23MCE16 – RESEARCH PROPOSAL

WRITING AND IPR

DECEMBER - 2023

NAME : DHANUSH GOWTHAM . H

CLASS : M.E.STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Reg No: 71762361002

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University)

COIMBATORE – 641014

Page 1 of 22
 COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University)

COIMBATORE – 641 014

23MCE16 - RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING

AND IPR

REGISTER NO -

NAME : SEMESTER : I
BRANCH : STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFIED THAT THE BONAFIDE RECORD OF WORK DONE BY

Mr./Mrs. …………………………………………………………………………

PLACE : COIMBATORE-14
DATE : FACULTY- IN-CHARGE

SUBMITTED FOR THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION HELD ON …………………….....

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 Project Title: STABILIZATION OF BLACK SOIL USING
CERAMIC DUST

1. Broad Subject:
Atmospheric science
Chemical Sciences
Earth Sciences
Engineering Sciences
Life Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Physical Sciences
Other Interdisciplinary

2. Subject Area: Stabilize the soil using Ceramic Dust

3. Duration in months: 6 months

4. Total cost: Rs.21,000

5. Principal Investigator: H. Dhanush Gowtham

6. Designation: Master’s Student

7. Department: Civil engineering (Structural Engineering)

8. Institute Name: Coimbatore Institute of Technology

9. Address: Civil Aerodrome post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India - 641014

10. Date of Birth: 10.05.2001 Sex (M/F): Male

11. E-mail: [email protected]@gmail.com

12. Co-Investigator:

13. Designation:

14. Department: Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering)

15. Institute Name: Coimbatore Institute of Technology

16. Address:

17. Date of Birth: Sex (M/F):

18. E-mail:

Page 3 of 22
 19. PROJECT SUMMARY:

Working with expansive soil is not technically easy due to its poor
workability and insufficient capacity to support the imposed loads. For
performance of the structure constructed in such foundation, the properties of the
weak soil have to be modified. One of the ideal solutions to these problems is to
utilize the industrial waste materials that are produced in large quantities as
stabilizing agent for clay soil so that the instability concerns can be minimised. We
can also explore the collective benefit of the material properties of waste materials
when used in a composite form. It is found that mixing of waste materials brings
out significant improvement in geotechnical properties of locally available clayey
soil. This paper presents the effects of waste ceramic dust on, liquid limit, plastic
limit, plasticity index, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive
strength, California bearing ratio, shear strength parameters and swelling pressure
of an expansive soil. The expansive soil collected locally was mixed with ceramic
dust from 0 to 30% at an increment of 5%. The main objective of this experimental
study was to obtain an economical stabilized mix of ceramic tiles wastage and clay
soil so that clay soils can be used for various construction purposes.

20. KEY WORDS

i. Dust Stabilization
ii. Ceramic Waste
iii. Dust Management
iv. Stabilization Techniques
v. Environmental Remediation
vi. Sustainable Practices.

21. TECHNICAL DETAILS:

21.1. INTRODUCTION:

21.1.1. ORIGIN OF PROPOSAL:

Page 4 of 22
 Expansive soils are the soils which swell significantly when
come in contact with water and shrink when the water squeezes out. Because of
this alternate swell- shrink behaviour of the soil, damages occur to different civil
engineering structures founded on them. The severity of damages done by
expansive soil has been well documented in literature worldwide (Chen, 1988;
Nelson and Miller, 1992; Gourley et al., 1993). There are a number of techniques
available to improve the engineering properties of expansive soil to make it suitable
for construction. Stabilization using dust/powder like waste materials with and
without a binder like lime, cement etc. is one of them. Quarry Dust (Sabat, 2012),
marble dust (Sabat and Nanda, 2011; Baser, 2009; Palaniappan and Stalin, 2009;
Swami, 2002), baryte powder (Srinivasulu and Rao, 1995), pyroclastic dust (Ene
and Okagbare, 2009), brick powder (Abd EI Aziz and Abo-Hashema, 2012) are
some of the prominent dust/powders like waste materials which have been
successfully utilized for stabilization of expansive soil.

21.1.2. DEFENITION OF THE PROBLEM:

Black soil exhibits significant shrink-swell behaviour with

changes in moisture content. When the soil absorbs water, it swells and can cause
heaving, and when it dries, it shrinks. This can lead to ground movement and result
in damage to structures. Black soils often have low bearing capacity, meaning they
may not provide sufficient support for heavy structures. The low bearing capacity
can result in settlement issues and foundation problems. Black soils are highly
plastic, which means they can be easily moulded when wet. This plasticity can
cause difficulties in construction processes such as excavation, grading, and
compaction. Black soils tend to retain water, leading to poor drainage. This can
result in waterlogging, making the soil soft and unstable. Waterlogged soil is not
suitable for construction as it can compromise the stability of foundations. Due to
their high clay content, black soils may be challenging to compact effectively.
Inadequate compaction can lead to settlement problems and structural instability.
The shrink-swell behaviour of black soil can cause the formation of cracks upon
drying. These cracks can compromise the integrity of structures built on the soil.

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 Black soils are prone to erosion, especially when exposed to heavy rainfall. Erosion
can lead to the loss of soil, affecting the stability of slopes and embankments.

21.2. REVIEW OF STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT :

21.2.1. INTERNATIONAL STATUS:

The international status of stabilization techniques for ceramic dust would likely
be influenced by broader trends in waste management and environmental
sustainability. Here are some general considerations that may impact the
international perspective on this topic:

Environmental Regulations: Different countries have varying regulations

regarding the disposal and management of industrial waste, including ceramic dust.
Stabilization techniques may be encouraged or even mandated to minimize
environmental impact.

Research and Innovation: International collaboration and research efforts may

contribute to the development of innovative stabilization methods for ceramic dust.
Sharing knowledge and best practices can lead to the adoption of effective
techniques globally.

Circular Economy Initiatives: The concept of a circular economy, where waste is

minimized, and resources are recycled or reused, has gained prominence.
Stabilization of ceramic dust may align with these principles by finding ways to
utilize the waste in a beneficial manner.

21.2.2. NATIONAL STATUS:

In many regions, including India, there has been an increasing focus on sustainable
waste management and the reuse of industrial by-products, such as ceramic dust.
Researchers and engineers often explore ways to stabilize and repurpose waste
materials in construction to reduce environmental impact. As this ceramic dust is
produced in large quantities our country is making new ways to dispose the wate
generated as waste management is a challenging task. As a preliminary step,

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 ceramic dust is being used in stabilizing the soil in rural areas for small construction
to check the property change and characteristic change after combining with
ceramic dust.

21.2.3. NOVELTY IMPORTANCE OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT IN THE CONTEXT OF

CURRENT STATUS:

Black soil exhibits significant shrink-swell behaviour with

changes in moisture content. When the soil absorbs water, it swells and can cause
heaving, and when it dries, it shrinks. This can lead to ground movement and result
in damage to structures. Black soils often have low bearing capacity, meaning they
may not provide sufficient support for heavy structures. The low bearing capacity
can result in settlement issues and foundation problems. Black soils are highly
plastic, which means they can be easily moulded when wet. This plasticity can
cause difficulties in construction processes such as excavation, grading, and
compaction. Black soils tend to retain water, leading to poor drainage. This can
result in waterlogging, making the soil soft and unstable. Waterlogged soil is not
suitable for construction as it can compromise the stability of foundations. Due to
their high clay content, black soils may be challenging to compact effectively.
Inadequate compaction can lead to settlement problems and structural instability.
The shrink-swell behaviour of black soil can cause the formation of cracks upon
drying. These cracks can compromise the integrity of structures built on the soil.
Black soils are prone to erosion, especially when exposed to heavy rainfall. Erosion
can lead to the loss of soil, affecting the stability of slopes and embankments.

21.2.4. IF THE PROJECT IS LOCATION SPECIFIC, BASIS FOR SELECTION OF

LOCATION:

The problem occurs mostly on black soil due to their low bearing capacity and their
nature to retain water. This can result in waterlogging, making the soil soft and
unstable. Waterlogged soil is not suitable for construction as it can compromise the
stability of foundations. So, all places with black soil are the locations we need to
focus to implement this technique.

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21.2.5. OBJECTIVES:

i. Environmental Sustainability
ii. Waste Minimization
iii. Economic Efficiency
iv. Enhanced Engineering Properties
v. Regulatory Compliance

22. TARGET BENEFICIARIES OF THE PROPOSED WORK:

i. Construction Industry
ii. Environmental Agencies and Regulatory Bodies
iii. Local Communities
iv. Ceramic Industry
v. Government Agencies
vi. Researchers and Academia
vii. Developing Regions
viii. Global Sustainability Initiatives

23. PATENT DETAILS:

This is a stabilization method and it is under testing and development. Once the
laboratory and field test are completed, we will proceed to get the patent for our
method.

24. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND RISK ANALYSIS:

24.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – EIA:

i. Air Quality
ii. Water Quality

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 iii. Soil Quality
iv. Biodiversity
v. Noise Pollution
vi. Energy Consumption
vii. Land Use Changes
viii. Waste Generation

24.2. RISK ANALYSIS:

i. Health and Safety Risks

ii. Structural Stability
iii. Long-Term Environmental Impact
iv. Economic Risks
v. Regulatory Compliance
vi. Community Perception and Social Risks

25. PROPOSED IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

i. Waste Reduction
ii. Resource Conservation
iii. Energy Savings
iv. Job Creation
v. Strength and Stability
vi. Engineering Properties
vii. Environmental Standards
viii. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Page 9 of 22
26. WORK PLAN:

26.1. METHODOLOGY

Broken/waste ceramic tiles were collected from a local supplier. These tiles were
broken into small pieces by using a hammer. The smaller pieces were fed into a
Los Angeles abrasion testing machines to make it further smaller. For conducting
different tests, the expansive soil was mixed with the ceramic dust from 0 to 30%
at an increment of 5%. In total 7 mixes were prepared. Liquid Limit tests, plastic
limit tests, standard Proctor compaction tests, UCS tests, soaked CBR tests,
consolidated undrained direct shear tests and swelling pressure tests were
conducted on these samples/mixes according to relevant Indian Standard (IS)
Codes.

26.2. ORGANIZATION OF WORK ELEMENTS:

i. Project Planning
ii. Site Assessment
iii. Regulatory Compliance
iv. Material Testing
v. Stabilization Techniques
vi. Equipment and Resources
vii. Quality Control and Assurance
viii. Health and Safety Measures
ix. Construction Implementation
x. Monitoring and Evaluation
xi. Documentation and Reporting
xii. Community Engagement
xiii. Post-Construction Maintenance
xiv. Knowledge Sharing

Page 10 of 22
26.3. DO THE PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL TARGETS MATCH WITH EACH OTHER

Yes, the quotation for the project is prepared before the commencement of the
project. As the main materials of this project is Black soil & Broken tile waste,
they are available in free of cost.

26.4. SUGGESTED PLAN OF ACTION FOR UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH

OUTCOME EXPECTED FROM THE PROJECT.

This project is mainly based on soil stabilization and the process of stabilization
will be carried out in the areas having more black soil. At first it will be
implemented on small buildings and the characteristics of the soil will be studied
and it will be gradually increased in the regular usage of stabilizing the black soil.

27. OUTCOMES & OUTPUTS:

i. Improved Engineering Properties

ii. Reduced Shrink-Swell Characteristics
iii. Enhanced Compaction and Workability
iv. Cost-Effective Construction Material
v. Environmental Sustainability
vi. Mitigation of Erosion and Waterlogging
vii. Regulatory Compliance
viii. Versatility in Construction Applications
ix. Long-Term Durability
x. Local Economic Development

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28. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE MANPOWER REQUIREMENT:

As this is laboratory research in initial basis, we don’t need any extra labors to carryout the
work. So, there will be no expense for the labor.

29. BUDGET SUMMARY:

Item BUDGET (in Rupees)

1st month 2nd month 3rd month Total
A. Recurring
1.Salaries/wages --
2. Consumables 4000 4000 4000 12000
3. Travel 2500 2500 2500 7500
4. Other costs 1500 1500
B. Equipment --
Grand total 21000
(A+B)Total FEC*

30. BUDGET FOR MATERIALS & LABOROTORY:

BUDGET (in Rupees)

Item Material 1st month 2nd month 3rd month Total
Black soil 1000 1000 1000 3000
Broken Tile 1000 1000 1000 3000
Lab Rent 2000 2000 2000 6000

Total 12000

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31. BUDGET FOR TRAVEL

BUDGET (in Rupees)

1st month 2nd month 3rd month Total

Travel
(Only
Rs. 2500 Rs. 2500 Rs. 2500 Rs. 7500/-
inland
travel)

32. LIST OF FACILITIES BEING EXTENDED BY PARENT INSTITUTION FOR THE

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION:

A) Infrastructural Facilities:

SR. YES/NO/ NOT

NO. INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITY

1. Workshop Facility No
2. Water & Electricity Yes
3. Laboratory Space/ Furniture Yes
4. Power Generator No
5. AC Room or AC No
6. Telecommunication including e-mail & fax No
7. Transportation Yes
8. Administrative/ Secretarial support No
9. Information facilities like Internet/ Library No
10. Computational facilities No
11. Animal/ Glass House No
12. Any other special facility being provided No

Page 13 of 22
REFERENCE:

i. "Soil Stabilization: Principles and Practice" by P.B. Malla

ii. "Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods" by Peter G. Nicholson

iii. "Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering" by K.R. Arora

iv. "Stabilization of Soil for Foundations" by K.Y. Lo and J.C. Cripps

v. "Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering" (ASCE)

vi. "Geotechnical and Geological Engineering"

vii. "International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering"

viii. "Construction and Building Materials"

ix. "Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering"

x. Binici, H.(2007) “Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates on
concrete mortars properties,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21, pp 1191-
1197.

xi. Koyuncu, H., Guney, Y., Yilmaz, G., Koyuncu, S., and Bakis, R.(2004) “Utilization of
Ceramic wastes in the construction sector, ” Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 264-268,
pp 2509-2512.

xii. Baser, O.(2009) “Stabilization of expansive soils using waste marble dust, ” Master of
Science thesis submitted to Civil Engineering Department, Middle East, Technical
University.

xiii. Nelson, D.J., and Miller, D.J. (1992) Expansive soils, problems and practice in
foundation and pavement engineering, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Page 14 of 22
Page 15 of 22
STABILIZATION OF SOIL USING CERAMIC DUST

ARTICLE INFO
__________________
KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT
Dust Stabilization Working with expansive soil is not
Ceramic Waste technically easy due to its poor workability
Dust Management and insufficient capacity to support the
imposed loads. For performance of the
Stabilization Techniques
structure constructed in such foundation,
Environmental Remediation the properties of the weak soil have to be
Sustainable Practices. modified. One of the ideal solutions to these
problems is to utilize the industrial waste
materials that are produced in large
quantities as stabilizing agent for clay soil
so that the instability concerns can be
minimised. We can also explore the
collective benefit of the material properties
of waste materials when used in a
composite form. It is found that mixing of
waste materials brings out significant
improvement in geotechnical properties of
locally available clayey soil. This paper
presents the effects of waste ceramic dust
on, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
index, compaction characteristics,
unconfined compressive strength,
California bearing ratio, shear strength
parameters and swelling pressure of an
expansive soil. The expansive soil collected
locally was mixed with ceramic dust from 0
to 30% at an increment of 5%. The main
objective of this experimental study was to
obtain an economical stabilized mix of
ceramic tiles wastage and clay soil so that
clay soils can be used for various
construction purposes.

Page 16 of 22
INTRODUCTION (liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index),
compaction properties - optimum moisture
Expansive soils are the soils which swell content (OMC) and maximum dry density
significantly when come in contact with (MDD), unconfined compressive strength
water and shrink when the water squeezes (UCS), soaked California bearing ratio
out. Because of this alternate swell- shrink (CBR), shear strength parameters (cohesion
behaviour of the soil, damages occur to and angle of internal friction) and swelling
different civil engineering structures pressure of an expansive soil .The economy
founded on them. The severity of damages of stabilization has also been studied by
done by expansive soil has been well strengthening the subgrade of a flexible
documented in literature worldwide (Chen, pavement.
1988; Nelson and Miller, 1992; Gourley et
al., 1993). There are a number of techniques
available to improve the engineering
properties of expansive soil to make it
OBJECTIVE
suitable for construction. Stabilization
using dust/powder like waste materials with
and without a binder like lime, cement etc. Black soil exhibits significant shrink-swell
is one of them. Quarry Dust (Sabat, 2012), behaviour with changes in moisture
marble dust (Sabat and Nanda, 2011; Baser, content. When the soil absorbs water, it
2009; Palaniappan and Stalin, 2009; swells and can cause heaving, and when it
Swami, 2002), baryte powder (Srinivasulu dries, it shrinks. This can lead to ground
and Rao, 1995), pyroclastic dust (Ene and movement and result in damage to
Okagbare, 2009), brick powder (Abd EI structures. Black soils often have low
Aziz and Abo-Hashema, 2012) are some of bearing capacity, meaning they may not
the prominent dust/powders like waste provide sufficient support for heavy
materials which have been successfully structures. The low bearing capacity can
utilized for stabilization of expansive soil. result in settlement issues and foundation
problems. Black soils are highly plastic,
which means they can be easily moulded
It has been estimated that about 30% of when wet. This plasticity can cause
daily production in the ceramic industry difficulties in construction processes such
goes to waste (Binici, 2007). The disposal as excavation, grading, and compaction.
of which creates soil, water and air Black soils tend to retain water, leading to
pollution. Koyuncu et al. (2004) had added poor drainage. This can result in
ceramic tile dust wastes up to 40% to study waterlogging, making the soil soft and
its effect on swelling pressure and swelling unstable. Waterlogged soil is not suitable
potential of Na –bentonite and found that for construction as it can compromise the
swelling pressure and swelling potential stability of foundations. So the main
decreased by 86% and 57% respectively at objective is to increase the subgrade
40% addition of ceramic tile dust waste. properties of the soil.

From the available literature it is found that

limited research has been done to study the
effects of waste ceramic dust on different
geotechnical properties of expansive soil.
Therefore the present study has been
undertaken to investigate the effects of
waste ceramic dust on index properties

Page 17 of 22
MATERIALS USED (ii) silt size -31%

Expansive Soil (iii) clay size -21%

A local expansive soil from Coimbatore (2) Specific gravity-2.82

was used in the present investigation. The (3) Compaction Characteristics
geotechnical properties of the expansive
soil are given below. (i) OMC- 16.5%

(1) Grain size Analysis (ii) MDD- 21 kN /m³

(i) sand size -18% (4) Shear strength parameters

(ii) silt size-26% (i) cohesion-8 kN/m2

( iii) clay size - 56%

(2) Specific gravity - 2.68 TESTING PROCEDURE
(3) Atterberg’s limits Broken/waste ceramic tiles were collected
(i) liquid limit - 62% from a local supplier. These tiles were
broken into small pieces by using a
(ii) plastic limit -30% hammer. The smaller pieces were fed into
(iii) plasticity index - 32% a Los Angeles abrasion testing machines to
make it further smaller. For conducting
(4) Compaction Characteristics different tests, the expansive soil was
mixed with the ceramic dust from 0 to
(i) OMC – 20.4%
30% at an increment of 5%. In total 7
(ii) MDD – 15.6 kN /m³ mixes were prepared. Liquid Limit tests,
plastic limit tests, standard Proctor
(5) UCS – 55kN/m²
compaction tests, UCS tests, soaked CBR
(6) Soaked CBR - 1.6% tests, consolidated undrained direct shear
tests and swelling pressure tests were
(7) Shear strength parameters conducted on these samples/mixes
(i) cohesion -18 kN/m2 ii) angle of internal according to relevant Indian Standard (IS)
friction -130 Codes.

(8) Swelling pressure -130 kN/m2

ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS
Ceramic Dust The results of liquid limit tests on
expansive soil treated with different
The geotechnical properties of the ceramic
percentage of ceramic dust is shown in
dust used in the experimental programme
Figure1. From the figure it can be seen that
are given below.
with increase in percentage of ceramic dust
the liquid limit of soil goes on decreasing.
(1) Grain size Analysis
(i) sand size -48%

Page 18 of 22
It decreases from 62% to 35%, when ECONOMY OF STABILIZATION
ceramic dust is increased from 0 to 30%.

To study the economy of stabilization, a

flexible pavement has been designed for
cumulative traffic of 1, 5 and 10 MSA
(million standard axles), based on the guide
lines provided by IRC: 37- 2001(Guidelines
for the design of Flexible Pavements) for
CBR values of both unstabilized and

Variation of Liquid Limit with Percentage stabilized soil. According to IRC:37-2001,

of Ceramic Dust if the soaked CBR value of a subgrade is
less than 2%, then the design of the
pavement should be done by taking the
soaked CBR value as 2% and a capping
layer of 150 mm thickness with materials
having minimum CBR value of 10% should
be provided in addition to sub base. Hence
the soaked CBR of unstabilized soil
subgrade has been taken as 2% instead of
Variation of Plastic Limit with Percentage 1.6% for design purpose. The soaked CBR
of Ceramic Dust
value is 4% for the mix having proportion
of soil 70% and ceramic dust 30%. Hence
the soaked CBR of stabilized soil subgrade
has been taken as 4% for the design
purpose. The variation of pavement
thickness for both the unstabilized and
stabilized subgrade, with cumulative traffic
(1, 5 and 10 MSA) has been shown in It can
be seen from this figure that the pavement
thickness varies from 660 mm to 850 mm
Variation of Plasticity Index with
Percentage of Ceramic Dust for unstabilized soil and from 480 mm to
700 mm for stabilized soil for cumulative
traffic 1 - 10 MSA.

Page 19 of 22
CONCLUSIONS

A series of laboratory tests were conducted vii. friction goes on increasing with
to study the effects of waste ceramic dust on increase in percentage of addition of
the, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity ceramic dust.
index, MDD, OMC, UCS, soaked CBR, viii. The swelling pressure goes on
shear strength parameters and swelling decreasing with addition of ceramic
pressure of an expansive soil .Based on the dust. There is 81.5% decrease in
observations and discussions, following swelling pressure of soil as
conclusions are drawn from this study. compared to untreated soil, when

i. The liquid limit, plastic limit and 30% ceramic dust was added.

plasticity index go on decreasing ix. From the economic analysis it is

irrespective of the percentage of found that ceramic dust up to 30%

addition of ceramic dust. can be utilized for strengthening the

ii. The addition of 30% ceramic dust subgrade of flexible pavement with

changes the soil from CH group to a substantial save in cost of

CL group. construction.

iii. The MDD goes on increasing and

OMC goes on decreasing with
increase in percentage of addition of
ceramic dust.
iv. The UCS goes on increasing with
increase in percentage of addition of
ceramic dust.
v. The soaked CBR goes on increasing
with increase in percentage of
addition of ceramic dust. There is
150% increase in soaked CBR value
as compared to untreated soil, when
30% ceramic dust was added.
vi. The cohesion value goes on
decreasing and angle of internal

Page 20 of 22
REFERENCE:

i. Amrendra K., Ravi K S. and Babita S. (2015), “Compaction and Sub-grade

Characteristics of Clayey Soil Mixed with Foundry Sand and Fly Ash and Tile
waste”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, pp. 01-05.
ii. P.T.Ravichandran, Divya Krishnan.K, V. Janani, Annadurai, Manisha Gunturi (2015),
“Soil stabilization with phosphogypsum and fly Ash –A micro level study”,
International Journal of Chemtech Research, V7(2), 622-628.
iii. Geeta R., Shivanarayana C., Prasad Mand Prasada Raju GVR (2014), “Strength
Behaviour of Expansive Soil treated with Tile Waste”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Development, Volume 10, Issue 12, pp.52-57.
iv. Alil R., Khan H. and Shah A. (2012), “Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Marble
Dust and Bagasse Ash”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),
Volume 3, Issue 6,pp. 2812-2816 .
v. Divya Krishnan, P.T.Ravichandran, Janani, Annadurai, Manisha Gunturi (2015),
“Effect of phosphogypsum and fly ash stabilisation on the strength and microstructure
of clay”, Indian Concrete Journal, Volume 89, pp 81-86.
vi. AK Sabat, RP Nanda (2011),”Effect of marble dust on strength and durability of Rice
husk ash stabilised expansive soil, International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Volume 1 (4), 939-948
vii. Muthu K M. and Tamilarasan V S (2015), “Experimental Study on Expansive Soil
with Marble Powder”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology,
Volume 22, pp.504-507.
viii. Adarsh Minhas and Veena Uma Devi (2016), “International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 7, Issue 5, pp. 87–92.
ix. Brajesh Mishra (2015), “A Study on Characteristics of Subgrade Soil by Use of
Foundry Sand and Iron Turnings”, International Journal of Science and Research, Vol
4, pp. 1262-1266.
x. Babita S., Ravi K S. and Amrendra K. (2014), “Effect of Waste Materials on Strength
Characteristics of Local Clay”, International Journal of Civil Engineering Research,
Volume 5, Number 1, pp. 61-68

Page 21 of 22
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