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    Assigment Controlled Drug Delivery System

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    Zainab Abdullahi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Assigment Controlled Drug Delivery System

    Uploaded by

    Zainab Abdullahi
    7 views5 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    7 views5 pages

    Assigment Controlled Drug Delivery System

    Uploaded by

    Zainab Abdullahi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    ASSIGNMENT

    NAME: SEYNAB ABDULLAHI SHIRE

    SAP ID: 70154686

    DEPARTMENT: FACULTY OF PHARMACY

    SUBJECT: FORMULATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT-MPHIL PCEU A

    TOPIC: CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS


    CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY
    Introduction
    Controlled drug delivery systems are conceived to release drug in a controlled manner over time.
    Usually the aim is to release the drug over long periods at a constant rate, confined to the drug's
    therapeutic window, although in some therapies a constant release is not desirable. Controlled
    release drug delivery employs drug-encapsulating devices from which therapeutic agents may be
    released at controlled rates for long periods of time, ranging from days to months. Such systems
    offer numerous advantages over traditional methods of drug delivery, including tailoring of drug
    release rates, protection of fragile drugs and increased patient comfort and compliance. While these
    advantages can be significant, the potential disadvantages cannot be ignored like the possible
    toxicity or non-biocompatibility of the materials used, undesirable by-products of degradation, any
    surgery required to implant or remove the system, the chance of patient discomfort from the
    delivery device, and higher cost of controlled-release systems compared with traditional
    pharmaceutical formulations.

    The ideal drug delivery system should be inert, biocompatible, mechanically strong, comfortable
    for the patient, capable of achieving high drug loading, safe from accidental release, simple to
    administer and remove, and easy to fabricate and sterilize. The goal of many of the original
    controlled-release systems was to achieve a delivery profile that would yield a high blood level of
    the drug over a long period of time. With traditional drug delivery systems, the drug level in the
    blood follows the in which the level rises after each administration of the drug and then decreases
    until the next administration. The key point with traditional drug administration is that the blood
    level of the agent should remain between a maximum value, which may represent a toxic level,
    and a minimum value, below which the drug is no longer effective.

    Types of drug delivery systems


    • Oral drug delivery.
    • Nasal drug delivery.
    • Ocular drug delivery.
    • Oral drug delivery.
    • Pulmonary drug delivery systems.
    • Sublingual drug delivery.
    • Transdermal drug delivery.
    • Vaginal/anal administration of medicines
    The nasal and pulmonary routes of drug administration are becoming increasingly important in the
    treatment of human disease. These routes provide a promising alternative to parenteral drug
    delivery, especially for peptide and protein therapies. Several drug delivery systems have been
    developed for this purpose and are being studied for delivery to the nose and lungs. These include,
    but are not limited to, liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs and cyclodextrins.
    Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers are safe to meet the stringent requirements
    imposed on these delivery systems, such as delivering drugs in a given manner and degrading
    within an acceptable time range.

    Description
    Oral drug delivery systems
    Oral drug delivery system provides maximum active surface area thereby resulting in effective
    treatment by enhancing the therapeutic index. More flexibility, reduced dosing frequency and
    better patient compliance are the major reasons for opting oral drug delivery route. For oral drug
    delivery to be successful, the aqueous solubility of the drug compound with inside the GI need to
    be assessed to decide if changes are required to enhance bioavailability. Oral drug delivery has
    drawbacks in relation to its suitability for sure affected person populations including; pediatric,
    geriatric and people with cognitive impairment.

    Buccal drug delivery


    Buccal drug delivery represents the delivery of the drug through the buccal mucosa (cheek
    mucosa). This route of administration avoids the first-pass effect (rapid uptake of the drug by the
    liver and metabolism to inactive compounds) and presents a "challenge" barrier to drug absorption,
    especially for large biopharmacy. Dosing is currently restricted to small molecule drugs with
    lipophilicity, such as: They can easily pass through the membrane. Since the oral route is often
    used for sustained release drug delivery (drugs are released in a controlled manner over a long
    period of time), formulations that can adhere to the mucosa are usually preferred. Various
    formulations have been developed for oral delivery, including: Tablets, gels, troches, patches.

    Nasal drug delivery


    Nasal drug delivery involves delivery of the drug through the nasal cavity. Nasal drops are usually
    used to treat local conditions that affect the upper respiratory tract (eg, stuffy nose, allergic
    rhinitis). However, in certain situations (for example, when a quick start is required), this delivery
    approach can be used for systemic delivery of small molecule drugs. The thin nasal mucosa is
    highly angiogenic, which allows for rapid transition to systemic blood flow and avoids first-pass
    metabolism, similar to oral administration. Liquid and (less common) powder formulations can be
    used for nasal drug delivery.

    Ocular drug delivery systems


    Ocular drug systems have been really of a tough challenge for drug delivery scientists, because of
    the attention’s particular anatomy and physiology-each static, dynamic and metabolic ocular
    boundaries hinder the absorption of medication via the attention. There are numerous
    unique management routes for the delivery of medication to unique components of the attention.
    Researchers had been capable of partly fight the demanding situations of turning in capsules to
    ocular tissues via figuring out unique efflux and inflow transporters in the attention and editing
    capsules to goal those transporters.

    Pulmonary drug delivery


    Pulmonary drug delivery describes the management
    of a drug through inhalation the mouth and into the airways. Inhaled medicinal drugs are a
    powerful approach for treating nearby ailment of the lungs. More recently, pulmonary drug
    delivery has additionally been studied as an ability direction of management for systemic
    sicknesses because of the considerable absorptive region and distinctly permeable membrane of
    the alveolar region.

    Sublingual drug shipping


    Sublingual drug shipping is the time period used for management of a drug below the tongue, that's
    then absorbed into the bloodstream through the tongue`s ventral floor and the ground of the mouth.
    Sublingual absorption is rapid; consequently, onset of transport may be carried out quickly. This
    direction of shipping additionally avoids hepatic first‐pass metabolism. The disadvantages for this
    route of sublingual delivery, high bioavailability is to avoid drug destruction. Moreover, efficient
    overall for certain drugs than intestinal uptake. The onset of drug effect may also be quicker than
    with oral ingestion.

    Transdermal drug delivery


    Transdermal drug delivery is a way of turning in a drug systemically by making use of a method
    onto intact skin. Initially the drug penetrates the stratum corneum after which progresses via the
    deeper dermis and epidermis in which ultimately systemically absorbed through the dermal
    microcirculation.

    Vaginal/anal drug delivery


    Vaginal/anal drug delivery routes have a quicker onset of motion in comparison to the oral
    direction and a better bioavailability. Rectal medicinal drugs may be used to show off nearby
    effects (e.g., laxative) or systemic effects (e.g., analgesics whilst different routes are
    contraindicated). Vaginal drug management avoids first-pass metabolism and is unaffected by the
    gastrointestinal disturbances. The vaginal direction is regularly taken into consideration
    for management of hormones and to cope with women`s fitness issues. Numerous vaginal method
    alternatives are to be had including; hydrogels, tablets, pessaries or suppositories.
    Conclusion
    These foreign agents may include drugs encapsulated in targeted delivery carriers. Therefore,
    researchers are working to develop reliable ways to deliver treatment to target cells, but more
    technology is being developed to ensure that treatment reaches the proper structure within the
    cell. Ideally, future healthcare would include an intelligent delivery system that bypasses cell
    defense, delivers the drug to targeted intracellular sites, and releases the drug in response to
    specific molecular signals.

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