Physics Formulas

Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg.
Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and

Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps
v = u + at, s = ut + 1
at2, v2 − u2 = 2as
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced. 2
0.1: Physical Constants Relative Velocity: →vA/B = →vA − →vB
Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s

u
Planck constant h 6.63× 10−34 J s y
hc 1242 eV-nm x
u sin
H
Gravitation constant G 6.67× 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 Projectile Motion:
θ
θ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38× 10−23 J/K O u cos
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K) θ R
Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1
1 2
Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10−19 C x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 2 gt
g
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 y = x tan θ— x2
uum 2u cos2 θ
2
Permitivity of vacuum ϵ0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ
Coulomb constant 1 T= , R= , H=
4πє
0 9 × 109 N m2/C2 g g 2g
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol
Mass of electron me 9.1 × 10−31 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 × 10−27 kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 × 10−27 kg Linear momentum: p→ = m→v
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV/c2 Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4)
Newton’s second law: F→ = dp→
dt , F→ = m→a
constant
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1 Newton’s third law: F→ = −F→
AB BA
Bohr magneton µB 9.27× 10−24 J/T
Bohr radius a0 0.529× 10−10 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = µsN, fkinetic = µkN
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325× 105 Pa 2 2
Wien displacement b 2.9 × 10−3 m K Banking angle: v
= tan θ, v
= µ+tan θ
rg rg 1−µ tan θ
constant
Centripetal force: F = mv 2
, a = v2
c r c r
1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: pseudo

= −m→a , F
0 centrifugal r
mv2
=−
F→
1.1: Vectors Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:
√ √
vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl
Notation: →a = ax ˆı + ay ȷˆ+ az kˆ
q
Magnitude: a = |→a| = a2 + a2 + q
x y z θ
l cos θ l
Conical pendulum: T = 2π
a2 θ T
Dot product: →a ·→b = axbx + ayby + azbz = ab cos θ g
ˆı mg
→a × →b
Cross product:
→b
kˆ ȷˆ
→a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
→a ×→b = (aybz − a z b y )ˆı +(azbx − axbz)ȷˆ+ (axby − ∫
Work: W = F→ · S→ = FS cos θ,W = F→ · dS→
a y b x )kˆ
2
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv2 = 2m
p
|→a × →b| = ab sin θ

→aav = ∆→v/∆t →ainst = d→v/dt
1.2: Kinematics
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.:
→vav = ∆→r/∆t, →vinst = d→r/dt
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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 2
Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative

forces.
Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 1 kx2 2
Work done by conservative forces is path

indepen- dent and depends only on initial
H
and final points:
F→conservative · d→r = 0.
Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K

Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are

conservative in nature. Rotation about an axis with constant α:
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 21 αt2, ω2 − ω02 = 2αθ

Power P = ∆W
, = F→ · →v
P
av ∆t inst
Σ ∫
Moment of Inertia: I = 2
i m i ri , I= r2dm
1.5: Centre of Mass and
Σ Collision
xm i i ,
xdm 2 1
mr2 2 2
Σ ,
Centre of mass: xcm = , xcm = dm mr2 1
2
mr2 2
3
mr2 2
5
mr2
1
12 ml
2 mr 2 m(a +b )
12
mi
solid rectangle
CM of few useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow
m1 r m2 b
a
1. m1, m2 separated by r: C
m2 r I
m1+m2
m1 r Ic
m1+m2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: I = Icm + md2 d
cm
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = 3h h
C
h
3
z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
2r x
3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π
√
4. Semicircular disc: y = 4r Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
c 3π C 4r
r
Angular Momentum: L→ = →r × L→ = I ω→
3π
p→,
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = r
C r
r 2 y
dtdL→ P θ →
Torque: →τ = →r × F→ , →τ =
2 F
, τ = Iα
→r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 3r
O x
8
r
C 3r
8
Conservation of L→ : =0 L→ = const.
ext
→τ =⇒
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for Σ Σ
Equilibrium condition: F→ = →0, →τ = →0
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 1
2
Iω2
Σ Dynamics:
Motion of the CM: M =
mi
F→
→τcm = F→ext = p→cm = m→vcm
Σ 1 2 1m→acm2, →
Icm α→ ,
→vcm =
mi →v
i
p→
cm = M →v
cm , →a
cm =
ext
, M M K= 2
mvcm + 2 Icmω , L = I cm ω→ + →rcm ×
∫ m→vcm
Impulse: J→ = F→ dt =
1.7: Gravitation
∆p→ Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F
Gravitational force: F = Gm1rm2 2
v1 v2 v1′ v2′
Momentum conservation: m1v1 +m2v2 = m1v1′ +m2v2′
Elastic Collision: 21 m1 v1 2+12 m2 v2 2 = 21 m1 v1′ 2+12 m 2 v2′ 2 Potential energy: U = − GMm
r
m2 r
Coefficient of restitution:
Gravitational acceleration: g = GM
−(v1′ − v′2) 1,
R2
v 1 0 completely elastic
e= —v
2
= , completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − h
R

If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v1′ = −v1. Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 − 2h

R
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v2′ = 2v1.
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1′ = v2 and v2′ = v1. Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)
1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

Angular velocity: ωav = ∆θ
∆t
, ω= dθ
dt
, →v = ω→ × →r
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆ω

, α= dω
, →a = α→ × →r
∆t dt

ω→
A→
Superposition of two SHM’s: A→ 2
mω2R cos є δ
mg θ
mgθ′ = mg − mω2R cos2 θ θ A→ 1
R
x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt +

q δ) x q
= x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + ϵ)
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = A= A 2
+A 2
+ 2A A cos δ
R 1 2 1 2
q A2 sin δ
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan ϵ =
R A1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter
a
Modulus of rigidity: Y = F/A
, B = −V ∆P
, η= F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the ∆l/l ∆V Aθ

focus. Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ d L→ 1 dV
/dt = 0). Third: T 2 ∝ a3. In circular orbit T2= Compressibility: K = B =− V dP
2 GM 1
4π
a3.
lateral strain ∆D/D
Poisson’s ratio: σ = =
longitudinal strain ∆l/l
1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion

Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.) Elastic energy: U = 1 2stress × strain × volume
2
d x k
Acceleration: a = dt 2 = − mx = −ω x
2
√ Surface tension: S = F/l

Time period: T = 2πω = 2π
m
k
Surface energy: U = SA
Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ)
√ Excess pressure in bubble:
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2
∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R
Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ

rρg
U
Potential energy: U = 2 kx 1 2
x
−A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh

Kinetic energy K = 21 mv2 K
x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A 0 A
Total energy: E = U + K = 1 Equation of continuity: A1v1 = A2v2 v2

1
mω2A2 2
v
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 1 ρv2 + ρgh = constant
2
q √
Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
Simple pendulum: T = 2π gl
l
Viscous force: F = −ηA dvdx
q F
I
Physical Pendulum: T = mgl
Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
2π
v
q 4
Poiseuilli’s equation: Volume flow
= πpr
r
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π I
k
time 8ηl
l
2r2(ρ −σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η
Springs in series: 1
= 1
+ 1
k1 k2
keq k1 k2

k2
Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2
k1

q
2 Waves 4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2

q T
2.1 : Waves Motion 5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3

Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.c2Lomµ | pg. 8
2 2 2L µ
y y
General equation of wave: ∂
= 1 ∂
. 6. All harmonics are present.
∂x2 v2 ∂t2
Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe-

riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k,
L
T = 1 = 2π , v = νλ, k = 2π
String fixed at one end:
N A
ν ω λ A N
Progressive wave travelling with speed v: λ/2
y = f (t − x/v), ~ +x; y = f (t + x/v), ~ 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0

−x 2. q
Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ , ν = 2n+1 T
, n =
y 4 4L µ
0, 1, 2, . . ..
A q
x
λ λ 3. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 4L1 T
2
q µ
st
Progressive sine wave:
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3
qT
4L µ
y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − t/T ))
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5
4L µ
T
2.2 : Waves on a String 6. Only odd harmonics are present.
Speed of waves on a string
√ with mass per unit length µ
and tension T : v = T/µ q
√
Sonometer: ν ∝ 1L ,ν T,ν∝ 1
√
µ
.ν= n T
µ
2 2 2 ∝ 2L
Transmitted power: Pav = 2π µvA ν
Interference: 2.3 : Sound Waves
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ) Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)
y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + ϵ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0

q
Speed of sound waves:
A= A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cos δ
A2 sin δ s s s
tan ϵ = B Y γP
A1 + A2 cos δ vliquid =
2nπ, constructive; , vsolid = , vgas =
δ= ρ ρ ρ
(2n + 1)π, 2
B
2
p0 v
2
Intensity: I = 2π
s 2 ν2 = = p0
destructive.
v 0 2B 2ρv
2A cos kx
Standing Waves: x
A N A N A
Standing longitudinal waves:
λ/4
p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t + x/v)
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt
y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin
ωt n + 1 λ , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
x=
2
2
antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . .
n 2λ ,
. L
Closed organ pipe:
L
String fixed at both ends:

N A N A N
λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0

2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ , ν = (2n + 1) v , n =
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L 0, 1, 2, . . . 4 4L

q
T
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ , ν = n
, n = 1, 2, 3, . 3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν 0 = v
2 2L µ 4L
. .. q 4L
st
3. Fundamental/1 harmonics: ν0 = 1 st rd
4. 1 overtone/3 harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 = 3v
2L µ
T

5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 5v

S1 P
4L y
6. Only odd harmonics are present. Path difference: ∆x = dy
D d θ
S2
D
A Phase difference: δ = 2π
λ
∆x
N
Open organ pipe: Interference Conditions: for integer n,
L A
N 2nπ, constructive;
δ=
A (2n + 1)π, destructive,
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
Allowed freq.: L = n2λ , ν = n4Lv , n = 1, 2, . . .
1
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = v n+
nλ, λ, destructive
constructive;
2L ∆x = 2
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2ν0 = 2v
2L
nd rd
4. 2 overtone/3 harmonics: ν2 = 3ν0 = 3v Intensity:
√
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos δ,
2L
√ √ 2 √ 2
5. All harmonics are present. Imax = I1 + I2 , min = — I2

√
I I1
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 δ , Imax = 4I0, Imin = 0
2
l1 + d
Fringe width: w = λD
d
l2 + d
Resonance column: Optical path: ∆x′ = µ∆x
Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

l1 + d = λ
2
, l2 + d = 3λ
4
, v = 2(l2 − l1)ν
nλ, constructive;
∆x = 2µd
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies ω 1 ≈ 2 = 2
ω n+ 1
λ, destructive.
p1 = p0 sin ω1(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω2(t − x/v)
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos ∆ω(t − x/v) sin ω(t − x/v) Diffraction from a single slit: θ
y
b
y
ω = (ω1 + ω2)/2, ∆ω = ω1 − ω2 (beats freq.)
D
For Minima: nλ = b sin θ ≈ b(y/D)
Doppler Effect:
v + uo Resolution: sin θ = 1.22λ
b
ν= ν0
v − us θ
Law of Malus: I = cos2 θ I0 I
I0
where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is
the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
negative when it moves away from the source, and us
is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the observer and
negative when it moves away from the observer.
2.4 : Light Waves

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Plane Wave: E = E0 sin ω(t −vx ), I = I0 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
Spherical Wave: E = aE0
r sin ω(t − vr ), I = I0
r2

Young’s
double slit experiment

h i
3 Optics Lens maker’s formula: 1
= (µ − 1) 1
− 1
f R1 R2
3.1: Reflection of Light f

1
Lens formula: 1
− = 1
, m= v
normal v u f u
Laws of reflection: (i)
incident i r reflected
u v
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r Power of the lens: P = 1
f
, P in diopter if f in metre.
Two thin lenses separated by distance d:

Plane mirror:
d d
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
= + − d
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f2 f1f2
f1 f2
I
Spherical Mirror: O
f
v
3.3: Optical Instruments
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2
Objective Eyepiece
2. Mirror equation: 1 + 1 = 1
v u f
v O ∞
3. Magnification: m = − u Compound microscope:
u v fe
3.2: Refraction of Light D
Refractive index: µ = speed of light in vacuum

= c 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D
speed of light in medium v u fe
incident reflected 2. Resolving
θ
power: R = 1
= 2µ sin
Snell’s Law: sin i

= µ2
µ1 i
∆d λ
sin r µ1
µ2 fo fe
r refracted
Apparent depth: µ = real depth

= d
Astronomical telescope:
apparent depth d' d'
d I
O
Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1

µ fo
µ θc 1. In normal adjustment: m = − , L = fo + fe
fe
2. Resolving power: R = 1
= 1
∆θ 1.22λ
A 3.4: Dispersion
δ
Deviation by a prism:
i i'
r r' Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + λA2 , A>0
µ
Dispersion by prism with small A and i:
δ = i + i − A,
′
general result 1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A
A+δm
sin ′ 2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr)A
µ= 2
, i = i for minimum deviation
sin 2A Dispersive power: ω = µv −µr ≈ (if A and i small)
θ
δ µy −1 δy
δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A δm
A µ'
' i
Dispersion without deviation:
i
µ A'
µ1 µ2 (µy − 1)A + (µ y − 1)A = 0
′ ′
Refraction at spherical surface:

P Q Deviation without′ dispersion:
(µ − µ )A = (µ − µ′ )A′
O v

v r v r
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1v
v − u= R , m = µ2u

4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes
4.1: Heat and Temperature First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
Temp. scales: F = 32 + 59 C, K = C + 273.16 Work done by the gas:

Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∫ V2
∆W = p∆V, W= pdV
V1
van der Waals equation: p + Va 2 (V − b) = nRT
V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln
Thermal expansion: L = L0(1 + α∆T ), V1
A = A0(1 + β∆T ), V = V0(1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1)
3α
Thermal stress of a material: F
=Y ∆l Wadiabatic = p1V1 − p2V2

A l γ−1
Wisochoric = 0
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases
General: M = mNA, k = R/NA T1
Q1
n Efficiency of the heat engine: W
Q2
Maxwell distribution of speed: T2
vp vrms v work done by the engine Q1 − Q2

v¯ η= =
q q heat supplied to it Q1
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT = 3RT
Q T
q
m M ηcarnot =1− 2 =1− 2
Q1 T1
Average speed: v¯ = 8RT
πm q
=q πM
T1
8kT 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: Q1
Most probable speed: vp = m

W
Q2
T2
Pressure: p = 1
ρv2
3 rms COP = Q2
= Q2
W Q1−Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 1
kT for each degree of ∫
2 f ∆Q
f
freedom. Thus, K = kT for molecule having f Entropy: ∆S = ∆Q
T
, Sf − S i = i T
2
grees of freedoms. de-
Const. T : ∆S = Q
, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln Tf
T Ti
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = f nRT
2
. Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant
4.3: Specific Heat

4.5: Heat Transfer
Specific heat: s = Q
m∆T Conduction: ∆Q
= −KA ∆T
∆t x
Latent heat: L = Q/m
Specific heat at constant volume: C Thermal resistance: R = KA
x
∆Q
=
v n∆T Rseries = R1 + R2 1 x1
+ x2 K1 K2 A
V =
Specific heat at constant pressure: C A K1 K2
∆Q x1 x2
=
p n∆T
p K2 A2
1 1 1
Relation between Cp and Cv: Cp − Cv = R Rparallel = R1 + R2 = 1
x (K1A1 + K2A2) K1 A1
x
Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp/Cv
Relation between U and C : ∆U = nC ∆T
emissive power E
v v Kirchhoff’s Law: absorptive power =abody
body
= Eblackbody
Specific heat of gas mixture: Eλ
Cv =

n1Cv1 + n2Cv2 n 2 C p2 Wien’s displacement law: λmT = b

n 1 C p1
n1 + n2 , γ= n1Cv1 + λ
+ λm
n2Cv2
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f

RT Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆Q
= σeAT 4
2
, ∆t
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic
gas. Newton’s law of cooling: dT
dt
= −bA(T − T0)

5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.3: Capacitors
5.1: Electrostatics Capacitance: C = q/V

Coulomb’s law: F→ = 1 q1q2
rˆ −q +q
4πє0 r2 q1 r Parallel plate capacitor: C = ϵ0A/d
q2 A A
d
Electric field: E→ (→r) = 1q
E→
q →r
rˆ r2
4πє0 r2
1 q1q2
Electrostatic energy: U = − +q
r1
4πє0r1r2
Spherical capacitor: C =
4πє0 r r2−r1 −q
Electrostatic potential: V = 1 q
4πє0 r
∫ →r
dV = − E→ · →r, V (→r) = E · d→r 2πє05
− Cylindrical capacitor: C = r2
→∞ ln(r2 /r1 ) l
r1
p→
Electric dipole moment: p→ = qd→
−q +q A
d Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = + C2 C1 C2
C1 B
Potential of a dipole: V = 1 p cos 8 V (r)
θr
4πє0 r2
p→ Capacitors in series: 1
= C
1
+ 1
C C1 C2
Ceq 1 2 A B
Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:

Field of a dipole: θr F= Q
2
Eθ 2Aє0
p→ 2
Er = 1 2p cos 8
, E8 = 1 p sin 8 Energy stored in capacitor: U = 1
CV 2 = Q
= 1
QV
4πє0 4πє0 r3 2 2C 2
r3
→ → Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 1
ϵ0E2
Torque on a dipole placed in E: →τ = p→ × E 2
є0KA
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E→ : U = −p→ · Capacitor with dielectric: C = d
E→
5.4: Current electricity
5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications
H
Electric flux: φ = E→ · d S→
H Current density: j = i/A = σE
Gauss’s law: E→ · d S→ = qin/ϵ0
Drift speed: vd = 1 eE
2 m
i
τ = neA
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis:

Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ
1 qx a
EP = 4πє0 q x P
Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0(1 + α∆T )
(a2+x2)3/2
E→ Ohm’s law: V = iR
E and V (
of a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Qr
, for r < R Kirchhoff’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
4πє0 R3 E
E 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
, for r ≥ R
= ( 4πє0 r i.e., Σnode Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
r2 O
Q r
2 R sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
3− , for r < R
8πє0R V
V= 1 Q
,
R2
for r ≥ R in a circuit is zero i.e., Σ loop∆ i =
4πє0 r O
r V 0. A
R Resistors in parallel: 1 = 1 + 1
R1 R2 R1 R2
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: Req
B
0, for r < ( E
R
4πє0 Q
R 1 Q
V= 1
Q , for r ≥ R
, r
1
4πє0 O
E= r2 for r < R R

V series: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
Resistors in A
R1 RB
2
↑ G
4πє0 r
, for r ≥ R r Wheatstone bridge:
O R R3 R4
Field of a line charge: E = λ

2πє0 r
V
Balanced if R1/R2 = R3/R4.
Field of an infinite sheet: E = σ
2є 0
Electric Power: P = V 2/R = I2R = IV
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = σ
є0

i ig G i Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B→ :

Galvanometer as an Ammeter:
i − ig U = −µ→ · B→
S
igG = (i − ig)S 5
Hall effect: Vw = Bi
ned B→
y x
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: R G w
↑ i d z
A ig B
VAB = ig(R + G)
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
Charging of capacitors: ⊗ B→
Biot-Savart law: d B→ µ0 i d→5
i
= →r × 8
3
→
4π r r
h i V d→5
t
q(t) = CV 1 − e −
RC
82
C
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0e— RC
t
Field due to a straight conductor: i d ⊗ B→
q(t)
81
R
µ 0i
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC B= 4πd
(cos θ1 − cos θ2)
µ0i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd
Peltier effect: emf e = ∆H

= Peltier heat
.
dF µ i i i1 i2
∆Q charge transferred Force between parallel wires: d5

= 0 1 2
2πd
Seeback effect: e d
T
T0 Tn Ti a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + bT 1 2
d
Field on the axis of a ring: i B→
2. Thermoelectric power: 2de/dt = a + bT
.
2
µ0ia
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. BP = 2(a2+d2)3/2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b.
a
∆H Thomson heat µ0i8
Field at the centre of an arc: B = B→ 8 i
Thomson effect: emf e = = = σ∆T . 4πa ⊙
∆Q charge transferred a
Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is

µ0i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
m = Zit = 1
F
Eit H
Ampere’s law: B→ · d→l = µ0Iin
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g
is Faraday constant. Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0ni, n = N
5
5
Ni
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = µ2πr
0
r
Lorentz force on a moving charge: F→ = q→v × B→ +

qE→ B→
Field of a bar magnet: 2
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: B→ 1

S dd
v N
q mv 2πm
r= qB , T = qB
r µ0 2M µ0 M
B→ ⊗ B1 = 4π d3 , B2 = 4π d3
Force on a current carrying wire: δ

Angle of dip: Bh = B cos

Formulae Sheet for Physics B
www.concepts- of-physics.com | δpg. 19
→ →
Horizontal Bh Bv B
5
F i
F → = i →l × →
µ0ni
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan θ = , i = K tan θ
B→
2r
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole):
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i = k
θ
µ→
A→
µ→ = i A→ nAB
i q
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π MBIh
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B→ : →τ = µ→ × B→

Permeability: → →
B = µH

5.7: Electromagnetic Induction C R Z

1
H RC circuit: i ωC
φ
Magnetic flux: φ = B→ ·
dS→
e0 s˜ in
R
dφ
√
Faraday’s law: e = − Z = R 2 + (1/ωC) 2 , tan φ = 1
dt ωCR
Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L R R
poses the change in magnetic flux.
LR circuit: i
ωL
φ
√
e0 s˜ in
Z
+
Motional emf: e = Blv Z= R2 + ω2L2, tan φ = ωL
R
5 →v
⊗ B→
—
L C R 1 1
Z
Self inductance: φ = Li, e = −L di
LCR Circuit: i
ωC
ωC − ωL
φ
˜
ωL
dt q e0 s i n ωt R
2 2 1 2 −ωL
Z= R 2+ q − ωL , tan φ = 1
Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0n (πr
h i ωC
ωC R
l) t 1 1
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = e
1 − e− L/R
νresonance =
R 2π LC
i
L Power factor: P = ermsirms cos φ
R
0.63 R
e
e N1 N2
˜ ˜
e1 e2
L
t Transformer: NN21 = e1
e2 , e1i1 = e2i2
S i R
i1 i2
t
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0e— L/R √
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0ϵ0
L i
R
i0
0.37i0
t
S i L
R
Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R
Energy stored in an inductor: U = 12 Li2

2
Energy density of B field: u = U
= B
V 2µ0
Mutual inductance: φ = Mi, e = −M didt
EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = NABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T
i = i0 sin(ωt + φ), T = 2π/ω
∫
T
Average current in AC: ¯i = T1 0 i dt =
0 i1/2
h i2
RMS current: irms = 1T 0
i2T
= i0
√
t
2
dt T
Energy: E = irms2RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy

Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1
“IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
ωC
and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
Inductive reactance: XL = ωL by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
Imepedance: Z = e0/i0

6 Modern Physics N
N0
6.1: Photo-electric effect Population at time t: N = N0e−λt N0

2
Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ O t1/2 t
Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ

Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ
Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h

Population after n half lives: N = N0/2n.
V0
Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn] − M
Stopping potential: Vo = hc
e 1
λ —φ
e
hc
e
Binding energy: B = + (A − Z)mn — M ] 2
φ 1
hc
λ [Zmp c
—φe
Q-value: Q = U − U
i f
de Broglie wavelength: λ =
h/p Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
where ∆m = mreactants − mproducts.
6.2: The Atom
Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
mZ2e4 13.6Z2 D
En = − , En = − eV Half Wave Rectifier:
8ϵ 02h2n2 n2 R Output
Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit: ˜

ϵ0h2n2
n2a0 ˚ Full Wave Rectifier:
rn =
πmZe 2
, rn =
Z
, a0 = 0.529 A ˜ Output
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh

Grid
2π
Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Triode Valve: Cathode
Filament Plate
E2 E2
hν hν ∆Vp
E1
Emission
E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ∆ip
Absorption ∆Vg =0
Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition

Transconductance of a triode: g = ∆ip
from nth to mth state: m g ∆Vp=0
∆V
∆Vgp
1 12 1 Amplification by a triode: µ = − ∆V ∆ip=0
λ = RZ2 n − m2
Relation between rp, µ, and gm: µ = rp × gm
I Kα
X-ray spectrum: λmin = hc

eV Kβ Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
λmin λα λ
Ib
√
Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b) I
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ α and β parameters of a transistor: α = Ie

c
, β =
Ic α
Ib
, β = 1−α
Heisenberg uncertainity principle: Nuclear radius: R = R0A1/3, R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π)
dt
Decay rate: dN
= −λN
6.3: The Nucleus

Transconductance: gm = ∆Ic
∆V
be
Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B AB¯ +
0 0 0 0 1 1 A¯ B
0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0


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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg.

Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and

0.1: Physical Constants Relative Velocity: →vA/B = →vA − →vB

Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s

1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: pseudo

Dot product: →a ·→b = axbx + ayby + azbz = ab cos θ g

|→a × →b| = ab sin θ

→vav = ∆→r/∆t, →vinst = d→r/dt

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Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative

Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 1 kx2 2

Work done by conservative forces is path

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Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are

ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 21 αt2, ω2 − ω02 = 2αθ

CM of few useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow

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If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v1′ = −v1. Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 − 2h

1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

Angular Accel.: αav = ∆ω

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x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt +

First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the ∆l/l ∆V Aθ

1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion

√ Surface tension: S = F/l

Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ

Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh

Total energy: E = U + K = 1 Equation of continuity: A1v1 = A2v2 v2

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2 Waves 4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2

2.1 : Waves Motion 5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3

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Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe-

Progressive wave travelling with speed v: λ/2

y = f (t − x/v), ~ +x; y = f (t + x/v), ~ 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0

Interference: 2.3 : Sound Waves

y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ) Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)

y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + ϵ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0

String fixed at both ends:

λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0

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5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 5v

5. All harmonics are present. Imax = I1 + I2 , min = — I2

Resonance column: Optical path: ∆x′ = µ∆x

Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

2.4 : Light Waves

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double slit experiment

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3.1: Reflection of Light f

Two thin lenses separated by distance d:

Refractive index: µ = speed of light in vacuum

Snell’s Law: sin i

Apparent depth: µ = real depth

Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1

Refraction at spherical surface: