1. (a) A species of caterpillar, the holly looper, feeds on the leaves of the holly plant.

Holly plants produce red berries that are eaten by a species of bird, the song
thrush. Song thrushes also eat caterpillars and are eaten by hawks.
(i) Use the information above to
 Complete the food web below by writing the name of one species in
each box.
 Draw arrows between the boxes to show the direction of energy flow
between organisms.

(ii) State, for the food web above, the number of:

Species that are producers …………………………………………………..

Species that are consumers ………………………………………………….
Trophic levels ……………………………………………………………….
[3]

(b) The diagrams show a pyramid of numbers and a pyramid of biomass for a
sycamore tree.

Explain the different shapes of the two pyramids.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………...………[4]

(c) State the type of cell division that produces egg cell in human.

………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

[total 10]

2. A study investigated the probability of pregnancy resulting from sexual

intercourse on specific days of the menstrual cycle.
The graph shows the results of this study.

(a) (i) The study shows a probability of 20% that sexual intercourse three days
before ovulation will result in pregnancy.

State how many times more likely pregnancy is if sexual intercourse takes
place two days later.

[1]

3
 (ii) Explain the role of named hormones in the menstrual cycle during the
days investigated by this study.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………..[5]

(b) The diagram shows a fetus developing in the uterus of a pregnant female
human.

Name structures X and describe the functions of this structure.

Name …………………………………………………………………………
Functions …………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
[total 9]

4
3. HIV is a pathogen that can cause AIDS.
(a) Describe how HIV is a transmitted from one person to another.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..……………..……………[3]

(b) All viruses contain genetic material. HIV contains genetic material called RNA.
State one other feature common to all viruses.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(c) (i) Describe the function of lymphocytes.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….………………………………………………..[3]

(ii) Explain how HIV weakened a person’s immune system.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..[3]

(d) State the one advantage and one disadvantage of breastfeeding against bottle
feeding.

Advantage ……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Disadvantage …………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..………………….
[2]
[total 12]

5
4. There are four blood groups in the ABO system in humans: A, B, AB and O.
The gene that determines blood group has three alleles: IA, IB and Io.

(a) Parents with the genotypes IAIO & IBIO are planning to have more children.
Complete the genetic diagram to determine the probability that the next child
will have blood group O.

Parent blood groups A B

Parental genotypes IA Io IB Io

Punnett square

Phenotypes of the children:

……………………………………………………………………………………..

Probability that the child who have blood group O ……………………….

[4]

(b) Explain why the ABO blood group system is an example of co-dominance.

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………...………………………………[2]

(c) Fig 4.1 shows the percentages of the global population with the four different
blood groups in the ABO system.

Fig 4.1

6
 With reference to Fig 4.1, explain why the ABO blood group system is an
example of discontinuous variation.

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(d) A researcher investigated genetic variation in fruit flies, Drosophila

melanogaster.
The bodies of fruit flies can be black or yellow. A yellow body colour is a
recessive feature in fruit flies.

(i) Two heterozygous fruit flies with black bodies were bred together.
Predict the phenotypes of the offspring and the phenotypic ratio for
the cross.
………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(ii) In another fruit fly breeding experiment, researchers counted 124

offspring with black bodies and 121 offspring with yellow bodies.
Draw a genetic diagram to explain the results of this cross. Use the
letter B to represent the allele for black body colour and the letter b
to represent the allele for yellow body colour.

[total 14]

7
5. Fig 4.1 shows some of the stages in the reproduction of the bacterium
Escherichia coli.

Fig 4.1

(a) Complete the sentences about the cells in Fig. 4.1.

The DNA is in the form of a double _____________________. The DNA is

copied so that the number of loops of DNA after cell division is
______________ in each daughter cell. The daughter cells are genetically
__________________ to the original cell. [3]

(b) Students used a microscope and time-lapse photography to observe E. coli

cells reproducing.
They used the series of photographs to identify which cells were dividing.
They measured the lengths of the dividing cells and put their data into two
groups.
 Cell lengths immediately before cell division
 Cell lengths immediately after cell division
Fig 4.2 shows their results.

8
 Fig 4.2
(i) Use the information in Fig 4.2 to state the most frequent cell length of the E.
coli cells immediately after cell division.
Give your answer in millimetres.

………….……………………...mm [2]
(ii) Some students concluded that the cells must be at least 6µm in length before
cell division can occur.
Describe the evidence against the students’ conclusion. Use the information
in Fig. 4.2 to support your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(iii) Some cells in human become red blood cells and others become cells in the
muscle.
Explain why it is important that only some of the genes in a cell are expressed
in these cells.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

9
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….………………………….[3]

(c) Modern horse breeds look very different to each other, but still belong to the
same species.
Fig 4.3 shows three different horse breeds.

Fig. 4.3

(i) Shire horses have been produced by selective breeding. They are strong and
can pull heavy loads.
Describe the process of selective breeding.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..…………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………...[3]

(ii) Describe how natural selection differs from selective breeding.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

[total 15]
End of question paper

Prepapred by checked by
Tan VL Ng Johan

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