Health Hazard Chemical Material

HEALTH HAZARD CHEMICAL MATERIAL
Toxicology is the study of the adverse systemic effects of chemicals. Some dictionaries define
toxicology as the study of poisoning.
Toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause systemic changes or harm living organisms by
damaging organs or harming biochemical systems or processes.
Toxicant is a term that includes all toxic chemicals, while toxin refers only to a subset of poisons
that are produced as natural products — such as botulinum toxin, one of the most toxic chemicals
known to man. Chemicals that produce toxic effects are called toxicants, or in the case of ones
naturally occurring toxic compound, it can be called a toxin.
Systemic means the effects are produced at a distance from the site of exposure because the toxic
material moves from the site of attack by absorption into the bloodstream.
Acute toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause systemic damage to an organ or biological
system or process with a single dose.
Chronic toxicity is the ability of a chemical to do harm systemic in an organ or system or biological
process with several smaller doses over a long period of time, usually months or years. The dose
for acute toxicity is much higher than the dose for chronic toxicity where continuous or repeated
small doses are received.
EXAMPLE THE CHEMICALS IS ACUTE TOXIC
 Irritants are non-corrosive chemicals that cause reversible inflammation (redness,

thickening, rash, scaly skin and blisters) at the point of contact with the skin. Irritant can
be causes itching, the effects of which are very detrimental, especially from a cosmetic
perspective.
 Sensitizers or allergens are chemicals whose effects produce an adverse response immune
system, which is called hypersensitivity. In the sensitizer/allergen grouping in Among
acute toxins, there is a delay of several weeks between initial and subsequent exposure
demonstrated a hypersensitivity reaction on repeated exposure.
Examples of chemical sensitizers: Formaldehyde, toluene diisocyanate, 1-fluoro-2,4-
dinitrobenzene, diazomethane, bichromates, dicyclohexyldicarbodiimide, latex rubber.
 Asphyxiants interfere with the body's absorption and/or transport of oxygen to organs
vital, as a result lack of oxygen causes cell death, organ death, and ultimately the death of
the individual. Common lighter-than-air asphyxiants (eg He) will "collect" near the ceiling
in a room. more molecules the weight of the air (such as CO2) can "collect" near the floor
or in the area low. People working in confined spaces should be especially careful of this
danger.
 Teratogens, teratogens can cause damage to the fetus develop, resulting in birth defects
and abnormalities in the baby. Teratogens can causes birth defects with exposure in the
first trimester of pregnancy. Fortunately, there are relatively few known teratogens. The
most teratogen The most well-known is thalidomide, which caused limb malformations in
the children of women who took the drug prescribed as a sleep aid. and for nausea and
vomiting during their pregnancy. Some chemicals can cause moderate effects on the fetus
develop in another way and are called fetotoxicants. The most fetotoxicant notoriously,
ethyl alcohol, causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition in which Children have the
potential to be born with various possible abnormalities.
EXAMPLE THE CHEMICALS CHRONIC TOXIC

 Carcinogens are substances that can cause or increase cancer in man. Carcinogenic
substances cause cancer by changing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in body cells, and
this interferes with biological processes. Carcinogens can comes from the surrounding
environment and can enter the body through digestion, radiation and air or breathing
(ventilation).
Examples of Carcinogens:
Agents and agent groups
 Aflatoxins, naturally produced by certain fungi.
 Arsenic compounds.
 Asbestos.
 Benzene.
 Benzidine.
 Nickel compounds.
 Solar radiation
 Mutagens are chemicals that produce genetic changes or mutations in genes consists
of: a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule, known as DNA. Some of the changes This is
considered an event that initiates side effects such as cancer or birth defects.
However, not all mutations produce adverse reactions such as cancer. In fact,
temporarily all carcinogens are mutagens, only about 50-60% are mutagens is a
known carcinogen. Many mutagens have no effect and some do beneficial. A potent
mutagenic chemical commonly used in many laboratories biochemistry is ethidium
bromide.9,10 Ethidium bromide.
Examples of Mutagens:
 Alkylase agents, such as mustard, dimethyl, dimethylsulfate, and ethyl methane
sulfonate which can interfere with DNA replication
 Amino hydroxyl, which attacks cytosine in DNA and uracil in RNA
 Nitric acid, which can cause deamination of adenine, guanine and cytosine in DNA
 Cigarette smoke, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, formaldehyde,
phenol, benzene, sodium nitrite which can cause tissue damage and gene mutations.
 Chronic organ toxicity is cumulative damage to specific organ systems and takes
months or years to become recognizable disease. With repeated exposure or long-
term exposure continuously for a long time, the damage accumulates until it breaks
exceeds the threshold for chronic toxicity. In the end, the damage becomes enormous
severe so that the organs can no longer function normally and various effects chronic
disease may occur.
Examples of chronic organ toxicants:
 Atropine affects autonomic nerves, as inhibits salivary gland secretion, the mouth
becomes dry.
 Hg
 Ethanol
 Cerilium
 Arsenic

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HEALTH HAZARD CHEMICAL MATERIAL

EXAMPLE THE CHEMICALS IS ACUTE TOXIC

 Irritants are non-corrosive chemicals that cause reversible inflammation (redness,

EXAMPLE THE CHEMICALS CHRONIC TOXIC

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