Breathing and Exchange of Gases (Hand Written Notes)
Breathing and Exchange of Gases (Hand Written Notes)
Breathing and Exchange of Gases (Hand Written Notes)
of aas
EXCHA-
-
Respiratory organs
IhfpÑummaryM
r⇐m÷cI
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of other
Breathing
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of 9-
Ceases
Breathing
organisms
other
Respiratory organs of
organism Exchange of gasesentire
coelenterates Simple diffusion over
sponges
-
i. ,
cuticle ( cutaneous
Earth
-
moist .
respiration)
I
Insects
-
Tracheal system
±
Gills ( branchial respiration )
I Aquatic arthropods -
£ , ,
birds ,
mammals
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- - - - -
÷ -
Pharynx '
Glottis
.
-
Larynx - Trachea ( Windpipe )
=
Cartilage 1in
gs
Pleural
. .
.
=
s Secondary bronchus
pleural
fluid.
Initial bronchioles
Alveoli -
ok
Diaphragm
A-irrichinclns-EIIDBREA-HING-MAinri.ch
①
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•
a
in coz Exchanged goes
.
and
( EIRE'm) between
lungs
environment
CO2
i
external
☐
lung capillaries Respiration )
(¥a
Breathing @
STEPS OF
. ②
External Restoration
÷÷÷€*F÷m
""
"
"
( Oxygenated blood )
Artery
"→
systemic artery
systemic coxyqenakd blood)
{ ¥7T
③
( Deoxygenated
blood ) ④
.]→
cellular Respiration
Body tissue
.
⑥ Glucose -102 → ATP -1028
④ CONDUC.TL/VGPAR#- EXCHANGAR#
External Terminal Alveoli and
→
bronchioles Alveolar duct
Nostrils
.
.
Function
function : -
>
Respiratory
{ ( squamous cells
membrane
)
- ③ Endothelium of
pulmonary
capillary .
s+mamañoI÷÷"=÷÷;÷÷:"
⑤
chamber
N
Tight '
.
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⑧ B
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a.m. -
⑤ MECHANISMOFBR.CAT#f
" "
gamma
,!÷÷÷÷;mµ
↳
.
-
contraction
EXP1RNT1_
of Diaphragm
.
-
PASSIVE process
→
Relaxation g- Diaphragm
and External Intercostals
⑦ 1NSP1RAT10l
( I thoracic uol.in anterior
Contraction
postedof Diaphragm
( becomes flatter) rion axis )
volume
contraction of External Intercostals CTA of thoracic
-
volume increase
Pulmonary
d
decreases ( becomes less than
Intra pulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure)
t,
Air sucked inside
is
lungs .
⑧ EXP1RATl
and External Intercostals
Relaxation of Diaphragm
d
in thoracic volume
Reduction
=
d volume
Reduction in pulmonary
I
Increase in intra pulmonary pressure
I slightly above atmospheric pressure)
f,
Expulsion of air from
kings
⑨ →
Muscles of Abdomen → help in
increasing
strength of inspiration and expiration .
NORMALBRC-ATHINGE.lt/6Hmes/M1nf
→
RATE
→
Instrument for measuring respiratory
volumes =
Spirometer
RC.SI?lRA-0RYV0LUMES-#i.-i i5n-Lvo-Lumc-
④
: 500mi
rate 6000 -
8000mi 1min )
C
Breathing
=
500mi ✗
(1.Rt )
"
±
t.ie#i:::YoIm:::-p::::-.-iY.:-pEYn =
inspiration
can inspire by forcible .
④ Expiratoryreservevolume-o.IM -1100mi
CERV ) Additional volume (apart from TV .
) ,
a
person
can expire by forcible expiration .
1200mi
Residualvolume : 1100 -
y even after
CR-V )
. volume remaining
in
lungs
forsook expiration
.
respiratorycapacitf.is
⑨
Inspiratory capacity Ctc ) -
Tv-
(c)
→
TVtERV@
ii ) Expiratory capacity
Functional Residual
Capacity →
ERv+R@
i;) ( FRC )
ERvtTVt1R@
=/ Cterv
→
Ect IRV
Cvc )
=
in vital capacity
CTLC )=ERVtTV-1RUtR
✓ ) Total Capacity
Lung = Ec + IRV -1 RV
= pc + ERV + RV
=
1C t FRC
=
FRC -1 TV -1 IRV
④EX
Atmosphere → Poz -
159mm
Hey
g. gases
Li¥ pcog -0.3
mmltg
.
(deoxy
blood )
pulmonary
Pos
Artery
-
uommltg
pulmonary
coxy blood )
Poa -
as "mmHg
vein
pcoz
Uommltg
-
Pcoz -
45mm
Hey .
[
arteries
( dl°M systemic
blood ) systemic veins
( oxy blood )
02
}
(TÉo
;-]
Poor -40mm 'tg
is less is 4--0
→ Whichever ,
sn.gnu.iq
.
,
.
I alveoli
pulmonary
o
.
E Transportofoxyqen
form OXYHAEMO
binds with
reversibly to -
→ 02 Hb
-
GL0B
→
Each Hb carries Max .
4 02 .
is
→
→ n
d
ALL FACTORS
High
-
ARE
Poor
EYwP¥¥n⇐ Be?¥¥T
-
Low Temp
FORMATION
-
FAVOUR OF
IN
Of 0X4HEMOGLOBl
It Infills
Low Poz HIGH Pcoz
blood delivers
→
Every
$000m 4- Oxygenated
to tissues
59mi of 02 .
)
sigmoid
⑧
oxkec-NDissq.CI?-gs-Y0NCURvc--c
^
§ us ,
€
3
É
É
Partial pressure of 02
÷!÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷µ
④ CO2
÷÷¥÷;÷ %•*
plasma
ions "
plasma . .
capillary
* Every 100mi
deoxygenated Tissue
of
☐
.
blood delivers
approx 4mi of CO2
to the alveoli
⑧ FORMATl0N0FCARBAMÉtEM0LOB#
Ito related to
→
Binding of coos with is
P€z
→ Poor is a
major factor affecting this
binding .
→
[email protected] CO2 L P 2M
→
1N_lS PCO 29 Poodle
Result : More
binding 4- CO2 with Hb
② -ransportasBicarbonaKion#
PLASMA_
☐ TISSUE
RegulationcfResPinatioT#chemicals
/ {Regulating
!EURALMy
REGULATION
www
special ise*•d
CRC-SPIRATORYR-HYTHMC-ENTE.pe
→
A center in medulla
primarily ) is responsible .
so
, respiratory rate )
23-chemic-alRegulati.cn#
→
chemosenstrveareay-Adja-er.at/oRRC
to 9 CO2 T Htions
Highly senstive ,
RÉMhandcarotidartuy
and send RRC
sense cog and It -1 conc signal to
→→ ROLE OF 02 in
Regulation of Respiratory
rhythm is
quite insignificant .
24-DISORD.cl#i)As-HMA--: Difficulty
in
breathing causing wheezing
Bronchi and Bronchioles
due to lhfla matron
of n
Chronic disorder
ii )
Emphysma__ : →
Disorder exposure to
iii. 1 Occupational Respiratory
:
Long
ÑÉÉue information leading
to fibrosis . It can cause serious lung damage .