C3
Kabinda Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D7 Kalinkavichy Belarus Rus.
Joinville Brazil 44 D3 Kalinkovichi 89 D7
Kábol see Kabul
Joliet Illinois, USA 22 B3 Kalinkovichi see Kalinkavichy
Kabul capital of Afghanistan
Jönköping Sweden 67 B7 Kalisch see Kalisz
Per. Kabol 105 E4
Jonquière Canada 21 E4 Kalispell Montana, USA 24 B1
Kachch, Gulf of sea feature
Jordan country SW Asia Arabian Sea 116 B4 Kalisz Poland Ger. Kalisch
100-101 80 C4
Kachch, Rann of wetland India/
Jordan river SW Asia 101 B5 Pakistan var. Rann of Kutch Kalmar Sweden 67 C7
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf gulf 116 B4 Kalpeni Island island India
Australia 128 D2 Kadugli Sudan 54 B4 114 C3
Jos Plateau upland Nigeria Kaduna Nigeria 57 G4 Kama river Russian Federation
57 G4
Kaédi Mauritania 56 C3 92 D4
Juan Fernandez, Islas islands
Kâgheœ Physical region Kamchatka peninsula Russian
Chile 46 A4
Mauritania 56 D1 Federation 97 H3
Juàzeiro Brazil 43 G3
Kagoshima Japan 113 A6 Kamchiya river Bulgaria 86 E2
Juàzeiro do Norte Brazil 43 G3
Kahramanmara§ Turkey var. Kamina Dem. Rep. Congo
Juba Sudan 55 B5 Marash, Mara§ 98 D4 59 D7
Júcar river Spain 75 E3 Kai, Kepulauan island group Kamishli see Al Qámishlí
Judenburg Austria 77 D7 Indonesia 121 G4 Kamloops Canada 19 E5
Juigalpa Nicaragua 34 D3 Kaifeng China 111 C5 Kampala capital of Uganda
Juiz de Fora Brazil 43 G5 45 F2 Kaikohe New Zealand 132 C2 55 B6
Juneau Alaska, USA 18 D4 Kaikoura New Zealand 133 C5 Kâmpóng Cham Cambodia
Junggar Pendi desert China Kainji Reservoir Reservoir 119 D6
108 C2 Nigeria 57 F4 Kâmpóng Chhnâng Cambodia
Junín Argentina 46 D4 Kairouan Tunisia 53 E1 119 D5
Jura mountains France/ Kaiserslautern Germany Kâmpóng Saôm Cambodia
Switzerland 77 A7 77 B5 119 D6
Jura island Scotland, UK 70 B4 Kaitaia New Zealand 132 C2 Kâmpôt Cambodia 119 D6
Jurbarkas Lithuania Ger. Kajaani Finland 66 E4 Kampuchea see Cambodia
Jurburg, var. Georgenburg Kaka Turkmenistan prev. Kam··yanets·-Podil·s·kyy
88 B4 Kaakhka, var. Kaachka 104 C3 Ukraine 90 C3
Jurburg see Jurbarkas Kakhovka Ukraine 91 F4 Kananga Dem. Rep. Congo
Juruá river Brazil/Peru 42 C2 Kakhovs·ka Vodoskhovyshche 59 D7
Juticalpa Honduras 34 D2 Reservoir Ukraine 91 F3 Kanazawa Japan 112 C4
 395
Kandahár — Kerulen

Kandahár Afghanistan Karkinits·ka Zatoka sea feature Kayseri Turkey 98 D3

var. Qandahár 104 D5 Black Sea 91 E4 Kazakhstan country C Asia 96
Kandi Benin 57 F4 Karl-Marx-Stadt see Chemnitz Kazan· Russian Federation
Kanivs·ke Vodoskhovyshche Karlovac Croatia 82 B3 96 B3
Reservoir Ukraine 91 E2 Karlovy Vary Czech Republic Kazandzhik see Bereket
Kandy Sri Lanka 115 E3 Ger. Karlsbad 81 A5 Kazanlûk Bulgaria 86 D2
Kanestron, Ákra see Palioúri, Karlsbad see Karlovy Vary Kecskemét Hungary 81 D7
Akrotírio Karlskrona Sweden 67 C7 Kediri Indonesia 120 D5
Kangaroo Island island Karlsruhe Germany 77 B5 Keetmanshoop Namibia 60 C4
Australia 131 B7 Karlstad Sweden 67 B6 Kefalloniá island Greece Eng.
Kangertittivaq region Karnátaka state India 114 D1 Cephalonia 87 A5
Greenland 64 E3
Kárpathos island Greece 87 E7 Keá see Tziá
Kangikajik headland
Kars Turkey 99 F2 Kelang see Klang
Greenland 65 E4
Kanjiªa Serbia 82 D2 Karshi Uzbekistan prev. Bek- Kelmë Lithuania 88 B4
Budi, Uzb. Qarshi 104 D3 Kelowna Canada 19 E5
Kankan Guinea 56 D4
Karskoye More Arctic Ocean Kemerovo Russian Federation
Kano Nigeria 57 G4 Eng. Kara Sea 137 H3 96 D4
Kánpur India prev. Cawnpore Kasai river Dem. Rep. Congo Kemi Finland 66 D4
117 E3 59 C6 Kemi river Finland 66 D3
Kansas state USA 24-25 Kasama Zambia 61 E2 Kemijärvi Finland 66 D3
Kansas City Kansas, USA 25 F4 Kaschau see Ko#ice Kendari Indonesia 121 E4
Kansas City Missouri, USA 25 F4 Káshán Iran 102 C3 Këneurgench see Köneürgench
Kansk Russian Federation 97 E4 Kashi China 108 A3
Kansu see Gansu Kénitra Morocco 52 C2
Kasongo Dem. Rep. Congo Kennewick Washington, USA
Kaohsiung Taiwan 111 D7 59 E6 26 C2
Kaolack Senegal 56 B3 Kassa see Ko#ice Kenora Canada 20 A3
Kapfenberg Austria 77 E7 Kassala Sudan 54 C4 Kentucky state USA 22 C5
Kaposvár Hungary 81 C7 Kassel Germany 76 B4 Kenya country E Africa 55
Kapsukas see Marijampolë Kastamonu Turkey 98 C2 Kerala state India 114 D3
Kapuas river Indonesia 120 D4 Katanning Australia 129 B6 Kerch Ukraine 91 G4
Kara-Balta Kyrgyzstan 105 F2 Kateríni Greece 86 B4
Kerguelen island group Indian
Karabük Turkey 98 C2 Katha Myanmar 118 B2 Ocean 123 C7
Karáchi Pakistan 116 B4 Katherine Australia 128 E2 Kerguelen Plateau undersea
Karaganda Kazakhstan 96 C4 Kathmandu capital of Nepal feature Indian Ocean
Karakol Kyrgyzstan prev. 117 F3 123 C7
Przheval·sk 105 G2 Katsina Nigeria 57 G3 Kerki see Atamyrat
Kara Kum see Garagum Katowice Poland 81 C5 Kérkira see Kérkyra
Karakumskiy Kanal see Kauen see Kaunas Kérkyra Greece 86 A4
Garagum Kanaly Kaunas Lithuania Ger. Kauen, Kérkyra island Greece prev.
Karakumy see Garagum Pol. Kowno, Rus. Kovno Kérkira, Eng. Corfu 86 A4
Karamay China 108 C2 88 B4 Kermadec Islands island group
Karamea Bight gulf New Kavadarci Macedonia 82 E5 Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Zealand 133 C5 Kavála Greece 86 C3 Kermadec Trench undersea
Karasburg Namibia 60 C4 Kavaratti Island island India feature Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Kara Sea see Karskoye More 114 C3 Kermán Iran var. Kirman
Kardítsa Greece 86 B4 Kavír, Dasht-e Salt pan Iran 102 D4
Kariba, Lake lake Zambia/ 102 D3 Kermánsháh Iran prev.
Zimbabwe 60 D3 Kawasaki Japan 113 D5 Bákhtarán 102 C3
Karimata, Selat strait Indonesia Kayan river Indonesia 120 D3 Kerulen river China/Mongolia
120 C4 Kayes Mali 56 C3 109 E2
396
Ketchikan — Koko Nor

Ketchikan Alaska, USA 18 D4 Kigoma Tanzania 55 B7 Kirovabad see Gäncä

Key West Florida, USA 31 E5 Kikládhes see Kyklades Kirovakan see Vanadzor
Khabarovsk Russian Federation Kikwit Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6 Kirovohrad Ukraine 91 E3
97 G4 Kilimanjaro peak Tanzania Kiruna Sweden 66 C3
Khanka, Lake lake China/ 55 C7 Kisangani Dem. Rep. Congo
Russian Federation 110 E3 Kilkís Greece 86 B3 prev. Stanleyville 59 D5
Khankendy see Xankändi Killarney Ireland 71 A6 Kishinev see Chi§inâu
Kharkiv Ukraine Rus. Khar·kov Kimberley South Africa 60 D4 Kismaayo Somalia 55 D6
91 G2 Kimberley Plateau upland Kisumu Kenya 55 C6
Khar’kov see Kharkiv Australia 128 D3 Kitakyúshú Japan 113 A5
Khartoum capital of Sudan Kindia Guinea 56 C4 Kitami Japan 112 D2
var. Al Khur√úm 54 B4 Kindu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6 Kitchener Canada 20 C5
Khásh Iran 102 E4 King Island island Australia Kitwe Zambia 60 D2
Khaskovo Bulgaria 86 D2 131 C7 Kivu, Lake lake Rwanda/Dem.
Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan var. Kingissepp see Kuressaare Rep. Congo 55 B6 59 E6
Khaydarken, Hajdarken Kingman Reef external Kızıl Irmak river Turkey 98 C2
105 E2 territory USA, Pacific Ocean Kizyl-Arvat see Serdar
Khaydarken see Khaydarkan 125 F2
Kladno Czech Republic 81 A5
Kherson Ukraine 91 E4 King Sound sound Australia
128 C3 Klagenfurt Austria 77 D7
Kheta river Russian Federation Klaipëda Lithuania Ger. Memel
94 D2 Kingsport Tennessee, USA
31 E1 88 B4
Khíos see Chíos Klamath Falls Oregon, USA
Khirbet el ¶Aujá et Tahtá West Kingsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Kingston Canada 20 C5 26 B4
Bank 101 D6 Khang Malaysia var. Kelang
Khmel ·nyts·kyy Ukraine 90 D2 Kingston capital of Jamaica
36 C3 120 B2
Khodzhent see Khûjand Kljuâ Bosnia & Herzegovina
Kingston upon Hull England,
Khojend see Khûjand 82 B3
UK var. Hull 71 E5
Khokand see Qo·qon Knin Croatia 82 B4
Kingstown St Vincent & The
Kholm Afghanistan 105 E3 Grenadines 36 G4 Knoxville Tennessee, USA
Khon Kaen Thailand 118 C4 King William Island island 31 E1
Khorog see Khorugh Canada 19 F3 Knud Rasmussen Land region
Khorugh Tajikistan Rus. Khorog Kinneret, Yam see Tiberius, Greenland 64 D1
105 F3 Lake Kóbe Japan 113 C5
Khouribga Morocco 52 C2 Kinshasa capital of Dem. Rep. Koblenz Germany 77 B5
Khudzhand see Khûjand Congo prev. Léopoldville Kobryn Belarus 89 B6
Khûjand Tajikistan var. 59 B6 Kocaeli see ƒzmit
Khodzheut, Khojend, Rus. Kirghizia see Kyrgyzstan Koâani Macedonia 83 E5
Khudzhand prev. Leninabad Kiribati country Pacific Ocean Kóchi Japan 113 B6
105 E2 127 Kochi India see Cochin 114 D3
Khulna Bangladesh 117 G4 Kirin see Jilin Kodiak Alaska, USA 18 C3
Khvoy Iran 102 B3 Kiritimati island Kiribati var. Kodiak Island island Alaska,
Kiangsi see Jiangxi Christmas Island 127 G2 USA 18 C3
Kiangsu see Jiangsu Kirkenes Norway 66 E2 Koedoes see Kudus
Kiâevo Macedonia 83 D5 Kirklareli Turkey 98 A2 Kohíma India 117 H3
Kiel Germany 76 C2 Kirksville Missouri, USA 25 F4 Kohtla-Järve Estonia 88 D2
Kielce Poland 80 D4 Kirkúk Iraq 102 B3 Kokand see Qo·qon
Kiev capital of Ukraine Kirkwall Scotland, UK 70 C2 Kokchetav Kazakhstan 96 C4
Ukr. Kyyiv 91 E2 Kirman see Kermán Kokkola Finland 66 D4
Kiffa Mauritania 56 C3 Kirov Russian Federation Koko Nor see Qinghai
Kigali capital of Rwanda 55 B6 92 C4 96 B3 Koko Nor see Qinghai Hu
 397
Kokshaal-Tau — Kryms’kyy Pivostriv

Kokshaal-Tau mountain range Konjic Bosnia & Herzegovina Kousséri Cameroon 58 B3

Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 82 C4 Kouvola Finland 67 E5
Kola Peninsula see Kol·skiy Konya Turkey prev. Konia Kovel· Ukraine 90 C1
Poluostrov 98 C4 Kovno see Kaunas
Kolguyev, Ostrov island Kopaonik mountains Serbia Kowno see Kaunas
Russian Federation 92 D2 83 D4
Kozáni Greece 86 B4
Kolhumadulu Atoll island Koper Slovenia 77 D8
Maldives 114 C5 Kozhikode India see Calicut
Koprivnica Croatia 82 B2 114 D2
Kolka Latvia 88 C3 Korçë Albania 83 D6 Kra, Isthmus of coastal feature
Kolkata India var. Calcutta Korâula island Croatia 82 B4 Myanmar/Thailand 119 B6
117 F4 Korea Bay bay China/North Kragujevac Serbia 82 D4
Köln Germany Eng. Cologne Korea 110 D4
76 B4 Krakau see Kraków
Korea Strait sea feature Japan/
Kol·skiy Poluostrov peninsula South Korea Kraków Poland Eng. Cracow,
Russian Federation 110-111 E5 Ger. Krakau 81 D5
Eng. Kola Peninsula Korinthiakós Kólpos sea Kraljevo Serbia 82 D4
63 F1 92 C2 feature Greece Eng. Gulf of Kranj Slovenia 77 D7
Kolwezi Dem. Rep. Congo Corinth 87 B5 Krasnodar Russian Federation
59 D8 Kórinthos Greece Eng. Corinth 93 A6
Kolyma river Russian 87 B5 Krasnovodsk see Türkmenba§y
Federation 95 G2 Kóriyama Japan 113 D4 Krasnoyarsk Russian
Kommunizma, Pik see Korla China 108 C3 Federation 96 D4
Communism Peak Krasnyy Luch Ukraine 91 H3
Korosten· Ukraine 90 D1
Komoé river Côte d’Ivoire 57 E4 Kremenchuk Ukraine 91 F2
Kortrijk Belgium 69 A6
Komotiní Greece 86 D3 Kremenchuts·ke
Kos island Greece 87 E6
Komsomol·sk-na-Amure Vodoskhovyshche Reservoir
Russian Federation 97 G4 Kosciusko, Mount peak
Australia 131 D7 Ukraine 91 E2
Kondoz Afghanistan var. Krems an der Donau Austria
Kondúz, Kunduz, Qondúz Ko#ice Slovakia Ger. Kaschau,
Hung. Kassa 81 D6 77 E6
105 E3 Kretinga Lithuania Ger.
Kondúz see Kondoz Köslin see Koszalin
Kosovo country SE Europe Krottingen 88 B3
Köneürgench Turkmenistan Krichev see Krychaw
prev. Kunya-Urgench, 83 D5
Kosovska Mitrovica see Krishna river India 114 C1
prev. Këneurgench 104 C2
Mitrovicë Kristiansand Norway 67 A6
Kong Christian IX Land region
Greenland 64 D4 Kosrae island Micronesia 126 C2 Kristianstad Sweden 67 B7
Kong Christian X Land region Kossou, Lac de lake Côte Kríti island Greece Eng. Crete
Greenland 64 E3 d·Ivoire 56 D4 87 C7
Kong Frederik VI Kyst region Kostanay Kazakhstan var. Kritikó Pélagos see Crete, Sea
Greenland 64 C4 Kustanay 96 C4 of
Kong Frederik VIII Land region Kostyantynivka Ukraine 91 G3 Krivoy Rog see Kryvyy Rih
Greenland 64 E2 Koszalin Poland Ger. Köslin Krk island Croatia 82 A3
Kong Frederik IX Land region 80 B2 Kroonstad South Africa
Greenland 64 C3 Kota India 116 D4 60 D4
Kong Karls Land island group Kota Bharu Malaysia 120 B3 Krottingen see Kretinga
Svalbard 65 G2 Kota Kinabalu Malaysia 120 D3 Krung Thep see Bangkok
Kong Oscar Fjord fjord Kotka Finland 67 E5 Kru#evac Serbia 83 E4
Greenland 65 E3 Kotlas NW Russia 92 C4 Kru#né Hory see Erzgebirge
Konia see Konya Kotuy river Russian Federation Krychaw Belarus Rus. Krichev
Königgrätz see Hradec Králové 95 E2 89 E6
Königsberg see Kaliningrad Koudougou Burkina 57 E4 Kryms’kyy Pivostriv peninsula
Konispol Albania 83 D7 Kourou French Guiana 41 H2 Ukraine var. Crimea 90 F4
398
Kryvyy Rih — Lambaré

Kryvyy Rih Ukraine Rus. Krivoy Küre Daêları mountains Turkey

Rog 91 E3
Kuala Lumpur capital of
98 C2
Kuressaare Estonia prev.
L
Malaysia 120 B3 Kingissepp, Ger. Arensburg Laâyoune Western Sahara 52 B3
Kuala Terengganu Malaysia 88 C2 Labé Guinea 56 C4
120 B3 Kurgan–Tyube see Laborca see Laborec
Kuang-tung see Guangdong Qûrghonteppa
Laborec river Slovakia Hung.
Kuantan Malaysia 120 C3 Kurile Islands islands Pacific Laborca 81 E5
Kuba see Quba Ocean 112 E1
Labrador region Canada 21 F2
Kuching Malaysia 120 C3 Kurile Trench undersea feature
Labrador Sea Atlantic Ocean
Kuçovë Albania prev. Qyteti Pacific Ocean 134 C2 64 B5
Stalin 83 D6 Kurnool India 114 D2 Laccadive Islands see
Kudus Indonesia prev. Koedoes Kushiro Japan 112 E2 Lakshadweep
120 D5 Kushka see Serhetabat La Ceiba Honduras 34 D2
Kuei-chou see China Guizhou Kustanay see Kostanay Lachlan River river Australia
Kugluktuk Canada prev. Kütahya Turkey prev. Kutaiah 131 C6
Coppermine 19 E3 98 B3 La Coruña see A Coruña
Kuito Angola 60 C2 Kutaiah see Kütahya La Crosse Wisconsin, USA
Kuldíga Latvia Ger. Goldingen K·ut·aisi Georgia 99 F2 22 A2
88 B3 Ladoga, Lake see Ladozhskoye
Kutch, Rann of see Kachch,
Kullorsuaq Greenland 64 C2 Rann of Ozero
Kûlob Tajikistan Rus. Kulyab Kuujjuaq Canada 21 E2 Ladozhskoye Ozero lake
105 E3 Russian Federation Eng. Lake
Kuujjuarapik Canada prev.
Kulyab see Kûlob Poste-de-la-Baleine 20 D2 Ladoga 92 B3
Kum see Qom Kuusamo Finland 66 E3 Ladysmith Wisconsin, USA
Kuma river Russian Federation Kuwait country SW Asia 102 C4 22 A2
93 B7 Lae Papua New Guinea 126 B3
Kuwait City capital of Kuwait
Kumamoto Japan 113 B6 102 C4 La Esperanza Honduras 34 C2
Kumanovo Macedonia 83 E5 Kuytun China 108 C2 Lafayette Louisiana, USA 30 B3
Kumasi Ghana 57 E5 Kvitøya island Svalbard 65 G1 Laghouat Algeria 52 D2
Kumayri see Gyumri 99 F2 Kwangju South Korea 111 E4 Lagos Nigeria 57 F5
Kumo Nigeria 57 G4 Kwango river Dem. Rep. Lagos Portugal 74 C4
Kumon Range mountain range Congo 59 C7 Lagouira Western Sahara 52 A4
Myanmar 118 B1 Kwangtung see Guangdong La Grande Oregon, USA 26 C3
Kunashir island Japan/Russian Kweichow see Guizhou La Habana see Havana
Federation (disputed) 112 E1 Kykládes island group Greece Lahore Pakistan 116 C2
Kunduz see Kondoz prev. Kikládhes, Eng. Laï Chad 58 C4
Kunja-Urgenâ see Köneürgench Cyclades 87 D6 Laila see Laylá
Kunlun Mountains see Kunlun Kyrenia see Girne Lajes Brazil 44 D3
Shan Kyrgyzstan country C Asia var. Lake Charles Louisiana, USA
Kunlun Shan mountain range Kirghizia 105 30 B3
China Eng. Kunlun Kÿthira island Greece 87 B6 Lake District region England,
Mountains 106 B4 Kyushu-Palau Ridge undersea UK 71 C5
Kunming China 111 B6 feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1 Lakewood Colorado, USA
Kununurra Australia 128 D3 Kyyiv see Kiev 24 D4
Kupang Indonesia 120 E5 Kyyivs·ke Vodoskhovyshche Lakshadweep island group
Kür see Kura Reservoir Ukraine 91 E1 India Eng. Laccadive Islands
Kura river Azerbaijan/Georgia Kyóto Japan 113 C5 114 B2
Az. Kür 99 G2 Kyúshú island Japan 113 B6 La Ligua Chile 46 B4
Kurashiki Japan 113 B5 Kyzylorda Kazakhstan 96 B5 La Louvière Belgium 69 B6
Kurdistan region Turkey 99 F4 Lambaré Paraguay 44 B3
 399
Lambaréné — Liberia

Lambaréné Gabon 59 B6 La Serena Chile 46 B3 Leninabad see Khûjand

Lamía Greece 86 B4 La Spezia Italy 78 B3 Leninakan see Gyumri
Lancaster England, UK 71 D5 Las Tablas Panama 35 F5 Leningrad see St Petersburg
Lancaster California, USA 27 C7 Las Vegas Nevada, USA 27 D7 Leninsk see Türkmenabat
Lancaster Sound sea feature Latakia see Al Ládhiqíyah Lenkoran· see Länkäran
Canada 19 F2 Latvia country NE Europe 88 León Mexico 33 E4
Landsberg see Gorzów Launceston Tasmania 131 C8 León Nicaragua 34 C3
Wielkopolski Laurentian Basin see Canada León Spain 74 D1
Land·s End coastal feature Basin Léopoldville see Kinshasa
England, UK 71 C7 Laurentian Mountains upland Lepel· see Lyepyel·
Landshut Germany 77 D6 Canada 16 D4 Le Puy France 73 C5
Lang Sòn Vietnam 118 D3 Lausanne Switzerland 77 A7
Länkäran Azerbaijan Rus. Lérida see Lleida
Laut, Pulau prev. Laoet. Island
Lenkoran· 99 H3 Indonesia 120 D4 Lerwick Scotland, UK 70 D1
Lansing Michigan, USA 22 C3 Laval France 72 B4 Lesbos see Lésvos
Lanzarote island Spain 52 B3 Lawton Oklahoma, USA 29 F2 Leshan China 111 B5
Lanzhou China 110 B4 Laylá Saudi Arabia 103 C5 Leskovac Serbia 82 E4
Laon France 72 D3 Lazarev Sea sea Antarctica Lesotho country southern
136 B2 Africa 60
La Oroya Peru 42 B3
Laos country SE Asia 118 Lebanon country SW Asia Lesser Antilles island group
100-101 West Indies 37 G4
La Palma island Spain 52 A3
Lebu Chile 47 B5 Lésvos island Greece Eng.
La Paz capital of Bolivia 42 C4 Lesbos 86 D4
La Paz Mexico 32 B3 Lecce Italy 79 E5
Leduc Canada 19 E5 Lethbridge Canada 19 E5
La Pérouse Strait sea feature Leti, Kepulauan island group
Japan 112 D1 Leeds England, UK 71 D5
Indonesia 121 F5
Lapland region N Europe Leeuwarden Netherlands 68 D1
Leuven Belgium 69 C6
66 C3 Leeward Islands see Sotavento,
Ilhas de Leverkusen Germany 76 A4
La Plata Argentina 46 D4
Lefkáda island Greece prev. Levin New Zealand 132 D4
Lappeenranta Finland 67 E5
Levkás 87 A5 Levkás see Lefkáda
Laptev Sea see
Laptevykh, More Lefko§a see Nicosia Lewis island Scotland, UK
Lefkosia see Nicosia 70 B2
Laptevykh, More Arctic Ocean
Eng. Laptev Sea 97 F2 Legaspi see Legazpi City Lewiston Idaho, USA 26 C2
L·Aquila Italy 78 C4 Legazpi City Philippines var. Lewiston Maine, USA 23 G2
Laramie Wyoming, USA 24 C4 Legaspi 120 E2 Lexington Kentucky, USA
Legnica Poland Ger. Liegnitz 22 C5
Laredo Texas, USA 29 F5
80 B4 Lezhë Albania 83 D5
La Rioja Argentina 46 C3
Le Havre France 72 B3 Lhasa China 108 C5
Lárisa Greece 86 B4
Leicester England, UK 71 D6 Lhazê China 108 C4
Lárkána Pakistan 116 B3
Leiden Netherlands 68 C3 L·Hospitalet de Llobregat var.
Larnaca Cyprus var. Larnaka, Hospitalet. Spain 75 G2
Larnax 98 C5 Leipzig Germany 76 D4
Liao see Liaoning
Larnaka see Larnaca Lek river Netherlands 68 C4 Liaoning province China
Larnax see Larnaca Le Léman see Geneva, Lake var. Liao, Shengking; hist.
La Rochelle France 72 B4 Lelystad Netherlands 68 D3 Fengtien, Shenking. Admin.
La Roche-sur-Yon France 72 B4 Léman, Lac see Geneva, Lake region 110 D3
La Romana Dominican Republic Le Mans France 72 B4 Libau see Liepája
36 E3 Lemesos see Limassol Liberec Czech Republic Ger.
Las Cruces New Mexico, USA Lemnos see Límnos Reichenberg 80 B4
28 D3 Lena river Russian Federation Liberia country W Africa 56
Las Piedras Uruguay 44 C5 97 F3 Liberia Costa Rica 34 D4
400
Libreville — Lublin

Libreville capital of Gabon Lisbon capital of Portugal Port. Long Island island Bahamas
59 A5 Lisboa 74 B3 34 D2
Libya country N Africa 53 Litani river SW Asia 91 B4 Long Island island NE USA
Libyan Desert desert N Africa Lithuania country E Europe 23 G3
50 C3 88-89 Longreach Australia 130 C4
Lichuan China 111 B5 Little Andaman island India Long Strait Strait Russian
Liechtenstein country C Europe 115 G2 Federation 95 H2
77 B7 Little Minch sea feature Longview Texas, USA 29 G3
Liège Belgium 69 D6 Scotland, UK 70 B3 Longview Washington, USA
Liegnitz see Legnica Little Rock Arkansas, USA 26 B2
Lienz Austria 77 D7 30 B2 Longyearbyen Svalbard 65 F2
Linz Austria 77 D7 Liuzhou China 111 C6 Lop Nur lake China 108 C3
Liepája Latvia Ger. Libau 88 B3 Liverpool England, UK 71 D5 Lorca Spain 75 E4
Liffey river Ireland 71 B5 Livingstone Zambia 60 D3 Lord Howe Island island
Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Livno Bosnia & Herzegovina Australia 124 C4
Sea 78 A3 82 B4 Lord Howe Rise undersea
Likasi Dem. Rep. Congo Livorno Italy 78 B3 feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
59 E8 Ljubljana capital of Slovenia Lorient France 72 A4
Lille France 72 D2 77 D7 Los Alamos New Mexico, USA
Lillehammer Norway 67 B5 Ljusnan river Sweden 67 B5 28 D1
Lilongwe capital of Malawi Llanos region Colombia/ Los Angeles California, USA
61 E2 Venezuela 41 E2 27 C7
Lima capital of Peru 42 B4 Lleida Spain Cast. Lérida Loslau see Wodzisîaw ⁄làski
Limassol Cyprus var. Lemesos 75 F2 Los Mochis Mexico 32 C3
98 C5 Lobatse Botswana 60 D4 Losonc see Luâenec
Limerick Ireland 71 A6 Lobito Angola 60 B2 Losontz see Luâenec
Límnos island Greece var. Locarno Switzerland 77 B7 Lot river France 73 B5
Lemnos 86 D4 Lodja Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6 Louangphrabang Laos 118 C3
Limoges France 72 C5 Îód¶ Poland Rus. Lodz 80 D4 Loubomo Congo 59 B6
Limón Costa Rica 35 E4 Lofoten island group Norway Louisiana state USA 30 B3
Limpopo river southern Africa 66 B3 Louisville Kentucky, USA 22 C5
60 D3 Logroño Spain 75 E2 Louisville Ridge undersea
Linares Chile 46 B4 Loire river France 72 B4 feature Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Linares Spain 75 E4 Loja Ecuador 40 A5 Lovech Bulgaria 86 C2
Linchuan see Fuzhou Lokitaung Kenya 55 C5 Lower California see Baja
Lincoln England, UK 71 D5 Loksa Estonia Ger. Loxa 88 D2 California
Lincoln Nebraska, USA 25 F4 Lombok, Pulau island Indonesia Lower Hutt New Zealand
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 64 E1 120 D5 Loxa see Loksa
Linden Guyana 41 G2 Lomé capital of Togo 57 E5 Loyauté, Îles island group
Lindi Tanzania 55 C8 Lomond, Loch lake Scotland, New Caledonia 126 D5
Line Islands island group UK 70 C4 Loznica Serbia 82 C3
Kiribati 127 G2 London Canada 20 C5 Lu see Shandong
Linköping Sweden 67 C6 London capital of UK 71 E6 Luanda capital of Angola
Linz Austria 77 D6 Londonderry Northern Ireland, 60 B1
Lion, Golfe du sea feature UK 70 B4 Luanshya Zambia 60 D2
Mediterranean Sea 73 D6 Londonderry, Cape coastal Lubango Angola 60 B2
Lipari, Isola island Italy feature Australia 128 D2 Lubbock Texas, USA 29 E2
79 D6 Londrina Brazil 44 D2 Lübeck Germany 76 C3
Lipari Islands see Isole Eolie Long Beach California, USA Lublin Poland Rus. Lyublin
Lira Uganda 55 B6 27 C8 80 E4
 401
Lubny — Malacca, Strait of

Lubny Ukraine 91 F2 Macao external territory Magdalena river Colombia

Lubumbashi Dem. Rep. Congo Portugal, E Asia var. Macau 40 B2
59 E8 111 C7 Magdeburg Germany 76 C4
Lucapa Angola 60 C1 Macapá Brazil 43 F1 Magelang Indonesia 120 C5
Lucena Philippines 120 E2 Macau see Macao Magellan, Strait of sea feature
Luâenec Slovakia Hung. Losonc, Macdonnell Ranges mountains S South America Sp. Estrecho
Ger. Losontz 81 D6 Australia 130 A4 de Magallanes 47 B8
Lucerne see Luzern Macedonia country SE Europe Maggiore, Lake lake Italy/
Lucknow India 117 E3 officially Former Yugoslav Switzerland 78 B2
Republic of Macedonia, Mahajanga Madagascar
Lüderitz Namibia 60 C4
abbrev. FYR Macedonia 83 61 G3
Ludhiána India 116 D2
Maceió Brazil 43 H3 Mahalapye Botswana 60 D4
Lugano Switzerland 77 B7
Machala Ecuador 40 A5 Mahanádi river India 117 F5
Lugo Spain 74 C1
Mackay Australia 130 D4 Mahárashtra state India
Luhans·k Ukraine 91 H3 116 D5
Mackay, Lake lake Australia
Luleå Sweden 66 D4 128 D4 Mahé island Seychelles 61 H1
Lumsden New Zealand 133 A7 Mackenzie river Canada 19 E4 Mahilyow Belarus Rus. Mogilëv
Lüneburg Germany 76 C3 Mackenzie Bay sea feature 89 E6
Luninyets Belarus 89 C6 Atlantic Ocean 136 D3 Mährisch-Ostrau see Ostrava
Luoyang var. Honan, Lo-yang. Macleod, Lake lake Maicao Colombia 40 C1
China 110 C4 Australia128 A4 Maiduguri Nigeria 57 H4
Lusaka capital of Zambia 60 D2 Mâcon France 72 D5 Maimana see Meymaneh
Lushnjë Albania 83 D6 Macon Georgia, USA 31 E2 Maine state USA 23 G1
Lút, Baírat see Dead Sea Madagascar country Indian Maine, Gulf of gulf USA 23 G2
Luts·k Ukraine 90 C1 Ocean 61 Mainz Germany 77 B5
Luxembourg country W Europe Madagascar Basin undersea Maio Island Cape Verde 56 A3
69 D8 feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Maíz, Islas del islands
Luxembourg capital of Madagascar Plateau undersea Nicaragua 35 E3
Luxembourg 69 D8 feature Indian Ocean 123 A6 Majorca see Mallorca
Luxor see Al Uq∞ur Madang Papua New Guinea Majuro island Marshall Islands
Luzern Switzerland Fr. Lucerne 126 B3 126 D1
77 B7 Madeira river Bolivia/Brazil Makarska Croatia 82 B4
Luzon island Philippines 121 E1 42 D2
Makarov Basin undersea
Luzon Strait sea feature Madeira island group Portugal feature Arctic Ocean 137 G3
Philippines/Taiwan 107 E3 52 A2
Makassar Indonesia prev.
L·viv Ukraine Rus. L·vov 90 C2 Madhya Pradesh state India Ujungpandang 121 E4
L·vov see L·viv 117 E4
Makassar Strait strait Indonesia
Lyepyel· Belarus Rus. Lepel· Madison Wisconsin, USA 22 B3 120 D4
89 D5 Madiun prev. Madioen. Makeyevka see Makiyivka
Lyon France 73 D5 Indonesia 120 D5
Makhachkala Russian
Lyublin see Lublin Madona Latvia Ger. Modohn Federation 93 B7 96 A4
88 D3
Makiyivka Ukraine Rus.
Madras see Chennai Makeyevka 91 G5
Madre de Dios river Bolivia/
M Peru 42 C3
Madrid capital of Spain 75 E3
Makkah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Mecca 103 A5
Makkovik Canada 21 F2
Madurai India 114 D3 Malabo capital of Equatorial
Ma¶án Jordan 101 B6 Magadan Russian Fed. 97 G3 Guinea 59 A5
Maas see Meuse Magallanes see Punta Arenas Malacca, Strait of sea feature
Maastricht Netherlands Magallanes, Estrecho de see Indonesia/ Malaysia
69 D6 Magellan, Strait of 106 C4 119 C8 120 B3
402
Maladzyechna — Marquesas Islands

Maladzyechna Belarus Rus. Manchurian Plain plain E Asia Marañón river Peru 42 B2
Molodechno, Pol. 107 E1 Mara§ see Kahramanmara§
Molodeczno 89 C5 Mandalay Myanmar 118 B3 Marash see Kahramanmara§
Málaga Spain 74 D5 Mangalia Romania 90 D5 Marbella Spain 74 D5
Malakal Sudan 55 B5 Mangalore India 114 C2 Marble Bar Australia 128 B4
Malang Indonesia 120 D5 Manicouagan, Réservoir Mar Chiquita, Laguna salt lake
Malanje Angola 60 C2 Reservoir Canada 21 E3 Argentina 46 C3
Malatya Turkey 99 E3 Manihiki atoll Cook Islands Mardán Pakistan 116 C1
Malawi country southern 125 F3 Mar del Plata Argentina 47 D5
Africa 61 Maniitsoq Greenland 64 C3 Mardin Turkey 99 E4
Malay Peninsula peninsula Manila capital of Philippines Margarita, Isla de island
Malaysia/Thailand 119 D8 121 E1 Venezuela 41 E1
Malaysia country Asia 120 Manisa Turkey prev. Saruhan Márgow, Dasht-e- desert
Malden Island atoll Kiribati 98 A3 Afghanistan 104 C5
125 F2 Manitoba province Canada Mariana Trench undersea
Maldives country Indian Ocean 19 G4 feature Pacific Ocean
114 C4 Manizales Colombia 40 B3 124 B1 126 B1
Male· capital of Maldives Manjimup Australia 129 B7 Marías, Islas islands Mexico
114 C4 Mannar Sri Lanka 115 E3 32 C4
Malekula island Vanuatu 124 D3 Mannar, Gulf of sea feature Maribor Slovenia 77 E7
Mali country W Africa 57 Indian Ocean 114 D3 Marie Byrd Land region
Malindi Kenya 55 C7 Mannheim Germany 77 B5 Antarctica 136 B4
Mallorca island Spain Eng. Manono Dem. Rep. Congo Mariehamn Finland 67 D6
Majorca 75 H3 59 E7 Marijampolë Lithuania prev.
Malmö Sweden 67 B7 Mansel Island island Canada Kapsukas 88 B4
Malta country Mediterranean 20 C1 Marília Brazil 44 D2
Sea 79 C8 Mansfield Ohio, USA 22 D4 Maringá Brazil 44 D2
Malta Montana, USA 24 C1 Manta Ecuador 40 A4 Marion, Lake lake South
Malta Channel sea feature Mantes-la-Jolie France 72 C3 Carolina, USA 31 F2
Mediterranean Sea 79 C7 Mantova Italy Eng. Mantua Mariscal Estigarribia Paraguay
Maluku island group 78 B2 44 B2
Indonesia var. Moluccas Mantua see Mantova Maritsa river SE Europe 86 D3
107 E4 121 F4 Manurewa New Zealand Mariupol· Ukraine prev.
Maluku, Laut Pacific Ocean 132 D3 Shdanov 91 G3
Eng. Molucca Sea 121 F4 Manzhouli China 109 F1 Marka Somalia 55 D6
Mamberamo river Indonesia Mao Chad 58 B3 Marmara, Sea of see Marmara
121 H4 Maoke, Pegunungan Denizi
Mamoudzou capital of mountains Indonesia Marmara Denizi Turkey Eng.
Mayotte 61 G2 121 H4 Sea of Marmara 98 B2
Man, Isle of island UK 71 C5 Maputo capital of Marne river France 72 D3
Manado Indonesia 121 F3 Mozambique 61 E4
Marotiri Island group French
Managua capital of Nicaragua Mar, Serra do mountains Brazil Polynesia 125 F4
34 D3 38 D4
Maroua Cameroon 58 B3
Manama capital of Bahrain Ar. Maracaibo Venezuela 40 C1
Marowijne river French
Al Manámah 103 C5 Maracaibo, Lago de inlet Guiana/Suriname 41 H3
Mananjary Madagascar 61 G3 Venezuela 40 C1 Marquesas Fracture Zone
Manaus Brazil 42 D2 Maracay Venezuela 40 D1 tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
Manchester England, UK Maradi Niger 57 F3 125 G3
71 D5 Marágheh Iran 102 C3 Marquesas Islands island group
Manchester New Hampshire, Marajó, Ilha de island Brazil French Polynesia Fr. Îles
USA 23 G2 43 F2 Marquises 125 G3
 403
Marquette — Menongue

Marquette Michigan, USA Matadi Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7 Mecklenburger Bucht bay
22 B1 Matagalpa Nicaragua 34 D3 Germany 76 C2
Marquisas, Îles see Marquesas Matamoros Mexico 33 E2 Medan Indonesia 120 B3
Islands Matanzas Cuba 36 B2 Medellín Colombia 40 B2
Marrakech Morocco Eng. Matara Sri Lanka 115 E4 Médenine Tunisia 53 F2
Marrakesh 52 C2 Medford Oregon, USA 26 A4
Mataram Indonesia 120 D5
Marrawah Australia 131 C8 Medina see Al Madínah
Mataró Spain 75 G2
Marree Australia 131 B5 Mediterranean Sea Atlantic
Mato Grosso upland Brazil
Marsala Italy 79 C6 Ocean 84-85
43 E3
Marseille France 73 D6 Meekatharra Australia
Matosinhos Portugal 74 C2
Marshall Islands country Pacific 129 B5
Matsue Japan 113 B5
Ocean 126-127 Meerut India 116 D3
Martin Slovakia prev. Matsuyama Japan 113 B5
Matterhorn peak Italy/ Megísti island Greece 98 B4
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin, Ger.
Sankt Martin, Hung. Switzerland 77 B7 Mek·elé Ethiopia 54 C4
Turócszentmárton 81 C5 Maturín Venezuela 41 E1 Mekong river SE Asia 106 D3
Martinique external territory Maun Botswana 60 D3 Mekong, Mouths of the
France, West Indies 37 Mauritania country W Africa 56 wetlands Vietnam 119 D6
Mary Turkmenistan prev. Merv Mauritius country Indian Melanesia region Pacific Ocean
104 C3 Ocean 61 H4 123 B5 126 C3
Maryborough Australia 131 E5 Mawlamyine Myanmar prev. Melanesian Basin undersea
Maryland state USA 23 F4 Moulmein 118 B4 feature Pacific Ocean 134 C3
Masai Steppe grassland Mayaguana island Bahamas Melbourne Australia 131 C7
Tanzania 55 C7 36 D2 Melbourne Florida, USA 31 F4
Mascarene Basin undersea Mayfield New Zealand 133 C6 Melekeok capital of Palau
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 Mayotte external territory 126 A1
Mascarene Islands island group France, Indian Ocean 61 G2 Melghir, Chott Salt lake Algeria
Indian Ocean 61 H4 Mayyit, Al Baír al see Dead 53 E2
Mascarene Plain undersea Sea Melilla external territory Spain,
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 N Africa 52 C1
Mazár-e Sharíf Afghanistan
Mascarene Plateau undersea 104 D3 Melitopol· Ukraine 91 F4
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5 Melo Uruguay 44 C4
Mazatlán Mexico 32 C3
Maseru capital of Lesotho Melville Island island Australia
Maªeikiai Lithuania 88 B3
60 D4 128 E2
Mas-ha Bank 101 D6 Mazury region Poland 80 D3
Melville Island island Canada
Mashhad Iran var. Meshed Mazyr Belarus Rus. Mozyr·
19 E2
100 E3 89 D7
Memel see Klaipëda
Masindi Uganda 55 B6 Mbabane capital of Swaziland
61 E4 Memel see Neman
Ma§írah, Jazírat Island Oman Memphis Tennessee, USA 30 C1
103 E6 Mbaké Senegal 56 B3
Mbala Zambia 61 E1 Mendaña Fracture Zone
Ma§írah, Khalíj bay Oman tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
103 E6 Mbale Uganda 55 C6
135 G3
Mason City Iowa, USA 25 F3 Mbandaka Dem. Rep. Congo
Mende France 73 C6
Masqa√ see Muscat 59 C5
Mendeleyev Ridge undersea
Massachusetts state USA Mbeya Tanzania 55 B8 feature Arctic Ocean 137 G2
23 G3 Mbuji-Mayi Dem. Rep. Congo Mendocino Fracture Zone
Massawa see Mitsǁiwa 59 D7 tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
Massif Central upland France McKinley, Mount peak Alaska, 134 D2
73 C5 USA var. Denali 18 C3 Mendoza Argentina 46 B4
Massoukou Gabon 59 B6 Mead, Lake lake SW USA 28 A1 Menengiyn Tal plain Mongolia
Masterton New Zealand Mecca see Makkah 109 F2
133 D5 Mechelen Belgium 69 C5 Menongue Angola 60 C2
404
Menorca — Mito

Menorca island Spain Eng. Michigan state USA 22 C2 Mindoro island Philippines
Minorca 75 H3 Michigan, Lake lake USA 17 C5 121 E2
Metairie Louisiana, USA 30 C3 Micronesia country Pacific Mindoro Strait sea feature
Mentawai, Kepulauan island Ocean 126 B2 South China Sea/Sulu Sea
group Indonesia 120 B4 Micronesia region Pacific 121 E2
Meppel Netherlands 68 D2 Ocean 126 Mingäàevir Azerbaijan Rus.
Merced California, USA 27 B6 Mid Atlantic Ridge undersea Mingechaur 99 G2
Mercedes Uruguay 44 B5 feature Atlantic Ocean Mingechaur see Mingäàevir
Mergui see Myeik 48 B4 Minho river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Middelburg South Africa 60 D5 Miño 74 C2
Mergui Archipelago island
chain Myanmar 119 B6 Middle Andaman island India Minicoy Island island India
115 G2 114 C3
Mérida Mexico 33 H3
Middlesbrough England, UK Minneapolis Minnesota, USA
Mérida Spain 74 D3 23 F2
71 D5
Mérida Venezuela 40 C2 Mid-Indian Basin undersea Minnesota state USA 25 F2
Meridian Mississippi, USA 30 C2 feature Indian Ocean 122 C4 Miño river Portugal/Spain Port.
Merredin Australia 129 B6 Mid-Indian Ridge undersea Minho 74 C1
Mersin Turkey var. čel 98 C4 feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 Minorca see Menorca
Meru Kenya 55 C6 Midland Texas, USA 29 E3 Minot North Dakota, USA
Merv see Mary Mid-Pacific Mountains var. 24 D1
Mesa Arizona, USA 28 B2 Mid-Pacific Seamounts. Míná· Qábús Oman 122 B3
Meshed see Mashhad Undersea feature Pacific Minsk capital of Belarus 89 C5
Ocean 124 C1 Minto, Lake lake Canada
Messina Italy 79 D6
Mid-Pacific Seamounts see 20 D2
Messina, Stretto di sea feature Mid-Pacific Mountains
Ionian Sea/Tyrrhenian Sea Miranda de Ebro Spain 75 E1
Midway Islands US territory
79 D7 Pacific Ocean 134 D2 Mirim, Lake see Mirim Lagoon
Mestre Italy 78 C2 Mikhaylovka Russian Mirim Lagoon lagoon Brazil/
Meta river Colombia/Venezuela Federation 93 B6 Uruguay var. Mirim, Lake
40 C2 44 C5
Milagro Ecuador 40 A4
Metkoviá Croatia 82 C4 Mirtóo Pelagos sea feature
Milan see Milano
Metz France 72 E3 Mediterranean Sea 87 C6
Milano Italy Eng. Milan 78 B2
Meuse river W Europe var. Miskitos Cayos islands
Mildura Australia 131 C6 Nicaragua 35 E2
Maas 72 D3 Millennium Island island Miskolc Hungary 81 D6
Mexicali Mexico 32 A1 Kiribati prev. Caroline Island
Mi§rátah Libya 53 F2
Mexico country North America 127 H3
32-33 Mississippi state USA 30 C2
Miles Australia 131 D5
México, Golfo de see Mexico, Miles City Montana, USA 24 C2 Mississippi river USA 16 C5
Gulf of Milford Haven Wales, UK 71 C6 Mississippi Delta wetlands USA
Mexico, Gulf of sea feature 30 C4
Milford Sound New Zealand
Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean 133 E6 Missoula Montana, USA 24 B2
Sea 48 A4 Milford Sound inlet New Missouri state USA 25 G4
Mexico City capital of Mexico Zealand 133 A6 Missouri river USA 17 C5
Sp. Ciudad de México 33 E4 Mílos island Greece 87 C6 Mistassini, Lake lake Canada
Meymaneh Afghanistan var. Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA 20 D3
Maimana 104 D4 22 B3 Mitau see Jelgava
Mezen· river Russian Min see Fujian Mitchell S Dakota, USA
Federation 92 D3 Minatitlán Mexico 33 G4 25 E3
Miami Florida, USA 31 F5 Minch, The Strait Scotland, Mitchell River river Australia
Miami Beach Florida, USA UK 70 C3 130 C3
31 F5 Mindanao island Philippines Mitilíni Greece 86 D4
Mianyang China 111 B5 121 F2 Mito Japan 112 D4
 405
Mitrovicë — Moyobamba

Mitrovicë Kosovo prev. Monrovia capital of Liberia Morgháb river Afghanistan/

Kosovska Mitrovica 83 D5 56 C5 Turkmenistan 104 D4
Mits'iwa Eritrea var. Massawa Mons Belgium 69 B6 Morioka Japan 112 D3
54 C4 Montague Seamount undersea Mornington Abyssal Plain
Mitumba, Monts Mountain feature Atlantic Ocean 45 H1 undersea feature Pacific
range Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E7 Montana state USA 24 C2 Ocean 135 G5
Miyazaki Japan 113 B6 Montauban France 73 C6 Morocco country N Africa 52
Mjøsa lake Norway 67 B5 Mont Blanc peak France/Italy Morogoro Tanzania 55 C7
Mljet island Croatia 83 C5 62 D4 Mörön Mongolia 108 D2
Mmabatho South Africa 60 D4 Mont-de-Marsan France Morondava Madagascar 61 F3
Mo Norway 66 C3 72 B6 Moroni capital of Comoros
Mobile Alabama, USA 30 C3 Monte Cristi Dominican 61 F2
Moçambique Mozambique Republic 37 E3 Morotai, Pulau island Indonesia
61 F2 Montego Bay Jamaica 36 C3 121 F3
Mocímboa da Praia Montenegro Country Morova river Poland 80 C6
Mozambique 61 F2 SE Europe 83 D5 Morris Jesup, Kap headland
Mocoa Colombia 40 B4 Greenland 65 E1
Monterey California, USA
Mocuba Mozambique 61 E3 27 B6 Moscow capital of Russian
Federation Rus. Moskva
Modena Italy 78 B3 Montería Colombia 40 B2 92 B4 96 B2
Modesto California, USA 27 B6 Montero Bolivia 42 D4 Mosel river W Europe Fr.
Modohn see Madona Monterrey Mexico 33 E2 Moselle 77 A5
Modriâa Bosnia & Herzegovina Montes Claros Brazil 43 G4 Moselle river W Europe Ger.
82 C3 Montevideo capital of Uruguay Mosel 72 E4
Mogadiscio see Mogadishu 44 C5 Mosgiel New Zealand 133 B7
Mogadishu capital of Somalia Montgomery Alabama, USA Moshi Tanzania 55 C7
Som. Muqdisho, It. 30 D2 Moskva see Moscow
Mogadiscio 55 D6 Monthey Switzerland 77 A7 Mosquito Coast coastal region
Mogilëv see Mahilyow Montpelier Vermont, USA Nicaragua 35 E3
Mo i Rana Norway 66 C3 23 F2 Moss Norway 67 B6
Mojave California, USA 27 C7 Montpellier France 73 C6 Mossendjo Congo 59 B6
Mojave Desert desert W USA Montréal Canada 21 E4 Mossoró Brazil 43 H2
27 C7 Montserrat external territory Most Czech Republic Ger. Brüx
Moldavia see Moldova UK, West Indies 37 80 A4
Molde Norway 67 A5 Monywa Myanmar 118 A3 Mostaganem Algeria 52 D1
Moldova country E Europe var. Monza Italy 78 B2 Mostar Bosnia & Herz. 82 C4
Moldavia 90 Moora Australia 129 B6 Mosul see Al Maw§il
Molodechno see Maladzyechna Moore, Lake lake Australia Motril Spain 75 E5
Molodeczno see Maladzyechna 129 B6 Motueka New Zealand 133 C5
Molotov see Perm· Moorhead Minnesota, USA Moulins France 72 C4
Moluccas see Maluku 25 E2 Moulmein see Mawlamyine
Molucca Sea see Maluku, Laut Moosonee Canada 20 C3 Moundou Chad 58 C4
Mombasa Kenya 55 C7 Mopti Mali 57 E3 Mount Gambier Australia
Monaco country W Europe Morava river C Europe 82 E4 131 B7
73 E6 Moravská Ostrava see Ostrava Mount Isa Australia 130 B4
Monclova Mexico 33 E2 Moray Firth inlet Scotland, UK Mount Magnet Australia
Moncton Canada 21 F4 70 C3 129 B5
Mongo Chad 58 C3 Moree Australia 131 D5 Mount Vernon Illinois, USA
Mongolia country NE Asia Morelia Mexico 33 E4 22 B5
108-109 Morena, Sierra mountain Mouscron Belgium 69 A6
Monroe Louisiana, USA 30 B2 range Spain 74 D4 Moyobamba Peru 42 B2
406
Moyu — Narva Bay

Moyu China 108 B2 Muscat capital of Oman Ar. Nairobi capital of Kenya
Mozambique country Masqa√ 103 E5 55 C6
SE Africa 61 Musgrave Ranges mountain Najaf see An Najaf
Mozambique Channel sea range Australia 129 D5 Najrán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
feature Indian Ocean 61 F3 Musters, Lago lake Argentina Nakamura Japan 113 B6
Mozyr· see Mazyr 46 C6 Nakhichevan· see Naxàıvan
Mpika Zambia 61 E2 Mu Us Shadi Desert China Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
Mtwara Tanzania 55 C8 109 E3 119 C5
Muang Không Laos 119 D5 Mvonioälv river Finland/ Nakhon Sawan Thailand 119 C5
Muang Xaignabouri see Sweden 66 D3
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Xaignabouri Mwali island Comoros 61 F2 Thailand 119 C6
Mudanjiang China 110 E3 Mwanza Tanzania 55 B6 Nakuru Kenya 55 C6
Mufulira Zambia 60 D2 Mwene-Ditu Dem. Rep. Congo Nal·chik Russian Federation
Muêla Turkey 98 A4 59 D7 96 A4
Mulhouse France 72 E4 Mweru, Lake lake Dem. Rep. Namangan Uzbekistan 105 E2
Mull island Scotland, UK 70 B3 Congo/Zambia 59 D7 Nam Co lake China 108 C4
Muller, Pegunungan mountains Myanmar country SE Asia var. Nam Ãinh Vietnam 118 D3
Indonesia 120 C3 Myanmar 118-119
Namib Desert desert Namibia
Multán Pakistan 116 C2 Myeik Myanmar prev. Mergui 60 B3
119 B5
Mumbai India var. Bombay Namibe Angola 60 B2
117 C5 Mykolayiv Ukraine Rus.
Namibia country southern
Nikolayev 91 E4
München Germany Eng. Africa 60
Munich 77 C6 Mykonos island Greece 87 D5
Nampa Idaho, USA 26 C3
Muncie Indiana, USA 22 C4 Mysore India 114 D2
Namp·o North Korea 110 E4
Munich see München Mzuzu Malawi 61 E2
Nampula Mozambique 61 F2
Münster Germany 76 B4 Namur Belgium 69 C6
Muqdisho see Mogadishu Nanchang China 111 C5
Mur river C Europe 77 E7
Murchison River river Australia
N Nancy France 72 D3
Nánded India 116 D5 114 D1
129 B5 Naberezhnyye Chelny Russian Nanjing China 111 D5
Murcia Spain 75 F4 Federation prev. Brezhnev Nanning China 111 B6
Mures river Hungary/Romania 93 C5 Nanortalik Greenland 64 C5
81 D7 Nablus West Bank var. Nâbulus, Nansen Basin undersea feature
Murfreesboro Tennessee, USA Heb. Shekhem 101 D6 Arctic Ocean 137 G4
30 D1 Nâbulus see Nablus Nantes France 72 B4
Murgab Tajikistan 105 F3 Nacala Mozambique 61 F2 Napier New Zealand 132 E4
Murgap river Turkmenistan var. Naga Philippines 120 E2
Murghab 104 C3 Naples see Napoli
Nagano Japan 112 C4 Napo river Ecuador/Peru 42 B2
Murghab see Murgap Nagasaki Japan 113 A6
Müritz lake Germany 76 D3 Napoli Italy Eng. Naples 79 D5
Nágercoil India 114 D3 Narbonne France 73 C6
Murmansk Russian Federation
Nagorno-Karabakh region Nares Strait sea feature
92 C2 96 C1
Azerbaijan 99 G2 Canada/Greenland 64 C1
Murray river Australia 131 B6
Nagoya Japan 113 C5 Narew river Poland 80 E3
Murray Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2 Nágpur India 116 D4 Narmada river India 116 D4
Murray Ridge Undersea Nagqu China 108 C5 Narva Estonia 88 E2
feature Arabian Sea 122 B3 Nagykanizsa Hungary Ger. Narva river Estonia/Russian
Murwillumbah Australia Grosskanizsa 81 C7 Federation 88 E2
131 E5 Nagyszombat see Trnava Narva Bay sea feature Gulf of
Murzuq Libya 53 F3 Naha Japan 113 A8 Finland Est. Narva Laht, Rus.
Mu§ Turkey 99 F3 Nain Canada 21 F2 Narvskiy Zaliv 88 E2
 407
Narva Laht — N·Giva

Narva Laht see Narva Bay Negélé Ethiopia 55 C5 New Caledonia Basin undersea
Narvik Norway 66 C3 Negev see HaNegev feature Pacific Ocean
Narvskiy Zaliv see Narva Bay Negro, Río river Argentina 124 D4
Naryn Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 47 C5 Newcastle Australia 131 D6
Náshik India 116 C5 Negro, Rio river Brazil/Uruguay Newcastle upon Tyne
44 C4 England, UK 70 D4
Nashville Tennessee, USA 30 D1
Negro, Rio river N South New Delhi capital of India
Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret see Nasser, Lake
America 40 C1 116 D3
Nassau capital of Bahamas
Neiva Colombia 40 B3 Newfoundland & Labrador
36 C1
Nellore India 115 E2 province Canada 21 F2
Nasser, Lake reservoir Egypt
Neman river NE Europe Bel. Newfoundland island Canada
var. Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret 54 B2
Nyoman, Lith. Nemunas, Ger. 21 G3
Natal Brazil 43 H3
Memel, Pol. Niemen 88 B4 Newfoundland Basin undersea
Natal Basin Undersea feature feature Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean 123 A5 Nemunas see Neman
Nemuro Japan 112 E2 48 B3
Natitingou Benin 57 E4 New Georgia Islands island
Naturaliste Plateau undersea Nepal country S Asia 117
group Solomon Is 126 C3
feature Indian Ocean 123 E6 Neris river Belarus/Lithuania
Bel. Viliya, Pol. Wilja 88 C4 New Guinea island Pacific
Natzrat Israel Eng. Nazareth Ocean 126 B3
101 A5 Ness, Loch lake Scotland, UK
70 C3 New Hampshire state USA
Nauru country Pacific Ocean 23 G2
126 D3 Netherlands country W Europe
var. Holland 68-69 New Haven Connecticut, USA
Navapolatsk Belarus Rus. 23 G3
Novopolotsk 89 D5 Netherlands Antilles external
territory Netherlands, West New Ireland island Papua New
Navassa Island external territory Guinea 126 C3
USA, West Indies 36 D3 Indies prev. Dutch West
Indies 37 E5 New Jersey state USA 23 F4
Navoiy Uzbekistan
Uzb. Nawoly 104 D2 Netze see Noteá Newman Australia 128 B4
Nawábsháh Pakistan 116 B3 Neubrandenburg Germany New Mexico state USA
76 D3 28-29
Nawoly see Navoiy
Neuchâtel, Lac de lake New Orleans Louisiana, USA
Naxàıvan Azerbaijan Rus. 30 C3
Switzerland 77 A7
Nakhichevan· 99 G3
Neumünster Germany 76 C2 New Plymouth New Zealand
Náxos island Greece 87 D6 132 D3
Neuquén Argentina 47 C5
Nay Pyi Taw capital of Newport Oregon, USA 26 A3
Myanmar 118 B3 Neusiedler See lake Austria/
Hungary 77 E6 Newport News Virginia, USA
Nazareth see Natzrat 23 F5
Neusohl see Banská Bystrica
Nazca Peru 42 B4 New Providence island
Neutra see Nitra
Nazrét Ethiopia 55 C5 Bahamas 36 C1
Nevada state USA 26-27
Nazwá Oman 103 E5 Newry Northern Ireland, UK
Nevers France 72 C4
N·Dalatando Angola 60 B2 71 B5
Nev§ehir Turkey 98 C3
Ndélé Central African Republic New Siberian Islands see
58 C4 New Amsterdam Guyana 41 G2
Novosibirskiye Ostrova
N·Djamena capital of Chad Newark New Jersey, USA 23 F3
New South Wales state
58 B3 New Britain island Papua New Australia 131 C6
Ndola Zambia 60 D2 Guinea 126 B3
New York state USA 23 F3
Nebitdag see Balkanabat New Brunswick province
Canada 21 F4 New York New York, USA 23 F3
Nebraska state USA 24-25 E3 New Zealand country Pacific
New Caledonia external
Neches river S USA 29 H3 territory France, Pacific Ocean 132-133
Neckar river Germany 77 B5 Ocean 126 C5 Neyshábúr Iran 102 D3
Necochea Argentina 47 D5 New Caledonia island Pacific Ngaoundéré Cameroon 58 B4
Neftezavodsk see Seÿdi Ocean 124 D3 N·Giva Angola 60 C3
408
N’Guigmi — Nouakchott

N·Guigmi Niger 57 H3 Niue external territory New Northern Cyprus, Turkish

Nha Trang Vietnam 119 E5 Zealand, Pacific Ocean Republic of disputed region
Niagara Falls waterfall Canada/ 127 F4 Cyprus 98 C5
USA 23 E3 Nizámábád India 114 D1 Northern Dvina river Russian
Niamey capital of Niger 57 F3 Nizhnevartovsk Russian Federation see Severnaya
Federation 96 D3 Dvina 63 G2
Niangay, Lac lake Mali 56 E3
Nias, Pulau island Indonesia Nizhniy Novgorod Russian Northern Ireland province UK
120 B3 Federation prev. Gor·kiy 70-71
93 C5 96 B3 Northern Mariana Islands
Nicaragua country Central
America 34-35 Nkongsamba Cameroon 58 B4 external territory USA,
Norak Tajikistan 105 E3 Pacific Ocean 124 C1
Nicaragua, Lago de lake
Nicaragua 34 D3 Nord Greenland 65 E2 Northern Sporades see Vóreies
Nordaustlandet island Svalbard Sporádes
Nice France 73 E6
65 G1 Northern Territory territory
Nicobar Islands island group Australia 130 A3
India 115 H3 Norfolk Virginia, USA 23 F5
Norfolk Island external North European Plain region
Nicosia capital of Cyprus
territory Australia, Pacific N Europe 62 E3
var. Lefkosia, Turk. Lefko§a
98 C5 Ocean North Frisian Islands islands
124 D4 Denmark/Germany 76 B2
Nicoya, Península de peninsula
Costa Rica 34 D4 Nori·lsk Russian Federation North Island island New
96 D3 Zealand 132 G2
Niemen see Neman
Norfolk Ridge undersea North Korea country E Asia 110
Nieuw Amsterdam Suriname
41 H2 feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4 North Little Rock Arkansas,
Norman Oklahoma, USA 28 F2 USA 30 B1
Niêde Turkey 98 D4
Normandie region France Eng. North Platte Nebraska, USA
Niger country W Africa 57 25 E4
Normandy 72 B3
Niger river W Africa 56-57 D3
Normandy see Normandie North Platte river C USA 24 D3
Niger, Mouths of the delta
Normanton Australia 130 C3 North Pole ice feature Arctic
Nigeria 57 F5
Norrköping Sweden 67 C6 Ocean 137 G3
Nigeria country W Africa 57
Norseman Australia 129 C6 North Sea Atlantic Ocean 70 E2
Niigata Japan 112 C4 North Siberian Lowland
North Albanian Alps
Nijmegen Netherlands mountains Albania/ lowlands Russian Federation
68 D4 Montenegro 83 D5 94-95
Nikolayev see Mykolayiv North America 16-17 North Taranaki Bight gulf New
Nikopol· Ukraine 91 F3 North Andaman island India Zealand 132 D3
Nile river N Africa 54 B3 115 G2 North Uist island Scotland, UK
Nile Delta wetlands Egypt North Atlantic Ocean 64-65 70 B3
54 B1 North Australian Basin Northwest Territories territory
Nîmes France 73 D6 undersea feature Indian Canada 19 E3
Ninetyeast Ridge undersea Ocean 124 A2 128 A2 Norway country N Europe 66-67
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 North Bay Canada 20 D4 Norwegian Sea Arctic Ocean
Ningbo China 111 D5 North Cape coastal feature 137 G5
Ningxia autonomous region New Zealand 132 C1 Norwich England, UK 71 E6
China 110-111 B4 North Cape coastal feature Noteá river Poland Ger. Netze
Nioro Mali 56 D3 Norway 66 D2 80 C3
Nipigon, Lake lake Canada North Carolina state USA 31 F1 Nottingham England, UK 71 D6
20 B4 North Dakota state USA Nottingham Island island
Ni# Serbia 82 E4 24-25 D2 Hudson Strait 20 D1
Nitra Slovakia Ger. Neutra, North Fiji Basin undersea Nouâdhibou Mauritania
Hung. Nyitra 81 C6 feature Coral Sea 124 D3 56 B2
Nitra river Slovakia Ger. Northern Cook Islands islands Nouakchott capital of
Neutra, Hung. Nyitra 81 C6 Cook Islands 127 G4 Mauritania 56 B2
 409
Nouméa — Olympia

Nouméa capital of New Nyala Sudan 54 A4 Oger see Ogre

Caledonia 126 D5 Nyasa, Lake lake E Africa Ogre Latvia Ger. Oger 88 C3
Nova Gradi#ka Croatia 82 C3 51 D5 Ogulin Croatia 82 B3
Nova Iguaçu Brazil 43 F5 45 F2 Nyeri Kenya 55 C6 Ohio state USA 22 D4
Novara Italy 78 B2 Nyima China 108 C4 Ohio river N USA 22 B5
Nova Scotia province Canada Nyíregyháza Hungary 81 E6 Ohrid Macedonia 83 D6
21 F4 Nyitra see Nitra Ohrid, Lake lake Albania/
Novaya Zemlya islands Russian Nykøbing Denmark 67 B8 Macedonia 83 D6
Federation 137 H4 Nyköping Sweden 67 C6 Ohüe river Czech Republic/
Novaya Zemlya Trench see East Nyngan Australia 131 D6 Germany Ger. Eger 81 A5
Novaya Zemlya Trench Nyoman see Neman Óita Japan 113 B6
Novi Sad Serbia 82 D3
Okavango river var. Cubango
Novokuznetsk Russian southern Africa 60 C3
Federation prev. Stalinsk
96 D4
Novopolotsk see Navapolatsk
O Okavango Delta wetland
Botswana 60 C3
Okayama Japan 113 B5
Novosibirsk Russian Federation Oakland California, USA 27 B6
96 D4 Okazaki Japan 113 C5
Oakley Kansas, USA 25 E4 Okeechobee, Lake lake Florida,
Novosibirskiye Ostrova islands Oamaru New Zealand 133 B7
Russian Federation Eng. New USA 31 F4
Oaxaca Mexico 33 F5 Okhotsk Russian Federation
Siberian Islands 95 F1
Ob· river Russian Federation 97 G3
Novo Urgench see Urgench
96 D4 Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean
Novyy Margilan see Farg·ona
Oban Scotland, UK 70 C4 134 C1
Nsanje Malawi 61 E3
Obihiro Japan 112 D2 Okinawa island Japan 113 A8
Nsawam Ghana 57 E5
Obo Central African Republic Oki-shotó island group Japan
Nubian Desert desert Sudan
58 D4 113 B5
54 B3
Oceania 124-125 Oklahoma state USA 29 F1
Nu’eima West Bank 101 D7
Ocean Island see Banaba Oklahoma City Oklahoma, USA
Nuevo Laredo Mexico 33 E2
Oceanside California, USA 29 F2
Nuku¶alofa capital of Tonga
27 C8 Okushiri-tó island Japan 112 C2
127 F5
Nukus Uzbekistan 104 C2 Ochamchira see Och·amch·ire Okára Pakistan 116 C2
Nullarbor Plain region Och·amch·ire Georgia Rus. Öland island Sweden 67 C7
Australia 129 D6 Ochamchira 99 E1 Olavarría Argentina 46 D4
Nunap Isua Island coastal Ödenburg see Sopron Olbia Italy 79 B5
region Greenland var. Odense Denmark 67 B7 Oldenburg Germany 76 B3
Uummannaruaq Dan. Kap Oder river C Europe 80 C4 Oleksandriya Ukraine Rus.
Farvel 64 C5 Odesa Ukraine Rus. Odessa Aleksandriya 91 E3
Nunavut Territory Canada 91 E4 Olenëk Russian Federation 97 E3
19 F3 Odessa see Odesa Ölgiy Mongolia 108 C2
Nunivak Island island Alaska, Odessa Texas, USA 29 E3 Olhão Portugal 74 C4
USA 18 B2 Odienné Côte d’Ivoire 56 D4 Olita see Alytus
Nuoro Italy 79 A5 Oesel see Saaremaa
Nuremberg see Nürnberg Olmaliq see Almalyk
Ofanto river Italy 79 D5 Olmütz see Olomouc
Nürnberg Germany Eng. Offenbach Germany 77 B5
Nuremberg 77 C5 Olomouc Czech Republic Ger.
Ogaden plateau Ethiopia 55 D5 Olmütz 81 C5
Nusa Tenggara islands East
Timor / Indonesia 120 E5 Ogallala Nebraska, USA 24 D4 Olsztyn Poland Ger. Allenstein
Nuuk Greenland var. Godthåb Ogbomosho Nigeria 57 F4 80 D2
64 C4 Ogden Utah, USA 24 B3 Olt river Romania 90 B5
Nyainqêntanglha Shan Ogdensburg New York, USA Olympia Washington, USA
mountain range China 108 D5 23 F2 26 B2
410
Omaha — Paeroa

Omaha Nebraska, USA 25 F4 Orantes river SW Asia 100 B3 Ouésso Congo 59 C5

Oman country SW Asia 103 D6 Orosirá Rodópis see Rhodope Oujda Morocco 52 D2
Oman, Gulf of sea feature Mountains Oulu Finland 66 D4
Indian Ocean 103 E5, 122 B3 Orsha Belarus 89 E5 Oulu river Finland 66 D4
Omdurman Sudan 54 B4 Orsk Russian Federation Oulujärvi lake Finland 66 E4
Omsk Russian Federation 96 C4 93 D6 96 B4 Ounasjoki river Finland
Onega river Russian Federation Oruro Bolivia 42 C4 66 D3
92 C4 Ósaka Japan 113 C5 Our river W Europe 69 E7
Onega, Lake see Onezhskoye Osborn Plateau undersea Ourense Spain Cast. Orense
Ozero feature Indian Ocean 123 C5 74 C2
Onezhskoye Ozero lake Ösel see Saaremaa Ourinhos Brazil 44 D2
Russian Federation Eng. Lake Osh Kyrgyzstan 105 F2 Ourthe river Belgium 69 D6
Onega 92 B3 Oshawa Canada 20 D5 Outer Hebrides island group
Ongole India 115 E2 Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA 22 B2 UK var. Western Isles 70 B3
Onitsha Nigeria 57 F5 Osijek Croatia 82 C3 Outer Islands island group
Onslow Australia 128 A4 Oslo capital of Norway 67 B6 Seychelles 61 H2
Ontario province Canada Osmaniye Turkey 98 D4 Ouyen Australia 131 C6
18 B3 Oviedo Spain 74 D1
Osnabrück Germany 76 B3
Ontario, Lake lake Canada/USA Owando Congo 59 C6
17 D5 Osorno Chile 47 B5
Owen Fracture Zone tectonic
Oostende Belgium Eng. Ostend Oss Netherlands 68 D4 feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
69 A5 Ossora Russian Federation Owensboro Kentucky, USA
Opole Poland Ger. Oppeln 80 C4 97 H2 22 B5
Oporto see Porto Ostend see Oostende Oxford England, UK 71 D6
Oppeln see Opole Östersund Sweden 67 C5 Oxnard California, USA 29 C7
Oradea Romania 90 B3 Ostrava Czech Republic Ger. Oyem Gabon 59 B5
Mährisch-Ostrau, prev. Oyo Nigeria 57 F4
Oran Algeria 52 D1
Moravská Ostrava 81 C5
Orange River river southern Ozark Plateau plain Arkansas/
Ostroîèka Poland 80 D3 Missouri, USA 25 G5
Africa 60 C4
Ostrowiec ⁄wiètokrzyski Ózd Hungary 81 D6
Oranjestad Netherlands
Poland 80 D4
Antilles 37 E5
Orantes River Asia 100 B3 Ósumi-shotó island group
Japan 113 A7
Ordu Turkey 98 D2
Ordzhonikidze see Vladikavkaz
Otago Peninsula peninsula
New Zealand 133 B7
P
Örebro Sweden 67 C6 Otaru Japan 112 D2 Paamiut Greenland 64 B4
Oregon state USA 26 Oti river Africa 57 E4 Pachuca Mexico 33 E4
Orël Russian Federation 83 A5 Otranto, Strait of sea feature Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
Orem Utah, USA 24 B4 Albania/Italy 79 E5 undersea feature Pacific
Orenburg Russian Federation Ottawa capital of Canada Ocean 136 B5
93 C6 96 B4 20 D4 Pacific Ocean 134-135
Orense see Ourense Ottawa river Canada 20 D4 Padang Indonesia 120 B4
Orestiáda Greece 86 D3 Ou river Laos 118 C3 Paderborn Germany 76 B4
Orinoco river Colombia/ Ouachita river SE USA 30 B2 Padova Italy Eng. Padua
Venezuela 41 E3 Ouagadougou capital of 78 C2
Oristano Italy 79 A5 Burkina 57 E3 Padre Island island Texas, USA
Orkney islands Scotland, UK Ouarâne desert Mauritania 29 G5
70 C2 56 D2 Padua see Padova
Orlando Florida, USA 31 E4 Ouargla Algeria 53 E2 Paducah Kentucky, USA 22 B5
Orléans France 72 C4 Ouessant, Île d· island France Paeroa Waikato, New Zealand
Örnsköldsvik Sweden 67 C5 72 A3 132 D3
 411
Pafos — Peloponnese

Pafos see Paphos Pampas region South America Páros island Greece 87 D6
Pag island Croatia 82 A3 46 C4 Pasadena California, USA 27 C7
Pago Pago capital of American Pamplona Spain var. Iruña 75 F1 Pasadena Texas, USA 29 G4
Samoa 127 F4 Pánáji India 114 C2 Passo Fundo Brazil 44 D3
Paide Estonia Ger. Weissenstein Panama country Central Pasto Colombia 40 B4
88 D2 America 35 Patagonia region S South
Paihia New Zealand 132 D2 Panamá, Golfo de sea feature America 47 C6
Painted Desert desert SW USA Panama 35 F5 Pathein Myanmar prev. Bassein
28 C1 Panama Canal canal Panama 118 A4
País Valenciano cultural region 35 F4 Patna India 117 F3
Spain 75 F3 Panama City capital of Panama Patos, Lagoa dos lagoon Brazil
Pakistan country S Asia 116 35 F5 44 D4
Pakokku Myanmar 118 A3 Panama City Florida, USA Pátra Greece 87 B5
Palagruza island Croatia 83 B5 30 D3
Pattani Thailand 119 C7
Palau country Pacific Ocean Panáevo Serbia 82 D3
Pattaya Thailand 119 C5
var. Belau 124 B2 126 Panevëªys Lithuania 88 C4
Patuca river Honduras 34 D2
Palawan island Philippines Pantanal region Brazil 38 C4
Pau France 73 B6
121 E2 Pantelleria island Italy 79 B7
Pavlodar Kazakhstan 96 C4
Palawan Passage passage Papeete capital of French
Philippines 121 E2 Polynesia 127 H4 Pavlograd see Pavlohrad
Paldiski Estonia prev. Baltiski, Paphos Cyprus var. Pafos 98 C5 Pavlohrad Ukraine Rus.
Eng. Baltic Port, Ger. Pavlograd 91 G3
Papua province Indonesia prev.
Baltischport 88 C2 Irian Jaya 121 H4 Paysandú Uruguay 44 B4
Palembang Indonesia 120 C4 Papua New Guinea country Pazardzhik Bulgaria prev. Tatar
Palencia Spain 74 D2 Pacific Ocean 126 Pazardzhik 86 C2
Palermo Italy 79 C6 Paracel Islands disputed Pearl river SE USA 30 C3
Palikir capital of Micronesia territory Asia 120 D1 Peawanuck Canada 20 C2
126 C2 Paragua river Venezuela 41 E3 Peá see Pejë
Palioúri, Akrotírio coastal Paraguay country South Pechora river Russian
feature Greece var. Akra America 44 Federation 92 D3
Kanestron 86 C4 Paraguay river C South Pecos Texas, USA 29 E3
Palk Strait sea feature America 38 C4 44 B2 Pecos river SW USA 28 D2
India/Sri Lanka 115 E3 Parakou Benin 57 F4 Pécs Hungary Ger. Fünfkirchen
Palliser, Cape headland New Paramaribo capital of Suriname 81 C7
Zealand 133 D5 41 G2 Pegasus Bay bay New Zealand
Palm Springs California, USA Paraná Argentina 46 D4 133 C5
27 D8 Paraná river C South America Pegu see Bago
Palma Spain 75 G3 46 D3 Peipsi Järv see Peipus, Lake
Palmer Land physical region Paranaíba Brazil 43 G2 Peipus, Lake lake Estonia/
Antarctica 136 A3 Paraparaumu New Zealand Russian Federation Est. Peipsi
Palmerston North New Zealand 132 D4 Järv, Rus. Chudskoye Ozero
132 D4 Pardubice Czech Republic Ger. 88 D2
Palmyra see Tudmur Pardubitz 81 B5 Peiraías Greece var. Piraiévs,
Palmyra Atoll external territory Pardubitz see Pardubice Eng. Piraeus 87 C5
USA, Pacific Ocean 125 F2 Parepare Indonesia 121 E4 Pejë Kosovo prev. Peá 83 D5
Palu Indonesia 121 E4 Paris capital of France 72 C3 Pekalongan Jawa, Indonesia
Pamir river Afghanistan/ Paris Texas, USA 29 G2 120 C4
Tajikistan 105 F3 Parma Italy 78 B3 Pekanbaru Indonesia 120 B3
Pamirs mountains Tajikistan Pärnu Estonia Rus. Pyarnu, Peking see Beijing
105 F3 prev. Pernov, Ger. Pernau Pelagie, Isola island Italy 79 B8
Pampa Texas, USA 29 E2 88 C2 Peloponnese see Pelopónnisos
412
Pelopónnisos — Ploie§ti

Pelopónnisos peninsula Greece Peterborough Canada 20 D5 Piîa Poland Ger. Schneidemühl

Eng. Peloponnese 87 B5 Peter the First Island island 80 C3
Pelotas Brazil 44 C4 Antarctica 136 A4 Pilar Paraguay 44 B3
Pelotas river Brazil 44 C3 Petra see Wádí Músá Pilchilemu Chile 46 B4
Pematangsiantar Indonesia Petrich Bulgaria 86 C3 Pilcomayo river C South
120 B3 Petroaleksandrovsk see America 44 B2 46 D2
Pemba island Tanzania 51 E5 To·rtko·O Pilsen see Plzeõ
Pendleton Oregon, USA 26 C2 Petrograd see St Petersburg Pinar del Río Cuba 36 A2
Pennines hills England, UK Petropavlovsk Russian Píndos mountain range Greece
70 D4 Federation 96 C4 Eng. Pindus Mountains
Pennsylvania state USA Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy 86 A4
23 E3 Russian Federation 97 H3 Pindus Mountains see Píndos
Penong Australia 131 A6 Petrozavodsk Russian Pine Bluff Arkansas, USA 30 B2
Penonomé Panama 35 F5 Federation 92 B3 Pine Creek Australia 128 E2
Penrhyn atoll Cook Islands Pevek Russian Federation Pinega river Russian Federation
125 F3 97 G1 92 C3
Penrhyn Basin undersea Pforzheim Germany 77 B6 Pineiós river Greece 86 B4
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2 Phangan, Ko island Thailand Pínes, Akrotírio coastal feature
Pensacola Florida, USA 30 D3 119 C6 Greece 86 C4
Penza Russian Federation Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA Ping, Mae Nam river Thailand
93 B5 23 F4 118 C4
Penzance England, UK 71 C7 Philippine Basin undersea Pinsk Belarus Pol. Piúsk 89 B4
feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1
Peoria Illinois, USA 22 B4 Piraeus see Peiraías
Philippine Trench undersea
Percival Lakes lakes Australia feature Philippine Sea 124 A2 Piraiévs see Peiraías
128 C4 Philippines country Asia 121 Pisa Italy 78 B3
Pereira Colombia 40 B3 Pisco Peru 42 B4
Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
Périgueux France 73 B5 121 F1 124 A1 Pishpek see Bishkek
Perm· Russian Federation prev. Philippopolis see Plovdiv Pistyan see Pie#˚any
Molotov 93 D5 96 B3 Phnom Penh capital of Pitcairn Islands external
Pernau see Pärnu Cambodia 119 D6 territory UK, Pacific Ocean
Pernik Bulgaria prev. Dimitrovo Phoenix Arizona, USA 28 B2 125 G4
86 C2 Phoenix Islands island group Piteå Sweden 66 D4
Pernov see Pärnu Kiribati 127 F3 Pite§ti Romania 90 C4
Perpignan France 73 C6 Phôngsali Laos 118 C3 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
Persian Gulf sea feature Phuket Thailand 119 B7 23 E4
Arabian Sea var. The Gulf Phuket, Ko island Thailand Piura Peru 42 A2
122 B2 119 B7 Pivdennyy Bug river Ukraine
Perth Australia 129 B6 Phumî Sâmraông Cambodia 91 E3
Perth Scotland, UK 70 C3 119 D5 Plasencia Spain 74 D3
Perth Basin undersea feature Piacenza Italy 78 B2 Plata, Rio de la river Argentina/
Indian Ocean 123 E6 Piatra-Neam√ Romania 90 C3 Uruguay var. River Plate
Peru C South America 42 Piave river Italy 78 C2 44 B5 46 D4
Peru-Chile Trench undersea Picton New Zealand 133 C5 Plate, River see Plata, Rio de la
feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3 Pielinen lake Finland 66 E4 Platte river C USA 25 E4
Perugia Italy 78 C4 Pierre South Dakota, USA 25 E3 Plattensee see Balaton
Pescara Italy 78 D4 Pie#˚any Slovakia Ger. Pistyan, Plenty, Bay of bay New
Pesháwar Pakistan 116 C1 Hung. Pöstyén 81 C6 Zealand 132 E3
Petah Tikva Israel 101 A5 Pietermaritzburg South Africa Pleven Bulgaria 86 C1
Peterborough England, UK 60 D4 Pîock Poland 80 D3
71 E6 Pihkva Järv see Pskov, Lake Ploie§ti Romania 90 C4
 413
Plovdiv — Príncipe

Plovdiv Bulgaria Gk. Port-au-Prince capital of Haiti Powder river N USA 24 C2

Philippopolis 86 C2 36 D3 Powell, Lake lake SW USA
Plungë Lithuania 88 B4 Port Blair India 115 G2 24 B5
Plymouth capital of Montserrat Port Douglas Australia 130 D3 Poza Rica Mexico 33 F4
37 G3 Port Elizabeth South Africa Poznaú Poland Ger. Posen
Plymouth England, UK 60 D5 80 C3
71 C7 Port-Gentil Gabon 59 A6 Pozo Colorado Paraguay 44 B2
Plzeõ Czech Republic Ger. Port Harcourt Nigeria 57 F5 Pozsony see Bratislava
Pilsen 81 A5 Port Hardy Canada 18 D5 Prag see Prague
Po river Italy 78 B2 Port Harrison see Inukjuak Prague capital of Czech
Pocatello Idaho, USA 26 E4 Port Hedland Australia 128 B4 Republic Cz. Praha, Ger. Prag
Po Delta wetland Italy 78 C3 Portland Australia 131 B7 81 B5
Podgorica capital of Portland Maine, USA 23 G2 Praha see Prague
Montenegro 83 C5 Portland Oregon, USA 26 B2 Praia capital of Cape Verde
Pohnpei Island island 56 A3
Port Lincoln Australia 131 A6
Micronesia 126 C2 Prato Italy 78 B3
Port Louis capital of Mauritius
Pointe-Noire Congo 59 B6 61 H4 Pratt Kansas, USA 25 E5
Poitiers France 72 B4 Port Macquarie Australia Preschau see Pre#ov
Poland country E Europe 80-81 131 E6 Prescott Arizona, USA 28 B2
Polatsk Belarus 89 D5 Port Moresby capital of Papua Presidente Prudente Brazil
Pol-e Khomrí Afghanistan New Guinea 126 B3 44 D2
105 E4 Porto Portugal Eng. Oporto Pre#ov Slovakia Ger. Eperies,
Poltava Ukraine 91 F2 74 C2 var. Preschau, Hung. Eperjes
Poltoratsk see A§gabat Porto Alegre Sao Tome and 81 D5
Polynesia region Pacific Ocean Principe 44 D4 Prespa, Lake lake SE Europe
127 Port-of-Spain capital of 83 D6 86 A3
Pomeranian Bay bay Germany/ Trinidad & Tobago 37 G5 Presque Isle Maine, USA
Poland 80 B2 Porto-Novo capital of Benin 23 G1
Pompano Beach Florida, USA 57 F5 Pressburg see Bratislava
31 F5 Porto Velho Brazil 42 C3 Preston England, UK 71 D5
Ponca City Oklahoma, USA Portoviejo Ecuador 40 A4 Pretoria capital of South Africa
29 G1 Port Said see Búr Sa¶íd see Tshwane 60 D4
Pondicherry India 115 E2 Portsmouth England, UK Préveza Greece 86 A4
Ponta Grossa Brazil 44 D2 71 D7 Prijedor Bosnia & Herzegovina
Pontevedra Spain 74 C1 Port Sudan Sudan 54 C3 82 B3
Pontianak Indonesia 120 C4 Portugal country SW Europe 74 Prilep Macedonia 83 E5
Poona see Pune Port-Vila capital of Vanuatu Prince Albert Canada 19 F5
Poopó, Lake lake Bolivia 42 C5 126 D5 Prince Edward Island province
Porvenir Chile 47 B7 Canada 21 F4
Popayán Colombia 40 B3
Posadas Argentina 46 E3 Prince Edward Islands island
Poprad Slovakia Ger. group South Africa 123 A7
Deutschendorf 81 D5 Posen see Poznaú
Prince George Canada 19 E5
Porbandar India 116 B4 Poste-de-la-Baleine see
Prince of Wales Island island
Pori Finland 67 D5 Kuujjuarapik
Canada 19 F2
Porsgrunn Norway 67 B6 Pöstyén see Pie#˚any
Prince Rupert Canada 18 D4
Portalegre Portugal 74 C3 Potenza S Italy 79 D5 Princess Charlotte Bay bay
Port Angeles Washington, USA P·ot·i Georgia 99 E2 Australia 130 C2
26 A1 Potosí Bolivia 42 C5 Princess Elizabeth Land region
Port Arthur Texas, USA 29 H4 Potsdam Germany 76 D4 Antarctica 136 C3
Port Augusta Australia Póvoa de Varzim Portugal Príncipe island Sao Tome &
131 B6 74 C2 Principe 59 A5
414
Pripet — Quezaltenango

Pripet river Belarus/Ukraine Puerto Rico external territory Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al desert
90 C1 USA, West Indies 37 F3 basin Egypt Eng. Qattara
Pripet Marshes wetlands Puerto San Julián Argentina Depression 54 A1
Belarus/Ukraine 90 C1 47 C7 Qeqertarsuaq Greenland 64 B3
Pri#tina capital of Kosovo Puerto Suárez Bolivia 42 D4 Qeqertarsuaq island Greenland
83 D5 Puerto Vallarta Mexico 32 D4 64 B3
Prizren Kosovo 83 D5 Pula Croatia 82 A3 Qian see Guizhou
Prome see Pyay Qilian Shan mountain range
Pune India prev. Poona 114 C1
China 108 A4
Prossnitz see Prostêjov Puno Peru 42 C4 Qimusseriarsuaq bay
Prostêjov Czech Republic Ger. Punta Arenas Chile prev. Greenland 64 C2
Prossnitz 81 C5 Magallanes 47 B7 Qiná Egypt 54 B2
Provence region France 73 D6 Puntarenas Costa Rica 34 D4 Qingdao China 110 D4
Providence Rhode Island, USA Purmerend Netherlands Qinghai province China var.
23 G3 68 C3 Chinghai, Koko Nor, Qing,
Providencia, Isla de island Purus river Brazil/Peru 42 C3 Tsinghai 108 D4
Colombia 35 E3 Pusan South Korea 110 E4 Qinghai Hu lake China var.
Provo Utah, USA 24 B4 Putrajaya capital of Malaysia Koko Nor 108 D4
Prudhoe Bay Alaska, USA 120 B3 Qingzang Gaoyuan plateau
18 D2 Putumayo river NW South China Eng. Plateau of Tibet
Przheval·sk see Karakol America 38 B3 110 A4
Pskov Russian Federation Pyapon Myanmar 118 B4 Qiong see Hainan
92 A4 Qiqihar China 110 D3
Pyarnu see Pärnu
Pskov, Lake lake Estonia/ Qira China 108 B4
Pyay Myanmar prev. Prome Qitai China 108 C3
Russian Federation Est. 118 A4
Pihkva Järv, Rus. Pskovskoye Qom Iran var. Kum 102 C3
Ozero 88 D3 Pyongyang capital of North Qondúz river Afghanistan
Korea 110 E4 105 E4
Pskovskoye Ozero
see Pskov, Lake Pyramid Lake lake Nevada, Qondúz see Kondoz
USA 27 C5 Qo’qon Uzbekistan prev.
Ptich· see Ptsich
Pyrenees mountain range SW Kokand, var. Khokand,
Ptsich river Belarus Rus. Ptich·
Europe 62 C4 105 E2
89 D6
Pucallpa Peru 42 B3 Quba Azerbaijan Rus. Kuba
99 H2
Puebla Mexico 33 F4
Pueblo Colorado, USA 22 D4
Puerto Aisén Chile 47 B6
Q Québec Canada 21 E4
Québec province Canada
20 D3
Puerto Barrios Guatemala Qaanaaq Greenland var. Thule Queen Charlotte Islands
34 C2 64 D1 islands Canada 18 D4
Puerto Carreño Colombia Qábatiya West Bank 101 D7 Queen Charlotte Sound sea
40 D2 Qaidam Pendi basin China feature Canada 18 D5
Puerto Cortés Honduras 108 D4 Queen Elizabeth Islands
34 C2 Qalqílya West Bank 101 D7 islands Canada 19 F1
Puerto Deseado Argentina Queensland state Australia
Qamdo China 108 D5
47 C6 130 C4
Qandahár see Kandahár
Puerto Maldonado Peru Queenstown New Zealand
42 C4 Qaqortoq Greenland 64 C4 133 B6
Puerto Montt Chile 47 B5 Qara Qum see Karakumy Quelimane Mozambique
Puerto Natales Chile 47 B7 Qarshi see Karshi 61 E3
Puerto Plata Dominican Qasigiannguit Greenland 64 C3 Querétaro Mexico 33 E4
Republic 37 E3 Qatar country SW Asia 103 D5 Quetta Pakistan 116 B2
Puerto Princesa Philippines Qattara Depression see Quezaltenango Guatemala
120 E2 Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al 34 B2
 415
Quibdó — Rimah, Wádí

Quibdó Colombia 40 B2 Rangoon see Yangon Resistencia Argentina 46 D3

Quimper France 72 A3 Rankin Inlet Canada 19 G3 Re§i√a Romania 90 B4
Quy Nhòn Vietnam 119 E5 Rapid City South Dakota, USA Resolute Canada 19 F2
Qing see Qinghai 24 D3 Réunion external territory
Quito capital of Ecuador 40 A4 Rarotonga island Cook Islands France, Indian Ocean 123 B5
Qûrghonteppa Tajikistan Rus. 127 G5 Reus Spain 75 G2
Kurgan–Tynbe 105 E3 Rasht Iran 102 C3 Reutlingen Germany 77 B6
Qyteti Stalin see Kuàovë Ratak Chain islands Marshall Reval see Tallinn
Islands 126 D1 Revel see Tallinn
Ratchaburi Thailand 119 C5 Revillagigedo, Islas island
R Rat Islands island group
Alaska, USA 18 A2
Mexico 32 B4
Rey, Isla del island Panama
Raukumara Range mountain 35 F5
Raab see Györ range New Zealand 132 E3 Reykjavík capital of Iceland
Raab see Rába Rauma Finland 67 D5 65 E5
Rába river Austria/Hungary Ravenna Italy 78 C3 Reynosa Mexico 33 E2
Ger. Raab 81 C7 Ráwalpindi Pakistan 116 C1 Rézekne Latvia Ger. Rositten,
Rabat capital of Morocco Rawson Argentina 47 C6 Rus. Rezhitsa 88 D4
52 C2 Rezhitsa see Rézekne
Razgrad Bulgaria 86 D1
Race, Cape coastal feature Rheims see Reims
Reading England, UK 71 D6
Canada 21 H4
Rebecca, Lake lake Australia Rhine river W Europe 62 D3
Rach Gia Vietnam 119 D6
129 C6 Rhode Island state USA 23 G3
Radom Poland 80 D4 Rebun-tó island Japan 112 D1 Rhodes see Ródos
Radvili#kis Lithuania 88 C4 Rechytsa Belarus 89 D7 Rhodope Mountains mountain
Ragusa Italy 79 D7 Recife Brazil 43 H3 range Bulgaria/Greece Gk.
Rahímyár Khán Pakistan Recklinghausen Germany Orosirá Rodópis, Bul.
116 C3 76 G4 Despoto Planina 86 C3
Raipur India 117 E5 Red Deer Canada 19 E5 Rhône river France/Switzerland
Rájahmundry India 115 E1 Redding California, USA 62 C4
Rájasthán state India 116 C3 27 B5 Ribeirão Preto Brazil 45 E1
Rájkot India 116 C4 Red River river S USA 30 B3 Riberalta Bolivia 42 C3
Rájsháhi Bangladesh 117 G4 Red River river China/ Vietnam Rîbni√a Moldova 90 D3
Rakaia river New Zealand 118 Richfield Utah, USA 24 B4
133 C6 Red Sea Indian Ocean 122 A3 Richland Washington, USA
Rakvere Estonia Ger. Reefton New Zealand 133 C5 24 C2
Wesenberg 88 D2 Richmond Kentucky, USA 22 C5
Regensburg Germany 77 C5
Raleigh North Carolina, USA Richmond New Zealand 133 C5
Reggane Algeria 52 D3
31 F1 Richmond Virginia, USA 23 E5
Reggio di Calabria Italy 79 D6
Ralik Chain islands Marshall Richmond Range mountain
Islands 126 D1 Reggio nell· Emilia Italy 78 B3
range New Zealand 133 C5
Râmnicu Vâlcea Romania prev. Regina Canada 19 F5
Ricobayo, Embalse de reservoir
Rîmnicu Vîlcea 90 B4 Rehoboth Namibia 60 C4 Spain 74 D2
Ramallah West Bank 101 D7 Reichenberg see Liberec Riga capital of Latvia Latv. Ríga
Ramree Island island Myanmar Reid Australia 129 D6 88 C3
118 A3 Reims France Eng. Rheims Riga, Gulf of sea feature
Rancagua Chile 46 B4 72 D3 Baltic Sea 88 C3
Ránchi India 117 F4 Reindeer Lake lake Canada Riihimäki Finland 67 D5
Randers Denmark 67 A7 17 C4 Rijeka Croatia It. Fiume 82 A3
Rangiora New Zealand 133 C6 Reni Ukraine 90 D4 Rimah, Wádí ar dry
Rangitikei river New Zealand Rennes France 72 B3 watercourse Saudi Arabia
132 D4 Reno Nevada, USA 27 B5 103 B5
416
Rimini — Saint-Brieuc

Rimini Italy 78 C3 Roeselare Belgium 69 A5 Ruse Bulgaria 86 D1

Rîmnicu Vîlcea see Roma Australia 131 D5 Russian Federation country
Râmnicu Vâlcea Roma see Rome Europe/Asia 92-93 96-97
Riobamba Ecuador 40 A4 Romania country SE Europe 90 Rust·avi Georgia 99 F2
Rio Branco Brazil 42 C3 Rome capital of Italy It. Roma Rutland Vermont, USA 23 F2
Río Cuarto Argentina 46 C4 78 C4 Rutog China 108 B4
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 45 F2 Rome Georgia, USA 30 D2 Rwanda country C Africa 55
Río Gallegos Argentina 47 C7 Rønne Denmark 67 B8 Ryazan· Russian Federation
Rio Grande Brazil 44 D4 Ronne Ice Shelf ice feature 93 B5 96 B3
Rio Grande river N America Antarctica 136 B3 Rybinskoye Vodokhranilishche
16 B6 Roosendaal Netherlands 68 C4 Reservoir Russian Federation
Eng. Rybinsk Reservoir 92 B4
Rio Grande Rise undersea Rosario Argentina 46 D4
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 C6 Rybnik Poland 81 C5
Roseau capital of Dominica
Río Verde Mexico 33 E3 37 G4 Ryúkyú-rettó island group
Rishiri-tó island Japan 112 D1 Japan 113 A8
Rosenau see Roªõava
Ryukyu Trench Undersea
Rivas Nicaragua 34 D3 Rositten see Rézekne feature East China Sea
Rivera Uruguay 44 C4 Ross Ice Shelf ice feature 134 B2
Riverside California, USA 27 C8 Antarctica 136 B4 Rzeszów Poland 81 E5Saale
Riverton New Zealand 133 A7 Ross Sea Antarctica 136 B4 river Germany 76 C4
Rivne Ukraine Rus. Rovno 90 C2 Rostak see Ar Rustáq
Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia Rostock Germany 76 C2
Ar. Ar Riyáç 103 C5
Rize Turkey 99 E2
Rostov-na-Donu Russian
Federation 96 A3 S
Rkîz Mauritania 56 C3 Roswell New Mexico, USA
Road Town capital of British 28 D2 Saarbrücken Germany 77 A5
Virgin Islands 37 F3 Rotorua New Zealand 132 D3 Saare see Saaremaa
Roanne France 73 D5 Rotorua, Lake lake New Saaremaa island Estonia var.
Roanoke Virginia, USA 23 E5 Zealand 132 D3 Saare, Sarema, Ger. Ösel, var.
Rotterdam Netherlands 68 C4 Oesel 88 C2
Roanoke river SE USA 31 G1
Rouen France 72 C3 ‹abac Serbia 82 C3
Robinson Range mountain
range Australia 129 B5 Sabadell Spain 75 G2
Rovaniemi Finland 66 D3
Rochester Minnesota, USA Sabah cultural region Borneo
Rovno see Rivne
25 F3 120 D3
Rovuma river Mozambique/ Sab·atayn, Ramlat as desert
Rochester New York, USA Tanzania 61 F2
23 E3 Yemen 103 C7
Roxas City Philippines 121 E2 Sabhá Libya 53 F3
Rockford Illinois, USA 22 B3 Roªõava Slovakia Ger.
Rockhampton Australia 130 D4 Sabzevár Iran 102 D3
Rosenau, Hung. Rozsnyó
Rock Island Illinois, USA 22 B3 81 D6 Sacramento California, USA
27 B6
Rock Springs Wyoming, USA Rozsnyó see Roªõava
24 C3 fla¶dah Yemen 103 B6
Ruatoria New Zealand 132 E3
Rockstone Guyana 41 G2 Sado island Japan 112 C4
Ruawai New Zealand 132 D2
Rocky Mountains mountain Safi Morocco 52 B2
Rudnyy Kazakhstan 96 C4
range Canada/USA 18-19 D4 Saginaw Michigan, USA 22 C3
Rudolf, Lake see Lake Turkana
Rodez France 73 C6 Sahara desert N Africa 50 B3
Rügen headland Germany
Ródhos see Ródos 76 D2 Sahel region W Africa 50 B3
Ródos island Greece var. Rukwa, Lake lake Tanzania Saïda Lebanon anc. Sidon 100 B4
Ródhos, Eng. Rhodes 87 E6 55 B7 Saidpur Bangladesh 117 G3
Ródos Greece Eng. Rhodes Rumbek Sudan 55 B5 Saigon see Hô Chi Minh
87 E6 Rundu Namibia 60 C3 Saimaa lake Finland 67 E5
Rodosto see Tekirdaê Ruoqiang China 108 C3 Saint-Brieuc France 72 A3
 417
Saint Catherines — Sangir, Kepulauan

Saint Catherines Canada St Petersburg Florida, USA Salzburg Austria 77 D6

20 D5 31 E4 Salzgitter Germany 76 C4
Saint-Chamond France 73 D5 Saint Pierre & Miquelon Samara Russian Federation
St Christopher & Nevis see St external territory France, 93 C6 96 B3
Kitts & Nevis Atlantic Ocean 21 G4 Samarinda Indonesia 121 E4
St Cloud Minnesota, USA 25 F2 St Vincent, Cape see São Samarkand Uzbekistan 104 D2
St-Denis capital of Réunion Vicente, Cabo de
Sambre river Belgium 69 B7
61 H4 St Vincent & The Grenadines
Samoa country Pacific Ocean
country West Indies 37
Saintes France 72 B5 127 F4
Saipan island country capital
Saint-Étienne France 73 D5 Northern Mariana Islands Samobor Croatia 82 B3
Saint George Australia 131 D5 124 B1 Sámos island Greece 87 D5
St. George·s capital of Grenada Sakákah Saudi Arabia 102 B4 Samothrace see Samothráki
37 G5 Sakakawea, Lake lake North Samothráki island Greece Eng.
St Helena external territory Dakota, USA 24 D2 Samothrace 86 D3
UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D5 Sakarya see Adapazarı Samsun Turkey 98 D2
St Helier capital Jersey 71 D8 Sakhalin island Russian Samui, Ko island group
Saint-Jean, Lake lake Canada Federation 97 H4 Thailand 119 C6
21 E4 Sal island Cape Verde 56 A2 San river Poland 81 E5
Saint John Canada 21 F4 Salado river Argentina 46 C3 Saña Peru 42 A3
St John·s country capital flalálah Oman 103 D6 Sana capital of Yemen var.
Antigua and Barbuda 37 G3
Salamanca Spain 74 D2 flan¶á· 103 B7
Saint John·s Canada 21 H3 Sanandaj Sinneh. Iran 102 C3
Sala y Gómez island Chile,
St Joseph Missouri, USA 25 F4 Pacific Ocean 135 F4 San Andrés, Isla de island
St Kitts & Nevis country West Saldus Latvia Ger. Frauenburg Colombia 35 E3
Indies var. St Christopher & 88 B3 San Angelo Texas, USA 29 F3
Nevis 37 Salekhard Russian Federation San Antonio Chile 46 B4
St.-Laurent-du-Maroni French 96 D3 San Antonio Texas, USA 29 F4
Guiana 41 H2 Salem India 114 D2 San Antonio river S USA 29 G4
Saint Lawrence river Canada Salem Oregon, USA 26 A3 San Antonio Oeste Argentina
21 E4 47 C5
Salerno Italy 79 D5
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of sea Sanáw Yemen 103 C6
Salerno, Golfo di sea feature
feature Canada 21 F3 San Bernardino California, USA
Italy 79 D5
St. Lawrence Island island 27 C7
Salihorsk Belarus Rus. Soligorsk
Alaska, USA 18 C2 San Carlos Uruguay 44 C5
89 C6
Saint-Lô France 73 B3 San Carlos de Bariloche
Salima Malawi 61 E2
Saint Louis Senegal 56 B3 Salinas California, USA 27 B6 Argentina 47 B5
St Louis Missouri, USA 25 G4 Salisbury England, UK 71 D7 San Clemente Island island W
St Lucia country West Indies 37 Salisbury Island island Canada USA 27 C8
Saint-Malo France 72 B3 20 D1 San Cristóbal Venezuela 40 C2
Saint-Nazaire France 72 B4 Salonica see Thessaloníki San Diego California, USA
Saint Paul Minnesota, USA Salso river Italy 79 C7 27 C8
25 F2 Sandwich Island see Efate
Salt see As Sal√
St-Paul, Île island French San Fernando Trinidad &
Salta Argentina 46 C2 Tobago 37 G5
Southern and Antarctic
Territories 123 C6 Saltillo Mexico 33 E2 San Fernando Venezuela 40 D2
St Peter Port capital of Salt Lake City Utah, USA 24 B4 San Fernando de Noronha
Guernsey 71 D8 Salto Uruguay 44 B4 island Brazil 43 H2
St Petersburg Russian Salton Sea lake California, USA San Francisco California, USA
Federation Rus. Sankt- 27 D8 27 B6
Peterburg, prev. Leningrad, Salvador Brazil 43 G4 Sangir, Kepulauan island group
Petrograd 92 B3 96 B2 Salween river SE Asia 111 A6 Indonesia 121 F3
418
San Ignacio — Saurimo

San Ignacio Belize 34 C1 Santa Cruz California, USA Saône river France 72 D4
San Joaquin Valley valley W 27 B6 São Paulo Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
USA 27 B6 Santa Cruz Islands island group São Tomé capital of Sao Tome
San José capital of Costa Rica Solomon Islands 126 C4 & Principe 59 A5
34 D4 Santa Fe Argentina 46 D3 São Tomé island Sao Tome &
San Jose California, USA 27 B6 Santa Fe New Mexico, USA Principe 59 A5
San José del Guaviare 28 D2 Sao Tome & Principe country
Colombia 40 C3 Santa Maria Brazil 44 C4 W Africa 59
San Juan Argentina 46 B3 Santa Marta Colombia 40 C1 São Vincente island Cape
San Juan river Costa Rica/ Santander Spain 75 E1 Verde 56 A2
Nicaragua 34 D4 Santanilla, Islas islands São Vicente, Cabo de coastal
San Juan capital of Puerto Rico Honduras 35 E1 feature Portugal Eng. Cape
37 F3 St Vincent 74 B4
Santarém Brazil 43 E2
San Juan Bautista Paraguay Sapele Nigeria 57 F5
Santarém Portugal 74 C3
44 B3 Sapporo Japan 112 D2
Santaren Channel Channel
San Juan de los Morros Bahamas 36 C2 Saragossa see Zaragoza
Venezuela 40 D1 Santa Rosa Argentina 47 C4 Sarajevo capital of Bosnia &
Sankt Martin see Martin Herzegovina 82 C4
Santa Rosa California, USA
Sankt-Peterburg see St 27 A6 Sarandë Albania 83 D6
Petersburg Santa Rosa de Copán Honduras Saransk Russian Federation
Sankt Pölten Austria 77 E6 34 C2 93 B5
flanlıurfa Turkey prev. Urfa Santa Rosa Island island W Saratov Russian Federation
98 E4 USA 27 B8 93 B6
San Lorenzo Honduras 34 C3 Santiago island Cape Verde Sarawak state Malaysia 120 D3
San Luis Potosí Mexico 33 E3 56 A3 Sardegna island Italy Eng.
San Marino country S Europe Santiago capital of Chile 46 B4 Sardinia 79 A5
78 C3 Santiago Dominican Republic Sardinia see Sardegna
San Matías, Golfo sea feature 37 E3 Sarema see Saaremaa
Argentina 39 C6 Santiago Panama 35 F5 Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean
San Miguel El Salvador 34 C3 Santiago de Compostela Spain 48 B4
San Miguel de Tucumán 74 C1 Sargodha Pakistan 116 C2
Argentina 46 C3 Santiago de Cuba Cuba 36 C3 Sarh Chad 58 C4
San Nicolas Island island W Santiago del Estero Argentina Sárí Iran 102 D3
USA 27 B8 46 C3 Saruhan see Manisa
San Pedro Sula Honduras Santo Antão island Cape Verde Sasebo Japan 113 A6
34 C2 56 A2 Saskatchewan province
San Remo Italy 78 A3 Santo Domingo capital of Canada 19 F5
San Salvador capital of El Dominican Republic 37 E3 Saskatchewan river Canada
Salvador 34 C3 Santo Domingo de los 19 F5
San Salvador de Jujuy Colorados Ecuador 40 A4 Saskatoon Canada 19 F5
Argentina 46 C2 Santoríni island Greece Sassandra River Côte d·Ivoire
San Sebastián Spain Bas. 87 D6 56 D5
Donostia 75 E1 Santos Brazil 45 E2 Sassari Italy 79 A5
Santa Ana El Salvador 34 B2 São Borja Brazil 44 C3 Satu Mare Romania 90 B3
Santa Ana California, USA 27 C8 São Francisco river Brazil Saudi Arabia country SW Asia
Santa Barbara California, USA 43 G3 102-103
27 B7 São José do Rio Preto Brazil Sault Sainte Marie Canada
Santa Catalina Island island W 44 D1 20 C4
USA 27 C8 São Luís Brazil 43 G2 Sault Sainte Marie Michigan,
Santa Clara Cuba 36 B2 São Nicolau island Cape Verde USA 22 C1
Santa Cruz Bolivia 42 D4 56 A2 Saurimo Angola 60 C2
 419
Sava — Shikoku

Sava river SE Europe 82 C3 Semara see Smara Seydhisfjördhur Iceland

Savannah Georgia, USA Semarang Indonesia 120 D4 65 E4
31 F3 Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan Seÿdi Turkmenistan prev.
Savannah river SE USA 31 E2 96 D4 Neftezavodsk 104 D2
Savissivik Greenland 64 C2 Sendai Japan 112 D4 Seyhan see Adana
Savona Italy 78 A3 Senegal country W Africa 56 Sfax Tunisia 53 F2
Savu Sea sea Indonesia 120 E5 Senegal river Africa 56 C3 ·s-Gravenhage capital of
Sawíáj Egypt var. Sohâg 54 B2 Sên, Stœng river Cambodia Netherlands Eng. The Hague
68 B3
flawqirah Oman 103 D6 119 D5
Shaan see Shaanxi
Saÿat Turkmenistan 104 D3 Seoul capital of South Korea
Kor. Sôul 110 E4 Shaanxi province China var.
Sayhút Yemen 103 D7 Shaan, Shan-hsi, Shaanxi
Saynshand Mongolia 109 E2 Sept-Iles Canada 21 F3 Sheng, Shenshi, Shensi
Say ·ún Yemen 103 C6 Seraing Belgium 69 D6 111 C5
Scandinavia geophysical region Seram, Pulau island Indonesia Shaanxi Sheng see Shaanxi
Europe 48 D2 121 F4 Shache China 108 A3
Schaffhausen Switzerland Serbia country SE Europe Shackleton Ice Shelf ice feature
77 B6 82 D3 Antarctica 136 D3
Schaulen see ‹iauliai Serdar Turkmenistan prev. Shandong province China var.
Schefferville Canada 21 E2 Gyzylarbat, prev. Kizyl-Arvat Lu, Shantung 110 D4
104 B2 Shanghai China 111 D5
Scheldt river W Europe 69 B5
Serhetabat Turkmenistan prev. Shangrao China 111 D6
Schiermonnikoog island
Gushgy, Kushka Shan-hsi see Shaanxi
Netherlands 68 D1
104 C4 Shannon river Ireland 71 B5
Schneidemühl see Piîa
Serov Russian Federation 96 C3 Shan Plateau upland Myanmar
Schwäbische Alb mountains 118 B3
Serpent·s Mouth, The sea
Germany 77 B6
feature Trinidad & Tobago/ Shantou China 111 D6
Schwarzwald Forested Venezuela Sp. Boca de la
mountain region Germany Shantung see Shandong
Serpiente 41 F1 Sharjah see Ash Sháriqah
Eng. Black Forest 77 B6
Serra do Mar mountains Brazil Shawnee Oklahoma, USA
Schwerin Germany 76 C3 44 D3 29 G2
Scilly, Isles of islands UK 71 B7 Sérres Greece 86 C3 Shdanov see Mariupol·
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean Setesdal valley Norway 67 A6
136 A1 Shebeli river Ethiopia/Somalia
Sétif Algeria 53 E1 55 D5
Scotland national region UK 70 Setúbal Portugal 74 C4 Sheberghán Afghanistan
Scottsbluff Nebraska, USA Seul, Lake lake Canada 20 A3 104 D3
24 D3
Sevana Lich lake Armenia Sheffield England, UK 71 D5
Scottsdale Arizona, USA 28 B2 99 G2 Shengking see Liaoning
Scranton Pennsylvania, USA Sevastopol· Ukraine 91 F5 Shenking see Liaoning
23 F3 Shenshi see Shaanxi
Severn river Canada 20 B3
Scutari, Lake lake Albania/ Shensi see Shaanxi
Montenegro 83 C5 Severn river England/Wales,
UK 71 D6 Shenyang China 110 D3
Seddon New Zealand 133 C5 Sherbrooke Canada 21 E4
Severnaya Dvina river Russian
Seattle Washington, USA 26 B2 Sheridan Wyoming, USA 22 C2
Federation Eng. Northern
Ségou Mali 56 D3 Dvina 92 C3 ·s-Hertogenbosch Netherlands
Segovia Spain 75 E2 Severnaya Zemlya island group 68 C4
Segura river Spain 75 E4 Russian Federation 137 H3 Shetland islands Scotland, UK
Seikan Tunnel tunnel Japan Sevilla Spain Eng. Seville 70 D1
112 D3 74 D4 Shevchenko see Aktau
Seinäjoki Finland 67 D5 Seville see Sevilla Shihezi China 108 C2
Seine river France 72 C3 Seychelles country Indian Shijiazhuang China 110 C4
Selfoss Iceland 65 E5 Ocean 61 122 B4 Shikoku island Japan 113 B6
420
Shikoku Basin — Sodankylä

Shikoku Basin undersea Siena Italy 78 B3 Sirte, Gulf of see Surt, Khalíj
feature Philippine Sea 134 B2 Sierra Leone country W Africa Sisak Croatia 82 B3
Shikotan island Japan/Russian 56 Sisimiut Greenland 64 C3
Federation (disputed) 112 E2 Sierra Madre del Sur mountain Sittoung river Myanmar 118 B4
Shikárpur Pakistan 116 B3 range Mexico 33 E5 Sittwe Myanmar prev. Akyab
Shimonoseki Japan 113 A5 Sierra Madre Occidental 118 A3
Shinano-gawa river Japan mountain range Mexico var. Sivas Turkey 98 D3
112 C4 Western Sierra Madre 17 B6
Sjælland island Denmark 67 B7
Shingú Japan 113 C5 Sierra Madre Oriental
mountain range Mexico var. Skagerrak sea feature
Shinyanga Tanzania 55 B7 Denmark/Norway 67 A6
Eastern Sierra Madre 32 D2
Shiquanhe see Gar Skellefteå Sweden 66 D4
Sierra Nevada mountain range
Shíráz Iran 102 D4 Spain 75 E4 Skopje capital of Macedonia
Shkodër Albania 83 D5 Sierra Nevada mountain range 83 E5
Shostka Ukraine 91 E1 W USA 27 B6 Skövde Sweden 67 B6
Shreveport Louisiana, USA Sighi∞oara Romania 90 C4 Skovorodino Russian
30 A2 Siglufjördhur Iceland 65 E4 Federation 97 F4
Shrewsbury England, UK 71 D6 Siguiri Guinea 56 D4 Skye island Scotland, UK
Shumen Bulgaria 86 D2 Siirt Turkey 99 F3 70 B3
Shymkent Kazakhstan prev. Siling Co lake China 108 C5 Slavonski Brod Croatia 82 C3
Chimkent 96 B5 Silkeborg Denmark 67 A7 Sligo Ireland 71 B5
‹iauliai Lithuania Ger. Schaulen Sillein see ·ilina Sliven Bulgaria 86 D2
88 B4 Slonim Belarus 89 C6
‹ilutë Lithuania 88 B4
‹ibenik Croatia 82 B4 Slovakia country C Europe 81
Simeulue, Pulau island
Siberia region Russian Indonesia 120 A3 Slovenia country SE Europe 77
Federation 97 E3
Simferopol·Ukraine 91 F5 Slov·yans·k Ukraine 91 G3
Siberut, Pulau island Indonesia
Simpson Desert desert Sîupsk Poland Ger. Stolp
120 B4
Australia 130 C4 78 C2
Sibiu Romania 90 B4
Sinai desert Egypt 54 B1 Slutsk Belarus 89 C6
Sibolga Indonesia 120 B3
Sincelejo Colombia 40 B1 Smallwood Reservoir reservoir
Sibu Malaysia 120 C3
Sines Portugal 74 B4 Canada 21 E3
Sibut Central African Republic
Singapore country SE Asia 120 Smara Western Sahara var.
58 C4
Singapore capital of Singapore Semara 52 B3
Sibuyan Sea sea Philippines
121 E2 120 C3 Smederevo Serbia 82 D3
Sichuan province China var. Sinkiang see Xinjiang Uygur Smolensk Russian Federation
Chuan, Ssu-ch·uan, Szechwan Zizhiqu 92 A4
111 B5 Sinnamary French Guiana Smyrna see ƒzmir
Sichuan Pendi depression 41 H2 Snake river NW USA 26 D4
China 111 B5 Sinop Turkey 98 D2 Snowdonia mountains Wales,
Sicilia island Italy Eng. Sicily Sint-Niklaas Belgium 69 B5 UK 71 C5
79 C7 Sintra Portugal 74 B3 Sobradinho, Represa de
Sicily, Strait of sea feature Sion Switzerland 77 B7 Reservoir Brazil 43 G3
Mediterranean Sea 79 B7 Sioux City Iowa, USA 25 F3 Sochi Russian Federation
Sicily see Sicilia Sioux Falls South Dakota, USA 93 A7 96 A3
Sidi Bel Abbès Algeria 52 D1 25 E3 Société, Îles de la islands
Sidon see Saïda Siracusa Italy Eng. Syracuse French Polynesia Eng. Society
Siednesibirskoye Ploskogor’ye 79 D7 Islands 127 H4
plateau Russian Federation Siret river Romania/Ukraine Society Islands see
Eng. Central Siberian Plateau 90 C4 Société, Îles de la
97 E3 Sirikit Reservoir Reservoir Socotra see Suqu√rá
Siegen Germany 76 B4 Thailand 118 C4 Sodankylä Finland 66 D3
 421
Sofia — Sri Lanka

Sofia capital of Bulgaria var. Southampton Island island South Pole ice feature
Sofija, Bul. Sofiya 86 C2 Canada 17 G3 Antarctica 136 B3
Sofija see Sofia South Andaman island India South Sandwich Islands
Sofiya see Sofia 115 G2 external territory UK,
Sognefjorden inlet Norway South Australia state Australia Atlantic Ocean 136 A1
67 A5 131 A5 South Shetland Islands islands
Sohâg see Sawháj South Australian Basin Antarctica 136 A2
Sokhumi Georgia Rus. Sukhumi undersea feature Southern South Taranaki Bight bight
99 E1 Ocean 124 B5 New Zealand 132 C4
Sokodé Togo 57 E4 South Bend Indiana, USA 22 C3 South Uist island UK 70 B3
Sokoto Nigeria 57 F3 South Carolina state USA 31 F2 South West Cape headland
South Carpathians see Carpa√ii New Zealand 133 A8
Sokoto river Nigeria 57 F3
Meridionali Southwest Indian Ridge
Solápur India 116 D5 114 D1
South China Sea Pacific Ocean undersea feature Indian
Sol, Costa del coastal region Ocean 123 B6
Spain 75 E5 119 E7
South Dakota state USA Southwest Pacific Basin
Soligorsk see Salihorsk undersea feature Pacific
Solomon Islands country Pacific 24-25 E3
Ocean 125 F4
Ocean 126 South East Point coastal
feature Australia 131 C7 Soweto South Africa 60 D4
Solomon Islands island group Spain country SW Europe 74-75
PNG/Solomon Islands 124 C3 Southeast Indian Ridge
undersea feature Indian Sparks Nevada, USA 27 B5
Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean
126 B3 Ocean 123 E6 Sparta see Spárti
Somalia country E Africa 54-55 Southeast Pacific Basin Spartanburg South Carolina,
undersea feature Pacific USA 31 E2
Somali Basin undersea feature
Ocean 135 E5 Spárti Greece Eng. Sparta
Indian Ocean 122 A4
Southend-on-Sea England, UK 87 B6
Somaliland Disputed territory
E Africa 55 D5 71 E6 Spencer Gulf gulf Australia
Southern Alps mountain range 131 B6
Sombor Serbia 82 C3
New Zealand 133 B6 Spitsbergen island Svalbard
Somerset Island island Canada 65 F2
19 F2 Southern Cook Islands islands
Cook Islands 127 G5 Split Croatia 82 B4
Somme river France 72 C3
Southern Cross Australia Spokane Washington,
Somoto Nicaragua 34 D3 129 B6 USA 26 C2
Songea Tanzania 55 C8 Southern Ocean ocean 123 D7 Spratly Islands islands South
Songkhla Thailand 119 C7 Southern Upland mountain China Sea 120 D2
Sonoran Desert see Altar, range Scotland, UK 70 C4 Spree river Germany 76 D4
Desierto de South Fiji Basin undersea Springfield Illinois, USA 22 B4
Sopron Hungary Ger. feature Pacific Ocean Springfield Massachusetts,
Ödenburg 81 B6 124 D4 USA 23 G3
Soria Spain 75 E2 South Geomagnetic Pole pole Springfield Missouri, USA
Sorocaba Brazil 43 F5 45 E2 Antarctica 136 C3 23 F5
Sorong Indonesia 124 G4 South Georgia external Springfield Oregon, USA
Sotavento, Ilhas de island territory UK, Atlantic Ocean 26 A3
group Cape Verde var. 136 A1 Srebrenica Bosnia &
Leeward Islands 56 A3 South Indian Basin undersea Herzegovina 82 C4
Soûr Lebanon anc. Tyre 100 A4 feature Indian Ocean 123 E7 Srednesibirskoye Ploskogor·ye
Sousse Tunisia 53 F1 South Island island New var. Central Siberian Uplands,
South Africa country southern Zealand 133 D5 Eng. Central Siberian Plateau.
Africa 60-61 South Korea country E Asia mountain range Russian
South America 38-39 110-111 Federation 97 E3
Southampton England, UK South Orkney Islands islands Sri Lanka country S Asia prev.
71 D7 Antarctica 136 A2 Ceylon 115
422
Srinagarind Reservoir — Swaziland

Srinagarind Reservoir Reservoir Struma see Stymonas Sumqayıt Azerbaijan Rus.

Thailand 119 C5 Strumica Macedonia 83 E5 Sumgait 99 H2
Srpska, Republika republic Strymonas river Bulgaria/ Sumy Ukraine 91 F1
Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece var. Struma 86 C3 Sunda, Selat strait Indonesia
82 C3 Studholme New Zealand 120 D5
Ssu-ch·uan see Sichuan 133 B6 Sunderland England, UK 70 D4
Stalinabad see Dushanbe Stuhlweissenburg see Sundsvall Sweden 67 C5
Stalingrad see Volgograd Székesfehérvár Suntar Russian Federation
Stalin Peak see Communism Stuttgart Germany 77 B6 97 F3
Peak Subotica Serbia 82 D2 Sunyani Ghana 57 E4
Stalinsk see Novokuznetsk Superior Wisconsin, USA 22 A1
Suceava Romania 90 C3
Stambul see ƒstanbul Superior, Lake lake Canada/
Sucre capital of Bolivia 42 C5
Stanley capital of Falkland USA 16 C5
Sudan country NE Africa 54-55
Islands 47 D7 Suqu√rá island Yemen var.
Sudbury Canada 20 C4
Stanleyville see Kisangani Socotra 103 D7 122 B3
Sudd region Sudan 55 B5
Stara Planina see Balkan flúr Oman 103 E5
Mountains Sudeten mountains Central
Europe var. Sudetes, Sudetic Surabaya Indonesia 120 D5
Stara Zagora Bulgaria 86 D2 Surakarta Indonesia 120 D5
Mountains, Cz./Pol. Sudety
Starbuck Island island Kiribati 81 B5 Súrat India 116 C5
125 F2
Sudetes see Sudeten Surat Thani Thailand 119 C6
Stavanger Norway 67 A6
Sudetic Mountains see Sudeten Sûre river W Europe 69 D7
Stavropol· Russian Federation
Sudety see Sudeten Surfers Paradise Australia
93 A7 96 A3
Suez see As Suways 131 E5
Steinamanger see Szombathely Surinam see Suriname
Steinkjer Norway 66 B4 Suez, Gulf of sea feature Red
Sea 101 A8 Suriname country NE South
Stepanakert see Xankändi America var. Surinam 41
Stettin see Szczecin Suez Canal canal Egypt Ar.
Qanát as Suways 54 B1 Surkhob river Tajikistan 105 E3
Stewart Island island New Surt Libya var. Sidra 53 G2
Zealand 133 A8 fluíár Oman 103 D5
Sühbaatar Mongolia 109 E1 Surt, Khalíj sea feature
‹tip Macedonia 83 E5 Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf
Stirling Scotland, UK 70 C4 Suhl Germany 76 C5
of Sirte, Gulf of Sidra 85 E4
Stockholm capital of Sweden Sukabumi Indonesia 120 C5
Surtsey island S Iceland 65 E5
67 C6 Sukhumi see Sokhumi
Susanville California, USA
Stockton California, USA 27 B6 Sukkur Pakistan 116 B3 27 B5
Stœng Treng Cambodia 119 D5 Sula, Kepulauan island group Suways, Qanát as see Suez
Stoke-on-Trent England, UK Indonesia 121 F4 Canal
71 D6 Sulawesi island Indonesia Eng. Suva capital of Fiji 127 E4
Stolp see Sîupsk Celebes 121 E4 Svalbard external territory
Storfjorden fjord Norway Sulu Archipelago island group Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 G2
65 F2 Philippines 121 E3 Svay Riêng Cambodia 119 D6
Stornoway Scotland, UK 70 B2 Sülüktü see Sulyukta Sverdlovsk see Yekaterinburg
Stralsund Germany 76 D2 Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 121 E2 Svetlogorsk see Svyetlahorsk
Stranraer Scotland, UK 70 C4 Sulyukta Kyrgyzstan Kir. Svyataya Anna Trough
Strasbourg France Ger. Sülüktü 105 E2 undersea feature Kara Sea
Strassburg 72 E4 Sumatra island Indonesia 137 H4
Stratford New Zealand 132 D4 120 B4 Svyetlahorsk Belarus Rus.
Stratford-upon-Avon England, Sumba, Selat island Indonesia Svetlogorsk 89 D6
UK 71 D6 121 E5 Swakopmund Namibia 60 B3
Stratonice Czech Republic Sumbawanga Tanzania 55 B7 Swansea Wales, UK 71 C6
81 A5 Sumbe Angola 60 B2 Swaziland country southern
Stromboli island Italy 79 D6 Sumgait see Sumqayıt Africa 61
 423
Sweden — Tarbes

Sweden country N Europe Tadmur see Tudmur Tambov Russian Federation

66-67 Taegu South Korea 110 E4 93 B5
Sweetwater Texas, USA 29 F3 Taejôn South Korea 110 E4 Tamil Nádu state India
Swindon England, UK 71 D6 Tafassâsset, Ténéré du desert 114 D2
Switzerland country C Europe Niger 57 G2 Tampa Florida, USA 31 E4
77 Taguatinga Brazil 43 F3 Tampere Finland 67 D5
Sydney Australia 131 D6 Tagus river Portugal/Spain Port. Tampico Mexico 33 F3
Sydney Canada 21 G4 Tejo, Sp. Tajo 74 C3 Tamworth Australia
Syeverodonets·k Ukraine Tahiti island French Polynesia 131 D6
91 G1 127 H5 Tanami Desert desert Australia
Syktyvkar Russian Federation Tahoe, Lake lake W USA 27 B5 128 E3
92 D4 96 C3 Tahoua Niger 57 F3 Tananarive see Antananarivo
Sylhet Bangladesh 117 G4 T’aichung Taiwan 111D6 Tanega-shima island Japan
Syracuse see Siracusa Taieri 129 New Zealand 133 B7 113 B7
Syracuse New York, USA 23 E3 Taihape New Zealand 132 D4 Tanga Tanzania 55 C7
Syr Darya river C Asia 104 D1 T’ainan Taiwan 111 D6 Tanganyika, Lake lake E Africa
Syria country SW Asia 100-101 Taipei capital of Taiwan 111 D6 51 D5
Syrian Desert desert SW Asia Taiping Malaysia 120 B3 Tanger Morocco var. Tangiers
Ar. Bádiyat ash Shám 101 C5 Taiwan country E Asia prev. 52 C1
Szczecin Poland Ger. Stettin Formosa 111 Tanggula Shan mountain
80 B3 Taiwan Strait sea feature East range China 108 C4
Szczeciúski, Zalew bay China Sea/South China Sea Tangiers see Tanger
Germany/Poland 80 A2 var. Formosa Strait 111 D7 Tangra Yumco lake China
Szechwan see Sichuan Taiyuan China 110 C4 108 B5
Szeged Hungary Ger. Szegedin Ta¶izz Yemen 103 B7 Tangshan China 110 D4
81 D7 Tajikistan country C Asia 105 Tanimbar Islands see Tanimbar,
Szegedin see Szeged Tajo see Tagus Kepulauan
Székesfehérvár Hungary Ger. Takapuna New Zealand 132 D2 Tanimbar, Kepulauan island
Stuhlweissenburg 81 C6 Takla Makan see Taklimakan group Indonesia Eng.
Szekszárd Hungary 81 C7 Shamo Tanimbar Islands 121 F5
Szolnok Hungary 81 D6 Taklimakan Shamo desert Tanjungkarang see Bandar
region China var. Takla Lampung
Szombathely Hungary Ger.
Steinamanger 81 B6 Makan 108 B3 Tan-Tan Morocco 52 B3
Talamanca, Cordillera de Tanzania country E Africa 55
mountains Costa Rica Taoudenni Mali 57 E2
35 E4
T Talas Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Tapa Estonia Ger. Taps 88 D2
Tapachula Mexico 33 G5
Talaud, Kepulauan island Tapajós river Brazil 43 E2
Tabariya, Bahrat see group Indonesia 121 F3 Taps see Tapa
Tiberius, Lake Talca Chile 46 B4 ◊arábulus see Tripoli, Lebanon
Tábor Czech Republic 81 B5 Talcahuano Chile 46 B4 ◊arábulus al-Gharb see Tripoli,
Tabora Tanzania 55 B7 Taldykoigan Kazakhstan 96 C5 Libya
Tabríz Iran 102 C2 Tallahassee Florida, USA 30 D3 Taranto Italy 79 E5
Tabuaeran island Kiribati Tallinn capital of Estonia prev. Taranto, Golfo di sea feature
127 G2 Revel, Ger. Reval, Rus. Tallin Mediterranean Sea 79 E5
Tabúk Saudi Arabia 102 A4 88 D2 Tarapoto Peru 42 B2
Tacloban Philippines 120 F2 Talsen see Talsi Tarawa island Kiribati
Tacna Peru 42 C4 Talsi Latvia Ger. Talsen 88 B3 127 E2
Tacoma Washington, USA Tamale Ghana 57 E4 Taraz Kazakhstan prev.
26 B2 Tamanrasset Algeria 53 E4 Dzhambul, Zhambyl 96 C5
Tacuarembó Uruguay 44 C4 Tambo Australia 130 C4 Tarbes France 73 B6
424
Tarcoola — The Valley

Tarcoola Australia 131 A5 Taymyr, Ozero lake Russian Teplitz-Schönau see Teplice
Târgovi§te Romania prev. Federation 97 E2 Teraina island Kiribati 127 G2
Tîrgovi∞te 90 C4 Taymyr, Poluostrov peninsula Teresina Brazil 43 G2
Târgu Mure§ Romania prev. Russian Federation Eng. Termez Uzbekistan 105 E3
Tîrgu Mure∞ 90 C4 Taymyr Peninsula 97 E2
Terneuzen Netherlands 69 B5
Tarija Bolivia 42 C5 Taymyr Peninsula see Taymyr,
Terni Italy 78 C4
Tarim Basin basin China Poluostrov
Ternopil· Ukraine Rus.
108 B3 Tbilisi capital of Georgia Geor. Ternopol· 90 C2
Tarim He river China 108 B3 T·bilisi, prev. Tiflis 99 F2
Ternopol·see Ternopil·
Tarn river France 73 C6 Te Anau New Zealand
133 A7 Terrassa Spain 75 G2
Tarnów Poland 81 D5 Terre Haute Indiana, USA 22 B4
Tarragona Spain 75 G2 Te Anau, Lake lake New
Zealand 133 A7 Terres Australes et
Tarsus Turkey 98 D4 Antarctiques Françaises
Tedzhen see Tejen
Tartu Estonia prev. Yur·yev, var. see French Southern and
Tegal Indonesia 120 C5
Yurev, Ger. Dorpat 88 D3 Antarctic Territories
Tegucigalpa capital of
◊ar√us Syria 100 B3 Terschelling island Netherlands
Honduras 34 C2 68 C1
Tashauz see Da§oguz
Teheran see Tehrán Teruel Spain 75 F3
Tashkent capital of Uzbekistan
Tehrán capital of Iran prev. Teseney Eritrea 54 C4
var. Ta#kent, Uzb. Toshkent
Teheran 102 C3
105 E2 Tessalit Mali 57 E2
Tehuacán Mexico 33 F4
Ta#kent see Tashkent Tete Mozambique 61 E3
Tehuantepec, Golfo de sea
Tasman Bay inlet New Zealand Tétouan Morocco 52 C1
feature Mexico 33 G5
132 C4 Tetovo Macedonia 83 D5
Tejen Turkmenistan prev.
Tasmania state Australia Tetschen see Dêâín
Tedzhen 104 C3
131 C8 Tevere river Italy 78 C4
Tasman Basin undersea feature Tejo see Tagus
Te Kao New Zealand131 C1 Texas state USA 28-29 F3
Tasman Sea 124 D5
Tekirdaê Turkey It. Rodosto Texarkana Arkansas, USA
Tasman Plateau undersea 30 A2
feature Pacific Ocean 124 C5 98 A2
Te Kuiti Waikato, New Zealand Texas City Texas, USA 29 G4
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean
132 D3 Texel island Netherlands 68 C2
134 C4
Tel Aviv-Yafo Israel 101 A5 Thailand country SE Asia 118-
Tassili-n-Ajjer desert plateau
Teles Pires river Brazil 43 E3 119
Algeria 53 E4
Tell Atlas plateau Africa 84 C3 Thailand, Gulf of sea feature
Tatabánya Hungary 81 C6
South China Sea 119 C6
Tatar Pazardzhik see Telschen see Tel#iai
Thames river England, UK 71 D6
Pazardzhik Tel#iai Lithuania Ger. Telschen
88 B4 Thar Desert desert India/
Taubaté Brazil 43 F5 45 E2 Pakistan 116 C3
Taumarunui New Zealand Temuco Chile 47 B5
Tharthár, Buíayrat ath lake
132 D3 Ténéré physical region Niger
Iraq 102 B3
Taunggyi Myanmar 118 B3 57 G2
Thásos island Greece 86 C3
Taunton England, UK 71 D7 Tenerife island Spain 52 A3
Thaton Myanmar 118 B4
Taupo New Zealand 132 D3 Tennant Creek Australia 130 A3
Theiss see Tisza
Taupo, Lake lake New Zealand Tennessee state USA 30 D1
Thermaic Gulf see Thermaïkós
132 D3 Tennessee river SE USA 31 C1 Kólpos
Tauragë Lithuania 88 B4 Tepelenë Albania 83 D6 Thermaïkós Kólpos sea feature
Tauranga New Zealand 132 D3 Tepic Mexico 32 D4 Greece Eng. Thermaic Gulf
Taurus Mountains mountain Teplice Czech Republic Ger. 86 B4
range Turkey see Toros Teplitz, prev. Teplice-‹anov, Thessaloníki Greece var.
Daêları 94 D4 Ger. Teplitz-Schönau 80 A4 Salonica 86 B3
Tavoy see Dawei Teplice-‹anov see Teplice The Valley dependent territory
Tawau Malaysia 120 D3 Teplitz see Teplice capital Anguilla 37 G5
 425
Thimphu — Tottori

Thimphu capital of Bhutan Tindouf Algeria 52 B3 Tonga country Pacific Ocean

117 G3 Tínos island Greece 87 D5 127
Thionville France 72 E3 Tirana capital of Albania 83 D6 Tongatapu island Tonga
Thiruvananthapuram India see Tiraspol Moldova 90 D4 125 E3
Trivandrum 114 D3 Tîrgovi∞te see Târgovi∞te Tongking, Gulf of sea feature
Thompson Canada 19 F4 South China Sea var. Gulf of
Tîrgu Mure∞ see Târgu Mure∞ Tonkin 111 B7
Thorn see Toruú Tirol region Austria var. Tyrol
Thorshavn see Tórshavn Tongliao China 109 G2
77 C7
Thracian Sea Greece Gk. Tongtian He river China 108 C4
Tiruchchiráppalli India 114 D3
Thrakikó Pélagos 86 D3 Tonkin, Gulf of see Tongking,
Tisa see Tisza Gulf of
Thrakikó Pélagos see Tisza river E Europe Ger. Theiss,
Thracian Sea Tônle Kông river Cambodia/
Cz./Rom./SCr. Tisa Vietnam 118 E5
Three Kings Islands island 81 D6
group New Zealand 132 C1 Tônlé Sap lake Cambodia
Titicaca, Lake lake Bolivia/Peru 119 D5
Thule see Qaanaaq 42 C4
Thunder Bay Canada 20 B4 Tonopah Nevada, USA 27 C6
Tlemcen Algeria 52 D2
Thuner See lake Switzerland Toowoomba Australia 131 D5
Toamasina Madagascar 61 G3
77 B7 Topeka Kansas, USA 25 F4
Toba, Danau lake Indonesia
Thurso Scotland, UK 70 C2 Top Springs Australia 130 A3
120 B3
Tianjin China var. Tientsin Torino Italy Eng. Turin 78 A2
Tobago island Trinidad and
110 D4 Tornio Finland 66 D4
Tobago 37 G5
Tiberias, Lake lake Israel var. Tornionjoki river Finland/
Toba Kákar Range mountains
Sea of Galilee, Heb. Yam Sweden 66 D3
Pakistan 116 B2
Kinneret, Ar. Bahrat Tabariya Toronto Canada 20 D5
101 B5 Tobruk see ◊ubruq
Tocantins river Brazil 43 F3 Toros Daêları mountain range
Tibesti mountains Chad/Libya Turkey Eng. Taurus
50 C3 Tocopilla Chile 46 B2
Mountains 98 C4
Tibet autonomous region Togo country W Africa 57 E4
Torre del Greco Italy 79 D5
China Chin. Xizang 108 C5 Tokat Turkey 98 D3
Torrens, Lake lake Australia
Tibet, Plateau of see Qingzang Tokelau external territory New 131 B5
Gaoyuan Zealand, Pacific Ocean
Torreón Mexico 32 D2
Tienen Belgium 69 C6 127 F3
Torres Strait sea feature
Tien Shan mountain range C Tokmak Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Arafura Sea/Coral Sea 126 B4
Asia 105 G2 Tokuno-shima island Japan
Torrington Wyoming, USA
Tientsin see Tianjin 113 A8
24 D3
Tierra del Fuego island Tokushima Japan 113 B5
Tórshavn capital of Faeroe
Argentina/Chile 47 C8 Tokyo capital of Japan 113 D5 Islands Dan. Thorshavn 65 F5
Tiflis see Tbilisi Toledo Spain 75 E3 To·rtko·l Uzbekistan prev.
Tighina Moldova prev. Bendery Toledo Ohio, USA 22 C3 Petroaleksandrovsk, prev.
90 D4 Toledo Bend Reservoir Turtkul·, Uzb. Tûrtkûl 104 C2
Tigris river SW Asia 94 B4 Reservoir S USA 29 H3 Tortoise Islands see Galapagos
Tijuana Mexico 32 A1 Toliara Madagascar 61 E3 Islands
Tiki Basin undersea feature Tol·yatti prev. Stavropol· Tortosa Spain 75 F2
Pacific Ocean 135 E3 Russian Federation 93 C5 Toruú Poland Ger. Thorn
Tiksi Russian Federation 97 F2 Tomakomai Japan 112 D2 80 C3
Tilburg Netherlands 68 C4 Tombouctou Mali 57 E3 Toscana region Italy Eng.
Timaru New Zealand 133 B6 Tombua Angola 60 B2 Tuscany 78 B3
Timi∞oara Romania 90 A4 Tomini, Gul of sea feature Toscano, Archipelago island
Timmins Canada 20 C4 Indonesia 121 E4 group Italy 78 B4
Timor island Indonesia 121 F5 Tomsk Russian Federation Toshkent see Tashkent
Timor Sea Indian Ocean 121 F5 96 D4 Tottori Japan 113 B5
426
Touggourt — Turku

Touggourt Algeria 53 E2 Trinidad Uruguay 44 B5 Tucuruí, Represa de Reservoir

Toulon France 73 D6 Trinidad island Trinidad & Brazil 43 F2
Toulouse France 73 B6 Tobago 38 C2 Tudmur Syria var. Tadmur,
Toungoo Myanmar 118 B4 Trinidad & Tobago country Eng. Palmyra 100 C3
Tournai Belgium 69 B6 West Indies 37 G5 Tuguegarao Philippines
Trípoli Greece 87 B5 121 E1
Tours France 72 C4
Townsville Australia 130 D3 Tripoli Lebanon var. Trâblous, Tuktoyaktuk Canada 137 E2
◊arábulus 100 B4 Tula Russian Federation
Toyama Japan 112 C4
Tripoli capital of Libya Ar. 93 B5 96 A3
Tozeur Tunisia 53 E2
◊arábulus al-Gharb 53 F2 Tulancingo Mexico 33 E4
Trâblous see Tripoli, Lebanon Tristan da Cunha external Tulcán Ecuador 40 B4
Trabzon Turkey Eng. Trebizond territory UK, Atlantic Ocean Tulcea Romania 90 D4
99 E2 49 D6 Túlkarm West Bank 101 D7
Tralee Ireland 71 A6 Trivandrum India see Tully Australia 130 D3
Trang Thailand 119 C7 Thiruvananthapuram 114 D3
Tulsa Oklahoma, USA 29 G1
Transantarctic Mountains Trnava Slovakia Ger. Tyrnau,
mountain range Antarctica Tundzha river Bulgaria
Hung. Nagyszombat
136 B3 86 D2
81 C6
Transylvania region Romania Trois-Rivières Canada Tungaru island group Kiribati
90 B3 21 E4 prev. Gilbert Islands
127 E2
Transylvanian Alps see Carpa√ii Trollhättan Sweden 67 B6
Meridionali Tunis capital of Tunisia 53 F1
Tromsø Norway 66 C2
Trapani Italy 79 C6 Tunisia country N Africa
Trondheim Norway 66 B4 53 F2
Traralgon Australia 131 C7 Trondheimsfjorden inlet
Trasimeno, Lago Lake Italy Tunja Colombia 40 C2
Norway 66 B4
78 C4 Tupiza Bolivia 42 C5
Troyes France 72 D4
Traverse City Michigan, USA Turan Lowland lowland
Trujillo Honduras 34 D2 Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan
22 C2
Trujillo Peru 42 A3 var. Turan Plain, Rus.
Travis, Lake lake Texas, USA
29 F4 Tsarigrad see ƒstanbul Turanskaya Nizmennost·
Tschenstochau see 104 C2
Trebinje Bosnia & Herzegovina
83 C5 Czèstochowa Turan Plain see Turan Lowland
Trebizond see Trabzon Tselinograd see Astana Turanskaya Nizmennost· see
Trelew Argentina 47 C6 Tsetserleg Mongolia 108 D2 Turan Lowland
Tshikapa Dem. Rep. Congo Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin see
Trenâín Slovakia Ger. Trentschin
59 C7 Martin
Hung. Trencsén 81 C6
Tshwane capital of South Turin see Torino
Trencsén see Trenâín
Africa see Pretoria 60 D4 Turkana, Lake lake Ethiopia/
Trento Italy Ger. Trient 78 C2
Tsinghai see Qinghai Kenya var. Lake Rudolf
Trenton New Jersey, USA 50 D4 55 C5
Tsumeb Namibia 60 C3
23 F4
Tsushima island Japan Turkey country SW Asia
Trentschin see Trenâín 98-99
113 A5
Tres Arroyos Argentina 47 D5 Türkmenabat Turkmenistan
Tuamotu Fracture Zone
Treviso Italy 78 C2 tectonic feature Pacific Ocean prev. Chardzhev, prev.
Trient see Trento 125 H3 Chardzhou, prev. Leninsk,
Trieste Italy 78 D2 Tuamotu Islands island group Turkm. Chärjew 104 D3
Tríkala Greece 86 B4 French Polynesia 125 G3 Türkmenba§y Turkmenistan
Trincomalee Sri Lanka 115 E3 Tubmanburg Liberia 56 C4 prev. Krasnovodsk 104 A2
Trindade external territory ◊ubruq Libya Eng. Tobruk Turkmenistan country C Asia 104
Brazil, Atlantic Ocean 53 H2 Turks & Caicos Islands external
49 C6 Tucson Arizona, USA 28 B3 territory UK, West Indies 37
Trinidad Bolivia 42 C4 Tucupita Venezuela 41 F1 Turku Finland 67 D5
 427
Turnagain, Cape — Uvs Nuur

Turnagain, Cape headland New Ukhta Russian Federation Ural·skiy Khrebet see Ural
Zealand 132 E4 92 D4 Mountains
Turnhout Belgium 69 C5 Ukiah California, USA Ural·skiye Gory see Ural
Turnu Severin see Drobeta- 27 A5 Mountains
Turnu Severin Ukmergë Lithuania 88 C4 Urfa see flanlıurfa
Turócszentmárton see Martin Ukraine country E Europe Urganch see Urgench
Turpan China 108 C3 90-91 Urgench Uzbekistan prev. Novo
Turtkul· see To·rtko·l Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator Urgench, Uzb. Urganch
Tûrtkûl see To·rtko·l Ulaangom Mongolia 108 C2 104 C2
Tuscany see Toscana Ulan Bator capital of Mongolia Urosevac see Ferizaj
Tuvalu country Pacific Ocean var. Ulaanbaatar 109 E2 Ûroteppa Tajikistan 105 E2
127 Ulanhad see Chifeng Uruapan Mexico 33 E4
Tuxtla Mexico 33 G5 Ulan Qab China var. Jining Uruguaiana Brazil 44 B4
Tuz Gölü lake Turkey 98 C3 109 F3 Uruguay country SE South
Tuzla Bosnia & Herz. 82 C3 Ulan-Ude Russian Federation America 44
97 E4 Uruguay river S South America
Tver· Russian Federation
92 B4 Ullapool Scotland, UK 70 C3 46 D3
Twin Falls Idaho, USA 26 D4 Ulm Germany 77 C6 Urumchi see Ürümqi
Tyler Texas, USA 29 G3 Ulster region Ireland/UK Ürümqi China prev. Urumchi
71 B5 108 C3
Tyre see Soûr Ulungur Hu lake China Usa river Russian Federation
Tyrnau see Trnava 108 C2 92 D3
Tyrol see Tirol Uluru peak Australia var. Ayers U§ak Turkey prev. Ushak 98 B3
Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean Rock 129 E5
Ushak see U§ak
Sea 78 C6 Ul·yanovsk Russian Federation
Ushuaia Argentina 47 C8
Tyup Kyrgyzstan 105 G2 93 C5
Ust·-Chaun Russian Federation
Tziá island Greece prev. Kéa Umeå Sweden 66 D4
97 G1
87 C5 Umnak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B3 Ustica, Isola de island Italy
79 C6
Una river Bosnia &
Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
U Herzegovina/Croatia 82 B3
Unalaska Island island Alaska,
Ger. Aussig 80 A4
Ust·-Kamchatsk Russian
USA 18 B3
Federation 97 H2
Ubangi river C Africa 59 C5 Ungava, Péninsule d· peninsula
Canada 20 D1 Ust·-Kamenogorsk Kazakhstan
Uberaba Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1
96 D5
Uberlândia Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1 Ungava Bay sea feature
Canada 21 E1 Ustyurt Plateau upland
Ubon Ratchathani Thailand Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan
119 D5 United Arab Emirates country 104 B1
Ucayali river Peru 42 B3 SW Asia 103 D5
Usumacinta river Guatemala/
Uchkuduk Uzbekistan Uzb. United Kingdom country NW Mexico 34 B1
Uchquduq 104 D2 Europe 70-71
Usumbura see Bujumbura
Uchquduq see Uchkuduk United States of America
country North America Utah state USA 24 B4
Udine Italy 78 C2 16-17 Utena Lithuania 88 C4
Udon Thani Thailand 118 C4 Uppsala Sweden 67 C6 Utica New York, USA 23 F2
Uele river Dem. Rep. Congo Ural river Kazakhstan/Russian Utrecht Netherlands 68 C3
58 D5 Federation 96 B4 Uttar Pradesh state India
Ufa Russian Federation Ural Mountains mountain 117 E3
96 B3 range Russian Federation Uummannarsuaq see Nunap
Uganda country E Africa 55 var. Ural·skiy Khrebet, Isua
Uíge Angola 60 B1 Ural·skiye Gory 92-93 Uvs Nuur lake Mongolia
Ujungpandang see Makassar Ural·sk Kazakhstan 96 B3 108 C2
428
Uyo — Vila Nova de Gaia

Uyo Nigeria 57 G5 Vangaindrano Madagascar Veracruz Mexico 33 F4

Uyuni Bolivia 43 C5 61 G4 Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Uzbekistan country C Asia Van Gölü lake Turkey Eng. Lake mountain range Russian
104-105 Van 99 F3 Federation Eng. Verkhoyansk
Uzhgorod see Uzhhorod Vantaa Finland 67 D5 Range 97 F3
Uzhhorod Ukraine Rus. Vanua Levu island Fiji 127 E4 Verkhoyansk Range see
Uzhgorod 90 B2 Vanuatu country Pacific Ocean Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
134 Vermont state USA 23 F2
Váránasi India 117 E3 Vernon Texas, USA 29 F2

V Varaªdin Croatia 82 B2
Vardar river Greece/Macedonia
Véroia Greece 86 B3
Verona Italy 78 C2
prev. Axios 83 E6 Versailles France 72 C3
Vaal river South Africa 60 D4 Vardø Norway 66 E2 Verviers Belgium 69 D6
Vaasa Finland 67 D5 Varkaus Finland 67 E5 Vesoul France 72 D4
Vadodara India 116 C4 Varna Bulgaria 86 E2 Veszprém Hungary Ger.
Vaduz capital of Liechtenstein Västerås Sweden 67 C6 Veszprim 81 C7
77 B7 Vatican City country S Europe Veszprim see Veszprém
Vág see Váh 78 C4 Viana do Castelo Portugal
Váh river Slovakia Ger. Waag, Vättern lake Sweden 67 B6 74 C2
Hung. Vág 81 C6 Vava¶u Group island group Viareggio Italy 78 B3
Valdés, Península peninsula Tonga 127 F4 Vicenza Italy 78 C2
Argentina 47 C5 Vawkavysk Belarus Rus. Vichy France 73 C5
Valdez Alaska, USA 18 D3 Volkovysk, Pol. Woîkowysk
Victoria state Australia 131 C7
Valdivia Chile 47 B5 89 B5
Victoria Canada 18 D5
Valdosta Georgia, USA 31 E3 Växjö Sweden 67 C7
Victoria capital of Seychelles
Valence France 73 D5 Vaygach, Ostrov island Russian
61 H1
Valencia Spain 75 F3 Federation 92 E3
Veles Macedonia 83 E5 Victoria Texas, USA 29 G4
Valencia Venezuela 40 D1
Velikaya river Russian Victoria river Australia 128 D3
Valencia region Spain 75 F3
Federation 95 G2 Victoria, Lake lake E Africa var.
Valera Venezuela 40 C1 Victoria Nyanza 55 B6
Velikiye Luki Russian
Valga Estonia Ger. Walk 88 D3 Victoria Falls waterfall Zambia/
Federation 92 A4
Valladolid Spain 74 D2 Velikiy Novgorod Russian Zimbabwe 51 C6
Valledupar Colombia 40 C1 Federation 92 B4 96 B2 Victoria Island island Canada
Vallenar Chile 46 B3 Velingrad Bulgaria 86 C2 19 F2
Valletta capital of Malta 79 C8 Vellore India 114 D2 Victoria Land region Antarctica
Valley, The capital of Anguilla Venezia Italy Eng. Venice 137 C4
37 G3 78 C2 Victoria Nyanza see
Valmiera Latvia Ger. Wolmar Venezuela country N South Victoria, Lake
88 C3 America 40-41 Vidin Bulgaria 86 B1
Valparaíso Chile 46 B4 Venezuela, Gulf of sea feature Viedma Argentina 47 C5
Van Turkey 99 F3 Caribbean Sea 40 C1 Vienna capital of Austria
Van, Lake see Van Gölü Venice see Venezia Ger. Wien 77 E6
Vanadzor Armenia prev. Venice, Gulf of sea feature Vientiane capital of Laos
Kirovakan 99 F2 Adriatic Sea 78 C2 118 C4
Vancouver Canada 19 E5 Venlo Netherlands 69 D5 Vietnam country SE Asia
Vancouver Washington, USA Venta river Latvia/Lithuania 118-119
26 B2 88 B3 Vigo Spain 74 C2
Vancouver Island island Ventspils Latvia Ger. Windau Vijayawáda India 115 E1
Canada 18 D5 88 B3 Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal
Vänern lake Sweden 67 B6 Vera Argentina 46 D3 74 C2
 429
Vila Real — Walla Walla

Vila Real Portugal 74 C2 Vladimir Russian Federation

Viliya see Neris 93 B5
Vladimirovka see
W
Viljandi Estonia Ger. Fellin
88 D2 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Wa Ghana 57 E4
Villach Austria 77 D7 Vladivostok Russian Federation Waag see Váh
Villahermosa Mexico 33 G4 97 G5
Waal river Netherlands 68 D4
Villa Mercedes Argentina Vlieland island Netherlands
Wabash river C USA 22 B4
68 C1
46 C4 Waco Texas, USA 29 G3
Vlissingen Netherlands
Villarrica peak Chile 39 B6 Waddeneilanden island group
Eng. Flushing 69 B5
Villavicencio Colombia 40 C3 Netherlands Eng. West
Vlorë Albania 83 D6
Villeurbanne France 73 D5 Frisian Islands 68 C1
Vojvodina region Serbia
Vilna see Vilnius 82 D3 Waddenzee sea feature
Vilnius capital of Lithuania Pol. Netherlands 68 D1
Volga river Russian Federation
Wilno, Ger. Wilna, Rus. Vilna 96 A3 Wadi Halfa Sudan 54 B3
89 C5 Volgograd Russian Federation Wádí Músá Jordan var. Petra
Viña del Mar Chile 46 B4 prev. Stalingrad 93 B6, 96 A3 101 B6
Vinh Vietnam 118 D4 Volkovysk see Vawkavysk Wad Medani Sudan 54 B4
Vinnitsa see Vinnytsya Vologda Russian Federation Wagga Wagga Australia
Vinnytsya Ukraine Rus. 96 B2 131 C6
Vinnitsa 90 D2 Vólos Greece 86 B4 Wagin Australia 129 B6
Virgin Islands external territory Volta river Ghana 57 E4 Wahai Indonesia 121 F4
USA, West Indies 37 F3 Volta, Lake lake Ghana 57 E4 Wahíbah, Ramlat Ál Desert
Virginia Minnesota, USA 25 F2 Volta Redonda Brazil 45 E2 Oman 103 E5
Virginia state USA 22-23 Vóreies Sporádes island group Waiau river New Zealand
Virovitica Croatia 82 C3 Greece Eng. Northern 133 A7
Virtsu Estonia Ger. Werder Sporades 86 C4 Waipawa New Zealand
88 C2 Vorkuta Russian Federation 132 E4
Visákhapatnam India 117 E5 92 E3 96 C2 Wairau river New Zealand
Vormsi island Estonia Ger. 133 C5
Visalia California, USA 27 C7
Worms, Swed. Ormsö Wairoa New Zealand 132 E3
Visby Sweden 67 C7 Waitaki river New Zealand
88 C2
Viscount Melville Sound sea 133 B6
feature Arctic Ocean 19 F2 Voronezh Russian Federation
93 B5 Waiuku New Zealand 132 D3
Viseu Portugal 74 C3 Wakatipu, Lake lake New
Võru Estonia Ger. Werro 88 D3
Vistula see Wisîa Zealand 133 D7
Vosges mountain range France
Vitebsk see Vitsyebsk 72 E4 Wakayama Japan 113 C5
Viterbo Italy 78 C4 Vostochno-Sibirskoye More Wake Island atoll Pacific Ocean
Viti Levu island Fiji 127 E4 Arctic Ocean Eng. East 124 D1
Vitim river Russian Federation Siberian Sea 137 G2 Wake Island US unincorporated
95 E3 Vostok Island island Kiribati territory Pacific Ocean
Vitória Brazil 43 G5 45 G1 127 H4 134 C2
Vitória da Conquista Brazil Vrangel·ya, Ostrov island Wakkanai Japan 112 D1
43 G4 Russian Federation Eng. Waîbrzych Poland Ger.
Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain 75 E1 Wrangel Island 97 G1 Waldenburg 80 B4
Vitsyebsk Belarus Rus. Vitebsk Vratsa Bulgaria 86 C2 Waldenburg see Waîbrzych
88 E5 Vr#ac Serbia 82 D3 Wales national region UK Wel.
Vjosës, Lumi i river Albania Vukovar Croatia 82 C3 Cymru 71
83 D6 Vulcano, Isola island Italy Walgett Australia 131 D5
Vladikavkaz Russian Federation 79 D6 Walk see Valga
prev. Ordzhonikidze, Vyatka river Russian Federation Walla Walla Washington, USA
Dzaudzhikau 93 B7 93 C5 26 C2
430
Wallis & Futuna — Windorah

Wallis & Futuna external Wellington, Isla island Chile Whakatane New Zealand
territory France, Pacific 47 B7 132 E3
Ocean 127 E4 Wells, Lake lake Australia Whangarei New Zealand
Walnut Ridge Arkansas, USA 129 C5 132 D2
30 B1 Wels Austria 77 D6 Wharton Basin undersea
Walvis Bay Namibia 60 B4 Wenden see Césis feature Indian Ocean 123 D5
Walvis Ridge undersea feature Wenzhou China 111 D6 Wheeling Ohio, USA 22 D4
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6 Werder see Virtsu Whitehorse Canada 18 D4
Wan see Anhui Werro see Võru White Nile river Sudan 55 B5
Wanaka New Zealand Wesenberg see Rakvere White Sea see Beloye More
133 B6 Weser river Germany 76 B3 White Volta river Burkina /
Wanaka, Lake lake New Wessel Islands island group Ghana 57 E4
Zealand 133 B6 Australia 130 B2 Whitianga New Zealand
Wandel Sea Arctic Ocean West Antarctica region 132 E3
137 G4 Antarctica 134 B3 Whitney, Mount peak W USA
Wanganui New Zealand 132 D4 West Bank disputed territory 27 C6
Wanlaweyn Somalia 55 D6 SW Asia 101 A5 Whitsunday Group island
Warangal India 117 E5 West Bengal state India group Australia 130 D3
Warkworth New Zealand D2 117 F4 Whyalla Australia 131 B6
Warrnambool Australia 131 C7 Western Australia state Wichita Kansas, USA 25 E5
Warsaw capital of Poland Pol. Australia 128-129 Wichita Falls Texas, USA 29 F2
Warszawa, Ger. Warschau Western Dvina river E Europe Wicklow Mountains mountains
80 D3 Bel. Dzvina, Ger. Düna, Ireland 71 B5
Warschau see Warsaw Latv. Daugava, Rus. Wien see Vienna
Warszawa see Warsaw Zapadnaya Dvina 88 C4
Wiener Neustadt Austria
Warta river Poland Ger. Warthe Western Ghats mountain 77 E6
80 C4 range India 106 B3, 114 C1
Wiesbaden Germany 77 B5
Warthe see Warta Western Isles see Outer
Wight, Isle of island England,
Hebrides
Wash, The inlet England, UK UK 71 D7
71 E5 Western Sahara region
Wilcannia Australia 131 C6
occupied by Morocco
Washington state USA 26 N Africa 52 A3 Wilhelm, Mount peak Papua
Washington, D.C. capital of Western Sierra Madre see New Guinea 126 B3
USA 23 E4 Sierra Madre Occidental Wilja see Neris
Waterford Ireland 71 B6 Westerschelde inlet Wilkes Land region Antarctica
Watertown New York, USA Netherlands 69 B5 137 C4
23 E2 West Falkland island Falkland Willemstad Netherlands
Watertown South Dakota, USA Islands 47 D7 Antilles 37 E5
25 E2 West Frisian Islands see Williamsport Pennsylvania,
Wau Sudan 55 B5 Waddeneilanden USA 23 E3
Waukegan Illinois, USA West Indies island group North Williston North Dakota, USA
22 B3 America 48 A4 24 D1
Wawa Canada 20 C4 West Palm Beach Florida, USA Wilmington Delaware, USA
Weddell Plain undersea feature 31 F4 23 F4
Atlantic Ocean 136 B2 Westport New Zealand 133 C5 Wilmington North Carolina,
Weddell Sea Antarctica 136 A2 West Siberian Plain see USA 31 G2
Weichsel see Wisîa Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina Wilna see Vilnius
Weissenstein see Paide West Virginia state USA Wilno see Vilnius
Wellesley Islands island group 22-23 Windau see Ventspils
Australia 130 B3 Wetar Strait sea feature Windhoek capital of Namibia
Wellington capital of New Indonesia 121 F5 60 C3
Zealand 133 D5 Wexford Ireland 71 B6 Windorah Australia 130 C4
 431
Windsor — Yuba City

Windsor Canada 20 C5 Yamuna river India 117 E3

Windward Islands see
Barlavento, Ilhas de
X Yana river Russian Federation
95 F2
Winisk river Canada Xaignabouli Laos prev. Muang Yangon Myanmar Eng.
20 B3 Xainabouri 118 C3 Rangoon 118 B4
Winnemucca Nevada, USA Xalapa Mexico var. Jalapa Yangtze see Chang Jiang
27 C5 118 C3 Yaoundé capital of Cameroon
Winnipeg Canada 19 G5 Xai-Xai Mozambique 61 E4 59 B5
Winnipeg, Lake lake Canada Xalapa Mexico 33 F4 Yap island Micronesia 126 A1
19 G5 Xam Nua Laos 118 D3 Yap Trench undersea feature
Winston-Salem North Carolina, Xankändi Azerbaijan Rus. Philippine Sea 124 B2
USA 31 F1 Khankendy, prev. Yaqui river Mexico 32 B2
Winton Australia 130 C4 Stepanakert 99 G2 Yarmouth Canada 21 F4
Wisconsin state USA 22 B2 Xánthi Greece 86 C3 Yaroslavl· Russian Federation
Wismar Germany 76 C3 Xiamen China 111 D6 96 B2
Wisîa river Poland Ger. Xi·an China 111 B5 Yazd Iran 102 D4
Weichsel, Eng. Vistula Xiang see Hunan Yazoo river SE USA 30 C2
63 E3 80 D4 Xianggang see Hong Kong Yecheng China 108 A3
W.J. van Blommesteinmeer Xiao Hinggan Ling mountain Yekaterinburg Russian
Reservoir Suriname range China 110 D2 Federation prev. Sverdlovsk
41 H3 Xilinhot China 109 F2 96 C3
Wîocîawek Poland 80 C3 Xingu river Brazil 43 E2 Yelisavetpol see Gäncä
Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Poland Ger. Xingxingxia China 108 D3 Yellowknife Canada 19 E4
Loslau 81 C5 Xining China 109 E4 Yellow River see Huang He
Wolfsburg Germany 76 C3 Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean
Wollongong Australia 131 D6 autonomous region China 110-111
Wolmar see Valmiera var. Sinkiang 108 B3 Yellowstone river NW USA
Woods, Lake of the lake Xinxiang China 110 C4 24 C2
Canada/USA 20 A3 Xixón see Gijon Yemen country SW Asia 103 C7
Woodville New Zealand 132 D4 Xizang Zizhiqu see Tibet Yenakiyeve Ukraine 91 G3
Worcester England, UK 71 D6 Xuzhou China 111 D5 Yengisar China 108 A3
Worcester Massachusetts, USA Yenisey river Russian
23 G3 Federation 96 D3
Worms see Vormsi
Woîkowysk see Vawkavysk Y Yerevan capital of Armenia
var. Erevan, Jerevan, Eng.
Wrangel Island see Vrangel·ya, Erivan 99 F2
Ostrov Yafran Libya 53 F2 Yevpatoriya Ukraine 91 F4
Wrocîaw Poland Ger. Breslau Yakima Washington, USA 26 B2 Yinchuan China 110 B4
80 C4 Yaku-shima island Japan 113 B7 Yining China 108 B2
Wuday ¶ah Saudi Arabia Yakutsk Russian Federation Yogyakarta Indonesia 120 D5
103 C6 97 F3 Yokohama Japan 113 D5
Wuhai China var. Haibowan Yala Thailand 119 C7 Yopal Colombia 40 C2
109 E3 Yalong Jiang river China 111 A5 York England, UK 71 D5
Wuhan China 111 C5 Yalta Ukraine 91 F5 York, Cape headland Australia
Wuliang Shan mountain range Yamaguchi Japan 113 B5 130 C1
China 111 A6 Yambio Sudan 55 B5 Yorkton Canada 19 F5
Wuppertal Germany 76 A4 Yambol Bulgaria 86 D2 Youngstown Ohio, USA 22 D3
Würzburg Germany 77 C5 Yamdena, Pulau island Ypres see Ieper
Wuxi China 111 D5 Indonesia 121 G5 Yu see Henan
Wyndham Australia 128 D3 Yamoussoukro capital of Côte Yuba City California, USA
Wyoming state USA 24 C3 d’Ivoire 56 D5 27 B5
432
Yucatan Channel — Zwolle

Yucatan Channel channel Zanján Iran 102 C3 Zonguldak Turkey 98 C2

Caribbean Sea 36 A2 Zanzibar Tanzania 55 C7 Zouérat Mauritania 56 C1
Yucatan Peninsula peninsula Zaozhuang China 111 D5 Zrenjanin Serbia 82 D3
Mexico 33 H4 Zapadnaya Dvina see Western Zsolna see ·ilina
Yue see Guangdong Dvina Zug Switzerland 77 B7
Yueyang China 111 C5 Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina Zuider Zee see IJsselmeer
Yukon river Canada/USA 18 C2 Eng. West Siberian Plain. Zürich Switzerland Eng. Zurich
Yukon Territory territory Plain Russian Federation 77 B6
Canada 18 D3 96 C3
Zurich see Zürich
Yuma Arizona, USA 28 A3 Zapala Argentina 47 B5
Zürichsee lake Switzerland
Yun see Yunnan Zaporizhzhya Ukraine Rus. 77 B7
Yunnan province China var. Zaporozh·ye 91 F3
Yun, Yun-nan 111 B6 Zuwárah Libya 53 F2
Zaporozh·ye see Zaporizhzhya
Yun-nan see Yunnan Zvornik Bosnia & Herzegovina
Zarafshon Uzbekistan 104 D2 82 C3
Yurev see Tartu Zaragoza Spain Eng. Saragossa
Yur·yev see Tartu Zwedru Liberia 56 D5
75 F2
Yushu China 108 D4 Zwickau Germany 76 D4
Zaranj Afghanistan 104 C5
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Russian Zwolle Netherlands 68 D3
Zaria Nigeria 57 G4
Federation var. Vladimirovka Zaysan, Ozero lake Kazakhstan
97 H4 94 D3
Yverdon Switzerland 77 A7 Zeebrugge Belgium 69 A5
Zenica Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Z Zeravshan river C Asia 105 E3
Zeya river Russian Federation
95 F3
Zacapa Guatemala 34 C2
Zhambyl see Taraz
Zacatecas Mexico 32 D3
Zhdanov see Mariupol·
Zadar Croatia 82 A4
Zhe see Zhejiang
Zagreb capital of Croatia 80 B3 Zhejiang province China var.
Zágros, Kuhhá-ye mountain Che-chiang, Chekiang, Zhe
range Iran/Iraq 102 D4 111 D5
Záhedán Iran 102 E4 Zhengzhou China 111 C5
Zahlé Lebanon 100 B4 Zhezkazgan Kazakhstan prev.
Zaire country see Dem. Rep. Zdhezkazgan 96 C4
Congo Zhitomir see Zhytomyr
Zaire river see Congo Zhlobin Belarus 89 D6
Zajeâar Serbia 82 E4 Zhodzina Belarus 89 D5
Zákinthos see Zákynthos Zhytomyr Ukraine Rus.
Zákynthos island Greece prev. Zhitomir 90 D2
Zákinthos 87 A5 Zibo China 110 D4
Zalaegerszeg Hungary 81 B7 Zielona Góra Poland Ger.
Zambezi Zambia 60 D2 Grünberg in Schlesien 80 B5
Zambezi river southern Africa Zigong China 111 B6
60 D3 ·ilina Slovakia Hung. Zsolna,
Zambia country southern Ger. Sillein 81 C5
Africa 60-61 Zimbabwe country southern
Zamboanga Philippines 120 E3 Africa 60-61
Zamora Spain 74 D2 Zinder Niger 57 C3
Zanda Xizang Zizhiqu, W China Zoetermeer Netherlands 68 C4
108 B4 Zomba Malawi 61 E2