To all grade 9 learners

• Please see TECHNOLOGY WORK TERM 2 document .

• Rewrite the document in your workbook.
• Start with the keywords on the last page and then start from the first page.
• Please redraw easy pictures or print pictures if possible. (will print some of the picture
when school start again). Please leave space available in book for the pictures if you are
unable to draw or print.
• Please read through the power point and do all activities in the power point given.
Please be safe and work hard.
See you when school starts again.
Miss Bekker
 Term 2 : Pneumatic systems and Hydraulic systems.

Pneumatic systems:

- Use compressed air to make mechanisms work or move.

- Compressed air is the ordinary air that you breathe which is forced into a small but
restricted space.
- Compressed air is under pressure because it is forced into a confined space.
- Pneumatic systems transmit force and movement over long and short distances with
very little friction.
- Pneumatic systems control movement in small appliances such as dental drills and
are also used in tyre fitment bays to tighten or undo wheel nuts.

▪ Air is Compressible: ▪ Liquid is Incompressible:

(This describes whether it is possible to (The opposite to compressible. When a

force an object into a smaller space “squeezing” force is applied to an object,
than it normally occupies. For example, it does not change to a smaller size.
a sponge is compressiblebecause it can Liquid, for example hydraulic fluid,
be squeezed into a smaller size). possesses this physical property).

Hydraulic systems:

- Are used widely to transmit power.

- Hydraulic systems use liquid to transfer force from one point to another.
- Liquids are incompressible.
- Hydraulic systems use liquid to create a mechanical advantage.

- A well-constructed hydraulic system has the following advantages:

1. Fluids or liquids cannot break.
2. Mechanisms do not wear out.
3. It can provide smooth action without any vibration.
4. It is not affected by change of load.
5. Low cost to operate.

- Principles of hydraulics
✓ A liquid or fluid has no shape of its own and changes shape according
to its container.
✓ A liquid transmits the pressure applied to it in all directions and
therefore provides great increase in work force.
The syringe on which you push the plunger in is called the input or master cylinder of the
system. The syringe that is moved is called the output or slave cylinder of the system.

If the output cylinder in a simple hydraulic system is wider than the input cylinder, the
output distance is smaller than the input distance, but the output force is bigger than the
input force.
output
input

Hydraulic car jack:

• A device that is used to lift cars so that wheels can be changed is called a jack.
• A jack provides a mechanical advantage.
• A bottle jack has a hydraulic pushrod system inside, that provides a mechanical
advantage.
• When the blue input cylinder is pushed down by some distance, the red output
cylinder moves up with a bigger force, but by a much smaller distance.
 1. Handle.(pump mechanism) 5. Reservoir
2. Lever mechanism 6. Output piston
3. Input piston 7. One way valve
4. Release screw 8. Spring

Pascal’s principle

When we apply pressure anywhere to a fluid in a closed container, the force is transmitted
equally in all directions.
This happens throughout the fluid and onto the walls of the container.
 Pulleys and controllers

• WHAT IS A PULLEY?
A pulley is a simple machine made with a rope, belt or chain wrapped around a
wheel. The pulley is usually used to lift a heavy object (load).
• WHAT DOES A PULLEY DO?
A pulley changes the direction of the force, making it easier to lift things

• When two surfaces rub against each other, there are forces that act on the
materials, and parts of the materials may break.
• The forces that act when materials rub against each other are called friction forces.
• On a cold day you sometimes rub your hands against each other to warm them up.
• The warmth comes from the friction forces.
• To prevent friction from harming a rope that is used to change the direction of
pulling an object, one may let the rope run over a wheel that is called a pulley.

Different types of pulley systems:

✓ Single wheel fixed pulley

✓ Single wheel moveable pulley
✓ Compound pulley / combined pulley

The man uses a pulley

A pulley to lift the sack

The system that the man in the Figure above uses is called a single wheel fixed pulley
system. Its purpose is to change the direction of pull, but it does not give a mechanical
advantage.
The man cannot lift the sack from the ground up to the branch
with one pull. He needs to make a plan so that the sack will not
drop down again while he shifts his hands to get ready for another
pull. The diagram on the right shows a device called a cam cleat. If
you pull the rope upwards, the cams will close in on the rope and
prevent it from passing through. If the rope is pulled downwards,
the cams are pushed apart and the rope can pass through easily.

Devices like a cleat, or the valves allow certain movements, but

prevent other movements. Devices such as these are called
control devices.

A cam cleat
A single fixed pulley:

• A single pulley changes the direction of the lifting force. For example, if you are
lifting a heavy object with a single pulley anchored to the ceiling, you can pull down
on the rope to lift the object instead of pushing up. The same amount of effort is
needed as without a pulley, but it feels easier because you are pulling down.

• Has one wheel and is fixed to a wall, beam, bar.

• The wheel is fixed, which means that it does not move.
• Use gravity or weight to apply the force that you need to raise the object on the
other end of the pulley rope.
• If the object you are trying to lift is heavier than you, you need to put in more effort
to raise it.
• A fixed pulley therefore does not give you any mechanical advantage.
• It change the direction of the pull.
• For example: you pull down on a rope to lift something up.
• MA = 0
 • The fixed pulley when attached to an unmovable object e.g. a ceiling or wall, acts as
a first class lever with the fulcrum being located at the axis but with a minor change,
the bar becomes a rope.
• The advantage of the fixed pulley is that you do not have to pull or push the pulley
up and down.
• The disadvantage is that you have to apply more effort than the load

Single wheel moveable pulley:

• Change the direction of pull in a slightly different way .
• MA > 0
• A movable pulley is a pulley that moves with the load.
• The movable pulley allows the effort to be less than the weight of the load. The
movable pulley also acts as a second class lever. The load is between the fulcrum and
the effort.
• The main advantage of a movable pulley is that you use less effort to pull the load.
• The main disadvantage of a movable pulley is that you have to pull or push the
pulley up or down.

A combined / compound pulley:

• A combined pulley makes life easier as the effort needed
to lift the load is less than half the weight of the load.
• The main advantage of this pulley is that the amount of
effort is less than half of the load.
• The main disadvantage is it travels a very long distance.
 GEARS
TYPES OF GEARS

A gear is a toothed wheel having a special tooth shape or profile enabling it to mesh
smoothly with other gears.
These are used to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft in closed contact.
These gears are classified according to location of the shaft, position of the tooth and types
of tooth shapes.

The follow gears are mainly used:

1. Spur gear
2. Helical gear
3. Bevel gear
4. Worm gear
5. Rack and Pinion

1) Spur gear
• These are also called as spur gears the gears having tooth in straight & parallel to the
axis of the shaft.
• These gears are used to transmit the power in gearbox of automobiles.
• This type of gears are used to transmit more power.

✓ An idler gear is a gear placed between two others to transfer motion without a
change in direction.
✓ The purpose of the idler gear is to synchronise.
✓ When a idler gear is inserted into a gear system the bigger and smaller gears turn
in the same direction at the same time.
2) Helical gear:
• In these helical gears the gears having the tooth with some angles with respect to
the axis of shaft.
• This angle doesn’t meet more than 30-50°.
• If the angle is increased the gear can’t transmit the power effectively and it effects
the life of the gear.

3) Bevel gear:
• Bevel gears are used to transmit the power from one direction to another direction.
• For example the power developed by one shaft is in X-axis & the power need to be
transmit to 90° i.e., to Y-axis.
• Then these gears are used. In these the gears having some slant & angled position.
4) Worm gear:
• In these the position of shaft are non parallel to each other.
• In this type of gears a worm & a wheel worm having a circular spiral gear like a spring
in spiral binding.
• The wheel may have the tooth angles or straight form.
• This gear is used for a large reduction in speed and an increase in force.
• Worm gears are commonly found in monkey wrenches.

5) Rack and Pinion :

• In this type of gear having a infinitely large diameter the tooth are laid flat.
• It always moves in a straight line.
• It is used to convert rotary motion into linear motion.
• Found on automatic gates and steering racks and cork screws.
Keywords

1. Master syringe – The input syringe in an experiment comparing force transfer in two
different systems.
2. Slave syringe – The output syringe in an experiment comparing force transfer in two
different systems.
3. Piston – Lever that performs linear movement due to force transfer from an input
force.
4. Cylinder – A solid geometric figure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval
section.
5. Displacement – The movement of a volume of air or liquid from one container to
another through a tube.
6. Extension - A part that is added to something to enlarge or prolong it.
7. Hydraulic press- Press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is
transmitted through water to another piston with a large area.
8. Pivot – The central point, pin or shaft on which mechanisms turns.
9. Gear system – A system in which two or more gears engage.
10. Synchronise – To cause something to occur or operate with exact coincidence in time
or rate.
TECHNOLOGY
GRADE 9
TERM 2
 Definitions
Pneumatic system • What is a pneumatic system?
It is a closed system that uses compressed air
and Hydraulic system • What is a hydraulic system?
It is a closed system or transmission system
that uses pressurized liquid

Car hoist
 Activity
Compressible and 1. Do you think it is possible to compress the sand with
incompressible the wooden spoon so that it takes less space in the yellow tin?
Yes/No
substances 2. Do you think it is possible to compress the straw? Yes/No
3. Do you think it is possible to compress the water? Yes/No

Straw, grass and paper bundles are compressible. This means that it
can be compressed to take up less space. Sand is incompressible.
That means it cannot be compressed to take up less space.
4.
(a) Is water compressible or incompressible?.......................................
(b) Is air compressible or incompressible?.............................................
(c) How can one use a syringe to investigate the compressibility of
air and water?
Air is compressible, but water is incompressible. Two syringes that are connected with a
tube can be called a syringe system. If the tube and syringes are filled with air, it is called
a pneumatic system.
If it is filled with water or oil, it is called a hydraulic system.

5. When the plunger on the left is pressed in, the plunger on the right presses
against the hand. Will the pressure on the hand be the same with a pneumatic
system as with a hydraulic system? Explain your answer.
A pneumatic and a hydraulic system are shown below. In each case the two
syringes are exactly the same size. Two heavy objects of the same weight are
resting on plungers on the right.

6. If the plunger on the left is pressed in by 2 cm in both systems, what will

happen to the blue objects? Explain your answer.
 Action research
You will now do more action research
with two syringes. To do that, you need
to make an apparatus.
Copy these rulers onto a drawing and
attach them to a sheet of corrugated
cardboard or a cereal box. The lines are
2 mm apart.
 You will now do research to find out how far the output cylinder moves
out when the input cylinder is pushed in for a certain distance.
1. Draw water into the input cylinder so that is almost full, and the
Action research plunger is right next to one of the marks on the ruler.
2. Make a small mark at the top of the plunger of the output cylinder.

continue 3. Push the input cylinder plunger 1 cm in.

4. Measure how far the output cylinder plunger has moved.
Attach your two-syringe system with tape to the 5. Enter your measurement in the table below.
cardboard sheet or box, as shown on the next page. 6. Repeat steps 1 to 4, but now push the input cylinder 2 cm in.
If you press the plunger on the left in, the plunger 7. Repeat all the steps from 1 to 4 for distances of 3 cm and 4 cm.
on the right will move out.
The syringe on which you push the plunger in is
called the input or master cylinder of the system. Input cylinder 1 2 3 4
movement in cm
The syringe that is moved is called the output or
slave cylinder of the system. Output cylinder
movement in cm
 Change the size of forces using a hydraulic system
The picture shows a plastic bag filled with water. If you
Pascal’s principle put your left index finger gently against the bag and then
pressed against the bag with your right index finger, what
do you think you would feel with your left index finger?
When pressure is applied to a flexible container with
liquid, the same pressure is felt everywhere in the
container.
The pressure is “transmitted” or “transferred” through
the liquid.
Note: “Pressure” is not the same as “force”, although it
is related to it. A man called Blaise Pascal realised this a
few centuries ago and wrote about it. It is called Pascal’s
principle.
 Investigate how
pressure is
transmitted through
water.

To do this, you need the same syringe

system on a cardboard base that you used
in the previous section. This time, put it
upright and support it with books, or
something else that is sturdy. You also
need a few objects that are equal in
weight, like small boxes filled with sand.
 Investigate how pressure is transmitted through water. (instructions)

1. Draw water into the wider cylinder until it is almost full. You will use this as the input cylinder.
2. Put one box on the plunger of the output cylinder. Put another box on the plunger of the input
cylinder.
3. Does the plunger on the output cylinder move?
4. Put another box on the plunger of the input cylinder. If the plunger on the output cylinder still does
not move, put more boxes on the input cylinder.
5. Think about what you have just observed. How do the boxes you have placed on the master cylinder
affect the slave cylinder?

The boxes on the master cylinder press downwards on the plunger in the system. This force is
transmitted through the water to the plunger on the slave cylinder, and it pushes the plunger of the
slave cylinder upwards.

6. Did the plunger on the slave cylinder move the same distance as the plunger on the master cylinder?
7. Was the force exerted by the boxes you placed on the master cylinder equal to the upwards force
exerted on the one box on top of the slave cylinder?
 To lift the car up high enough, the output cylinder
The hydraulic will have to be pushed up quite a number of times.
To do that the input cylinder will have to be pulled
car jack upwards each time, so that it can be ready for a next
downward push. Think of syringes to understand
what will happen. You can even experiment with two
syringes of different sizes again.
A bottle jack has a hydraulic pushrod system inside,
that provides a mechanical advantage. When the
blue input cylinder is pushed down by some
distance, the red output cylinder moves up with a
bigger force, but by a much smaller distance.

When the blue input plunger is pressed in, the red

output plunger moves out.
What do you think will happen if the blue input
plunger is now pulled out again?
 Read the scenario given then answer the questions below:

Activity : Design Sipho had a flat tyre and needed to lift the car up to take the
wheel off and fit another wheel. Since a car was too heavy for
him to lift with his bare hands, he needed a device that

consideration provides a mechanical advantage.

1. What is the device that Sipho will need to lift the car?
2. Will the device do the job? Explain
3. What should the device be made of?
4. What should the device cost ?
5. Will the device look good (aesthetics)?
6. Will the device be safe/easy to use for the end user
(ergonomics)?
7. Draw a systems diagram which describes the way the
device will work.
 • A hydraulic press is a machine that uses a
hydraulic cylinder to generate compressive force.
• A hydraulic press uses the hydraulic equivalent of
Hydraulic Press a mechanical lever.
• Hydraulic presses are machines that use hydraulic
to compress or squash things into certain shapes
of forms.
• A hydraulic press depends on Pascal’s Principles:
the pressure throughout the closed system in
constant.
• The same principle of mechanical advantage with
the syringes applies to the hydraulic press. This
Jack means that the size of the input piston is smaller
hammer than the output piston making MA>1.
 • What is a pulley?
It is wheel with a groove along its edge that holds a rope or
Pulleys cable.

• Why do we use a pulley?

When two surfaces rub against each other, there are forces that
act on the materials, and parts of the materials may break. The
forces that act when materials rub against each other are called
friction forces. On a cold day you sometimes rub your hands
against each other to warm them up. The warmth comes from
the friction forces. To prevent friction from harming a rope that
is used to change the direction of pulling an object, one may let
the rope run over a wheel that is called a pulley.
 Types of pulleys
Single pulley: a single pulley has one wheel. The pulley is Compound pulley is made up of tow or more pulley wheels.
attached to a support such as beam or frame and is called a fixed When we use a compound pulley, less effort is used to lift a load. In
pulley. this system, one pulley is usually fixed and the other pulley/ pulleys
are moveable. This system has a mechanical advantage. So in a
This pulley does not give a mechanical advantage, MA=1. double pulley system MA=2
 Uses of a pulley
system

• They are used to lift loads

• Used to transmit power
• Used to change direction.

Action research about pulleys:

Complete the activity on page 41 in your Spot On
Technology textbook.
 Study the pictures below then answer the questions that follow.

Figure A Figure B Figure C

Look carefully at the three diagrams above that show different ways
in which pulleys can be used when lifting an object with a rope.
• In the diagrams, the red pulleys are fixed to the support
Activity structure: they can turn but they cannot move. The red pulleys
are called fixed pulleys.
• The blue pulleys can move, and they are called moveable pulleys.
• Figure A shows a single wheel fixed pulley system.
• Figure B shows a single wheel moveable pulley system.
• Figure C shows a pulley block system, also called a block and
tackle
Look carefully at Figures A and C.

(a) If the rope in Figure A is pulled down by 50 cm, will the load (the black object) also move up by 50 cm?

(b) If the rope in Figure B is pulled up by 50 cm, will the load (the black object) also move up by 50 cm?

(c) When will you do more work, when you pull the rope in Figure A down by 50 cm, or when you pull the rope in
Figure C down by 50 cm?

In pulley systems such as these, the purpose of the fixed pulleys, that are shown in red, is to change the direction
of the rope, so that you can pull down to lift an object up. It is easier for your body to pull a rope downwards than
to pull it upwards.

In what way do the moveable pulleys, shown in blue, help to make it easier to lift the black object?
Mechanical control systems:

Ratchet and pawl.

Disc brake.
Bicycle brake.
Cleat.
 Ratchet and pawl.

It is a simple machine that is used in connection with gear

mechanism to allow linear or rotary motion in only one
direction.
The wheel with the teeth is the ratchet, and the pawl is the lever
tangential to the wheel with one end resting on the teeth.
Examples of mechanisms that uses a ratchet and pawl:
• Fishing reels
• Yacht winches
 Disc brake.

Disc brake system consists of a brake disc, a caliper and

brake pads. When the brake pedal is pushed, it moves the
input piston, which pushes hydraulic oil into the output
piston.
The output piston then squeezes the brake pad against
the surface of the brake disc. This contact causes
friction, which forces the vehicle to slow down or stop.
Bicycle brake.
• Bicycle brakes reduces the speed of a
bicycle or prevents it from moving which
is a critical function for our safety.
• Many brakes systems slow the bicycle by
applying pressure to the rim , making the
rim part of the braking system.
 Cleat.

The diagram on the right shows a device called a cam

cleat. If you pull the rope upwards, the cams will close
in on the rope and prevent it from passing through. If
the rope is pulled downwards, the cams are pushed
apart and the rope can pass through easily.
Devices like a cleat allow certain movements, but
prevent other movements. Devices such as these are
called control devices.
 Select two of the four mechanisms that we have
looked at and then evaluate the mechanisms by
answering the following questions about each one.
1. Who uses the mechanism?
2. What is it used for?
3. How well does it do its job?
Activity 4. What material is it made of and is it suitable?
5. What should such a mechanism cost and it is cost
effective?
6. Is it aesthetically pleasing and egomaniacally
viable for the consumer to use?
 Gears
Gears are wheels with teeth
around their circumference
that interlock with each
other.
The teeth on gears are called
cogs. When cogs from two
different gears are
interlocked, we say that they
are meshed. When two or
more gears are meshed, they
form a gear train
 Gears (cont…)

When two gears are meshed, they turn in Sometimes you want the driver gear and the
opposite direction to each other. This is driven to rotate in the same direction. You can
known as a counter-rotation . The main gear do this by using a third gear called idler gear.
is called the driver gear. The other gear that The idler gear meshes the dicer and the driven
meshes with the driver is called the driven thus resulting in both the driver and the driven
gear as it turns into the opposite direction. rotating in the same direction.
The driver gear is the input and the driven
gear is the output.
 Spur gear

Spur gears are the simplest and

most common type of gears. They
have straight teeth and are oriented
parallel to shafts. They are used in
industrial mechanisms to transfer
mechanical motion as well as to
control speed and torque
 Bevel gear

These gears have a different shape to

ordinary spur gears to make them work
better at right angles to each other.
Bevel gears are used to change the
direction of circular motion in devices
such as the hand drill and the food mixer.
We can say that the axes of rotation of the
two gears are at right angles.
 Worm and spur gear

A worm gear set consists of a worm and a spur

wheel. When the worm turns, it slowly pushes the
spur round and round. The worm is the driver gear,
and the spur is the driven gear.
This type of gear has the ability to provide great
reduction ratios and torque while on the other hand
it also allows for higher torque transmission.
 Rack and Pinion

Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation

into linear motion. A perfect example of this is a
steering system of many cars.
The steering wheel rotates a gear which engages
the rack. As the gear turns, it slides the rack either
to the right or the left depending n where you want
to turn it.
 a) How many teeth do each of these gears have?
(b) The black gear is turned clockwise until the Figure 1
yellow dot reaches the position shown in Figure 2 .
Draw arrows next to Figure 2 to show where the
blue and red dots will be.
(c) In what direction did the blue gear turn?
Figure 2
(d) Through which part of a full revolution did each
Activity: gear turn?
Direction of rotation The two blue and black gears in the above situation
of spur gears -Counter turn in opposite directions. This can also be
rotation and idler gears described by saying that the two gears counter-
rotate.
2. The dark blue gear on the left below is turned anti-
clockwise through two thirds of a full turn. Indicate
with arrows where each of the yellow dots will be
afterwards.

Figure 3
If the red gear below is turned anti-clockwise, in what direction will the grey gear turn?

Figure 4

In the situation below, the red gear drives the blue gear and the blue gear then drives the grey gear. If the red gear
is turned clockwise, in which direction will the grey gear turn?
Figure 5

If the red gear in the above system makes one full turn, how many turns will the blue gear make, and how many
turns will the grey gear make?
 Suppose the red gear below drives the small grey gear. The red gear
has 18 teeth and the grey gear has 6 teeth. For every 1 tooth in the
grey gear, there are 3 teeth in the red gear. When a gear has made a
full turn, you can say it has made one full revolution.

1. If the red driver gear makes one full revolution anti-clockwise,

Activity : how many revolutions will the grey driven gear make, and in which
direction?
2. If the red driver gear makes 8 full revolutions, how many
revolutions will the grey driven gear make?
3. How many revolutions should the red gear make for the grey
gear to make 12 revolutions?
4. In a different set of gears, the driver gear has 20 teeth and the
driven gear has 80 teeth. How many full revolutions will the driven
gear make if the driver gear makes 20 full revolutions?
 Revision of what you learnt about gears in grade 8

• Look at the set of gears on the right. The big gear is the input gear, and the small gear is the output gear. Each gear is fixed to an axle, and the axle
drives a fan. The speed with which the fan turns is called the rotational speed of the axle. When a gear with many teeth drives a gear with fewer teeth,
the driven gear turns faster, but with a smaller turning force than the driver gear. When a gear with few teeth drives a gear with many teeth, the driven
gear turns slower, but with a bigger turning force than the driver gear
• Gear ratio is defined as follows:
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑒 turning force on output axle
Gear ratio = =
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑒 turning force on input axle
number of teeth on output gear
=
number of teeth on input gear Driven gear
has 80 teeth
1. Calculate the gear ratio of the set of gears in Figure 1. Driver gear has
2. In Figure 1, if the input axle is rotating at 120 rpm, at what speed is the output axle rotating? 20 teeth

3. In Figure 1, which axle will turn with the greatest force, the driver or the driven axle?
Figure 1
 Evaluate: Learners examine various items using mechanisms

Evaluate found in the modern kitchen and/ or home, workshop/garage.

Leaners report on three.
mechanisms found Tool Evaluate

at home Who is it for

What is it for?
Will it do the job?
What material is it made of ?
Is the material suitable?
What should it cost?
Does it look good?
Is it safe and easy to use
 • Think about being in a car or taxi driving down
Artistic Drawing: single a long, straight road. When you look straight
vanishing point ahead towards the horizon, the sides of the
road seem to meet at a point far away, as in this
perspective. picture. This is called the vanishing point.
Although the road doesn’t actually get any
A Perspective drawing: It is a system of narrower, it looks as if the straight lines meet at
representing the way objects appear to get the horizon and the road vanishes, because of
smaller and closer together the farther away your perspective.
they are from the viewer.
It refers to the drawing technique of
representing 3D objects in 2D. This means you
can draw objects to look real even though you
are drawing on a flat surface.
 These are the steps to follow:
Activity: 1. Draw one face of the cube. Select a vanishing point.
3D wooden object using 2. Draw very feint lines from each corner of the cube face
to the vanishing point. These are your construction lines.
single VP perspective. 3. Draw horizontal and vertical lines for the back of the
cube. The corners should connect with the construction
VP HL lines.
4. Draw the shape of the cube, the outline, in darker lines.
Draw a simple wooden object using single vanishing point
perspective.
Remember to use feint lines for the construction first.
When you have finished, draw the shape of the object in
dark lines.
Then make your drawing more realistic by showing the
texture of the wood grain, colour and shading.

GL