THE HUMAN EYE

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By M.SAIDI
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By M.SAIDI
 Changes
Controls shape for near protects
the size of and distant the eye
allows Reduces
pupil (far) vision against
light reflection
damage
into the
eye
Where
image is
formed
refraction
of light
rays from Forms
the object clearest
image

Carries
nerve
supports the impulses
cornea and the from the
front chamber no vision retina to
of the eye the brain
Holds the
gives lens in
shape to position By M.SAIDI
 BINOCULAR VISION
 Is a vision using two eyes with
overlapping fields of view, allowing
good perception of depth.
Binocular vision is important
in developing good depth
perception, which in turn affects
coordination and hand
to eye skills. Eg catching a
baseball, making sense of
classroom instructions on a
blackboard or screen, and
performing simple tasks such as
walking or running.
By M.SAIDI
 ACCOMMODATION
is the process of changing the shapeThunderEDUC
of
the lens to focus on near or distant
objects. Near vision
(less than 6 m from the object)
 Ciliary muscles contract
 Suspensory ligaments slacken
 tension on the lens decreases
 lens becomes more convex
 Light rays are refracted (bent)

less
 a clear image is focused on the

retina
By M.SAIDI
 Distant vision
(more than 6 m from the object)
 Ciliary muscles relax
 Suspensory ligaments tighten

(become taut)
 tension on the lens increases
 lens becomes less convex
 Light rays are refracted (bent)

more
 a clear image is focused on the

retina

By M.SAIDI
 PUPILLARY MECHANISM
the process by which the diameter of the pupil is
altered to control the amount of light entering the
eye.
BRIGHT LIGHT CONDITIONS
Radial muscles of the iris Relax
Circular muscles of the iris
Contract
Pupil constricts (gets smaller)
 Less light enters the 
eye
Radial -Relax R-R
Circular - C-C
Contract

By M.SAIDI
 BRIGHT LIGHT
CONDITIONS
Radial muscles of the iris
Contract
Circular muscles of the iris Relax
Pupil constricts (gets bigger)
More light enters the eye
Radial - R-C
Contract C-R
Circular - Relax

By M.SAIDI
 EYE DEFECTS
 1.Short-sightedness
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 the ability to see nearby objects but cannot see
distant objects clearly.
 The defects may be caused by:
 an eyeball that is too long
 the cornea being too curved for the length of
the eyeball
 the inability of the lens to become less convex

Treatment : wear glasses with concave lenses

By M.SAIDI
 2.Long-sightedness
 the ability to see distant
objects but cannot see
nearby objects clearly.
 The defects may be

caused by:
 an eyeball that is too short

(rounded)
 the cornea being less

curved for the length of the

eyeball
 the inability of the lens to

become more convex

Treatment : wear glasses with convex
By M.SAIDIlenses
3.Astigmatism
Is when the cornea or lens is not equally rounded in all
directions. light is not focused evenly on the retina.
This leading to: Treatment
1.blurred vision •glasses with
2.headaches prescription lenses
3.squinting of the eyes •contact lenses
• laser therapy

By M.SAIDI
4.Cataracts
occur when the clear transparent lens
becomes cloudy and opaque resulting in
blurred vision

Treatment:
Surgery to replace the lens with a synthetic
lens

By M.SAIDI
QUESTION

By M.SAIDI
 Memo

By M.SAIDI
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 HUMAN EAR
OUTER EAR MIDDLE EAR INNER EAR

Tympanum Ossicles Semi circularcanals

(MIS)

Auditory
nerve
al
:

n
a

ca
nn

be
w
ry

w
do

tu
Pi

to

do

Cochlea:
in

n
di

in
a
w
au

hi

w
l

ac
va

d
un
st
O

Eu

Ro

By M.SAIDI
 Tympanum: Ossicles: Semi
Transmits amplified circular Auditory
sound waves vibration canals: nerve:
to the middle Balance of the Transmits
Auditory ear
canal: Hammer Anvil body impulses to
Stirrup the brain
Transmits Malleus.Incus.Stap
sound wave es.

Pinna:
Directs 0ssicles
sound
waves to
eardrum

Cochlea:
Oval window: Round Eustachian Contains the
Transmits window: tube: Equalises organ of Corti
sound waves to Releases pressure on which converts
the inner ear pressure either side of sound waves
from the the tympanum into nerve
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impulses
 Hearing process
 Pinna Traps the sound waves and directs them
into the auditory canal.
 Tympanic membrane Vibrates and transmits

the vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear.

 Ossicles The ossicles amplify the vibrations

and carry them via the middle ear to the

membrane of the oval window.
 Oval window Vibrates and causes pressure

waves in the inner ear.

 Cochlea vibrations cause the sensory cells in

the organ of Corti to be stimulated in the

cochlea and nerve impulses are generated.
 Auditory nerve Transmits nerve impulses to

the cerebrum to be interpreted. By M.SAIDI

Demonstration of Hearing process

By M.SAIDI
 Questions 2.4.1 Give the
LETTER and NAME of
the part that:
 (a) Transmits
impulses to the
brain
 (b) Allows
pressure to equalise
between the outer
ear and the middle
ear
2.4.2 Give only the LETTER of TWO structures in the
diagram of the ear that, when damaged, would result in
the following:
 a) Conductive hearing loss
 b) Sensorineural hearing loss
By M.SAIDI
ANSWER
S

By M.SAIDI
 PROCESS OF
BALANCING
Stimuli: speed and direction position of the head

Receptor: cristae maculae

Location : ampulla of semicircular sacculus and utriculus

canal

stimuli to impulse

along the auditory nerve

to cerebellum for interpretation
to restore balance
M.Saidi’s
By M.SAIDI

model
 Summary of balance
 The cristae in the semicircular canals are
stimulated by changes in the direction and
speed of movement
 The maculae in the sacculus and utriculus

are stimulated by changes in the position

of the head When stimulated,
 the cristae and maculae convert the

stimuli received into nerve impulses.

 Which are transported along the auditory

nerve to the cerebellum to be interpreted.

 The cerebellum then sends impulses to

the muscles to restore balance.

By M.SAIDI
Questions
 Also describe the role of the maculae in
maintaining balance when a person tilts
his/her head to one side without falling over.

By M.SAIDI
Question (to be answered by students
and marked by the teacher)

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By M.SAIDI
 HEARING DEFECTS
 1.Middle ear infection ThunderEDUC

 Excess fluid in the middle ear caused by

pathogen infection (bacteria)

 Treatment
 Inserting grommets
 Antibiotics

By M.SAIDI
 2.Deafness
 refers to a total or partial hearing loss.
 It is caused by: ThunderEDUC

 injury to parts of the ear, nerves or parts of

the brain responsible for hearing

 hardening of ear tissues such as the ossicles
 Treatment:
 hearing aids
 cochlear implants

By M.SAIDI
 TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE
SOUTH AFRICA
SHINE

KEEP PUSHING
YOU WILL GET THERE

BY:M.SAIDI

Email:[email protected]
contact: +27848331738

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