Traducción Eusebio Macías
Traducción Eusebio Macías
Traducción Eusebio Macías
AN OVERVIEW OF COOPERATIVE
LEARNING
Traducción
Macias E. Ramirez
[email protected]
AN OVERVIEW OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING
How students perceive each other and interact with one another is a
neglected aspect of instruction. Much training time is devoted to helping teachers
arrange appropriate interactions between students and materials (i.e.,
textbooks, curriculum programs) and some time is spent on how teachers should
interact with students, but how students should interact with one another is
relatively ignored. It should not be. How teachers structure student-student
interaction patterns has a lot to say about how well students learn, how they feel
about school and the teacher, how they feel about each other, and how much self-
esteem they have.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Even though these three interaction patterns are not equally effective in
helping students learn concepts and skills, it is important that students learn to
interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will face situations in which all
There is a difference between simply having students work in a group and structuring
groups of students to work cooperatively. A group of students sitting at the same
table doing their own work, but free to talk with each other as they work, is not
structured to be a cooperative group, as there is no positive interdependence.
Perhaps it could be called individualistic learning with talking. For this to be a
cooperative learning situation, there needs to be an accepted common goal on which
the group is rewarded for its efforts. If a group of students has been assigned to do
a report, but only one student does all the work and the others go along for a free
All healthy cooperative relationships have these five basic elements present. This is
true of peer tutoring, partner learning, peer mediation, adult work groups, families,
and other cooperative relationships. This conceptual "yardstick" should define any
cooperative relationship.
Positive Interdependence
The first requirement for an effectively structured cooperative lesson is that students
believe that they "sink or swim together." Within cooperative learning situations,
students have two responsibilities: 1) learn the assigned material, and 2) ensure that
all members of the group learn the assigned material. The technical term for that
dual responsibility is positive interdependence. Positive interdependence exists
Positive Resource Interdependence Each group member has only a portion of the
resources, information, or materials necessary for the task to be completed; the
members’ resources have to be combined for the group to achieve its goals.
Teachers may wish to highlight the cooperative relationships by giving students
limited resources that must be shared (one copy of the problem or task per group)
or giving each student part of the required resources that the group must then fit
together (the Jigsaw procedure).
In an industrial organization, it's the group effort that counts. There's really no room
for stars in an industrial organization. You need talented people, but they can't do it
alone. They have to have help.
1. Keeping the size of the group small. The smaller the size of the group, the
greater the individual accountability may be.
2. Giving an individual test to each student.
3. Randomly examining students orally by calling on one student to present his
or her group's work to the teacher (in the presence of the group) or to the
entire class.
4. Observing each group and recording the frequency with which each member-
contributes to the group's work.
5. Assigning one student in each group the role of checker. The checker asks
other group members to explain the reasoning and rationale underlying group
answers.
6. Having students teach what they learned to someone else. When all students
do this, it is called simultaneous explaining.
I will pay more for the ability to deal with people than any other ability under the sun.
(John D. Rockefeller)
The more socially skillful students are and the more attention teachers pay-
to teaching and rewarding the use of social skills, the higher the achievement
that can be expected within cooperative learning groups. In their studies on the long-
term implementation of cooperative learning, Lew and Mesch (Lew et al., 1986a,
1986b; Mesch et al., 1988; Mesch et al., 1986) investigated the impact of a reward
contingency for using social skills as well as positive interdependence and
a contingency for academic achievement on performance within cooperative
learning groups. In the cooperative skills conditions, students were trained weekly in
Group Processing
Take care of each other. Share your energies with the group. No one must
feel alone, cut off, for that is when you do not make it.
When cooperative learning groups are used, the teacher observes the groups,
analyzes the problems they have working together, and gives feedback toeach
group on how well they are working together. The teacher systematically moves from
group to group and observes them at work. A formal observation sheet may be used
to gather specific data on each group. At the end of the class period the teacher
can then conduct a whole-class processing session by sharing with the class the
results of his or her observations. If each group has a peer observer, the results of
their observations may be added together to get overall class data.
An important aspect of both small-group and whole-class processing is group and
class celebrations. It is feeling successful, appreciated, and respected that builds
DEFINICIONES BÁSICAS
Aunque estos tres patrones de interacción no son igualmente efectivos para ayudar
a los estudiantes a aprender conceptos y habilidades, es importante que los
estudiantes aprendan a interactuar de manera efectiva en cada una de estas
formas. Los estudiantes se enfrentarán a situaciones en las que operan los tres
Hay una diferencia entre simplemente hacer que los estudiantes trabajen en grupo
y estructurar grupos de estudiantes para que trabajen cooperativamente. Un grupo
de estudiantes sentados en la misma mesa haciendo su propio trabajo, pero libres
para hablar entre ellos mientras trabajan, no está estructurado para ser un grupo
cooperativo, ya que no hay una interdependencia positiva. Quizás podría llamarse
Es solo bajo ciertas condiciones que se espera que los esfuerzos cooperativos sean
más productivos que los esfuerzos competitivos e individualistas. Esas condiciones
son:
1. Interdependencia positiva claramente percibida.
2. Considerable interacción promotiva (cara a cara)
3. Se percibe claramente la responsabilidad individual y la responsabilidad personal
para alcanzar los objetivos del grupo.
4. Uso frecuente de las habilidades interpersonales y de grupos pequeños
relevantes
5. Procesamiento frecuente y regular del funcionamiento actual del grupo para
mejorar la eficacia futura del grupo.
1. Los esfuerzos de cada miembro del grupo son necesarios e indispensables para
el éxito del grupo (es decir, no puede haber "corredores gratuitos").
1. 2. Cada miembro del grupo tiene una contribución única que hacer al esfuerzo
conjunto debido a sus recursos y / o funciones y responsabilidades de la tarea.
Interdependencia positiva de los recursos Cada miembro del grupo tiene solo
una parte de los recursos, la información o los materiales necesarios para que la
tarea se complete; Los recursos de los miembros deben combinarse para que el
grupo logre sus objetivos. Los maestros pueden desear resaltar las relaciones de
cooperación dando a los estudiantes recursos limitados que deben compartirse (una
copia del problema o tarea por grupo) o dar a cada estudiante parte de los recursos
necesarios que el grupo debe encajar (el procedimiento de Jigsaw).
Lo que los niños pueden hacer juntos hoy, pueden hacerlo solos mañana.
Pagaré más por la capacidad de tratar con personas que cualquier otra habilidad
bajo el sol.
(John D. Rockefeller)
Cuantos más alumnos socialmente sean más hábiles y más atención presten los
docentes a la enseñanza y al recompensar el uso de habilidades sociales, mayor
será el logro que se puede esperar dentro de los grupos de aprendizaje cooperativo.
En sus estudios sobre la implementación a largo plazo del aprendizaje cooperativo,
Lew y Mesch (Lew et al., 1986a, 1986b; Mesch et al., 1988; Mesch et al., 1986)
investigaron el impacto de una contingencia de recompensa por el uso de recursos
sociales. habilidades, así como la interdependencia positiva y una contingencia para
el logro académico en el rendimiento dentro de los grupos de aprendizaje
cooperativo. En las condiciones de habilidades cooperativas, los estudiantes se
capacitaron semanalmente en cuatro habilidades sociales y cada miembro de un
grupo cooperativo recibió dos puntos de bonificación hacia la calificación de la
prueba si el maestro observaba a todos los miembros del grupo para demostrar tres
de las cuatro habilidades cooperativas. Los resultados indicaron que la combinación
de interdependencia positiva, una contingencia académica para el alto desempeño
de todos los miembros del grupo y la contingencia de habilidades asociales
promovieron el mayor logro.
Cuidar el uno del otro. Comparte tus energías con el grupo. Nadie debe sentirse
solo, aislado, porque es cuando no lo logras.
Hay dos niveles de procesamiento: pequeño grupo y toda la clase. Para garantizar
que se lleve a cabo el procesamiento en grupos pequeños, los maestros dedican
algo de tiempo al final de cada sesión de clase para que cada grupo cooperativo
procese la eficacia con la que los miembros trabajaron juntos. Los grupos deben