NATURE’S EDGE

SEALING IN NUNAVUT

1 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
 Prince of Wales Heritage Centre

ISBN 978-1-55325-163-7
CONTENTS
The Legend of the Sedna | 4

Seals and Nunavut | 6

Our tradition, our future | 7

Flora and fauna | 8

Spirit, soul and sustenance | 12

The seal | 18

Wildlife management in Nunavut | 23

The controversy | 24

Clothing for a cold climate | 28

Fashion north and south | 30

Building an economic future | 32

 T H E L EGE N D
O F T H E SE DNA

4 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
According to legend, Sedna was a beautiful
Inuit girl who was pressured into marriage by her father. Unknown
to Sedna, her husband was a raven who fed her fish and kept her
in a nest far away from her family. Her father, feeling guilty, tried to
rescue her, but the raven called up a storm with its special powers.
The father became afraid and threw Sedna into the water. As she
tried to cling to the kayak, her frozen fingers and hands were broken
off and fell into the sea, turning into seals, whales and other sea
mammals. Sedna could no longer struggle and sank into the water
where she became a goddess of the sea. Her frustration and anger
continue to be expressed through the creation of storms and high
seas. Inuit hunters have treated Sedna with respect for centuries to
ensure she will allow Inuit to harvest her bounty. Today, hunters still
sprinkle a few drops of water into the sea mammals they harvest to
thank Sedna for her generosity.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 5
 SEALS
A N D N U N AV U T
Nunavut Tourism

6 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Our tradition, Seals have played a big part
in human survival across the

Our future Canadian Arctic for thousands

of years. The seal is a generous
animal, providing a highly nutritious meat that sustained countless
generations of Inuit families. The seal provides a beautiful skin that
is made into garments and footwear for protection against the biting
Arctic chill. The seal oil provides fuel, which is used today in a more
symbolic form to light the lamps that commence meetings. The seal
is an important resource from an ecological point of view and without
them there would probably be no Inuit today.

The Arctic can present a harsh and unforgiving environment. The

Inuit and their ancestors, who first emigrated from eastern Siberia
more than 4,000 years ago, have shown remarkable ingenuity in
adapting to extreme cold and to a paucity of plant life. Seal hunting
requires great patience, and Inuit hunters have developed enormous
respect for the spirits of the animals they rely upon.

Seals form a thread of continuity between the old and the new. Times
have changed, and the traditional subsistence economy is adjusting
to the challenges of the future. Nearly all Inuit now live in small
settled communities, but seals and other forms of wildlife continue
to hold great economic and cultural promise. They remain central to
northern life even as Inuit in distant communities communicate by
Internet and adopt other important aspects of contemporary life.

Seals abound in the Canadian Arctic. They are and will continue to be
hunted on a sustainable basis for generations to come, both for the
excellent food they provide and also for skins that can be turned into
elegant and functional garments for people far and wide. Sealing is
a model of sustainable use of a renewable resource.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 7
 FLORA
A N D FAU N A
Andy Wolff

8 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Most of Nunavut was covered
by heavy sheets of ice until quite recently in its geological history.
The retreating ice scraped the land down almost to bedrock, and very
cold average temperatures have resulted in the ground being frozen
year-round starting only a few centimetres below the surface. Thus,
there is little real soil and not much vegetation. Low scrub is found in
some places, and tiny, stunted trees may be found in a few sheltered
spots. Nonetheless, large areas of tundra burst into bright colour
in the late spring and early summer with the appearance of small
flowering plants.

Animal species are far more notable than plants in Nunavut.

Among land mammals are the caribou, a deer-like animal that
provides meat and hides to the people of the north and that is noted
for its spectacular seasonal mass migrations; the muskox, a large
animal with horns (males and females alike) and a prominent
shoulder hump; and the polar bear, the largest of all bears, weighing
up to 600 kilograms, with a white coat and a diet consisting mostly
of seal. Other land mammals found in Nunavut include the wolf, the
red fox, the Arctic fox, the wolverine, the Arctic hare, and the Arctic
ground squirrel.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 9
F LO R A A N D FA U N A

Nunavut Tourism

Marine mammals include the blue whale, found in small groups in

Arctic waters in the summer, measuring up to 30 metres in length
and sometimes weighing more than 100 tonnes; bowhead; sperm
whales; beluga whales; and the killer whale, actually a member of
the dolphin family. The narwhal, a protected species hunted under
a quota system, is noted for its long spiral tusks (which can be sold
only with a tag showing legal provenance), and is valued traditionally
by the Inuit for oil and hides. The ringed, harp, bearded, harbour and
hooded seals will be discussed in more detail in the following pages.
The walrus, a cousin of the seals, is noted for its very large tusks that
can be used to haul itself up the sides of ice floes.

Among the many bird species found in Nunavut are several species
of loons, the tundra swan, the snow goose, the Canada goose, the
harlequin duck, the pintail duck, the oldsquaw duck, the common
and king eider, and the red-breasted merganser. The peregrine
falcon, the gyrfalcon (said to be the largest and most magnificent
of all falcons), the golden eagle, the rough-legged hawk, the snowy
owl, the short-eared owl, the ptarmigan, the sandhill crane, various
species of sandpipers, plovers and gulls, the jaeger, the northern
fulmar, the Arctic tern (which migrates all the way to the Antarctic),
alcids (the northern equivalent of penguins), the raven, the horned

10 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
lark, the Lapland longspur, the water pipit, redpolls, the northern
wheatear, and the snow bunting can also be found in Nunavut.

Among the better known species of fish in Arctic waters are

the Arctic char (some living only in freshwater, other moving to
freshwater in the winter and saltwater in the summer), the lake
trout, the Arctic grayling, whitefishes, sticklebacks, sculpins, the
Greenland shark, and several species of lumpfishes and cod,
notably the Arctic cod and the turbot. Shrimp, clams and scallops
are also found in Arctic waters. Some fishermen extend their
lines more than 600 metres below the ice to catch turbot, much
in demand in export markets, along with char and shrimp.
Nunavut Tourism

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 11
 S P I R I T, S O U L
Nunavut Tourism

12
AND S U S T E N A NC E
SEALING IN NUNAVUT
The Inuit have prevailed over the
centuries because of their extraordinary ability to draw sustenance
from the vast lands and frozen seas over which they have roamed in
a difficult struggle for survival. They share these lands and seas with
many other creatures. The frigid climate and the absence of arable
soils render the land incapable of yielding grains or fruits suitable
for human consumption. To meet basic needs for food and warmth,
Inuit have traditionally been compelled to turn almost exclusively to
animals – whether fish, fowl or mammals. This reliance has helped
engender a deep integration with nature. The Inuit hold a profound
relationship with fellow beings of the Arctic and an abiding respect
for them. This is a source of marvel to those just learning about
Inuit customs.

In the Inuit way of seeing the world, each living thing has a soul and a
spirit that endures even after life has left the body. The Inuit hunter is
grateful for the food, clothing and other necessities these creatures
provide. He (nearly all hunters are male) seeks to protect their spirits
so that others will come and the hunt can be renewed. Special rituals
are observed to show respect for the soul of a fallen animal. In one
important ritual, the hunter places fresh water, obtained from melted
snow, in the mouth of a slain seal to help slake its thirst. Other
rituals are observed with different animals. The concern is to show
kindness to the soul of the animal whose body is about to be put to
use by humans. Inuit seal hunters use a rifle shot to the head or the
thrust of a harpoon, causing instant death and sparing the animal
from agony.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 13
 Special rituals are observed to show respect for
SPIRIT, SOUL AND SUSTENANCE

the soul of a fallen animal

Inuit use the term qaujimajatuqangit to denote their traditional

knowledge of wildlife. Hunters are well aware of the dangers arising
from reckless killing of animals. This can bring future retaliation
in the form of famine. They know they must live in harmony with
nature and take no more than is needed. Only in this way can hunters
and their families feel confident that the natural foods and skins
they have relied upon in the past, and continue to appreciate today,
will be available for generations to come. This age-old respect for
environmental balance helps ensure that seals and other forms of
wildlife do indeed form a renewable resource.
Nunavut Tourism

14 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
 Another sign of respect for the principles of conservationism is the
way seals and other wildlife taken by Inuit hunters are put fully to
use. Very little goes to waste.

Seals, in particular the ringed seals that abound in the open waters
and beneath the winter ice cover of Canada’s eastern and central
Arctic, form a vital part of the traditional Inuit diet. Seal meat
is flavourful and very high in nutritional value. It is rich in high-
quality protein and polyunsaturated fats, as well as many vitamins
and minerals. It is low in unhealthy saturated fats but high in a
type of acid that breaks down fats. It contains omega-3, a type of
fat thought to aid resistance to heart disease, as well as retinol,
which is good for visual acuity and helps defend against upper
respiratory infection. The fat in seal meat stimulates the release of
prostagladin, which improves blood circulation.

In earlier times, seal meat was almost as common a part of the

daily diet as bread was in Europe. In the early 1700s, Nils Egede,
a Norwegian Lutheran missionary, modified one verse of a popular
prayer and called upon the Deity to “Give us this day our daily seal.”
Nunavut Tourism

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 15
SPIRIT, SOUL AND SUSTENANCE

Prince of Wales Heritage Centre

In recent generations, the Inuit way of life has undergone a

vast transformation, with semi-nomadic groupings replaced by
permanent settlements, heated bungalows, and food shipped from
southern Canada. Grocery stores offer a greater variety of foods than
the Arctic itself can provide, but this offers only a partial substitute
for the “country” foods that most Inuit continue to enjoy. Store-
bought meats and other products tend to be inferior in flavour and
nutritional value and often are very expensive. Heavy dependence
on store-bought food may lead to a variety of ailments, starting
with obesity, tooth decay, acne and anemia. Seal meat is constantly
monitored for POPS (persistent organic pesticides). POPS originate
from the European Industrialized Nations; the pesticides are
airborne and filter through the food chain.

Seals are generally not sold for commercial use, rather they pass
through informal family and community channels. Some hunters
continue to ply their trade on a full-time basis. Others have entered
the wage economy and hunt only on a part-time basis to sustain
themselves between hunting seasons. In either case, their arrival
back from hunting trips is eagerly awaited in their communities.

16 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Food is the prime reason for hunting, but the pelts of seals and
other animals are used to make boots and garments and shipped to
buyers in Canada and abroad who appreciate their many qualities.
Seals also have a heavy insulating layer of blubber that is put to
multiple uses. In the old days, the blubber was burned to provide
heat and light. Seal-oil capsules may become a source of export
income in the future. The seal’s intestines provide a resilient
material that is excellent for waterproof coverings. Everything may
be put to use.
Nunavut Tourism

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 17
 THE
SEAL

The seal has been a part of the Canadian Arctic for millions of
years, living mostly in the sea and on the ice. They are superbly well
adapted for their cold, wet environment. Their flippers and their
fat, sleek bodies enable them to move through the water with little
resistance, although they are less suited to movement on land.
Chris Earley

18 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Seals are mammals, not fish, which means they need air to breathe.
They maintain an internal body temperature similar to that of
humans. They have large quantities of blood in relation to their body
weight, and their blood has a high capacity for carrying oxygen. This
enables them to dive beneath the surface of the sea for prolonged
periods in search of food. A thick layer of blubber beneath the skin
provides effective insulation against frigid water temperatures that
would cause humans to die of hypothermia within several minutes.
The surface of their bodies has a temperature just above the freezing
point of water, showing how little heat escapes from inside. Their
eyes and hearing systems work well in a marine environment.
Their strong lungs and flexible bone structures can withstand the
pressures found many metres below the surface of the ocean.

Seals have been a part of the Canadian Arctic for

millions of years

Five main species of seals are found in Nunavut coastal waters. In

Nunavut, none is more important than the ringed seal. All belong
to the family known as “true seals.” Ringed and bearded seals are
present year-round. Harp seals and hooded seals migrate into the
area, mostly along the east Baffin coast, and may be found from late
spring to early fall. The fifth species, the harbour seal, is found in
various spots on an irregular basis.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 19
 Ringed seals are circumpolar in the Canadian Arctic
THE SEAL

and off the coasts of Greenland, Siberia and Alaska

The ringed seal, the smallest of the five main species, is especially
prized for the quality of its meat. It accounts for the vast majority
of seals harvested in Nunavut. It takes its name from the circular
markings on the back of the adult. The Inuit have many names for it,
depending on age, sex or condition. These names include nqetsiak
(whitecoat), nqetsiavinerk (silver jar), nqetsilak (adult), and tiggaq
(breeding male).

Ringed seals are circumpolar in the Canadian Arctic and off the
coasts of Greenland, Siberia and Alaska. The average adult is
135 centimetres long and weighs about 68 kilograms (mature
harp seals weigh nearly twice as much). The pupping season is
concentrated in a brief period from mid-March to early April. The
pregnant female finds a natural snow cave or excavates a lair in a
snowdrift over a breathing hole on stable ice. Her natural milk is
exceedingly rich in fat and solid matter. The pups gain weight very
quickly and are weaned after only two weeks.
Chris Earley

20 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Nunavut Tourism

The ringed seal is a solitary animal that moves great distances

on its own rather than in agglomerations or herds, unlike the
more gregarious harp seal that has been so widely portrayed. It is
uncommon to see more than one or two ringed seals together, and
they are often hidden under the ice or the water. Wildlife biologists
say this makes it difficult to estimate their numbers, but aerial strip
censusing and pup surveys tend to show that numbers run into the
millions and have tended to be stable.

The current rate of harvest is a sustainable yield without the survival

of the species being threatened in any way. Reproduction outweighs
the quantities harvested. The biggest alarm signal would be hunters
saying that seals are becoming scarcer. Other indications would be
reproduction at an earlier age or greater number of twins. None of
these phenomena has been observed in recent years. At present,
the biggest potential threat to seals comes not from hunters but
from climate change and potential developmental impacts, which
could affect ice conditions and make breeding more precarious.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 21
 Although Mother Nature has achieved a supreme level of harmony, it
THE SEAL

must be recognized that many of her creatures undergo early, violent

deaths. This may sound unpleasant, but it is an unchanging part of
reality. That is why nearly all species are endowed with the capacity
to reproduce in numbers that can overcome their natural rate of
elimination. If the birth rates of a given species run too high above
death rates and their numbers increase sharply, there will be greater
competition for food, and the result can be disease and starvation.
Numbers come back down until a balance is achieved. Humans are
the only species known to have escaped this rule, mainly in the last
three centuries. In so doing we have created huge environmental
pressures, which is all the more reason to show special care in the
way we as humans treat nature.
Nunavut Tourism

22 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Wildlife management in Nunavut
The hunting of seals and other wildlife in Nunavut is carefully
monitored by the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board. All catches
are recorded, and numbers are tallied for each community. The
management board was established under the terms of the Nunavut
Land Claims Agreement between the Inuit of Nunavut and the
Government of Canada. Its main guiding principle is to fulfill the need
for an effective system of wildlife management that takes account of
traditional Inuit harvesting rights and involves Inuit in all aspects of
management while contributing to the conservation of wildlife and
the protection of wildlife habitat, using both traditional knowledge
and modern science. Responsibilities include the awarding of
quotas in the commercial fishery and the enforcement of regulations
covering the hunting of various animals, including seals.
Nunavut Tourism

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 23
THE SEAL

Nunavut Sivuniksavut

Controversy
Disagreements over seals have erupted in places far removed
from Nunavut. Years ago, groups claiming to act in the interests
of conservation and animal welfare captured headlines in parts
of Canada, the United States and western Europe. These groups
fought for an end to the commercial sale of seal pelts and sealskin
products. The fund-raising drives of anti-sealing groups proved
so lucrative that their campaigns persisted long after their factual
basis was shown to be weak.

Without evidence indicating northern seals were endangered, they

attempted, instead, to stir public outrage by pointing to hunting
methods used in the harvest of harp seal pups in places far from
the Arctic. They played on emotion by portraying seal pups as “cute”
and “innocent.” Their clever manipulation led to a ban on sealskin
imports in the United States and in the European Union. The Inuit
were not targeted specifically, but the collapse of the market created
a domino effect. Normally, only products from endangered species
are covered by bans of this sort, but seals were used as a symbol.

24 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
 The U.S. Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972 and resolutions
by the European Parliament, influenced by highly paid anti-sealing
activists, caused a collapse in the worldwide demand for seal pelts.
The European ban did not specifically cover seals captured in the
Arctic, but the ensuing publicity destroyed what had been by far the
biggest market for sealskins.

The cruel effects on proud Arctic communities, devastated by the

disappearance of a major part of their traditional livelihood, included
Nunavut Sivuniksavut

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 25
 higher dependency on government assistance and a sudden jump
THE SEAL

in suicide rates. The animal rights movement was seen “as more
than just another agent of cultural imperialism,” a study on suicide
rates stated in 1996. “The anti-sealing lobby was viewed as a direct
assault on Inuit culture, identity, values and spirituality.”

A commission of inquiry appointed by the Canadian government

in the wake of the anti-sealing protests concluded that the
killing of wild animals can be justified on ethical grounds if four
conditions are met: the existence of the species is not threatened;
no unnecessary pain or cruelty is inflicted; the killing serves an
important use; and the killing involves a minimum of waste.
The Nunavut seal hunt easily meets all these qualifications.

Part of the problem lies with the appealing features of young seal.
Its large eyes, light fur and round form provide compelling imagery
that can be easily used to build an emotional campaign. It would
be much harder with animals possessing less alluring physical
characteristics. This tactic is unrelated to any true environmental
concern. Consequently, several important conservation groups have
dissociated themselves from the anti-sealing movement.
Nunavut Sivuniksavut

26 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
The value of sealing to Nunavut
Those who single out sealskin for discriminatory bans must
consider the impact on communities where seals have long been
central to their economic and cultural well-being. The seal hunt
in Nunavut is conducted with respect for the animal and hunters
take seals primarily for their meat. The skins are first used in the
community for clothing, arts and crafts. Surplus skins may then
be commercially traded. This income is important to hunters and
contributes to their subsistence lifestyle, providing local country
food as an alternative to store-bought foods from southern Canada.

Inuit have always been closely connected to their environment.

Being out on the land provides valuable information about the
health of the environment, reveals the quality of the sea ice and
enables the transfer of skills and traditional knowledge from elders
to youth. Those who impose legislation that dictates which aspects
of a culture are acceptable are exercising a new form of colonialism.
Economically, the bans on seal products strike twice: first, through
the loss of a significant source of income and second, through the
increased expenditures for store-bought foods. The final blow, to
Inuit culture and their traditions is immeasurable.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 27
 C L O T H I NG FOR A
COL D C L I MAT E
Qikiqtani Inuit Association

28 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
Animal skins continue to form
an irreplaceable part of the Inuit wardrobe. Caribou is favoured for
the heaviest and warmest winter coats, while sealskin is excellent
for lighter spring coats and unequalled for kamiks, as Nunavut’s
traditional boots are known. Factory-made fabric items from the
south are also used, but nothing matches traditional clothing
for warmth.

Elements of style vary across the Arctic, and older people can
sometimes pinpoint where a visitor comes from just by looking at the
decorative touches on traditional clothing. Some design elements
are consistent, regardless of where in the Inuit world the articles are
made. The most important quality is heat conservation. Clothing and
footwear must keep the wearers warm even under extremely cold
conditions. They also must “breathe” to eliminate humidity and yet
hold fast against wind and moisture.

Another important quality is durability. No woven or artificial fabric,

and no method of clothing or footwear construction, has yet equaled
traditional Inuit articles in achieving these characteristics. In the
coldest weather it is common to wear two layers of animal skin
for extra warmth. Inuit garments are designed to be worn loosely
enough for warm air to circulate inside but without openings to let
cold air in.

Before sealskin garments can be sewn, the hide of the animal has to
go through a series of treatments. It must be cleaned in fresh water
as soon as possible to wash away blood, salt and fat. It is later laid on
a board where fat and blubber are scraped away. After more washing
and scraping, the skin is stretched around a frame and left in an
airy place to dry. Then it is painstakingly chewed or stamped upon to
remove stiffness. In some cases skins are sent south for professional
dressing. This improves their appearance, but some Inuit say there
may be a small compromise in warmth.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 29
 Fashion
C LOT H I N G FO R A C O L D C L I M AT E

Nunavut residents are showing renewed pride in sealskin. Locally

made sealskin coats are featured in fashion shows held around
Nunavut and other parts of Canada. Many garments use animal
bone for buttons and clasps. Seal also makes an excellent trim for
leather or fabric garments. Besides making a fashion statement,
these materials are available locally, avoid the cost of flying in
mass-produced alternatives, and puts waste materials to good
use. To symbolize the importance of seal to northerners, the
Nunavut Legislative Assembly has covered its chairs in sealskin
and government officials carry sealskin briefcases.

In Canada, Denmark and other countries, the beauty, versatility,

durability and warmth of sealskin inspire designers to create
garments that compete with the best the fur world has to offer.
Higher demand for sealskin in key markets in Asia and Russia
can spur new design trends and opportunities for many Inuit
communities. Consumers of fur products from Nunavut contribute
to the well-being of northern communities where economic
opportunities are limited, help preserve cultural traditions, and
support sustainable, humane harvesting of a non-farmed species.

30 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
 Qikiqtani Inuit Association

SEALING IN NUNAVUT
31
 BUILDING
AN ECONOMIC
FUTURE
Nunavut is reaching a turning point in its economic development.
For thousands of years, economic activity consisted mainly of
hunting and fishing, together with offshoots such as production
of clothing and footwear from animal skins. In the 19th and early
20th centuries, foreign whaling vessels provided work to people
from several communities. In the latter half of the 20th century,
the government presence has grown to become the biggest single
source of employment and support.

32 SEALING IN NUNAVUT
As Nunavut takes increasing control of its destiny in the new century,
greater economic diversity and a stronger private sector have
become the order of the day. A young and fast-growing population
will require job and business opportunities based not only in areas of
enterprise but in areas founded on traditional activities as well.

Traditional activities such as hunting and fishing are part of the new
economic landscape. The sustainable harvest will continue to provide
sustenance for families and communities throughout the territory
and is an indispensable alternative to commercial food products.
Several studies have concluded that seal and other wild meats have
a high economic value throughout Nunavut. Seal-oil capsules are
being touted as a potential export product aimed at health-conscious
consumers and the market for seal leather is promising. The fishery
is also a source of strength, with Arctic char, turbot and shrimp being
shipped to southern markets.

Products from the hands and imaginations of Inuit artists and

artisans are providing expanded opportunities for commercial sale
and worldwide export. High-quality animal skins, converted into
alluring garments, boots and other objects, will provide important
work in distant communities, linking them more closely with the
world beyond. Artistic creations such as prints and soapstone
carvings from Nunavut have enjoyed global acclaim for decades
and are being joined by new forms of artistic expression, including
top-quality silver and copper jewelry, often with animal motifs.

SEALING IN NUNAVUT 33
 Back Cover

Fisheries and Sealing Division

Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut
PO Box 1000, Station 1310, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0
867.975.7700 867.975.7742 [email protected]

www.sealingnunavut.ca
36 SEALING IN NUNAVUT