MODULE01 - PRECALCULUS - The Conic Sections

CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.
2nd Flr., BAI Center, Cebu South Road, Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City
PRE-CALCULUS
Voctech Senior High School
Grade 11
First Semester
Module No. 1
___________________
Name of Student
___________________
Teacher
General Mathematics 1
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of conic sections and
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE:
systems of nonlinear equations.
GRADE: 11 SEMESTER 1st
SUBJECT TITLE: Pre-Calculus WEEK NO.: 1st
LESSON #1: THE CONIC SECTIONS: CIRCLE

OBJECTIVES:
• illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate
cases;
• define a circle; and
• determine the standard form of equation of a circle
Welcome to Pre – Calculus Module on Introduction to Conic Section. In this lesson, we will study some
concepts in analytic geometry that you will need when you take up calculus next semester. We will discuss
the different types of conic sections, an important class of curves, which appears in many applications.
“Geometry is unique and eternal, and it shines in the mind of God. The share of it has been granted to man
is one of the reasons why he is the image of God.” – Johannes Kepler
Have you been to a place where you were amazed by its beautiful scenery and architecture?
I bet some of you have pictures of it on your social media

accounts such as Facebook and Instagram. One of the most
stunning bridges in the Philippines is the San Juanico Bridge.
It stretches from Samar to Leyte with a total length of 2.16
kilometers. It has served as one of the main thoroughfares of
economic and social development in the country since its
completion in 1973. Adding a picturesque effect on the whole
architecture, geometric structures are subtly built to serve other purposes. The arch-shaped support on the
main span of the bridge helps maximize its strength to withstand mechanical resonance and aeroelastic
flutter brought about by heavy vehicles and passing winds.
DEFINITION OF CONIC
A conic is a set of points whose distances from a fixed point are in
constant ratio to their distances from a fixed line that is not passing
through the fixed point.
(1) When a plane intersects a double right circular cone, two-

dimensional curves called conic sections are formed.
(2) There are three types of conic sections: Parabola, Ellipse, and
Hyperbola
(3) A circle is a special type of ellipse
(4) When the double right cone is cut by the plane so that the angle
between the plane and the axis is greater than the vertex angles an
ellipse is obtained. When the plane is perpendicular to the axis, the
ellipse changes, and a circle is obtained.
(5) If the double right cone is cut by the plane, so that the angle between the plane and the axis is equal to
the vertex angle, a parabola is obtained.
(6) If the double right cone is cut by the plane, so that the angle between the plane and the axis is less than
the vertex angle, a hyperbola is obtained.
In dealing with conic section, it is important to take note of the following important
elements:
• focus (F) – fixed point of the conic
• directrix (d) – the fixed line d corresponding to the focus.
• principal axis (a) – the line that passes through the focus and perpendicular
to the directrix. Every conic is symmetric with respect to its principal axis.
• vertex (V) – the point of intersection of the conic and its principal
axis.eccentricity (e) – the constant ratio. If point P is one of the points of the
conic with point Q as its projection on d , then the eccentricity is the ratio of the distance
|𝐹𝑃| 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝑄𝑃|, which is constant.
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
DEFINITION OF A CIRCLE
Let C be a given point. The set of all points P having the same
distance from C is called a circle. The point C is called the
center of the circle, and the common distance its radius.
• The standard equation formula of a circle is: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
• The coordinate for the center is: (𝒉, 𝒌)
• The radius would be: 𝒓𝟐
EXAMPLES:
(1) What is the standard equation of a circle if the center is (3, 1) and the radius is 5?
SOLUTION:
𝐶 = (3,1); 𝑟 = 5 (1) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (2) 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = (5)2 (3) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 25
(2) What is the standard equation of a circle of the center is (- 5, - 6) and the radius is 6?
SOLUTION:
𝐶 = (−5, −6); 𝑟 = 6 (1) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (2) 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
(𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = (6)2 (3) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 36
(3) What is the center and radius of the equation (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 25?
SOLUTION:
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 25 (𝒓𝟐 )
(h) (k)
Center = (𝒉, 𝒌)
Radius = (𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓) = (√𝒓𝟐 = √𝟐𝟓 ) = (𝒓 = 𝟓)
(4) Solve the standard equation form of a circle of the following equations below and find the center and radius
a. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟕
SOLUTION EXPLANATION
*Given
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟕
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙) + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟎) = 𝟕 *Arrange the terms according to the standard form
equation of a circle:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
*we have put deducted zero in the y-terms since it only

entails that there is no movement of point for the value
of y.
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
*completing the perfect trinomial

𝟔 𝟎 𝟐
{𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + ( )𝟐 } + {𝒚𝟐 − 𝟎 + ( ) }
𝟐 𝟐
=𝟕+𝟔+𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗) + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟎 + 𝟎) = 𝟏𝟔
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 *the standard form equation of a circle
The learner demonstrates understanding of: (a) key concepts of conic sections
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE:
and systems of nonlinear equations.
SUBJECT TITLE: Pre-Calculus WEEK NO.: 2nd
LESSON #2: THE CONIC SECTIONS: PARABOLA

OBJECTIVES:
• define a parabola
• determine the standard form of the equation of a parabola
In the previous lesson you have already learned the first type of conic section which is a circle. You
have learned that the standard equation of the circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 and its key components,
the center, and radius.
Now, in this lesson, you will be learning the second type of conic section, the parabola. A parabola is
not new to you; you have already encountered this concept in your algebra. Do you remember the quadratic
equation? Yes! You are correct. A quadratic equation such as (𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) has a graph of a parabola.
You will dig deeper into what is a parabola as a conic section, what is the standard equation of a
parabola, and how to identify the following: (1) vertex, (2) focus, (3) directrix and, (4) axis of symmetry.
DEFINITION OF A PARABOLA
Let F be a given point, and l a given line not

containing F. The set of all points P such
that its distances from F and l are the same,
is called a parabola. The point F is its focus
and the line l its directrix
• A parabola is the graph of a quadratic

function
• A directrix is a line used to construct

and define a parabola
• A focus is a point about which the

conic section is constructed. In other
words, it is a point about which rays
reflected from the curve converge.
• A parabola has one focus on which

the shape is constructed.
• A focus is the extreme point of the parabola.
• The axis of symmetry of a parabola is a line about which the parabola is symmetrical.
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
The standard equation formula of parabola has two formulas depending on its axis of symmetry.
HORIZONTAL AXIS OF SYMMETRY VERTICAL AXIS OF SYMMETRY
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄 (𝒚 − 𝒌)
Vertex (𝒉, 𝒌) Vertex (ℎ, 𝑘)

Focus (𝒉 + 𝒄, 𝒌) Focus (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
Directrix (𝒙 = 𝒉 − 𝒄) Directrix (𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑐)
Axis of Symmetry (𝒚 = 𝒌) Axis of Symmetry (𝑥 = ℎ)
NOTE: In a given equation, you can determine if it has NOTE: In a given equation, you can determine if it
a horizontal axis of symmetry if the squared term is has a vertical axis of symmetry if the squared term
the y-terms is the x-terms
EXAMPLES: Find the vertex, focus, directrix & axis of symmetry if the equation is already on the standard
form of the equation of the parabola.
1. 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚
SOLUTION EXPLAINATION
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝒚 Given
(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟎) *Substitute the given to the standard equation
formula of the parabola. We use the standard
equation:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)
*Since the squared term is the x-term
𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌) *the formula for the vertex

𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎) *substitution and the values of the vertex
𝟒𝐜 = 𝟏𝟐 *Getting the value of c
𝟒𝐜 𝟏𝟐 *Divide both sides by 4
=
𝟒 𝟒
𝐜=𝟑 *the value of c is obtained and will be used in
determining the value for the focus & directrix
𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒄) *the formula in getting the focus
𝑭(𝟎, 𝟎 + 𝟑) *substitution
𝑭(𝟎, 𝟑) *the values of the focus
𝑫(𝒚 = 𝒌 − 𝒄) *the formula in getting the directrix
𝑫(𝒚 = 𝟎 − 𝟑) *substitution
𝑫(𝒚 = −𝟑) *the value of the directrix
𝒚=𝒌 *the formula in getting the axis of symmetry
𝒚=𝟎 *the equation of the horizontal axis symmetry
2. 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟔𝒙
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟏𝟔𝒙 Given
(𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = −𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 − 𝟎) *Substitute the given to the standard equation
equation:
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑐 (𝑥 − ℎ)
*Since the squared term is the y-term

𝑽(𝟎, 𝟎) *substitution and the values of the vertex
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
𝟒𝐜 = −𝟏𝟔 *Getting the value of c

𝟒𝐜 −𝟏𝟔 *Divide both sides by 4
=
𝟒 𝟒
𝐜 = −𝟒 *the value of c is obtained and will be used in
determining the value for the focus & directrix
𝑭(𝒉 + 𝒄, 𝒌) *the formula in getting the focus
𝑭(𝟎 + (−𝟒), 𝟎) *substitution
𝑭(−𝟒, 𝟎) *the values of the focus
𝑫(𝒙 = 𝒉 − 𝒄) *the formula in getting the directrix
𝑫(𝒙 = 𝟎 − (−𝟒)) *substitution
𝑫(𝒙 = 𝟒) *the value of the directrix
𝒙=𝒌 *the formula in getting the axis of symmetry
𝒙=𝟎 *the equation of the vertical axis symmetry
3. (𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟓(𝒙 − 𝟒)
(𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝟒) Given
(𝒚 − (𝟔))𝟐 = 𝟓 (𝒙 − (𝟒)) *Substitute the given to the standard equation
equation:
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑐 (𝑥 − ℎ)

𝑽(−𝟔, −𝟒) *substitution and the values of the vertex
𝟒𝐜 = 𝟓 *Getting the value of c
𝟒𝐜 𝟓 *Divide both sides by 4
=
𝟒 𝟒
𝟓 *the value of c is obtained and will be used in
𝐜= determining the value for the focus & directrix
𝟒
𝑭(𝒉 + 𝒄, 𝒌) *the formula in getting the focus
𝟓 *substitution
𝑭(−𝟒 + ( ) , −𝟔)
𝟒
𝟏𝟏 *the values of the focus
𝑭(− , −𝟔)
𝟒
𝑫(𝒙 = 𝒉 − 𝒄) *the formula in getting the directrix
𝟓 *substitution
𝑫(𝒙 = −𝟒 − (− ))
𝟒
𝟐𝟏 *the value of the directrix
𝑫(𝒙 = − )
𝟒
𝒚=𝒌 *the formula in getting the axis of symmetry
𝒚 = −𝟒 *the equation of the vertical axis symmetry
𝟐𝟒
4. (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 = − (𝒚 − 𝟒)
𝟓
𝟐 𝟐𝟒
a. (𝒙 + 𝟑) = − (𝒚 − 𝟒) Given
𝟓
𝟐
𝟐𝟒 *Substitute the given to the standard equation
(𝒙 − (𝟑)) = − (𝒚 − (−𝟒))
𝟓 formula of the parabola. We use the standard
equation:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑐 (𝑦 − 𝑘)

𝑽(−𝟑, 𝟒) *substitution and the values of the vertex
𝟐𝟒 *Getting the value of c
𝟒𝐜 = −
𝟓
𝟒𝐜 𝟐𝟒 *Divide both sides by 4
=−
𝟒 𝟓
𝟒
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
𝟔 *the value of c is obtained and will be used in

𝐜=−
𝟓 determining the value for the focus & directrix
𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 + 𝒄) *the formula in getting the focus
𝟔 *substitution
𝑭(−𝟑, 𝟒 + (− ))
𝟓
𝟏𝟒 *the values of the focus
𝑭(−𝟑, )
𝟓
𝑫(𝒚 = 𝒌 − 𝒄) *the formula in getting the directrix
𝟔 *substitution
𝑫(𝒚 = 𝟒 − (− ))
𝟓
𝟐𝟔 *the value of the directrix
𝑫(𝒚 = )
𝟓
𝒙=𝒌 *the formula in getting the axis of symmetry
𝒙 = −𝟑 *the equation of the vertical axis symmetry
EXAMPLES: Solve the standard equation form of parabola of the following equations below and find the
vertex, focus, directrix & axis of symmetry.
5. 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏𝟔
𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏𝟔 *Given
(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄 (𝒙 − 𝒉) *We to change the given equation into the
standard equation formula of a horizontal axis
of symmetry, since the squared term in the
given equation are the y-term.
𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 *Arrange the x-terms and the y-terms

patterned to the standard equation formula we
will be using.
𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 *Completing the square
(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 + ( ) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 + ( )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎
(𝒚 + 𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟓(𝒙 + 𝟒) *Factoring
*the standard equation form
6. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟑𝟒
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟑𝟒 Given
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄 (𝒚 − 𝒌) *We to change the given equation into the
standard equation formula of a vertical axis of
symmetry, since the squared term in the given
equation are the x-term.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = −𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝟒 *Arrange the x-terms and the y-terms

patterned to the standard equation formula we
will be using.
−𝟔 −𝟔 *Completing the square
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + ( )𝟐 = −𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝟒 + ( )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟓
(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 = −𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟓) *Factoring
*the standard equation form
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE:
SUBJECT TITLE: Pre-Calculus WEEK NO.: 3rd
LESSON #3: THE CONIC SECTIONS: ELLIPSE

OBJECTIVES:
• define an ellipse
• determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse
You have learned already two standard equation forms of conic sections: (1) circle and (2) parabola. By
now, you have noticed that the first two standard equation forms of conic sections are more or less the
same, since they are just derived from the intersection of a plane and a right angular cone.
Now, in this lesson, you will be learning the third type of conic section, the ellipse. An ellipse is one of the
conic sections that most students is unfamiliar with. It is a bounded curve which looks like a flattened circle.
An example of an ellipse are the orbits of the planets in our solar system around the sun happen to be
elliptical in shape. The content of this module will be about how to determine the center, vertex, foci, major
axis and minor axis in a standard equation form of an ellipse.
DEFINITION OF A PARABOLA
Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of

all points P, who’s distances from F1 and from F2
add up to a certain constant, is called an ellipse.
The points F1 and F2 are called the foci of the
ellipse.
• An ellipse is the set of all points on a plane

whose distance from two fixed points add up
to a constant.
• The Major Axis is the longest diameter. It
goes from one side of the ellipse, through the
centre, to the other side, at the widest part of
the ellipse. And the Minor Axis is the
shortest diameter (at the narrowest part of
the ellipse).
• The Semi-major Axis is half of the Major Axis, and
the Semi-minor Axis is half of the Minor Axis.
• Each focus is c units away from the center.
• For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from
the foci is 2a
• The vertices are points on the ellipse, collinear with the
center and foci.
• The segment through the center, perpendicular to the
major axis, is the minor axis. It meets the ellipse at the co-
vertices. It divides the ellipse into two congruent part.
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
The standard equation formula of ellipse has two standard equation formulas depending on its major axis.
HORIZONATAL MAJOR AXIS VERTICAL MAJOR AXIS

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =𝟏 + =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝑏2 𝑎2
Center (𝒉, 𝒌) Center (ℎ, 𝑘)
Length of the major axis (𝟐𝒂) Length of the major axis (2𝑎)
Length of the minor axis (𝟐𝒃) Length of the minor axis (2𝑏)
Distance between the center and Distance between the center and either
either the focus: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 the focus: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Vertices (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) Vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏)
Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) Foci (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)
Co-vertices (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒃) Co-vertices (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘)
NOTE: NOTE:
• You will be using this formula if the • You will be using this formula if the
bigger value in the denominator is bigger value in the denominator is
on the first term on the second term
Example: Example:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =𝟏 + =1
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 20 30
EXAMPLES: Find the center, vertices, foci, co-vertices and what is the major axis of a given standard
equation form of an ellipse
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
7. + =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 *Given
+ =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 *Determine what the major axis of the given

+ =𝟏 equation is by looking which is the bigger value
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
on the denominators. Since the bigger value is
on the first term, it has a horizontal major axis,
so we will be using the formula:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Center (𝒉, 𝒌) *Since in the given equation there is constant

Center (𝟎, 𝟎) value being deducted to the x-term neither in
the y-term, so we conclude that the center is at
the origin (0,0)
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 *Solving the value of “a”, so that we may able

√𝒂 𝟐= √𝟐𝟓 to get the values of the vertices.
𝒂 = ±𝟓
or
𝒂 = 𝟓 & 𝒂 = −𝟓
*Solving the value for the vertices by

Vertices (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) substituting the values of “h”,” k” and ” a”
𝑽𝟏 (𝟎 + 𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟏 (𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟐 (𝟎 − 𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟐 (−𝟓, 𝟎)
*Solving the value of “b”, so that we may able

𝒃𝟐 = 𝟗 to get the valus of the co-vertices.
√𝒃𝟐 = √𝟗
𝒃 = ±𝟑
or
𝒃 = 𝟑 & 𝒃 = −𝟑
Co - vertices (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒃) *Solving the value for the co-vertices by

𝑪𝑽𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟎 + 𝟑) substituting the values of “h”,” k” and ” b”
𝑪𝑽𝟏 (𝟎, 𝟑)
𝑪𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, 𝟎 − 𝟑)
𝑪𝑽𝟐 (𝟎, −𝟑)
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 *Solving the value of “c”, so that we may able

𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟗 to get the values of the foci.
√𝒄𝟐 = √𝟐𝟓 − 𝟗
√𝒄𝟐 = √𝟏𝟔
𝒄 = ±𝟒
or
𝒄 = 𝟒 & 𝒄 = −𝟒
Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) *Solving the value for the foci by substituting

𝑭𝟏 = (𝟎 + 𝟒, 𝟎) the values of “h”,” k” and ” c”
𝑭𝟏 = (𝟒, 𝟎)
𝑭𝟐 = (𝟎 − 𝟒, 𝟎)
𝑭𝟐 = (−𝟒, 𝟎)
EXAMPLES: Solve the standard equation form of an ellipse.
8. 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕𝟏
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕𝟏 *Given
*Arrange the terms according to 𝑥 and 𝑦

(𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙) + (𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚) = 𝟕𝟏 coefficients
*Factoring the terms

𝟐 𝟐
𝟗(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙) + 𝟏𝟔(𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚) = 𝟕𝟏
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
*Completing the perfect square trinomial

𝟗(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝟗) + 𝟏𝟔(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒)
= 𝟕𝟏 + 𝟗(𝟒𝟗) + 𝟏𝟔(𝟒)
*Factor Perfect Trinomial Square

𝟗(𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟔
*Divide both sides by 576

𝟗(𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟔
𝟓𝟕𝟔
*The standard equation form of an ellipse

(𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 *Since the bigger value on the denominator
+ =𝟏 can be found on the first term then its major
𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟔
axis is horizontal and we will use the formulas:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
MONTHLY OBJECTIVE:
SUBJECT TITLE: Pre-Calculus WEEK NO.: 4th
LESSON #4: THE CONIC SECTIONS: HYPERBOLA

OBJECTIVES:
• define a hyperbola
• determine the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola
You have learned already two standard equation forms of conic sections: (1) circle, (2) parabola, and (3)
ellipse. Now, in this lesson, you will be learning the last type of conic section, the hyperbola. It is a type
of smooth curve lying in a plane is called a hyperbola (plural hyperbolas or hyperbolae).
An example of hyperbolas is a sundial. It works where the sun revolves in a circle on the celestial sphere,
and their ray striking the point on a sundial traces out a cone of light.
The content of this lesson will be about how to determine the center, vertices, co-vertices, foci, asymptotes,
and transversal axis in a standard equation form of a hyperbola.
DEFINITION OF A HYPERBOLA
Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P, whose distances from F1 and F2 diameter by a
certain constant, is called a hyperbola. The points F1 and
F2 are called the foci of the hyperbola.
• Each focus has 𝑐 units away from the center

• The value of difference of its distance from the foci is
2𝑎
• The vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with
the center and foci
• The asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing
through the center which serve as a guide in graphing
the hyperbola
• an axis of symmetry (that goes through each focus)
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
The standard equation formula of hyperbola has two standard equation formulas depending on its
transversal axis.
HORIZONATAL TRANSVERSE AXIS VERTICAL TRANSVERSE AXIS

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Center (𝒉, 𝒌) Center (𝒉, 𝒌)

Distance between vertices (𝟐𝒂) Distance between vertices (𝟐𝒂)
Distance between foci (𝟐𝒄) Distance between foci (𝟐𝒄)
Distance between the center and either Distance between the center and
the foci: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 either the foci: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Vertices (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) Vertices (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂)
Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) Foci (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒄)
𝒃 𝒂
Asymptotes: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒉) Asymptotes: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± 𝒃 (𝒙 − 𝒉)
NOTE: NOTE:
• You will be using this formula if the • You will be using this formula the
first term is the x-term second term is the y-term
EXAMPLES: Find the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes and a transversal axis of a given standard
equation form of a hyperbola
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
9. − =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 *Given
− =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 *Determine what is the transversal axis of the

− =𝟏 given equation by inspection on what is the
𝟐𝟓 𝟗
coefficient on the first term. Since the
coefficient of the first term is the x-term, it
has a horizontal transversal axis, so we will
be using the formula:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Center (𝒉, 𝒌) *Since in the given equation there is the

Center (𝟎, 𝟎) constant value being deducted to the x-term
neither in the y-term, so we conclude that the
center is at the origin (0,0)
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 *Solving the value of “a”, so that we may able
√𝒂𝟐 = √𝟐𝟓 to get the values of the vertices.
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
𝒂 = ±𝟓
or
𝒂 = 𝟓 & 𝒂 = −𝟓
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟗 *Solving the value of “b”, so that we may able

√𝒃𝟐 = √𝟗 to get the asymptotes of the given equation.
𝒃 = ±𝟑
or
𝒃 = 𝟑 & 𝒃 = −𝟑
*Solving the value for the vertices by

Vertices (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) substituting the values of “h”,” k” and ” a”
𝑽𝟏 (𝟎 + 𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟏 (𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟐 (𝟎 − 𝟓, 𝟎)
𝑽𝟐 (−𝟓, 𝟎)
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 *Solving the value of “c”, so that we may able

𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗 to get the values of the foci.
√𝒄𝟐 = √𝟐𝟓 + 𝟗
√𝒄𝟐 = √𝟑𝟒
𝒄 = ±√𝟑𝟒
or
𝒄 = √𝟑𝟒 & 𝒄 = −√𝟑𝟒
Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) *Solving the value for the foci by substituting

𝑭𝟏 = (𝟎 + √𝟑𝟒, 𝟎) the values of “h”,” k” and ” c”
𝑭𝟏 = (√𝟑𝟒, 𝟎)
𝑭𝟐 = (𝟎 − √𝟑𝟒, 𝟎)
𝑭𝟐 = (−√𝟑𝟒, 𝟎)
𝒃 *Solving the value for the asymptotes by

𝒚=𝒌± (𝒙 − 𝒉)
𝒂 substituting the values of "h"," k"," a" and " b"
𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟎 ± (𝒙 − 𝟎)
𝟓
or
𝟑 𝟑
𝒚= 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = − 𝒙
𝟓 𝟓
EXAMPLES: Solve for the standard equation form of a hyperbola.
10. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏
*Given
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏
*Re-arrange the terms

(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙) − (𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒚) = 𝟏
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
*Factor the terms inside the parenthesis

𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙) − 𝟓(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚) = 𝟏
*Completing the perfect square trinomial

𝟐 𝟐
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗)
= 𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟏𝟔) + 𝟓(𝟗)
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 − 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎
*Divide both sides by 20

𝟐 𝟐
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝟓(𝒚 + 𝟑) 𝟐𝟎
− =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
*the standard equation of a hyperbola

(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟓 𝟒
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
NOTE: PASSED ONLY THIS ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE LESSONS
WILL SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #1: THE CONIC SECTIONS: CIRCLE (20 PTS.)
STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:
A. True or False. Read the following statements below. Choose TRUE if the statement is correct
and FALSE if not.
1) A conic section is two-dimensional curve formed by a plane and right circular cone intersecting.
2) A parabola is special type ellipse.
3) When a double right cone is cut by the plane so that the angle between the plane and the axis is
less than the vertex angle an ellipse is obtained.
4) If the double right cone is cut by the plane, so that the angle between the plane and the axis is
less than the vertex angle, a hyperbola is obtained.
5) When the plane is perpendicular to the axis, the ellipse changes, and a circle is obtained.
6) A circle has a standard equation of (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 on which the center is at the origin.
7) The standard equation of a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 on which the radius is 16.
8) The radius of the standard equation of a circle: (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = √36 is 6.
9) The center of the standard equation of a circle: (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 25 is 𝐶(−3, −2).
10) The coordinates of a circle in its standard equation form is (ℎ, 𝑘).
B. Solve the standard equation of a circle below and give what is asked. Write your answer on the
blank provided.
1) What is the center of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 40 = 0?
2) What is the radius of the equation 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 45?
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
ACTIVITY #2: THE CONIC SECTIONS: PARABOLA (20 PTS.)
STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:
A. Read the following mathematical statements below. Choose TRUE if the statement is correct
and FALSE if not.
1) The directrix line of the equation (𝑦 − 1)2 = −8(𝑥 − 3) is 𝑥 = 5.

2) The vertex of the equation (𝑥 − 4)2 = 10(𝑦 − 5) is 𝑉(−4, −5).
3) On question number 2, the axis of symmetry is vertical.
4) On the question number 1, the axis of symmetry is horizontal.
5 9
5) The vertex of the equation (𝑦 + )2 = −5(𝑥 − ) is 𝑉(4.5, −2.5).
2 2
B. Solve for the standard equation of a parabola below and give what is asked. Write your answer
on the blank provided.
1) What is the vertex of the equation(𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 23)? __________________
2) What is the vertex of the equation ((𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 34)? _____________________
3) What is the axis of symmetry of the equation (5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 15 =

0)?___________________
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
ACTIVITY #3: THE CONIC SECTIONS: ELLIPSE (20 PTS.)
STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:
SECTION:
A. Check the mathematical statements below and choose TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if not.
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−3)2
1. The center of the standard equation of an ellipse + = 1 is 𝐶(−3, 3).
49 24
2. On the question number 1, the equation has a vertical major axis.
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. The vertices of the standard equation of an ellipse + = 1 is 𝐹1 (4 + √5, 3) and 𝐹2 (4 − √5, 3)
54 121
4. On the question number 3, the equation has horizontal major axis.
5. It is the shortest diameter in the ellipse is called the major axis.
6. It is a set of all points in a right circular cone whose distance from two fixed points adds up to a
constant is called a ellipse.
7. These are the points on the ellipse which is collinear with the center and directrix is called a
vertex.
8. The segment through the center, perpendicular to the minor axis is called the foci.
9. The sum of the distance from any point of the parabola to foci is called 2a.
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−3)2
10. The center of the standard equation of an ellipse + = 1 is 𝐶(−2, 3).
49 24
11. On the question number 1, the equation has a vertical major axis.
𝑥2 𝑦2
12. The vertices of the standard equation of an ellipse + 24 = 1 is 𝐹1 (4 + √5, 3) and
49
𝐹2 (4 − √5, 3)
13. On the question number 3, the equation has horizontal major axis.
B. In a given standard form equation of an ellipse below, identify what is asked below. Write your
answer on the space provided.
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎

1. What is the center of the equation? ________
2. What are vertices of the equation? _______________
3. What are the foci of the equation? ________________
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
NOTE: PASSED ONLY THIS ANSWER SHEET BELOW, THE CONTENT OF THE LESSONS WILL
SERVE AS YOUR NOTES.
ACTIVITY #4: THE CONIC SECTIONS: THE HYPERBOLA (20 PTS)

STUDENT’S DATE:
NAME:
STRAND & SCORE:

SECTION:
A. Find the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes and a transversal axis of a given standard equation
form of a hyperbola.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − =1
9 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. − =1
25 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
3. − =1
36 9
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections
B. Solve for the standard equation form of a hyperbola
1. 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 30𝑦 = 1
2. 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 − 35𝑦 = 1
3. 4𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 + 30𝑦 = 1
Pre-Calculus
The Conic Sections

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CEBU TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT ACADEMY, INC.

LESSON #1: THE CONIC SECTIONS: CIRCLE

I bet some of you have pictures of it on your social media

(1) When a plane intersects a double right circular cone, two-

• The standard equation formula of a circle is: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (2) 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = (5)2 (3) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (2) 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑞. 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

(𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = (6)2 (3) 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

*we have put deducted zero in the y-terms since it only

*completing the perfect trinomial

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 *the standard form equation of a circle

LESSON #2: THE CONIC SECTIONS: PARABOLA

Let F be a given point, and l a given line not

• A parabola is the graph of a quadratic

• A directrix is a line used to construct

• A focus is a point about which the

• A parabola has one focus on which

• A focus is the extreme point of the parabola.

HORIZONTAL AXIS OF SYMMETRY VERTICAL AXIS OF SYMMETRY

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒄 (𝒚 − 𝒌)

Vertex (𝒉, 𝒌) Vertex (ℎ, 𝑘)

*Since the squared term is the x-term

𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌) *the formula for the vertex

*Since the squared term is the y-term

𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌) *the formula for the vertex

𝟒𝐜 = −𝟏𝟔 *Getting the value of c

*Since the squared term is the y-term

𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌) *the formula for the vertex

*Since the squared term is the y-term

𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌) *the formula for the vertex

𝟔 *the value of c is obtained and will be used in

𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟔 *Arrange the x-terms and the y-terms

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 = −𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝟒 *Arrange the x-terms and the y-terms

LESSON #3: THE CONIC SECTIONS: ELLIPSE

Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of

• An ellipse is the set of all points on a plane

HORIZONATAL MAJOR AXIS VERTICAL MAJOR AXIS

Center (𝒉, 𝒌) Center (ℎ, 𝑘)

Vertices (𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌) Vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏)

Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) Foci (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)

Co-vertices (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒃) Co-vertices (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘)

(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐 *Determine what the major axis of the given

Center (𝒉, 𝒌) *Since in the given equation there is constant

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 *Solving the value of “a”, so that we may able

*Solving the value for the vertices by

*Solving the value of “b”, so that we may able

Co - vertices (𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒃) *Solving the value for the co-vertices by

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 *Solving the value of “c”, so that we may able

Foci (𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌) *Solving the value for the foci by substituting

EXAMPLES: Solve the standard equation form of an ellipse.

8. 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕𝟏

𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚 = 𝟕𝟏 *Given

*Arrange the terms according to 𝑥 and 𝑦

*Factoring the terms

*Completing the perfect square trinomial

*Factor Perfect Trinomial Square

*Divide both sides by 576

*The standard equation form of an ellipse