Exp04

Roll: 2010130
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
OBJECTIVE
- To understand the interconnection of the electric energy generating stations with the
loads with simple circuit formation
- To be introduced with the key parameters of transmission and distribution of power
THEORY
Transmission of power usually means flow of power from power station to the sub-
station. In this experiment, the actual situation of power transmission will be simulated
with the help of a voltage sources (generator) and two rheostats (one acting as long
transmission line resistance and the other as the sub-station). Several parameters are
used to determine the performance line of the transmission line. Two of the
parameters are briefly discussed below-
1. Percentage efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of receiving end power PR to the

sending end power PS and it is expressed in percentage value. The efficiency of a
transmission line is given by-
Power delivered to the receiving end / load (PS )
%η= ×100% .
Power input at the generator end / no load (PG )
2. Voltage regulation of Transmission line: It is defined as the ratio of difference
between sending and receiving end voltage to sending end voltage of a transmission
line between conditions of no load and full load. It is also expressed in percentage. It is
given by-
receiving end voltage at no load-receiving end voltage at load
voltage regulation =
receiving end voltage at no load
V - V IR loss
= NL FL = ×100%
VNL VNL
Distribution of power is the flow of power from sub-station to the subscribers. The
efficiency can be expressed like this-
Power delivered to the loads
Efficiency of distribution = ×100%
Power input to the circuits
APPARATUS
- One DC voltage source
- Two rheostats
- One ammeter
- One voltmeter
1
Roll: 2010130
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 1
PROCEDURE
1. Firstly, the circuit is constructed as the above figure.
2. Then the corresponding voltage and current of the transmission line and the
load end were measured with voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
3. Next input power, power at load, line loss, efficiency and voltage regulation
were calculated and then the below data table was filled.
4. Finally, the load resistance was changed to various values and steps 2 & 3
were repeated.
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Fig. 2: The load resistance is 10 Ω Fig. 3: The load resistance is 50 Ω
Fig. 4: The load resistance is 100 Ω

2
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TABLE FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWER
Obs Vs RL VR I VL Power Power Line % eff % reg

No. (Volt) (Ω) (Volt) (mA) (Volt) input at load loss
(W) (W) (W)
1 10 12.5 250 2.5 3.75 0.625 3.125 16.67% 83.33%
2 20 10.714 214.29 4.286 3.214 0.918 2.296 28.57% 71.43%
3 30 9.375 187.5 5.625 2.813 1.055 1.758 37.50% 62.50%
4 40 8.333 166.67 6.667 2.5 1.111 1.389 44.44% 55.56%
5 15 50 7.5 150 7.5 2.25 1.125 1.125 50.00% 50.00%
6 60 6.818 136.36 8.182 2.045 1.116 0.93 54.55% 45.45%
7 70 6.25 125 8.75 1.875 1.094 0.781 58.33% 41.67%
8 80 5.769 115.39 9.231 1.731 1.065 0.666 61.54% 38.46%
9 90 5.357 107.14 9.643 1.607 1.033 0.574 64.29% 35.71%
10 100 5 100 10 1.5 1 0.5 66.67% 33.33%
REPORT
1. Plotting of curves for transmission of power:
a) % efficiency vs. load resistance-

70.00% 64.29% 66.67%
61.54%
58.33%
60.00% 54.55%
50.00%
50.00% 44.44%
% efficiency
37.50%
40.00%
28.57%
30.00%
16.67%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Load resistance (Ω)
3
Roll: 2010130
b) Line loss vs. load resistance-

3.500 3.125
3.000
2.500 2.296
Line loss (W) 2.000 1.758

1.389
1.500 1.125
0.930
1.000 0.781
0.666 0.574
0.500
0.500
0.000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
c) Voltage regulation vs. Load resistance-

90.00% 83.33%
80.00% 71.43%
70.00% 62.50%
55.56%
60.00%
% regulation
50.00%
45.45%
50.00% 41.67%
38.46%35.71%
40.00% 33.33%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2. Usage of high voltage transmission-

High voltages are used in transmission systems because a higher voltage implies a
lower current for a given power of transmission. With a lower current, less heat is
generated in the transmission lines and so less energy is wasted. Furthermore, it has
excellent environmental benefits.
3. Transmission of power at maximum efficiency-

Maximum power is transferred from source to load if the load resistance(RL) is equal to
the internal resistance of source(RS). If Rs = RL, half of the power will be consumed in
Rs. thus efficiency will be 50%, which is comparatively very less providing the aim is
have maximum possible output. That is why maximum efficiency is considered more
than maximum power in transmission systems.

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Roll: 2010130

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

1. Percentage efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of receiving end power PR to the

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Fig. 2: The load resistance is 10 Ω Fig. 3: The load resistance is 50 Ω

Fig. 4: The load resistance is 100 Ω

TABLE FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWER

Obs Vs RL VR I VL Power Power Line % eff % reg

a) % efficiency vs. load resistance-

b) Line loss vs. load resistance-

Line loss (W) 2.000 1.758

c) Voltage regulation vs. Load resistance-

2. Usage of high voltage transmission-

3. Transmission of power at maximum efficiency-

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