THE IMPACT OF CIGARETTE EXPENDITURE TO THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES

OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MARAWI CITY

A Research Paper Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department
RC Al-Khwarizmi International College
Basak Malutlut, Marawi City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Senior High School Curriculum
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Strand

Presented by
Bayabao, Hakim A.
Bosuk, Samiyah M.
Campong, Jhiham
Carim, Alima L.
Didato, Nor-Sophiah M.

March 2024
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction

This study focuses on the impacts of cigarette expenditure to the financial resources of

senior high school students (SHS) in Marawi city. The purpose of this study is to further explore

Senior High School Students’ financial knowledge and stability in budgeting their expenses. This

study will further explain the problem on how students are able to manage their financial

standing as a student.

In the contemporary educational landscape, high school students encounter a number of

struggles in being financially stable, as senior high school students mostly depend on their

parents/guardians in financial matters. The study emphasizes senior high school student’s

expenditure on cigarette consumption. As prior to their expenditure as a student, the study will

also tackle how students manage their bills in contract towards their expenditure on cigarettes.

The financial burden caused by cigarette consumption can have far-reaching consequences for

students and their families. The funds allocated for purchasing cigarettes could be better utilized

for educational purposes, extracurricular activities, or other essential needs. By examining the

correlation between cigarette expenditure and the financial resources of SHS students, this study

seeks to shed light on the economic implications of smoking habits among the youth population

in Marawi City. In addition to financial implications, it is essential to consider the health risks

associated with smoking. Cigarette smoking has been linked to various health problems,

including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and increased susceptibility to

infections. Understanding the financial impact of smoking on SHS students can serve as a
catalyst for implementing preventive measures and educational programs aimed at reducing

smoking rates among the youth.

To conduct this research, a survey questionnaire will be administered to a representative

sample of SHS students in Marawi City. The survey will collect data on students' cigarette

expenditure, sources of income, and financial resources. Statistical analysis will be employed to

examine the relationship between cigarette expenditure and students' financial situations,

considering variables such as gender, age, and socio-economic background.

The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the financial

consequences of cigarette consumption among SHS students in Marawi City. The results can

inform policymakers, educators, and parents about the urgency of addressing this issue and

implementing effective interventions to reduce smoking rates among the youth population.

Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the overall well-being and future prospects of SHS

students in Marawi City by promoting healthier lifestyle choices and responsible financial

management
Statement of the problem

This study focuses on Senior High School Students’ possible financial obstacles in poor

financial planning. In addition, the unnecessary expenditure on budget on cigarettes further

utilizes. Furthermore, this study is conducted to visualize the situations and financial obstacles

Senior High School Students experience in financial management, this involves poor financial

planning, running low on expenditure resources towards other expenses, and including their

overall physical health in smoking. The following are the statement of the problems question:

1. What are the Sociodemographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Name of School;

1.4 Grade Level:

1.5 Strand;

1.6 Economic Status;

1.7 Daily Allowance; and

1.8 Number of consumed cigarettes (packs) per day?

2. What is the impact of cigarette expenditure to the monthly allowance of the respondents?

3. What are the factors that drive the students in extravagant spending in cigarettes?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ cigarette expenses on their financial

resources?

Null Hypothesis

H0: There is no significant relationship between the students’ cigarette expenses on their

financial

resources.

Theoretical Framework

This research will be anchored in Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which considers

attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Attitudes refer to students' beliefs

about smoking and spending money on cigarettes. Subjective norms encompass social pressures

and expectations related to smoking and financial management. Perceived behavioral control

relates to students' perception of their ability to control cigarette expenditure and manage their

finances. By applying the TPB, the research aims to understand the influence of these factors on

cigarette expenditure and its impact on the financial resources of SHS students in Marawi City.

Cognitive Load Theory

This theory suggests that individuals have limited cognitive resources for processing

information. The study will explore the cognitive load experienced by SHS students regarding

cigarette expenditure and its impact on their financial resources.

Social Cognitive Theory

 This theory suggests that students' spending habits on cigarettes are shaped by their

observations of others, such as peers and family members, who smoke. Additionally, the theory

emphasizes the role of self-efficacy, which refers to students' beliefs in their ability to resist the

temptation to spend on cigarettes and manage their financial resources effectively. The theory

also highlights the influence of social norms and environmental factors, such as the availability

and accessibility of cigarettes, on students' expenditure choices. By applying the Social

Cognitive Theory to this research topic, we can gain insights into the factors that contribute to

cigarette expenditure among SHS students in Marawi City and understand how it impacts their

financial well-being.

Stress and Coping Theory

The stress and coping theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals

perceive and respond to stress. In the context of this research, the theory is applied to explore the

stress experienced by SHS students due to cigarette expenditure and their coping mechanisms to

manage this stress.

Conceptual Framework

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of cigarette expenditure to the financial

resources SHS students in Marawi City. The mediating variables of stress appraisal and coping

mechanisms will help understand how students perceive and manage the stress associated with

cigarette expenditure.

Effects of cigarette
expenditure
 Impact on the financial

resource on SHS budget

management
Students financial
planning

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study will contribute valuable insights and benefits to various

stakeholders. Here are some key points highlighting the significance of the study.

Students. The findings of this study can directly benefit the students themselves by creating

awareness about the financial implications of cigarette expenditure. It can help them make

informed decisions regarding their spending habits and encourage them to prioritize their

financial resources for essential needs.

Parents. Parents and guardians play a significant role in shaping the financial habits of their

children. The study can raise awareness among parents about the impact of cigarette expenditure

on the financial resources of their children.

School Administrators. The findings of this study can be valuable for educational institutions in

Marawi City. Schools can use the research to develop and implement targeted educational

programs and interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence among students.

Health Workers. This study will raise awareness about the financial impact of cigarette

expenditure on SHS students in Marawi City, highlighting the potential health risks associated

with smoking.

Policy Makers. The findings of this study can inform the development of policies and

interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence among SHS students and promoting

healthier lifestyle choices.

Community Developer. The study's findings can support community-based initiatives and

interventions to address smoking-related issues and contribute to the socio-economic

development of Marawi City.

Scope and Delimitation

The study focuses on the senior high school students in Marawi City during a specific

time frame, such as an academic year or semester. It primarily examines the relationship between

cigarette expenditure and the financial resources of students, considering demographic factors as

secondary variables. These scope and delimitations ensure a focused and feasible research

approach within the context of Marawi City and the target population of SHS students.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains related literature and related studies. The topics selected are the

guide in formulating the discussion related to the present study.

Related Literature

The history of smoking probably begins from the antiquity, however, Benjamin Rush,

who was a United States physician, first published the medical dangers of tobacco in 1798. By

1960s, there were enough evidences that tobacco use, or smoking causes multiple health harms.

The rise of smoking in the beginning of 20th century has been attributed to promotion of tobacco

by companies or influencing the policies through politicians and giving free cigarettes to army

personnel as a moral boost. It is reported to be declining subsequently because of awareness in

people of both health hazards as well as misleading information by the tobacco companies, and

subsequent law-suits against them (Cited in Pokharel, 2018).

World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescence as a period from 10-19 years of

age. This period is neither childhood nor adulthood. There is some maturity compared with

earlier phase however full maturity, responsibility, defined roles, control issues, peer pressure

etc. are of special importance. Well handled, they have a potential to be a fully responsible and

mentally healthy individual and if gone astray, 8 it can also impair the future development. This

is also the period when most adolescents experiment drugs including smoking (UNICEF).

This is based on the theoretical literature provided by the Flay, Petraitis & Hu (1999). It

states that any behaviour, including smoking of cigarette, arises in a broad cultural or social
environment with an immediate context where the tendency of the person in that given situation

to perform a certain kind of behaviour and the nature of the behaviour itself all interact among

themselves. All social, attitudinal and intrapersonal factors may influence at immediate level

(decision or intention to smoke or trial to smoke), proximal level (beliefs in society about

normalcy of smoking, belief about advantage/disadvantage of smoking, or belief about oneself to

be able to avoid smoking), distal level (more attachment to peer group who smoke than to

family, less commitment to conventional values like religion or social alienation, low self-

esteem) and ultimate level (lack of parental warmth or supervision, negative evaluation from

teachers or influence of media, genetic susceptibility or emotional instability). Social factors may

include strain at home or parental separation, negative evaluation from parents, unconventional

values among peers etc. Attitudinal factors may include the norms in the neighbourhood or in

peers, media and advertising depictions of smoking, low tobacco taxes etc. Intrapersonal factors

may include genetic susceptibility, lack of impulse control, risk-taking behaviour, and looking

for sensations mostly, external locus of control etc. Reviewing the literature, the authors have

proposed this ‘Theory of Triadic Influence’ emphasizing a need to look at all these factors more

comprehensively and have pointed out the major limitations in the theories of smoking. In their

own words, “Most theories and cross-sectional, prospective, and casual process studies have

contained major limitations: a) most addressed only small portions of the total picture; b) most

mediator studies did not test for interactions and most moderation studies are based on limited

theory; and c) most theories did not discuss how the causal processes might be different for

males and females or for different ethnic groups.”

Related studies

Jamal et al. (2017) reported 20.2% high school students surveyed from 2011-2016 were

tobacco users and 47.2% of the high school students used more than two types of tobacco. In

Poland, the rates of tobacco smoking rose from 15% in 2009 to 24% in 2011 among secondary

school students; and for many the initiation of smoking was 9 between 12-15 years (Wojtyła-

Buciora et al., 2017).

In Sri Lanka, 19% ever use of tobacco and 10% of smoking (with prevalence of current

smoking by 16% male and 1% female) was reported by students in a survey of 390 students

among nine schools. This study further stated that current smoking status was independently

associated with gender and presence of smoker at home (De Silva & Ekanayake, 2017).

In Greece, 927 high school students between the ages of 15-18 years were examined

using a questionnaire. The mean age of initiation of smoking was 14.4 (± 1.9) years for boys and

14.9 (± 1.6) years for girls. Nearly one third of boys and slightly more than one fourth of girls

were smokers. Social standard and parental smoking were cited as main determinants of smoking

(Heras, Kritikos, Hatzopoulos, Kritikos, & Mitsibounas, 2008).

In Saudi Arab, among 819 high school students aged more than 15 years, 20% were

current smokers; mean age of starting smoking was 13.8 years; and influence of friends (58%) as

well as having a smoker in the family were two important factors that influenced the rate of

smoking. Among current users, 61% had tried to quit but were not successful (Wojtyła-Buciora

et al., 2017).

Olumide et al. (2014) studied the predictors of substance use among vulnerable

adolescents (aged 15-19 years) in five cities who were in vulnerable environments (n=2332).
Prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 32.5% in Johannesburg versus 3.7% in Delhi. Mean

age of first use of cigarette was 14.4 (± 2) years. Adolescents who were not going to school were

more likely to be current smokers. In Johannesburg, adolescents currently working for pocket

money, absence of a father figure, and higher peer support were associated with current smoking.

In Shanghai and Baltimore, low scores for caring mother figure predicted cigarette use.

In Zimbabwe, among 650 students with mean age of 16 years, multivariate analysis

showed that smoking was statistically associated with friends smoking cigarette, being involved

in physical fights, alcohol use, marijuana use and having a sexual intercourse. Other findings

were: most of the students started smoking before 13 years of age, Asians students had less

prevalence of smoking compared with Caucasian & African origin, and prevalence of ever-

smoking was more in private school students compared with government school students in age

groups 16-19 10 years; however, in age groups between 13-15 years, prevalence of ever-smoking

in government school was more (40%) compared with private schools (17%) (Bandason &

Rusakaniko, 2010).

In India, a cross-sectional school-based study done among 4786 students, it was said that

the chances of tobacco use were significantly increased if someone used tobacco at home or by

friends; and if the student were involved in buying tobacco for teachers, brothers,

father/relatives, there would be nearly 11-fold, six-fold and three-fold increased chance of using

tobacco by that student respectively (Narain, Sardana, Gupta, & Sehgal, 2013). Mahalakshmi

(2015) conducted a cross-sectional study on knowledge on harmful effects of tobacco use among

100 school going adolescents at rural areas of Tiruvallur district of India. It showed that

knowledge score was higher in females and belonging to nuclear family, 4.3% ever smoked

tobacco and higher intake of tobacco with a history of parental tobacco use.
 In China, Zhang, Wang, Zhao, & Vartiainen (2000) found that smoking onset was most

prevalent at 10-14 years of age and it increased with increasing age. It was done among students

of 10-19 years of age (n= 3519) students in four secondary schools in Henan region using a self-

reported questionnaire. It also listed having peers, teacher and mothers’ smoking were

significantly associated with likelihood of tobacco use.

Associated risk factors for initiation or continuation of smoking has been reported by

other studies as well: Parental smoking, peer smoking and marketing strategies by tobacco

companies (Gupta, Sharma, Thakur, Thakur, & Mazta, 2014); (in adults) Male gender, Bramhan

and Chhetri Caste, lack of education, occupation like farming, poor socioeconomic status (Sah,

Pradhan, Subedi, Karki, & Jha, 2016); Authoritarian and unsupervised parenting (Thomas,

Baker, & Lorenzetti, 2007); and smoking scenes in motion pictures (Sohn & Jung, 2017).Sabnis

et al. (2016) suggested that students from urban areas has increased prevalence of smoking

compared with the students from rural area, however, students from rural areas seemed to use

more smokeless tobacco than the students from urban areas.

Uprety et al. (2014) conducted a cross-sectional study in two village development

committees in Jhapa among 200 participants with a semi-structured questionnaire. It revealed

that 63% of the participants started smoking between 10-19 years of age; males, illiterate,

unemployed and those people who were below poverty line were more than otherwise. Kabir &

Goh (2014) studied a comparative study in Nepal and Sri Lanka regarding the determinants of

tobacco use in students aged between 13-15 years. In Nepal, the average age of initiation of

smoking was 10.2 years. Individual characteristics, friends using tobacco, having someone

smoke at home or public places, free tobacco products and lessons about negative effects of

tobacco use was significantly associated with tobacco use. Dahal, Subedi, Maharjan, & Maharjan
( 2014) conducted a study in three randomly selected colleges of Kathmandu district in

adolescents regarding smoking behaviour and their view towards government’s ban on smoking

in public places. It was reported that 22% were ever-smokers. Those who received more amounts

of pocket money, poor academic performance, frequent dispute with teachers and having a

family member as a smoker were ever-smokers. Positive view about smoking and negative about

smoking significantly associated with smoking or not smoking respectively. Dahal, Maharjan,

Subedi,& Maharjan (2015) studied the role of media provoking cigarette smoking among

adolescents in urban Nepal. It was done in 394 adolescent students in three randomly selected

colleges of Kathmandu. Seeing cigarettes advertisement, reading fashion magazine, attending

musical programmed sponsored by tobacco companies, watching movies in cinema hall, liking

heavy metal music, watching television and desire to smoke if favourite artists smoke were

statistically significantly associated with smoking status. Overall, there are more of cross-

sectional studies using self-administered 12 questionnaire, with few longitudinal studies and very

few reviews.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology employed in the assessment of

cigarette expenditure and its impact on the financial resources of SHS Students in Marawi City,

including the research design, sampling technique, data collection methods, data analysis

procedures, ethical considerations, validity and reliability measures, and limitations, providing a

comprehensive framework for the study

Research Design

The researchers will use a descriptive-correlational quantitative research design to

determine the impacts of cigarette expenditure to the financial resource of Senior high school

Students in Marawi City. It is descriptive research because it involved collecting data to test or

answer questions concerning the impacts and factors of students’ cigarette expenditure to their

financial resources and their demographic profile. On the other hand, it is correlative type of

research because it will determine if there is a significant relationship between the students’

cigarette expenditure and their financial resources.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted in the Islamic city of Marawi.

Sample and sampling procedure

The samples of this study comprise two hundred (200) Senior High School Students

in Marawi City who were enrolled during the school year 2023-2024
Employing the design, the respondents comprising two hundred (200) students are drawn from

sections handled by the researchers. This is used on the basis of their age, gender and mental

ability with consideration of their class schedule.

Data Gathering Procedure

The questionnaire will be constructed by the researchers first in the preparation for the

possible response of the school principal as well as the respondents on the request that will be

asked to them. The researchers then prepared a permission letter to the principal of the different

senior high schools in Marawi city and another permission letter for the respondents. The said

letters were given to the principal and participants respectively. After their approval, the

researchers immediately conducted a survey. On the 12 th day of March 2024, the researchers

picked random students from different strands to their respondents. First, the students started to

tell them the purpose of administering the questionnaire. After answering the survey form,

students asked them it’s okay to take pictures with them because it is need in the documentation.

Students ended the interview with the of thanksgiving for the opportunity to conduct an

interview to them.

Research Instrument

The self-structured questionnaire used by the researchers were open-ended questions

because it is very easy to analyze. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. The first part

deals with the profile of the respondents. The second part deals with the 10 item open ended

question about the topic of this research, the questions aim to detect the influence of the peer

pressure on smoking use among the respondents. To determine if the influence of peer pressure
of young adults, really do contribute to their use of e-cigarettes, they should have in-depth and

descriptor answer to the questions.

Statistical Tools Used

To arrive at an accurate interpretation of the gathered data, the following statistical tools

will used in interpreting and analyzing the data of this study, these are frequency and percentage,

weighted mean, standard deviation and Cramer’s V correlation.

1. Frequency and percentage distribution– it will be used to describe the profile

distribution of the respondents and their academic performance.

2. Weighted mean and standard deviation– it will be used to determine the level of

life satisfaction and happiness of the respondents.

3. Cramer’s V correlation coefficient– it will used to measure the correlation between

the life satisfaction and happiness and the academic performance of the respondents.
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