INDEX

➢ INTRODUCTION TOPETROLOGY
➢ GEOLOGICALCLASSIFICATION OFROCKS
➢ DYKESAND SILLS
➢ COMMONTEXTURE
➢ STRUCTURES
➢ ROCKCYCLE
➢ CIVIL ENGG. IMPORTANCE
➢ CONCLUSION
PETROLOGY AND ITSDEFINITION
Petrology (from Greek: Petra, rock;
and logos, knowledge) is the
branch of GEOLOGY that studies
rocks, and the conditions in which
rocks form.
The subject matter of
PETROLOGY consists the origin,
association, occurrence, mineral
composition, chemical composition,
texture,structure,physical properties,
etc., of rocks .
Where as PETROGRAPHY
deals with the descriptive part of
rocks and PETROGENY deals
with the mode of formation of
rocks.
These two together makeup
GEOLOGICALCLASSIFICATIONOFROCKS
The rocks are classified in various ways based on different
principles such as Physical, Chemical ‘n’ Geological
Classifications. Among the different classifications.
Geological classification of rocks is the most proper because
grouping of rocks is more logical , less ambiguous, orderly and
comprehensive.
The Geological classification of rocks is based on their
their MODE OF ORIGIN. They are

1) IGNEOUS ROCKS
2) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS and
3) METAMORPHIC ROCKS.
 DEFINITIONOF
ROCK

Natural solid massive aggregate ofminerals

forming the crust of the earth.
(or)
An unit of the earth’s crust which is formed
with minerals.
CLASSIFICATIONCHART
 IGNEOUSROCKS
These are primary rocks, Most
abundant rocks in the earth’s crust.
These are formed at a very
high temperature and pressure
conditions directly as a result of
solidification of magma or lava.

MAGMA: The term magma is

applied when the melt is
underground.

LAVA: The melt when it reaches the

earth’s surface and flows over it, is
called lava.

SOME IGNEOUS ROCKS

 Types of Igneousrocks

❖ Volcanic or Extrusive

❖ Plutonic or Intrusive

❖ Hypabyssal
Volcanic/ Extrusive
rocks
▪ Rocks thatresults when lava solidifies
▪ These rocks cools quickly and usually
has small grains
▪ Some rocks cools so fast and don’thas
grains at all
▪ Eg: The Deccan traps of India spread
over more than 4 lakh sq.km in
Peninsular India
When lava cools,
extrusive igneous
rock isformed.
Melt
✓liquid portion of a magma body.
✓composed of ions that move about
freely.
Crystallization
✓random movements of the ions slow,
and the ions begin to arrange
themselves into orderly patterns.
➢cooling strongly influences crystal size.
✓slow cooling results in the formation of
large crystals.
✓quick cooling results the formation of
solid mass of small intergrown crystals.
 Basalt Andesite Olivine

Rocks withsmall
grain Granite
Pumic
Plutonic/Intrusiverocks

• Rocks that results when magma solidifies

• Rocks that formed at considerable depths
between 7-10 sq.km below the surface of the
earth
• These rocks cools quickly and usuallyhas large
grains
When magma cools, it forms
intrusive igneous rock
 Plutonic
rocks

Granite Syenite

Pegmatite
Diorite
Hypabyssalrocks

▪ These are formed at intermediate stage below the

earth surface
▪ Rocks that formed at considerabledepths upto
2kms
▪ They show mixed character of volcanic and
plutonic rocks
▪ Eg: porphyries with different compositions
 Sedimentary
Rocks
❖ Sedimentary Rocks are formed
when rocks ‘settle out’ of
water or air.
❖ Secondary rocks
❖ There are 2 Types of
Sedimentary Rocks
❖ Chemical
❖ clastic
❖ The rock pieces are then
cemented together for form
Sedimentary Rocks
❖ They also contain many fossils
from millions of years ago!
Sediments are the products of
weathering. Since these are
secondary materials(i.e., derived
from pre-existing rocks), the
rocks formed out of them are
called sedimentary or secondary
rocks.
The origin of sedimentary rocks
totally related to the weathering
influence on rocks.
Eg: Shale, Sandstone,
Conglomerate, Flint, Limestone
Sediments are loose, unconsolidated
accumulations of mineral rock particles that
have been transported by wind, water, ice,
gravity and re-deposited.

Derived from the Latin sedimentum means

settling, reference to a solid material settling
out of a fluid.
Sedimentary rocks often look like
glued together rocks, pebbles, or
sand.

sandstone conglomerate
Formation:
➢ weathering of pre-existing rocks either by
physical breakup into finer and finer
fragments, or by solution.
➢ precipitation of crystals out of solution.
➢ usually, the particle are broken down
further during this transport phase.
➢ sediment become lithified, or turned to
rock.
➢ Some rocks forms when water evaporates
and minerals left behind
Halite (salt) and gypsum are
formed this way.
 fossils are often found in sedimentary
Plants & animals are caught in the layers of
sediment and leave an imprint in the rock.

Lime stone Flint

rock salt
Types of sedimentary rocks
Clastic(mechanically formed) rocks:
Clastic sedimentary rocks are rocks which are
composed predominantly of broken pieces or clasts of
older weathered and eroded rocks.
 chemically (Non-clastic)
▪ formed:
Chemical sedimentary rock forms when mineral
constituents
in solution become supersaturated and
inorganically precipitate. Common chemical
sedimentary rocks include oolitic limestone and
rocks composed of evaporite minerals such
as halite (rock salt), sylvite, barite andgypsum.
 Metamorphic
rocks
▪ Metamorphism literally means change.
▪ The change in pre-existing rocks under the
influence of temperature, pressure and
chemically active solutions.
▪ The metamorphic rocks formed from igneous
rocks are called Orthometamorphic rocks and
those formed fromsedimentary rocks are
called Parametamorphic rocks.
❖Metamorphic Rocks are found in areas that have
been under lots of pressure and/or temperature.
❖ ex: mountains
❖There are 2 types of Metamorphic Rocks:
➢ Foliated
➢ Non-foliated
❖They can form from either igneous rocks or
sedimentary rocks
Eg: Sandstone changes to quartzite
Granite changes to gneiss
Heat & pressure can change
sandstone into quartzite.
Granite can become gneiss,
 …and
shale can
become
schist!
TypesofMetamorphicrocks

❖ Foliated:
As a result of compression and
stress on the rock, the minerals
within the rock align
themselves perpendicular to
the direction of stress.
❖ This alignment creates the
banding/foliation in the
rock.
Non-foliated:

❖In general, many non-foliated

rocks have not undergone a great
amount of stress, and therefore,
do not show foliation.
❖Also, the minerals that
compose non-foliated rocks are
equidimensional crystals. As a
result, no foliation would appear
because all the mineral grains
look similar.
 Dykes and Sills
▪ Most common forms of igneous
rocks
▪ Dykes are discordant, sheet like
structures, vertically or inclined.
▪ Dykes are formed by the intrusion of
magma into pre-existing fractures.
▪ Those igneous intrusions that have
been injected along or between the
bedding planes are sills.
 Types of Dykes and Sills

Dykes Sills
▪ Simple dykes ▪ Simple sills
▪ Multiple dykes ▪ Multiple sills
▪ Composite ▪ Composite sills
dykes ▪ Differentiated sills
▪ Ring dykes ▪ Interformational sills
 Common structures of igneous
rocks
Physical appearance of rocks including size,
shape and forms.
types
➢ Vesicular structure
➢ Amygdaloidal structure
➢ Columnar structure
➢ Sheet structure
➢ Flow structure &
➢ Pillow structure
 vesicular
structure:
Vesicular structure is
a volcanic rock
structure characterized
by a rock being pitted
with many cavities
(known as vesicles) at
its surface and inside.

Basalt
Amygdaloidal structure:
▪ The drop in pressure that a
experiences as it flows from
underground to the Earth's surface
allows water and gases in the lava
to form bubbles. If the bubbles do
not get large enough to pop, they
are frozen in the lava as vesicules.
Amygdaloids are simply vesicles
that have been filled in with a
secondary mineral long after the
flow cooled. Such secondary
minerals are commonly white:
quartz, calcite, or zeolite. (A
secondary mineral is one that
formed after the rock originally
formed.) Olivine basalt
Columnar
structure:
▪ the structure of a
mineral aggregate
that is made up of
nearly parallel
slender columns
and that is
intermediate
between an equant
and acicular
structure (as in
some amphiboles)
Columnar Basalt
Sheet structure
:▪ The development of
one set of well defined
joints sometimes
brings about a slicing
effect on the massive
igneous rock body. If
all such slices are
horizontal, the
structure is said to be
sheet structure.

Rock with mica sheets

Flow
structure:
▪ These structure is planar or linear features that
result from flowage of magma with or without
contained crystals. Various forms of faintly to
sharply defined layering and lining typically
reflect compositional or textural in
homogeneities, and they often are accentuated by
concentrations or preferred orientation of
crystals, inclusions, vesicles and other features.
 Pillow
▪ structure:
These structure consists aggregates
of ovoid masses, resembling pillows
or grain-filled sacks in size and
shape, that occur in many basic
volcanic rocks. The masses are
separated or interconnected, and
each has a thick vesicular crust or a
thinner and more dense glassy rind.
The interiors ordinarily are coarser-
grained and less vesicular. Pillow
structure is formed by rapid chilling
of highly fluid lava in...
COMMON STRUCTURES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
▪ Sedimentary structures are those structures formed
during sediment deposition.
Stratification:
A layered arrangement in sedimentary rock.
Different layers also called beds or strata may be
similar or dissimilar.
Lamination:
layered structure similar to stratification but
layers are quite thin.
Cross bedding: layers lying above one another
are not parallel having inclined relation.

Graded bedding: sediments are arranged

according to their grain size.

Mud cracks: having many fine sized grains with

irregular cracks.

Ripple marks: symmetrical wave-like

undulations in a layer.
COMMON STRUCTURES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

Themostcommonstructures foundinmetamorphicrocksare;

1)Gneissosestructure: bandsof flakyminerals

2)Schistose structure: parallellayers
3)Granulosestructure:havinggranularminerals
TEXTURE

The size, form and orientation of clasts or

minerals in a rock is called its texture. The
texture is a small-scale property of a rock, but
determined many of its large-scale properties,
such as the density, porosity or permeability
i. Coarse-grained Texture
- appearance of a mass of intergrown
crystals, which are roughly equal in
size and large enough to be identified
with the unaided eye.
ii. Porphyritic Texture
- has large crystals embedded with a
matrix of smaller crystals.
iii. Glassy Texture
- results when the ions do not have
sufficient time to unite into an
orderly crystalline structure.
 Obsidian
-similar to a
large chunk of
manufactured
glass.
Pumice
-volcanic rock
that exhibits a
glassy texture.
TEXTURES OF SEDIMENTARYROCKS

- origin of grains
- size of grain
- shape of grain
- packing of
grains
 ROCK CYCLE
Orthometamorphic: (igneous to sedimentary).

Parametamorphic: (sedimentary to igneous).

Polymetamorphism:(when rock undergo

metamorphism more than once).
CIVIL ENGINEERINGIMPORTANCEOF
PETROLOGY

Petrologyis very importantfrom civilengineeringpointofview,

asitprovidesaproperconceptandlogicalbasisforinterpreting
physicalpropertiesofrocks.The studyoftexture,structure,
mineralcomposition,chemicalcompositionetc.,gives all
necessarydetailsregardingthe
strength,durabiliy,colour,appeareance,workability,etc.,These
inherentcharactersofrocksareofchiefconcernfor a civil
engineerto judiciouslyassessthesuitabilityoccuringatproject
sitefor requiredpurpose.
 THANKS
FOR YOUR KIND CO-
OPERATION
QUERIES?
??
 IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

1.Granite. 1.Sandstone. 1.Gneiss.

2. Dolerite. 2.Limestone. 2.Quartzite.
3. Pegmatite. 3.Conglomerite. 3.Marble.
4. Basalt. 4.Shale. 4.Slate.