INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARANG,

DHENKANAL, ODISHA-759146

(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Odisha Project Report on)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EFFECT OF SAND ON SHEAR STRENGTH OF FLY ASH

Submitted by

DONA GOLD (2001105083)

PRIYARANJAN SAHOO (2001105109)
SUMIT SENAPATI (2001105147)
ALIVA DALAL (212105016)
SANGRAM KESHORY BHUYAN (2001105574)

Under the guidance of

ADITYA KUMAR BHOI

(Assistant professor)
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIRAGANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SARANG

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the topic, “Effect of sand on shear strength of fly ash” Is submitted by DONA GOLD
(2001105083), PRIYARANJAN SAHOO (2001105109), SUMIT SENAPATI (2001105147) , ALIVA
DALAL(2121105016)SANGRAM KESHORY BHUYAN (2001105574), in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the Department of Civil Engineering INDIRA
GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARANG, DHENKANAL,ODISHA. This project is a
bonafide work performed by them under my guidance in the academic session 2022-2023.

ADITYA KUMAR BHOI

Assistant Professor
Department of
Civil
Engineering

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the completion of this project, we would like to express our profound gratitude and gratefulness to our project

guide ADITYA KUMAR BHOI (Assistant professor), Department of Civil Engineering, for the guidance in
the project with his immense support and knowledge. His guidance really helped us to gain a vast knowledge in
this project. We are extremely thankful to Dr. TUSHAR KUMAR NATH (Head of The Department, Civil
Engineering IGIT, Sarang) and all the faculty members for providing support for our experiments and analysis
during the duration.

Finally, we extended our sincere thanks to all those who have helped us during our project work and have
been involved directly or indirectly in our work.

DONA GOLD

PRIYARANJAN SAHOO

SUMIT SENAPATI

ALIVA DALAL

SANGRAM KESHORY BHUYAN

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 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. METHODOLOGY
4. EXPERIMENTS
I. GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY SIEVE ANALYSIS
II. ATTERBERG’S LIQUID LIMIT BY CONE PENETROMETRE
III. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY DENSITY BOTTLE METHOD
IV. STANDARD PROCTOR TEST (MDD, OMC)
V. DIRECT SHEAR TEST

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6. FUTURE WORK
7. CONCLUSION

8. REFERENCE

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 ABSTRACT
The abstract of the study titled "Effect of Sand on Shear Strength of Fly Ash" summarizes the key aspects and
findings of the research. Since the provided text is incomplete, I will provide a generic abstract based on the
given title: "Effect of Sand on Shear Strength of Fly Ash"
The primary objectives of the study include evaluating shear strength parameters, such as cohesion and friction,
through comprehensive laboratory testing. Various mixtures of fly ash and sand will be examined to identify
optimal proportions, providing insights into the effective use of these materials in different engineering
applications. Additionally, the project will assess stability, settlement characteristics, and the environmental
impact on shear strength, considering factors such as moisture content and temperature.
The significance of this research lies in its potential to contribute valuable knowledge to geotechnical
engineering practices. The outcomes are expected to inform engineers, researchers, and practitioners about the
shear strength behaviour of sand-fly ash mixtures, promoting sustainable and economically viable solutions.
The study's scope encompasses a wide range of construction projects, including foundation design and
embankment construction, where shear strength is a critical parameter.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

 GENERAL
In recent years, the utilization of industrial byproducts in construction materials has become a focal
point for sustainable engineering practices. Fly ash, a residue generated from coal combustion in
power plants, has garnered significant attention for its pozzolanic properties and potential contribution
to enhancing the engineering characteristics of soil. This study delves into the intricate relationship
between fly ash and sand, aiming to elucidate the effect of sand on the shear strength of fly ash, a
critical parameter in geotechnical engineering.
Fly ash, though widely recognized for its pozzolanic nature, often exhibits fine-grained characteristics that
may pose challenges in terms of shear strength and overall stability when used independently in
construction projects. Sand, on the other hand, is a granular material with well-established mechanical
properties and is frequently employed to improve soil stability. The combination of these two materials
presents an intriguing opportunity to create a composite material with enhanced geotechnical properties.
MATERIALS USED -:
 FLY ASH
 SAND
FLY ASH
A waste material extract from the gases emanating from coal fired furnaces, generally of a
thermal power plant, is called fly ash. One of the chief usages of volcanic ashes in the ancient ages were the
use of it as hydraulic cement, fly ash bears close resemblance to these volcanic ashes. These ashes were
believed to be one of the best pozzolanic (binding agent) used in and around the globe.
The demand of power supply has exponentially heightened these days due to increasing urbanization and
industrialization phenomena. Subsequently, this growth has resulted in the increase in number of power
supplying thermal power plant that use coal as a burning fuel to produce electricity. The mineral residue that is
left behind after the burning of coal is the fly ash. The Electro Static Precipitator (ESP) of the power plant
collects these fly ashes. We collected the fly ash from the ash pond side of NTPC, Kaniha.

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 SAND
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral and rock particles. It is one
of the most abundant resources on Earth and plays a crucial role in various geological, environmental, and
human activities. Here are some key aspects about sand:
1. Composition: Sand is primarily composed of tiny mineral and rock particles, with grain sizes ranging
between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter. The composition of sand can vary widely, depending on the
source material. Common minerals found in sand include quartz, feldspar, mica, and various others.
2. Formation: Sand is often the result of the weathering and erosion of rocks. Over time, larger rocks
break down into smaller particles through processes like wind, water, and ice erosion. The resulting sand
can be transported by wind, water, or other natural forces and deposited in various environments.
3. Types of Sand: Different types of sand exist based on their source and composition. Examples include
beach sand, dune sand, desert sand, and river sand. The specific characteristics of sand, such as grain
shape, size distribution, and mineral content, can influence its suitability for various applications.
4. Uses in Construction: Sand is a fundamental component of concrete and mortar, providing strength and
stability to these construction materials. It is also used as a bedding material for laying bricks and
pavers. The properties of sand, such as its ability to compact and drain water, make it valuable in
construction and civil engineering projects.
5. Geotechnical Applications: In geotechnical engineering, sand is often employed for its desirable
properties in foundation design and soil stabilization. Its granular nature allows for good drainage and
shear strength, making it suitable for supporting structures and preventing soil erosion.
6. Natural Habitat: Sand is a crucial component of many natural habitats, including beaches, dunes, and
riverbanks. These environments support diverse ecosystems and provide habitats for various plant and
animal species.
7. Industrial Uses: Sand is utilized in various industrial processes, such as glass manufacturing and
casting metals. The high silica content in some sands makes them suitable for producing glass, while
others are used as mould and core materials in metal casting.
8. Concerns and Environmental Impact: Excessive sand mining, often driven by construction demands,
can lead to environmental issues such as habitat destruction, erosion, and changes in riverbed
morphology. Sustainable practices and regulations are essential to mitigate these impacts.

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Objectives of the Study:
Evaluate Shear Strength Properties: The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively
investigate the shear strength properties of mixtures containing varying proportions of sand and fly ash.
Laboratory testing will be conducted to quantify parameters such as cohesion and friction, providing a
detailed understanding of the material's mechanical behaviour.

Optimize Mixture Ratios: The study aims to identify optimal proportions of sand and fly ash that yield
the highest shear strength. By systematically varying mixture ratios, the research seeks to determine the
most effective combination for achieving enhanced geotechnical properties.

Assess Environmental Influences: Environmental factors, including moisture content and temperature
variations, will be considered to understand their impact on the shear strength of the composite material.
This aspect is critical for predicting the material's behaviour under real-world conditions.
Significance of the Study:
The findings of this research are expected to contribute significantly to sustainable
construction practices by providing engineers and researchers with a nuanced understanding of the
combined use of fly ash and sand. Optimized mixtures derived from this study have the potential to offer
environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions, ensuring the stability and safety of
geotechnical structures.
Scope of the Study:
The scope of this study encompasses laboratory testing, data analysis, and the interpretation
of results. It seeks to address practical implications for construction projects, including foundation design,
embankment construction, and other geotechnical applications where shear strength is a critical
consideration.
In summary, this research endeavours to shed light on the promising synergy between sand and fly ash,
offering a holistic understanding of their combined effect on shear strength. The outcomes are poised to
advance sustainable engineering practices, promoting responsible and effective utilization of industrial by
products in the construction industry.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

While the focus of research typically lies on the effect of fly ash on the shear strength of sand, it's
important to acknowledge that sands themselves display inherent variability in their shear strength
characteristics. Nonetheless, understanding how the addition of sand impacts fly ash can be valuable for various
applications, primarily in stabilization and geotechnical engineering. Here's a review of relevant literature:
Impact of Sand on Fly Ash Shear Strength:
Increase in Friction Angle: Several studies report an increase in the peak friction angle (φ) of fly ash mixtures
with the addition of sand. This is attributed to the interlocking mechanism between sand grains, providing
additional shear resistance. (e.g., Xiao et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2019).
Enhanced Dilatancy: Sand inclusion can promote dilatancy in fly ash, the phenomenon where volume increases
during shearing. This dilatancy contributes to increased internal friction and shear strength. (e.g., Sivapullaiah et
al., 2014; Li et al., 2017).
Influence of Sand Gradation and Content: The type and gradation of sand significantly influence the interaction
with fly ash. Fine-grained sands tend to fill voids in fly ash, leading to denser packing and potentially higher
strength. However, excessive fines can also reduce permeability and hinder proper hydration of fly ash binders.
(e.g., Tang et al., 2021; Yin et al., 2023).
Curing Time and Moisture Content: Curing time plays a crucial role in the strength development of fly ash-sand
mixtures. Longer curing allows for pozzolanic reactions with sand minerals, strengthening the matrix. Moisture
content also impacts shear strength, with optimal values depending on the specific mixture and testing
procedures. (e.g., Yin et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2018).
Key Takeaways:
Adding sand can enhance the shear strength of fly ash through increased friction angle, dilatancy, and denser
packing.
Sand type, gradation, and content significantly influence the effectiveness of this enhancement.
Curing time and moisture content play essential roles in strength development.
Further Research Considerations:
Investigating the interaction between fly ash type (class C vs. class F) and different sand types.
Exploring the long-term performance and durability of fly ash-sand mixtures in various field applications.
Developing predictive models to optimize the design of fly ash-sand mixtures for specific shear strength
requirements.

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3. METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1 Fly ash
2 Sand

MATERIAL RELATED TEST:

1 Moisture content
2 Specific gravity by Density Bottle
3 Grain size distribution using sieve analysis and pipette method.
4 Atterberg’s limit – Liquid limit by Cone Penetrometer
Determination of MDD and OMC of soil by modified proctor COMPACTION
5 test
6 Shear strength parameters of soil using DIRECT SHEAR TEST

TABLE .1 TYPE OF SAMPLE

TYPE OF SOIL TO BE TESTED

Atterberg’
compaction direct
s limit
Sl FLY ASH SAND (OMC,MDD) shear
(WL)
no Identification (%) (%)
1 FA 100 0
2 S 0 100
2 FA95S5 95 5
4 FA90S10 90 10
5 FA85S15 85 15
6 FA805S20 80 20

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4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND AND FLY ASH BY DENSITY BOTTLE
Preparation of Density Bottle:
 Ensure that the density bottle is clean and dry.
 Weigh the empty density bottle accurately using an analytical balance and record the mass as W1.
Sample Preparation:
 For sand and fly ash, obtain representative samples. Ensure that the samples are dry if they contain
any moisture.
 If the samples are not already in powdered form, grind them to a fine powder using a mortar and
pestle.
 If moisture is present, dry the samples in an oven at a specified temperature until constant weight is
achieved.
Weighing the Sample:
 Weigh a specific quantity of the dried sand or fly ash accurately using the analytical balance and
record the mass as W2 .
Filling the Density Bottle:
 Fill the density bottle with distilled water to a level slightly above the calibration mark.
 Weigh the density bottle filled with water accurately and record the mass as W3.
Filling the Density Bottle with Sample:
 Carefully introduce the dry sand or fly ash sample into the density bottle until it is completely filled.
 Remove any air bubbles by tapping the bottle gently.
 Weigh the density bottle filled with the sample accurately and record the mass as W4.

FIG -: DENSITY BOTTLE

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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTIO BY SIEVE ANALYSIS
The grain size analysis test is performed to determine the percentage of each size of grain that is
contained within a soil sample, and the result of the test can be used to produce the grain size distribution curve.
This information is used to classify the soil and to predict its behavior. The method generally used to find the
grain size distribution is:
Sieve analysis which is used for particle sizes larger than 0.075mm in diameter and Sieve analysis
consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that have progressive smaller openings. First the soil
is oven dried and then all lumps are broken into small particle before into small particle before they are passed
through the sieves. Sieves in a sieve shaker used for conducting the test in the laboratory. After the completion
of the shaking period the mass of soil retained on each sieve is determined. When cohesive soils are analyzed, it
may be difficult to break lumps into individual particles. In that case the soil may be mixed with water to make
slurry and then washed through the sieves. Portions retained on each sieve portions retained on each sieve are
collected
Separately and oven dried before the mass retained on each sieve is measured. The sieve that was required for
the experiment was:

SIEVE NO. OPENINGS (mm)

4 4.75
8 2.36
16 1.18
30 0.60 (600u)
40 0.425 (425u)
50 0.300 (300u)
100 0.150 (150u)
200 0.075 (75u)

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 FIG-: IS SIEVE

ATTERBERG LIMITS
LIQUID LIMIT BY CONE PENETROMETER

The liquid limit of fly ash, like that of any soil or fine-grained material, is a property that defines the moisture
content at which the material transitions from a plastic to a liquid state under the influence of standardized
testing procedures. The liquid limit is an essential geotechnical property that helps in characterizing the
plasticity and behaviour of soils, including fly ash.
The liquid limit of fly ash can vary depending on its specific characteristics, source, and composition. The
liquid limit is typically determined using the Cone Penetrometer method, a standard test method specified by
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and other geotechnical standards organizations.

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 FIG -: CONE PENETROMETER

1. Sample Preparation:
 Obtain a representative sample of fly ash.
 If the sample is not already in a powdered form, grind it to a fine powder.
 Dry the sample in an oven to remove any moisture and achieve a constant weight.
1. Cone Penetration Apparatus Setup:
 Set up the cone penetrometer apparatus according to the manufacturer's instructions.
 Make sure the cone is clean and in good condition.
2. Preparation of Sample:
 Weigh a specific quantity of the dried fly ash sample (usually about 120 g) using a balance.
3. Mixing with Water:
 Place the fly ash sample on a glass plate.
 Gradually add distilled water and mix the sample with a spatula or spoon to form a paste.

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4. Cone Penetration:
 Fill the cone penetrometer cup with the prepared fly ash paste.
 Allow the cone to penetrate into the paste by releasing it from a specified height (usually 1 cm) at
regular intervals.
 Record the number of blows required for the groove to close over a length of 13 mm (1/2 inch).
5. Calculations:
 Calculate the number of blows per 1/2 inch penetration.
 Refer to a standard correlation chart or formula to determine the liquid limit based on the number of
blows.

COMPACTION FLY ASH BY STANDARD PROCTOR

TEST
Compaction of fly ash is an essential step in geotechnical engineering to assess its engineering properties and
suitability for construction applications. The Standard Proctor Test, also known as the Modified Proctor Test or
simply Proctor Test, is commonly employed to determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry unit
weight of a soil or soil-like material, including fly ash. Here is a step-by-step guide for the compaction of fly
ash using the Standard Proctor Test:
Sample Preparation:
 Collect a representative sample of fly ash from the site.
 Dry the sample in an oven until it reaches a constant weight.
 Crush any lumps or aggregates and sieve the sample through a suitable sieve (often No. 4 or No. 10) to
ensure uniform particle size.
Determination of Moisture Content:
 Weigh a portion of the dry fly ash sample.
 Determine the initial moisture content by drying a separate portion of the sample in an oven and
calculating the difference in weight.
Mixing:
 Place the dry sample in a mixing bowl.
 Add water incrementally to the sample, mixing thoroughly after each addition.
 Aim to achieve a uniform and workable consistency. Mix until the entire sample is uniformly moistened.

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Compaction Test:
 Assemble the Standard Proctor mold with its detachable collar attached.
 Place a plastic sheet inside the mold to prevent sticking.
 Fill the mold with the moistened fly ash in approximately three equal layers, compacting each layer with
the Proctor hammer.
Compaction:
 Compact each layer with 25 blows from the hammer, dropping it from a height of 12 inches.
 Remove the detachable collar, trim the excess material, and smooth the surface.
Weigh and Measure:
 Weigh the compacted sample with the mold and record the weight.
 Measure the height of the compacted specimen.
Calculation:
 Calculate the dry unit weight (density) using the formula: Dry Unit Weight=Weight of Specimen
/Volume of Mold
Repeat the Process:
 Repeat the test with different moisture contents to establish a moisture-density curve.
Optimal Moisture Content:
 Identify the moisture content at which the dry unit weight is maximized. This moisture content
represents the optimal compaction condition.

FIG-: STANDARD COMPACTION MOULD AND RAMMER

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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY PIPETTE METHOD

The pipette method is commonly used to determine the particle size distribution of fine-grained soils, including
fly ash. This method is based on the principles of sedimentation and involves the use of a hydrometer to
measure the settling velocity of particles in a suspension. The following is a general procedure for determining
the particle size distribution of fly ash using the pipette method:

1. Sample Preparation:
 Dry the fly ash sample in an oven at a temperature around 105°C to remove any moisture.
 Crush any agglomerates in the fly ash to obtain a representative sample.
2. Preparation of Dispersing Agent:
 Prepare a 2% solution of sodium hexametaphosphate in distilled water. This solution helps disperse
the particles and prevent agglomeration.
3. Weighing of Sample:
 Weigh a specific amount of the fly ash sample (typically 10 to 50 grams) accurately.
4. Mixing with Dispersing Agent:
 Mix the weighed fly ash sample with the sodium hexametaphosphate solution to disperse the
particles evenly. Use a stirring rod to ensure proper mixing.
5. Pipette Preparation:
 Fill the pipette with the dispersed fly ash suspension. Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the
pipette.
6. Sedimentation Cylinder Setup:
 Fill the sedimentation cylinder with distilled water up to a known mark.
7. Pipetting:
 Release the suspension from the pipette into the sedimentation cylinder. Start the stopwatch as soon
as the sedimentation starts.
8. Hydrometer Reading:
 After a specified period (commonly 40 minutes), take hydrometer readings at predetermined
intervals. Record the hydrometer reading, which corresponds to the settling velocity of particles.

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9. Calculation
 Use the hydrometer readings to calculate the particle size distribution using sedimentation analysis
equations. This involves converting the readings to percentage finer at various time intervals.

FIG-: GRAIN SIZE APPARATUS PIPETTE METHOD

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DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF FLY ASH BY DIRECT SHEAR TEST
-:

 In a direct shear test, a sample of fly ash is placed between two parallel plates within a shear box

apparatus. Initially, the sample is prepared and compacted to a desired density within the shear box.

Then, one of the plates applies a normal stress to the sample while the other plate remains stationary.

 Once the normal stress is applied, a shear stress is gradually introduced to the sample by displacing the

stationary plate horizontally. As the displacement continues, the sample experiences shearing along the

plane of contact between the two plates.

 During the test, measurements of shear stress and shear displacement are continuously recorded. These

data points allow engineers to construct a stress-strain curve, which illustrates the relationship between

the applied shear stress and resulting shear strain.

 Key parameters derived from the direct shear test include peak shear stress, ultimate shear strain, and the

angle of internal friction. These parameters provide valuable insights into the shear strength

characteristics of the fly ash material.

 Direct shear tests are particularly useful for assessing the shear strength properties of cohesionless soils

and granular materials like fly ash. They are relatively simple to perform and offer a convenient method

for evaluating the material's response to shearing forces, aiding in the design and analysis of various

engineering structures and foundations.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS -:
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FLY ASH
SL Description Determination (in g.)
No.
I II
1 Mass of container (M1) 32 32

2 Mass of container + Flay ash(M2) 42.870 43.81

3 Mass of container + Water + Fly ash(M3) 87.70 88.26

4 Mass of container + Water (M4) 82.750 82.750

M2-M1
Calculation -:
(M4-M1) -(M3-M2)
I II
G 1.83 1.87
Average G -: 1.85
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND
SL Description Determination (in g.)
No.
I II
1 Mass of container (M1) 32.30 32.30

2 Mass of container + Sand (M2) 44.10 45.50

3 Mass of container + Water + Sand (M3) 90.15 90.31

4 Mass of container + Water (M4) 82.81 82.81

(M2 - M1)
Calculation -:
(M4-M1) - (M3-M2)
I II
G 2.64 2.31
Average G -: 2.47

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND

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 Total weight of Sand = 1000g
IS SIEVE Weight of Sand % Retained Cumulative% % Passing
Retained in Sieve
4.75 mm 00 00 00 100
2.36 mm 17 1.7 1.7 98.3
1.12 mm 60 6.0 7.7 92.3
600µ 95 9.5 17.2 82.8
300µ 643 64.3 81.5 18.5
150µ 174 17.4 98.9 1.1
Pan 11 1.1 100 00

ΣF 207
Fineness Modulus -: = = 2.07
100 100

Liquid Limit of Fly Ash by Cone Penetrometer

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 Sample no. I II III
Container no. 1 2 3
Penetration 19 21 29
Weight of wet fly ash + 20 25 14
container
Weight of dry fly ash + 18 21 13
container
Weight of container 15 16 08
Weight of Water (a) 2 4 1
Weight of Soil (b) 3 5 5
a 66.67 80 20
Moisture Content ( × 100 ¿
b

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PIPETTE ANALYSIS OF FLY ASH

TIME TIME INTERVAL CONT. NO WT. OF EMPTY WT. OF CONT. +DRY

CONT. (in g) FLY ASH (in g)
10:10 0 01 26.310 26.500
10:10 15 sec 02 24.940 25.250
10:10 30 sec 03 21.740 22.810
10:11 1 min 04 25.100 25.410
10:12 2 min 05 11.210 11.440
10:14 4 min 06 25.400 25.650
10:18 8 min 07 27.830 27.960
10:25 15 min 08 21.910 22.010
10:40 30 min 09 15.500 15.640
11:10 1 hr 10 16.810 16.830
12:10 2 hr 11 13.300 13.330
02:10 4 hr 12 16.700 16.820
04:10 6 hr 13 19.030 19.030
10:10 24 hr 14 9.850 9.850

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STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

Determination No. 1 2 3 4
Water Content % 10% 12% 14% 16%
Mass of Mould + 3167 3484 3538 3532
compacted fly ash(g) (M1)
Mass of Mould (M2) 2076 2076 2076 2076
Mass of Compacted Fly 1091 1408 1462 1456
Ash (M1-M2)
Bulk Unit Weight(M/V) 1.11 1.43 1.48 1.54
Water Content Part B 22% 29% 28% 45%
Dry Unit Weight 0.90 1.10 1.18 1.058

1 2 3 4
Container No
Mass of Container + Wet 23.820 24.150 26.270 26.72
Fly Ash
Mass of Container +Dry Fly 22.040 22.060 24.030 22.83
Ash
Mass of Water 1.78 2.09 2.24 3.89
Mass of Container 14.110 14.820 16.320 16.21
7.93 7.24 7.71 6.62
Mass of Dry Fly Ash
Water Content 22.4% 28.8% 29.05% 58.7%

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DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON FLY ASH -:

Normal Stress 0.5 1.5 2.5

50 12 61 1
100 14 75 15
150 17 96 60
200 18 107 125
250 18 112 145
300 18 110 165
350 17 179
400 16 183
450 188
500 190
550 150
600 145
650
700

NORMAL LOAD (kg) SHEAR STRESS

STRESS (kg/m2)
0.5 5.402 0.15
1.5 33.61 1.933
2.5 57.022 1.583

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EFFECT OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT % OF SAND ON FLY ASH

The addition of sand to fly ash can have a significant impact on its shear strength properties. This effect depends
on various factors including the type of sand, its particle size distribution, the ratio of sand to fly ash, and the
compaction method used. Here are some general effects:

 Increase in Shear Strength: Generally, the addition of sand to fly ash tends to increase its shear

strength. Sand particles have angular shapes and provide interlocking mechanisms, which enhance the

internal friction and cohesion within the mixture. This results in higher resistance to shearing forces.

 Improvement in Compaction: Sand particles can act as fillers within the fly ash matrix, promoting

better compaction and densification of the mixture. Improved compaction leads to increased inter-

particle contact and better load transfer, ultimately contributing to higher shear strength.

 Reduction in Compressibility: The addition of sand can reduce the compressibility of fly ash due to the

densification effect mentioned earlier. This means that the mixture is less prone to deformation under

applied loads, resulting in improved stability and shear strength.

 Particle Size Effect: The particle size distribution of the sand can influence the shear strength

characteristics of the fly ash-sand mixture. Finer sands may fill void spaces between fly ash particles

more effectively, leading to higher shear strength compared to coarser sands.

 Optimum Sand Content: There may be an optimum sand content at which the shear strength of the fly

ash-sand mixture is maximized. Beyond this optimum, adding more sand may not necessarily lead to

further improvements and could even decrease shear strength due to potential segregation or particle

interference effects.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

LIQUID LIMIT BY CONE PENETROMETER

I II III

Container no. 1 2 3
Penetration 22 23 34
Weight of wet fly ash + 28.9 27.660 32.370
container
Weight of dry fly ash + 26.150 26.670 30.970
container
Weight of container 15 22.650 24.4
Weight of Water (a) 2.75 0.990 1.40
Weight of Soil (b) 13.9 4.02 7.97
a 19.78% 24.62% 17.5%
Moisture Content ( × 100 ¿
b

Fly Ash 90% Sand 10%

Total – 250g Fly Ash – 144g sand- 6g

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 Fly Ash 85% Sand 15%
Total – 250g Fly Ash – 212.5g sand- 37.5g

I II III

Container no. 1 2 3
Penetration 23 28 30
Weight of wet fly ash + 17.600 28.120 29.950
container
Weight of dry fly ash + 15.810 27.310 28.870
container
Weight of container 8.470 24.170 24.40
Weight of Water (a) 1.79 0.81 1.80
Weight of Soil (b) 7.43 3.14 4.830
a 24% 25% 37.26%
Moisture Content ( × 100 ¿
b

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 I II III

Container no. 1 2 3
Penetration 19 24 27
Weight of wet fly ash + 21.920 12.910 24.560
container
Weight of dry fly ash + 20.940 12.100 23.400
container
Weight of container 16.330 8.470 18.740
Weight of Water (a) 0.98 .810 1.16
Weight of Soil (b) 4.64 3.63 4.66
a 21.12% 22.31% 24.89%
Moisture Content ( × 100 ¿
b

Fly Ash 80% Sand 20%

Total – 250g Fly Ash – 200g sand- 50g

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STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

Fly Ash 90% Sand 10%

Determination No. 1 2 3 4
Water Content % 12% 14% 16% 18%
Mass of Mould + 2090 2156 2181 2205
compacted fly ash(g) (M1)
Mass of Mould (M2) 2076 2076 2076 2076
Mass of Compacted Fly 12 80 105 129
Ash (M1-M2)
Bulk Unit Weight(M/V) 0.012 0.084 0.11 0.13
Water Content Part B 1.7 0.28 1.46 3.2
Dry Unit Weight 0.00381 0.624 0.049 0.0329
1 2 3 4
Container No
Mass of Container + Wet 0.023 0.022 0.082 0.015
Fly Ash
Mass of Container +Dry Fly 0.018 0.021 0.077 0.009
Ash
Mass of Water 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.006
Mass of Container 0.016 0.017 0.068 0.009
0.007 0.005 0.014 0.006
Mass of Dry Fly Ash
Water Content 1.5 0.25 1.44 3

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 Fly Ash 85% Sand 15%

1 2 3 4 5 6
Container No
Mass of Container + 57.06 80.53
20.22 22.25 31.95 13.1
Wet Fly Ash
Mass of Container 56.07 78.69
19.70 21.60 31.05 12.47
+Dry Fly Ash
Mass of Water 0.52 0.65 0.009 0.63 0.99 1.84
Mass of Container 17 16.41 24.4 8.52 49.6 77.18
2.7 5.19 6.65 3.95 6.47 1.51
Mass of Dry Fly Ash
Water Content 0.192 0.125 0.135 0.159 0.153 1.218
Determination No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Water Content % 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 24%
Mass of Mould +
compacted fly ash(g) 2474 2484 2512 2615 2534 2518
(M1)
Mass of Mould (M2) 2076 2076 2076 2076 2076 2076
Mass of Compacted
398 406 436 439 458 442
Fly Ash (M1-M2)
Bulk Unit
0.421 0.429 0.461 0.464 0.484 0.462
Weight(M/V)
Water Content Part
0.192 0.125 0.145 0.159 0.153 1.218
B
Dry Unit Weight 0.353 0.381 0.406 0.400 0.419 0.210

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 Determination No. 1 2 3 4 5
Water Content % 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%
Mass of Mould + 2202 2239 2259 2255 2249
compacted fly ash(g) (M1)
Mass of Mould (M2) 2076 2076 2076 2076 2076
Mass of Compacted Fly 126 163 183 179 173
Ash (M1-M2)
Bulk Unit Weight(M/V) 0.133 0.172 0.193 0.189 0.183
Water Content Part B 0.40 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.20
Dry Unit Weight 0.95 0.119 0.156 0.132 0.152
Fly Ash 80% Sand 20%

1 2 3 4 5
Container No
Mass of Container + Wet 21.34 11.44 15.22 23.39 34.73
Fly Ash
Mass of Container +Dry 19.89 10.12 13.93 21.47 32.97
Fly Ash
Mass of Water 1.45 1.32 1.29 1..92 1.76
Mass of Container 16.30 7.17 8.53 17.06 24.4
3.59 2.95 5.4 4.41 8.57
Mass of Dry Fly Ash
Water Content 0.40 0.44 0.23 0.43 0.20

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Normal Stress 0.5 1.5 2.5
50 13 39 50
100 17 42 53
150 22 44 56
200 24 48 62
250 2 52 65
300 28 55 71
350 31 63 73
400 37 66 77
450 42 69 81
500 40 71 85
550 68 93
600 68 96
650 94
700 94

NORMAL LOAD (kg) SHEAR STRESS

STRESS (kg/m2)
0.5 12.60 0.35
1.5 21.30 0.59
2.5 28.81 0.80

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Normal Stress 0.5 1.5 2.5
50 15 45
66 56
100 24
28 50
82 63
70
150 28
31 54
92 65
85
200 33
37 58
94 104
75
250 38
39 62
94 105
78
300 42
43 65
96 106
82
350 46 75
98 116
85
400 42
49 76
95 118
89
450 42
52 79
95 122
94
500 48 77 126
96
550 47 77 103
122
600 109
122
650 105
700 105

NORMAL LOAD (kg) SHEAR STRESS

STRESS (kg/m2)
0.5 13.80 0.38
1.5 23.70 0.65
2.5 32.71 0.90

NORMAL LOAD (kg) SHEAR STRESS

STRESS (kg/m2)
0.5 14.70 0.40
1.5 29.41 0.81
2.5 37.81 1.05 35 | P a g e
GRAPH

FLY ASH – 90% SAND – 10%

FLY ASH – 85% SAND – 15%

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FLY ASH – 80% SAND – 20%

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6. FUTURE WORK
Investigating Shear Strength of Fly Ash with Varied Sand Proportions
In the pursuit of comprehensively understanding the shear strength of fly ash, our future work will focus on
conducting systematic experiments, specifically exploring the effects of different proportions of sand on this
crucial property.
1. Optimization of Sand Proportions:
 We plan to delve deeper into the influence of sand proportions on shear strength. By systematically
adjusting the ratios, we aim to identify optimal combinations that enhance or diminish shear strength,
providing valuable insights for practical applications.
2. Sensitivity Analysis:
 Acknowledging the complex interplay of variables, our future work includes a detailed sensitivity
analysis. This will involve scrutinizing various factors such as curing time and compaction methods to
discern their impact on shear strength when sand proportions vary.
3. Replication and Validation:
 Ensuring the reliability of our findings, we will replicate experiments to validate results. Comparative
analyses with existing literature and alternative methodologies will be integral to establishing the
robustness of our conclusions.
4. Parametric Study:
 To broaden the scope of our investigation, we propose a parametric study. This involves exploring the
influence of additional variables, such as temperature and moisture content, to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the factors affecting shear strength.
5. Statistical Analysis:
 Our future work incorporates advanced statistical methods to rigorously analyze experimental results.
This statistical approach aims to uncover trends, patterns, and correlations within the data, enhancing the
precision and reliability of our conclusions.

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7. CONCLUSION

The effect of sand on the shear strength of fly ash has been a topic of significant research and
investigation. In conclusion, the incorporation of sand into fly ash mixtures has shown both positive and
negative influences on shear strength, depending on various factors such as the proportion of sand, particle size
distribution, compaction method, and curing conditions.

Studies have suggested that the addition of sand to fly ash can enhance shear strength by improving the overall
granular structure and interlocking of particles. This is particularly notable when sand is well-graded and
compatible with the fly ash composition. The increased particle interlock contributes to better shear resistance
and stability in the material.

However, it is crucial to note that excessive amounts of sand or improper gradation may lead to negative effects
on shear strength. In some cases, the introduction of sand may disrupt the cohesive nature of fly ash, reducing
the internal cohesion and shear strength. Additionally, the interaction between fly ash and sand can influence
the pozzolanic reactions and hydration processes, further affecting the mechanical properties of the mixture.

The specific outcomes depend on the specific characteristics of the materials, the engineering objectives, and
the intended application. Therefore, careful consideration and optimization of the sand-fly ash mixture are
essential to achieve the desired shear strength characteristics for a given engineering application. Further
research and experimentation may be necessary to fine-tune the proportions and conditions for optimal
performance in various geotechnical and construction scenarios.

Positive effects:
Improved packing density: Sand particles can fill voids between fly ash particles, leading to a denser and more
stable mixture with potentially higher shear strength.
Enhanced internal friction: The interlocking nature of sand particles can contribute to increased internal friction
within the mixture, further boosting shear strength.
Reduced shrinkage: Sand can help mitigate shrinkage cracks in fly ash-based materials, potentially improving
overall stability and shear resistance.

39 | P a g e
 Negative effects:
Excess sand dilution: If sand content is too high, it can dilute the cementitious properties of fly ash, leading to a
weaker overall mixture with lower shear strength.
Loss of cohesion: Sand can disrupt the cohesive bonding between fly ash particles, potentially reducing the
mixture's ability to resist shear forces.
Increased permeability: Sand can make the mixture more permeable, allowing water ingress which can weaken
the material and reduce shear strength over time.

40 | P a g e
8. REFERENCE

• "The Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Stabilized Sands" by M.A.B. Rahmat et al. (2020): This article
investigates the influence of fly ash content on the shear strength of different sand types. It highlights the
increase in shear strength with increasing fly ash content and discusses the underlying mechanisms like particle
interlocking and cementitious bonding.

• "Shear Characteristics of Fly Ash Improved Sand as an Embankment Material for Road Infrastructure
Purpose" by M. Simatupang et al. (2021): This study focuses on the effectiveness of fly ash in improving the
shear strength of sand for road embankments. It explores the relationship between fly ash percentage, sand grain
size, and organic content with the ultimate shear strength of the mixture.
• "The ultimate shear strength of the fly ash-improved sands" by M. Simatupang et al. (2021): This article
delves deeper into the ultimate shear strength behavior of fly ash-sand mixtures, analyzing the impact of various
factors like grain size and organic content beyond the peak strength point.

• "Shear Strength Parameters of Sand Fly Ash Cement Mixtures" by J.D. O'Connor (2015): This study examines
the combined effect of fly ash and cement on the shear strength of sand. It explores the influence of moisture
content, consolidation, and curing time on the resulting strength parameters.

"SHEAR STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF INDIAN FLY ASHES" by B.G. Chandrasekhar (2009): This article
focuses on the inherent shear strength properties of unmixed fly ash itself. It presents the variation in shear
strength parameters like cohesion and internal friction angle for different fly ash samples from
various power plants.

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