Breathing and Exchange of Gases (Hand Written Notes)

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is

of aas
EXCHA-
-
Respiratory organs
IhfpÑummaryM

r⇐m÷cI
.i i .i-i.img/÷i*.i?s:m0Regul a t ro ncfJ
of other

Breathing
[÷y÷+•÷0
of 9-
Ceases
Breathing
organisms
other
Respiratory organs of
organism Exchange of gasesentire
coelenterates Simple diffusion over

sponges
-

i. ,

flatworms body surface .

cuticle ( cutaneous
Earth
-
moist .

respiration)
I

Insects
-
Tracheal system
±
Gills ( branchial respiration )
I Aquatic arthropods -

and molluscs fish


( pulmonary respiration)
,

Amphibians reptiles Lungs


-

£ , ,

birds ,
mammals
÷:÷ ÷ ÷ :¥÷÷I÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
- - - - -

÷ -
Pharynx '

Glottis
.

-
Larynx - Trachea ( Windpipe )

=
Cartilage 1in
gs
Pleural
. .
.

=
s Secondary bronchus
pleural
fluid.
Initial bronchioles

Alveoli -
ok
Diaphragm
A-irrichinclns-EIIDBREA-HING-MAinri.ch

%::¥÷":) ÷¥E

a
in coz Exchanged goes
.

and
( EIRE'm) between
lungs
environment

CO2
i
external

lung capillaries Respiration )
(¥a
Breathing @
STEPS OF
. ②
External Restoration

÷÷÷€*F÷m
""
"
"
( Oxygenated blood )
Artery

"→
systemic artery
systemic coxyqenakd blood)

vein Internal Respiration

{ ¥7T

( Deoxygenated
blood ) ④

.]→
cellular Respiration
Body tissue
.
⑥ Glucose -102 → ATP -1028
④ CONDUC.TL/VGPAR#- EXCHANGAR#
External Terminal Alveoli and

bronchioles Alveolar duct
Nostrils
.
.

Function
function : -

→ Purifies air Actual site 4- diffusion


Humidifies air and CO2

of O2

air to between blood and



Brings
air
body temperature atmospheric
⇐¥¥É¥=¥¥÷÷÷÷÷
:÷:
④ "
'

>
Respiratory

{ ( squamous cells

membrane
)

- ③ Endothelium of

pulmonary
capillary .
s+mamañoI÷÷"=÷÷;÷÷:"

chamber
N
Tight '
.

/ ¥*¥☒⑨•☒É-€t
⑧ B

(¥§#÷↳÷¥ ÷ !¥•↳¥* ¥¥:¥¥÷i a-


÷: i ¥ f B µ g ¥
CDorsal side )

&¥=÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ :>

roia.in#creiaxed)posaTIi-iI
a.m. -
⑤ MECHANISMOFBR.CAT#f

" "
gamma
,!÷÷÷÷;mµ

.
-

contraction

EXP1RNT1_
of Diaphragm
.

-
PASSIVE process

Relaxation g- Diaphragm
and External Intercostals
⑦ 1NSP1RAT10l
( I thoracic uol.in anterior
Contraction
postedof Diaphragm
( becomes flatter) rion axis )

volume
contraction of External Intercostals CTA of thoracic
-

Cribs lift UPB in dorso ventral )


axis
d
-

volume increase
Pulmonary
d
decreases ( becomes less than
Intra pulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure)
t,
Air sucked inside
is
lungs .
⑧ EXP1RATl
and External Intercostals
Relaxation of Diaphragm
d
in thoracic volume
Reduction
=

d volume
Reduction in pulmonary
I
Increase in intra pulmonary pressure
I slightly above atmospheric pressure)
f,
Expulsion of air from
kings
⑨ →
Muscles of Abdomen → help in
increasing
strength of inspiration and expiration .

NORMALBRC-ATHINGE.lt/6Hmes/M1nf

RATE


Instrument for measuring respiratory
volumes =

Spirometer
RC.SI?lRA-0RYV0LUMES-#i.-i i5n-Lvo-Lumc-

: 500mi

→ volume of Air insp


ire# Dined during
normal respiration .

rate 6000 -
8000mi 1min )
C
Breathing
=
500mi ✗

(1.Rt )
"
±
t.ie#i:::YoIm:::-p::::-.-iY.:-pEYn =

inspiration
can inspire by forcible .
④ Expiratoryreservevolume-o.IM -1100mi
CERV ) Additional volume (apart from TV .
) ,
a
person
can expire by forcible expiration .

1200mi
Residualvolume : 1100 -

y even after
CR-V )
. volume remaining
in
lungs
forsook expiration
.
respiratorycapacitf.is

Inspiratory capacity Ctc ) -
Tv-
(c)

TVtERV@
ii ) Expiratory capacity
Functional Residual
Capacity →
ERv+R@
i;) ( FRC )

ERvtTVt1R@
=/ Cterv

Ect IRV
Cvc )
=

in vital capacity

CTLC )=ERVtTV-1RUtR
✓ ) Total Capacity
Lung = Ec + IRV -1 RV

= pc + ERV + RV
=
1C t FRC
=
FRC -1 TV -1 IRV
④EX
Atmosphere → Poz -
159mm
Hey
g. gases
Li¥ pcog -0.3
mmltg
.

(deoxy
blood )
pulmonary

Pos
Artery
-

uommltg
pulmonary
coxy blood )
Poa -
as "mmHg
vein

pcoz
Uommltg
-

Pcoz -
45mm
Hey .

[
arteries
( dl°M systemic
blood ) systemic veins
( oxy blood )
02

}
(TÉo
;-]
Poor -40mm 'tg
is less is 4--0
→ Whichever ,

sn.gnu.iq
.
,
.

Pcos -45 mmHg


E- TIBI Ades :
Oztransport .

I alveoli

pulmonary

o
.
E Transportofoxyqen
form OXYHAEMO
binds with
reversibly to -

→ 02 Hb
-

GL0B

Each Hb carries Max .
4 02 .

primarily related to P-I.sn


This
binding
.

is

→ n
d
ALL FACTORS
High
-

ARE
Poor
EYwP¥¥n⇐ Be?¥¥T
-

Low Temp
FORMATION
-

FAVOUR OF
IN
Of 0X4HEMOGLOBl
It Infills
Low Poz HIGH Pcoz

ALL FACTORS FAVOUR High Htc less pH )

DISSOCIATION OF High Temperature


02 from 0×4 HEMOGLOBIN

blood delivers

Every
$000m 4- Oxygenated
to tissues
59mi of 02 .
)
sigmoid

oxkec-NDissq.CI?-gs-Y0NCURvc--c
^

§ us ,

3

É
É

Partial pressure of 02
÷!÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷µ
④ CO2

÷÷¥÷;÷ %•*
plasma
ions "
plasma . .

capillary

* Every 100mi

deoxygenated Tissue
of


.

blood delivers
approx 4mi of CO2
to the alveoli
⑧ FORMATl0N0FCARBAMÉtEM0LOB#
Ito related to

Binding of coos with is
P€z
→ Poor is a
major factor affecting this
binding .


[email protected] CO2 L P 2M

RE : Less binding of cognwlthtb


1N_lS PCO 29 Poodle

Result : More
binding 4- CO2 with Hb
② -ransportasBicarbonaKion#

PLASMA_

☐ TISSUE
RegulationcfResPinatioT#chemicals
/ {Regulating
!EURALMy
REGULATION
www
special ise*•d
CRC-SPIRATORYR-HYTHMC-ENTE.pe

A center in medulla

primarily ) is responsible .

in PONS can moderate



pN_AXk ENTER
reduce duration d- inspiration
functions of RR-c.cat can
,

so
, respiratory rate )
23-chemic-alRegulati.cn#

chemosenstrveareay-Adja-er.at/oRRC
to 9 CO2 T Htions
Highly senstive ,

RÉMhandcarotidartuy
and send RRC
sense cog and It -1 conc signal to

→→ ROLE OF 02 in
Regulation of Respiratory
rhythm is
quite insignificant .
24-DISORD.cl#i)As-HMA--: Difficulty
in
breathing causing wheezing
Bronchi and Bronchioles
due to lhfla matron
of n

Chronic disorder
ii )
Emphysma__ : →

→ Alveolar walls are damaged due to


decreased
which respiratory surface is .

→ MAJOR CAUSE → CIGARETTE SMOKING .

Disorder exposure to
iii. 1 Occupational Respiratory
:
Long
ÑÉÉue information leading
to fibrosis . It can cause serious lung damage .

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