UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Hospitality
Tourism Management Program

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: TME 102 Hospitality & Tourism Facilities Mgt &

Design
Name of Teacher: Liwliwa B. Lagman

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE
STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.

EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

 Course Outline: TME 102 – Hospitality & Tourism Facilities Management & Design

Course Coordinator: Liwliwa B. Lagman,MM

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: Done by online (LMS) or thru text or email.
Mobile: 09279677586
Phone: (082) 2977024 or 3005456 loc. 131
Effectivity Date: June 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-line with face to face virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face to face sessions.

Course Outline Policies

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery, i.e.
online sessions through the LMS and the 2-days on-
campus/onsite face-to-face review and final examination.
The expected number of hours will be 54 including
review and examination days. The face to face sessions
shall include the summative assessment tasks (exams).
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the Course Facilitator, date of submission and name of
the student. The document should be emailed to the
Course Facilitator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission of
the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by
the Course Facilitator

Since this course is included in the licensure examination

for teachers, you will be required to take the Multiple-
Choice Question exam during the on- campus/onsite
sessions. This should be scheduled ahead of time by the
Course Facilitator. This is non- negotiable for all
licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission (if To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment tasks
are required to be submitted through Turnitin with a

1
necessary) maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means
that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students will
either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the Course Facilitator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached more than
30% similarity index, the student may be called for a
disciplinary action in accordance with the University’s
OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to complete
the task for you have severe punishments (reprimand,
warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late Assignments/ The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or
part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper has

a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the Course Facilitator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or via
Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the Course Facilitator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the Course
Facilitator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy standards
or other reasonable circumstances e.g. illness, accidents
financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the students
on the approval and disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the Course Facilitator, you can elevate

your case to the program head or the dean with the
original letter of request. The final decision will come
from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact

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 Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style (if APA 6th Edition.
the tasks require)
Student Communication Students are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the Course Facilitator shall
enroll the students to have access to the materials and
resources of the course. All communication formats:
chat, submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall
be through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.

You can also contact your teacher/Course Facilitator via

traditional contact or social media for communication. For
related concerns, the students can contact the Dean,
Program Head, Library, and Guidance Help Desks.

For students who have not created their umindanao

account and LMS account, please contact the Course
Facilitator or Program Head for further instructions.
Contact Details of the Dean Florence Kristina M. Jimenez
[email protected]

(082) 2977024 or 3050647 loc 131

Contact Details of the Program Amor B. Jangao
Head [email protected]
(082) 2977024 or 3050647 loc 131
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
Course Facilitator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the Course
Facilitator, with the approval of the Program Head, may
provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of the
deadline of submission of assessment tasks. However,
the alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes
Instructional Help Desk Contact [email protected]
Details
Library Contact Details Ms. Christina Perocho
0991022141
[email protected]
Well-being Welfare Support Ms. Danica Baja
Held Desk Contact Details 09755604961

3
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello future tourism experts! Welcome to this course TME 102:
Hospitality & Tourism Facilities & Design.

By now, I am confident that you have a deep yearning to become a

future tourism professional and have envisioned yourself as one of
the sought after tourism management experts of Philippines’
tourism industry.

CO To become an effective tourism professional, deep knowledge

about different aspects of tourism management is a must, having
an ability to plan, design, organize, lead and manage effectively a
tourism facility makes one a sought after tourism management
expert. The success of the tourism industry relies mostly on the
availability of tourism experts in the destination that possess the
mentioned characteristics.

The said attributes are engrained in the course outcomes (CO) of

this subject, thus, after you have finished this course you are
expected to demonstrate knowledge pertaining to the operation of
the indicated facilities, demonstrate management ability when it
comes to implementation of policy, human resources, cost control,
and marketing and lastly demonstrate sound environmental
protection in the conduct of the facilities operation.

Let us begin!

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Week 6 – 7 Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to:

a. Analyze various influences on managing recreational facilities?

b. Explain design principles applied in recreation facilities

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Analyze various influences on managing recreational

facilities?

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to demonstrate ULOa will be operationally
defined. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of recreational facilities.
Please refer to these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding
facilities management concepts.

1. Man-made facility - is a designated area that facilitates a process, operation, or

course of activities and is conceived, planned, and built by people to deliver a
particular recreation product.
2. Recreation facilities – refers to the environments where leisure activities occur.
It can include naturally occurring resources, such as park areas and lakes, or
they can be man-made structures, such as museums and health clubs.
3. Sustainable facility - refers to operating a facility while minimizing its long-term
impact on the environment.
4. Facility Extensiveness - a facility, can either simple or complex, big in size, or
volume, square footage.
5. Natural environment - facility might include a lake, stream, cave, or other
natural resource.
6. Man-Made Structures - either indoors or outdoors and are designed to deliver a
specific product.
7. Functional Space – usefulness of a facility space.
8. Advanced Technology - highly automated systems along with technological
applications integrated with human capacities.
9. Code Interpretation – interpretation of legal law or rules.
10. Facility Users - people coming to their facility to have a positive experience
while using their product.

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Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for this week, you need to fully
understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages.
Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to the these resources. Thus, you
are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are available
in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.

Fundamentals of Recreation Facilities

Many activities that are part of everyday life take place in some type of facility. A
facility refers to the environments where leisure activities occur. Facilities can
include naturally occurring resources, such as park areas and lakes, or they can be
man-made structures, such as museums and health clubs. A facility can be indoors
or outdoors. facilities can take many forms, and they are of great importance to
recreation professionals.

Structures
Recreation facilities exist in two broad categories of structures.
• One category is natural environments, where little about the attraction has
been constructed by people.
• The other category of recreation facilities includes man-made structures that
are conceived, planned, designed, constructed, and occupied by a
management system to deliver a recreation product.

Natural Environment

• A natural environment facility might include a lake, stream, cave, or other natural
resource.
• Natural environments often have a management component that regulates use of the
area in addition to providing auxiliary services to facility users, such as boat, canoe,
kayak, or ski rentals.
• These types of facilities may be managed by a local, state, or federal agency or
private entity for use by the general public.
• Area that includes trees, water, lay of the land, mountains, lakes, which are left to be
maintained in their original and natural state.

Man-Made Structures

• A man-made facility is a designated area that facilitates a process, operation, or

course of activities and is conceived, planned, and built by people to deliver a
particular recreation product.
• Man-made structures can be either indoors or outdoors and are designed to deliver a
specific product.
• An outdoor man-made facility can range from local playgrounds or tennis courts to
large water parks and sport stadiums.
• An indoor man-made structure also can be observed in many forms, ranging from
bowling alleys or fitness centers to indoor arenas or major resorts.

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 • Some structures may consist of both indoor and outdoor facilities, such as a
swimming pool with a concession building and locker room.
Facility management

Creating and maintaining a recreation facility as a functional space requires

significant management effort. A variety of responsibilities and functions help make a
product available. A recreation facility management is coordinating a physical workplace with
the employees and goals of the agency while integrating the principles of management,
architecture and behavioral and engineering services.

Facility Extensiveness

Recreation facilities serve a multitude of purposes and may vary in size, volume, and
square footage.

As each of these grows, so does the responsibility in managing the facility.

The extensiveness, or number of products provided at a facility, indicates the

complexity of recreation facility management, which encompasses everything from
risk management to maintenance, not to mention unexpected disruption in product
delivery.

Extensiveness Varies because of each facility’s unique nature. As a facility, either

simple or complex, increases in size, volume, square footage, the responsibility in
managing space also increases.

Facility Uniqueness

Each recreation facility is unique as a result of the facility design and the product
being delivered. In addition, administrative styles, management philosophy, staff
composition, and leadership qualities all contribute to the uniqueness of a facility.
Although the functions of a facility manager may remain the same, it is the unique
characteristics of each facility that create the diversity.

Facility Complexity

Technology has created a more complicated work environment for management

where operating equipment, efficiency systems, registration applications, and
maintenance functions all affect the production and delivery processes.

In many respects, facilities and equipment have evolved into a science of human
behavior and structural and mechanical technology, making the daily duties of
recreation facility managers more complex than ever.

e.x. Complexity-advancement in technology, equipment, mechanical systems may

enhance comfort and efficiency of everyone in production process – employees or
user or Creates a more complicated work environment for management

Recent Changes in Facility Management

Recently, the role of facilities in the operation of organizations has taken on new
meaning. Today the emphasis is on utilizing a facility to its capacity while maximizing

7
 revenue and minimizing expenses. The better a facility is utilized, the more it is
perceived as beneficial to the mission of an organization.

Facility Sustainability - refers to operating a facility while minimizing its long-term

impact on the environment. Being green is another term referring to ways that a
facility can be more efficient and lessen its negative influence on the environment.

Recreation facilities are being designed and operated using technological

advancements in materials and efficiency systems that minimize their effect on the
environment.

Some of the reasons for this change in emphasis include

• demand for functional space

• advancing technology
• legal code interpretation
• cost savings
• protection against liability
• interest in sustainability.

¤ Demand for Functional Space - Unutilized space in a facility is not only inefficient,
it also has negative fiscal repercussions. Today, recreation professionals are
placing more importance on analyzing and assigning space to maximize its use.
Few facilities can afford to have space that is not being used or is creating
expenses without producing revenue. In an effort to maximize resources,
recreation professionals are constantly analyzing the product and seeking to
make all facility areas a functional part of the production process.

¤ Advanced Technology - Properly functioning and successful facilities require

highly automated systems along with technological applications integrated with
human capacities. This can include anything from computer-oriented efficiency
systems to technologically complicated equipment. Recreation professionals face
constantly changing technology that emphasizes obtaining and assessing
information to enhance the efficiency of human resources and any equipment
that delivers a product.

¤ Code Interpretation - State and federal governments have written codes that
protect the welfare of all users and employees. Interpreting and applying these
regulations requires professional attention to protect a recreation agency and its
users.

¤ Cost Savings - Recreation agencies are required to be financially accountable for

their operations. Financial inefficiency can result in lost income, decreasing
profits, and negative perceptions of an agency.

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 All costs related to the operation of recreation facilities have come under scrutiny by
facility managers, including;

– Utilities
– Maintenance
– Labor
– Facility financing

¤ Protection Against Liability- Recreation professionals must take every precaution

to protect users of their product. They must establish risk management strategies
and provide facilities and equipment that are free of both mental and physical
dangers.

Influences on management responsibility

The responsibilities of recreation facility management can greatly influenced, both

positively and negatively, by the functionality of a facility, the employees and the user
of the facility. These factors play an important role in product delivery.

¤ Facility Functionality – a recreation facility is a structure that provides space for

the productions of the core product and its extensions. Administrators and
employees facilitate the functions and activities that occur in the facility and result
in user receiving benefits from the product.

Facility Functionality-Positive Influences - The existence of a facility has no

significance until the product production and delivery occur.
Once a management system is functioning within a facility, the facility has a
reason to exist. A recreation facility and its equipment must be functional and
coordinated with the production process for efficient and effective product
delivery.

Facility Functionality-Negative Influences - A recreation facility is only as good as

it is designed to function. A poorly designed facility can hinder the ability to
produce a product to fulfill the expectations of employees and users.

• Examples of negative occurrences include:

– doors being locked when they should be opened
– not having proper signs to direct users
– dead trees not being removed
– snow left on a sidewalk
– malfunctioning or unclean restroom facilities
– limited or no security system
– missing fire extinguishers

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 – design flaws
– unclean spaces.
A recreation facility is only as good as it is designed to function.

¤ Employees – Recreation facilities strive to create an experience that is rewarding

and achieves the mission and goals of the organization. Employees efforts
significantly contribute to creating positive or negative experience in relation to
the product delivery.

Employees – Positive Influences

The primary goal of a recreation agency is to do everything possible to
produce and deliver a product that is valued by users, and employees are
a key component to achieving this goal. Employees are trained to be
competent through their education, certification, training, and professional
development. Competent recreation professionals have the ability to
anticipate problems and avoid them while presenting the product in a
positive way.

Employees – Negative Influences

Unfortunately, in some instances employees can have a negative
influence on a facility. Employees not showing up for work, displaying
inappropriate attitudes or behaviors, and performing poorly on the job can
lead to users having an unsatisfactory experience.

¤ Users – all organizations emphasize the importance of people coming to their

facility to have a positive experience while using their product. These people are
called users and can be clients, customers, patients, students, children, adults,
participants, spectators or members. It is important for recreation facilities
manager to appreciate and understand the users of their facility. Understand the
users involves learning user patterns and using needs assessment strategies to
better serve them. User attitudes, behavior and ability can affect operations both
positively and negatively in a recreation environment.

Positive Influences
The success of a recreation agency depends on bringing users to a facility to enjoy
an activity, purchase something, or watch an event.

The goal is to provide an experience that meets users’ expectations and encourages
a return visit. The users’ capacities, including behaviors and attitudes, will help them
to fulfill their reason for visiting the facility.

Recreation facility manager should provide a plan for the user to have a
positive experience while casing minimal distractions that are disruptive to the
experiences of the other users.

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 Negative Influences
Facility use is not always positive, and a facility user who exhibits negative
behavior can become a serious disruption.
Users may violate rules or policies, such as smoking in undesignated areas,
using foul or abusive language, initiating physical altercations, or vandalizing
or damaging equipment. They may just have an unpleasant attitude toward
other users or employees.
More serious user behaviors include

- Drug and alcohol use

- Physical altercations
Recreation facility managers must recognize their responsibility to respond to
negative user attitudes and behaviors. By being prepared for these concerns,
they can help all users have better leisure experience.

Responsibilities of Recreation Facility Management

The basic responsibilities of recreation facility management are:

– Ensure delivery – recreation professionals assist in supporting the core

product and its extensions by properly coordinating all spaces. This
coordination of space includes scheduling the areas for appropriate use and
assigning the appropriate equipment and staff resources to those areas.

– Operate efficiently – Facilities and equipment play a key role in the

production process. Recreation professionals have to be cognizant that the
facility and equipment are functioning efficiently.

– Be flexible – Flexibility is crucial in managing a recreation facility. The

delivery of a product can require so much attention that recreation facility
managers sometimes unintentionally neglect facility-related concerns.

– The ability for recreation professionals to be flexible and aware of the need
for adjustment can play a significant role in success of the facility
management.

– Activities that can challenge recreation facility managers’ flexibility include

administrative-imposed priorities, production difficulties, conflicting interest,
last minute changes, communication problems, politics among employees and
challenging personalities

– Be cost efficient – A critical responsibility of recreation professional is

attending to the finances of the resources assigned to them and accounting
for spending. Typical areas of cost containment include controlling utility cost

11
 and employee scheduling practices, and monitoring the purchase and use of
supplies and equipment.

– Maintain Effective Human Resources and Relations

12
 Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:

Atkin, B. Brooks, A. (2015) Total Facility Management 4th edition retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/reader.action?docID=1895527&query=Facility+management

Edginton, C.R., Lankford, S.V. (2015) Managing Recreation, Parks and Leisure
Services. Illinois USA.

Jane Wiggins (2014) Facility Managers Desk 2nd edition retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/reader.action?docID=1629337&query=facility+management#

Kathy O. Roper , and Richard Payant (2014) The facility management handbook 4th edition
retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/reader.action?docID=1596412&ppg=3

Mull, R. Beggs, B. Renneisen, M. (2009) Recreation Facility Management: Design,

Development and Utilization. USA

Keywords Index. The following terms, words, phrases and concepts discussed in this
lesson are essential for you to keep in mind. Please study the terms below.

Man-made facility Recreation facility Sustainable facility

Facility Extensiveness Natural environment Man-made structure

Functional space Advance technology Code interpretation

Facility users.

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Let’s Check

Activity 1. Word search. Locate the given words below in the grid.

I L R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y Z I T
A F U N C T I O N A L N O L O G Y N S
D A T N A I N O I T A E R C E R A T R
V C E A D C A T C U R T S D L C D E E
A I R T V S T N S I V E N E O S V R S
L L P P E R U T C U R T S D Z Y A P Y
I I O O F H R A I N A B R P A C N R N
T T M A N M A D E S U S E L O G C E H
F Y G S U S L P E R U S P A C E T A
E N V I R O N M E N T R U L I T Y A R
I H E P E R U T E C H N O L O G Y T V
N A I S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y I T
T R I N A N O I T A E R C E R A O H
E V S E X T E N S I V E N E S S N A

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the different terms used on how to manage recreation
facilities not enough, what also matters is you can expound its concepts. Now, I will require
you to explain in detail the following:

1. What does it mean to state a recreation facility is only good as it is designed

to function?

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In a Nutshell

Activity 1. Based from the definition of the most essential terms and concepts in the
lesson of managing recreation facilities and the learning exercises that you have
done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned below. I have
indicated my arguments or lessons learned.

- It is important for recreation facilities manager to appreciate and understand

the users of their facility The success of a recreation facility depends on
bringing users to a facility to enjoy an activity, purchase something, or watch
an event.

Your Turn

2.
.

3.

4.

5.

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Q&A LIST.
This portion, allows you to write your question and issues relative to the lesson you would
like to raise. You may also raise these questions thru the LMS. You are also the one to write
the answers after questions have been clarified.

Example: What is the meaning of ‘be cost efficient’?

Your Turn
Questions/Issues Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Explain design principles applied in recreation
facilities

Metalanguage

In this section, the most essential terms relevant to demonstrate ULOb will be operationally
defined. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study of recreational facilities.
Please refer to these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the in understanding
facilities management concepts.

1. Slope - a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another; a
rising or falling surface.
2. Soil Permeability - is the property of the soil to transmit water and air
3. Vegetation - plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area.
4. Ravine - a small narrow steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller
than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water.
5. Natural elements - such as land, water, and plants
6. Forces of nature - such as wind, sunlight, and rain, that affect all of the other
elements.
7. Terrain - resembles the topography
8. Transportation – means of people to get to and from the facility as well as move
around
9. Structures – whether major or minor it affect the design of a facility
10. Use Areas – an area or location that is compatible to its use.

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Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for this week, you need to fully
understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages.
Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to the these resources. Thus, you
are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are available
in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.

In this part of the lesson you will be able to learn the different concept that influence the
design principles and practice of a certain facilities in order for the facility manager to
manage it well.

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

The development and design of a facility is thought of as a process divorced from its
management and maintenance. However, decisions made in the concept’s design can have
significant impact on maintenance and management costs. The idea of site design is to
“anticipate problems in the land usage and provide a physical form solution to ensure that
the problems never arise.”

Andy Rutledge (a US based designer) has identified eight overriding principles to which all
design projects should adhere:

¤ Be sure that everything has a purpose.

¤ Design for people.
¤ Satisfy both function and aesthetics.
¤ Establish a substantial experience.
¤ Establish an appropriate experience.
¤ Satisfy technical requirements.
¤ Meet the needs for the lowest possible cost.
¤ Provide for supervision ease.

Be Sure That Everything Has a Purpose

The natural resource base is a precious thing; as Will Rogers once said, “The good Lord is
making more people, but he ain’t making no more land.” All development should be thought
out ahead of time, and attractions and facilities that are built should be there for some
reason.

Typically, every outdoor recreational site has six parts:

• Natural elements, such as land, water, and plants

• Use areas, such as parking lots, roads, and recreational areas
• Major structures, such as buildings
• Minor structures, such as utility lines, signs, and drinking fountains
• People and animals
• Forces of nature, such as wind, sunlight, and rain, that affect all of the other elements

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Surroundings

The recreational site cannot be viewed in isolation from its surroundings. The impact
of the development on its neighbors must be considered.

Use Areas

Within the site itself, the location of various activities must be developed in areas compatible
with each use. To cite obvious examples, tennis courts require flat surfaces and ski runs
require relatively steep slopes, while extremely steep inclines can serve as a buffer between
incompatible activities.

The activities to take place in an area can be characterized relative to their need like:

• Slope - (flat, degree of pitch)

• Type of soil - (stability, fertility, permeability) - Soil can be characterized as a clay,
sand, or silt.
– Clay absorbs and holds moisture;
– sand does not;
– the term silt covers everything that is not clay or sand.
– Certain types of activities are not compatible with certain types of soil.
– Roads built over clay are subject to cracking.
• Need for vegetative cover - Vegetation presents one of the two problems: too much
of it or not enough.
– In some situations, it is better to remove vegetation.
– For example, a surfaced parking lot will cut off the air and moisture needed by
the root systems of adjacent trees and other vegetation.
– Uprooting most of the trees during the construction phase will be less costly
than having to do it a few years later.

Many recreation areas suffer from over shading – having too many trees providing
cover. Far from providing a satisfying experience, too much vegetation can almost
intimidate visitors. It can be appropriate to cut vegetation to provide vistas along
roadways. Selective cutting can significantly enhance viewing. Safety can be another
factor; it may be prudent to provide parking areas or turnouts that allow visitors to
safely enjoy the views.

• In identifying the appropriate vegetation type, four possibilities are given:

• Tree crown dominant at 50% +
• Significant tree crown from 10% to 50%
• Small tree cover
• Ground cover with bushes and shrubs

The terrain that most closely resembles the topography

– Flat land
– Gentle slope
– Gently rolling land
– Ravine - steep slope
– Stream valley

19
Suggestions for the appropriate positioning of built units relative to the site conditions are:

• When the tree crown is dominant on flat land, clearings can be exploited and platform
structures be used to reduce ground coverage. On a gentle slope, the building structure
must take the grade change into account. On a gently rolling terrain, tree house
structures offer a distinctive solution. Buildings should be avoided in ravines and on
steep slopes because of the sensitivity of the vegetation.

• When the tree crown is between 10% and 50%, different possibilities exist. On flat
land, buildings constructed at the edge of the clearing create a large open space and
give a choice of views. On a gentle slope, the change in grade allows porches to face
the clearing and the forest. On gently rolling hills, stacked units may be built in compact
clearings. Terraced units on a steep slope give privacy while supporting views of the
landscape. The larger clearing in a stream valley makes the stream a feature in an area
between the units.

• Small tree cover in flat land provides focal points of interest for groups of units. On a
gentle slope, the openness of the site allows a view from several sides. This is important
because views are an attraction that people are willing to pay for. On gently rolling hills,
various views are available to and over landscape elements. A single tree on a steep
slope is an invitation to stop and relax; in a steam valley, a row of trees along a stream
forms a promenade between units.

• Where there is little cover, buildings on flat land become dominant forms in the
landscape, with vertical elements particularly strong in terms of the structure. On a
gentle slope, the roof profile on an open site can be counter form to the slope. Gently
rolling hills allow the possibility of using buildings to create shade and shelter. On a
steep slope, a strong stepped form allows many units to have open views Finally, in a
steam valley, units can be grouped to form a dense cluster with the stream as the focus.

Proximity to Water

Because water flows downhill, erosion can result. To cope with this potential
problem, a ditch and beam - a narrow ledge at the top of a slope - can be placed
above a recreational area to channel runoff water away from the recreational area.

Transportation

How people get to and from the facility as well as move around when they are there
is important to the success of the project. The basic element in any facility
transportation plan is the internal road and street system. The way the streets are
laid out, their width, and the types of transportation allowed are often different from
those of primary home communities

Trails are an effective way of transporting people and their machines around the recreational
areas. Parks Canada classifies trails as follows:

• Class 1: Primitive Trails – marked but unimproved except for clearing and some work
on dangerous areas.

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 • Class 2: Minor Trails – signed and improved to accommodate foot, horse traffic, or
both.
• Class 3: Major Trails – as class 2 but, in addition, reaches many of the main visitor
attractions and serves as a terminus for the minor and primitive trails.
• Class 4: Walks – including boardwalks and bituminous trails that connect developed
areas or serve as short scenic walks.
• Class 5: Special-Purpose Trails – including bicycle, cross- country ski, and
accessible trails for the people with disabilities

The site can be defined in terms of its positives and negatives. A picnic area is
inappropriate when there are no trees for shelter; stable soil bases are necessary for
the construction of buildings; Additionally, use areas should be examined relative to
their compatibility with each other. For example, nature walks, canoeing, and areas
for contemplation demand a certain level of peace and quiet. Tennis courts,
basketball courts, and other physically active sports areas create noise as part of the
enjoyment of the activity. The quiet activities and the loud activities should each be
clustered together and buffered from the other. Similar activities usually require
similar maintenance – another reason for the clustering.

Design standards have been developed for each of these trail types. Three elements
are important in the development of a trail: Three important elements in the
development of a trail:

• Function of the trail

• Relation of the trail to others in the area
• Relation of the trail to other facilities

A single-purpose trail might be used for interpretation, hiking, motorized, or

horseback riding. Examples of multipurpose uses are hiking and biking, hiking and
horseback, fitness/jogging, and hiking and skiing. Secondary uses are for access,
connection, and circulation. The important point is that the primary function of the
trail should be identified and every subsequent design decision should be tied to that
function. A trail designed to serve too may or conflicting purposes will disappoint
users.

Once the function is determined, the relation of this trail to others must be
determined. Some trails conflict with each other, while the others complement their
neighbors. Hiking and interpretation do not mix, as do horseback and off-highway
vehicles. On the other hand, dirt bike and four-wheel trails can be complementary.
The final consideration is the relationship of the trail to other facilities. Again,
compatibility is used in this issue. Motorized trails should be separated from such
quiet venues as campsites.

Several important design considerations pertain to trails:

- A circular loop is preferable to a linear design. A loop eliminates backtracking

and seeing the same views twice.
- Use a single entry/exit point. Administration and control is easier, and visitors
have less chance of being disoriented by establishing the trail and knowing
where they are

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- The trail entrance is particularly important. The entrance should be designed to
funnel people into the trail in an inviting manner. The trail should be rather wide
initially and gradually get narrower. This allows participants to get used to the
trail.
- Trails that begin by going uphill represent an unfriendly barrier to many people.
Trails that go downhill at first are much more user- friendly. Preferably, the trail
should be designed so that, after the entrance, the first half of the trail has a
gradual upward incline (when participants are more energized) and the latter half
slopes downward (when people are more tired).
- The natural tendency for people is to move to the right. This tendency can be
reinforced through proper design. A barrier to the left discourages movement in
that way; while a gentle curve to the right reinforces that natural movement (most
people are more comfortable moving to the right).

The need for variety is particularly important if the primary function of a trail is as a foot trail.
The use of curves and different kinds of scenery can enhance the experience; consider
orientation to sun, wind, etc.

Structures

Structures, be they major (a building) or minor (a trash can), affect the design of a facility.
The relationship of the various parts of the structure to the outdoor activity areas is
particularly important.

– Is the entrance to the building easily accessible?

– When swimmers leave the changing rooms, do they have immediate access
to the pool or must they cross public areas used by non-swimmers?
– Are the trash cans located in such a way that litter disposal is encouraged?

Design for People

• If developments are to be considered worthy, it must take into account the physical
strengths and weaknesses of the site.

The designer has a responsibility to the final user. This raises an interesting
question. Do we develop what the guest wants, what the guest needs, or what we
think the guest needs – that is, what we think is best for the guest?

Balance Impersonal and Personal Needs

Consider the placement of seats in airport terminals. Locked in place and built in rows, they
do not encourage eye contact. Seats in bars and restaurants are more conductive to
conversation and personal contact. Design should offer spaces for companionship as well as
solitude, safety and challenge, standardization and creativity.

Satisfy Both Function and Aesthetics

In balancing function and aesthetics, it is important to balance both dollar and human
values. The lower cost of doing something must be balanced with what Rutledge

22
calls “adding to or deducting from a person’s well- being”. The balance is between
function to which a dollar value can be attributed and aesthetics which is a measure
of pleasurable human response.

J.C. Penny said, in this regard, “If you satisfy the customer but fail to get the profit,
you’ll soon be out of business; if you get the profit but fail to satisfy the customer,
you’ll soon be out of customers.” Guest satisfaction and functional profitability must
go hand in hand. This means providing a satisfying experience as efficiently as
possible.

Establish a Substantial Experience

For participants to understand what they are seeing it is important that a label be
placed on the site – that is, the site should be substantial enough so that the visitors
can immediately relate one or more adjectives to it, such as peaceful, exciting, or
awesome. The key is to establish a theme – a vision of what should be.

4 Elements used in creating a substantial experience

– Line – single edges indicating directional movement.

– Forms – external appearance of objects defined by lines making closed
circuits
– Texture – distribution of lights and darks over surfaces caused by
inconsistencies in illumination
– Colors – qualities of light reflected off surfaces as refracted by the eye’s prism

Establishing a substantial experience means answering the question what is there and
establishing an appropriate experience means answering the question why is it there.

Personality of the Place

Physical places have personalities. It is “easier to provide a substantial experience

through an intensification of what already exists than to first water down a pervasive
mood and then begin all over again with the insertion of a feeling from scratch

Personality of the User

The people attracted to a particular location – the target market – might be

somewhat homogenous in their personality type. If this is the case, it is appropriate
to account for this in the final plan. The key is to surround users with the familiar.
Some people are more conservative in the taste than others, some more flamboyant.
Conservatives prefer clean, no- nonsense design, while the more extroverted
appreciate more flash.

Satisfy Technical Requirements To be usable, each site has certain technical

requirements:

• Sizes – the size of the recreational site must be large enough to ensure a high-quality
experience.

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• Quantities – good planning means providing not only for existing demand but
anticipating possible future expansion.
• Orientation to natural forces – sun, wind, rain and snow must all be taken into
account when developing recreational activities.
• Operating needs – a variety of specific restrictions need to be adhered too.

Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Cost

Balance Needs and Budget

Communication between developer and designer is necessary to ensure that facilities meet
the needs of the visitor at a cost that allows the developer to make a profit.

Use Existing Site Resources

Using the strengths and being aware of the limitations of the site can help reduce
costs. Campsite construction is much lower if building occurs on soil that drains well
and does not require under draining. Pine trees die quickly when subject to heavy
foot traffic, while hardwoods survive longer.

Provide Appropriate Structural Materials

Materials used in construction should be selected based on these qualities:

• Durability – Will it stand up to wear and tear?

• Appearance – Does it blend with its surroundings?
• Availability – can it be found locally?
• Tactile qualities – how does it feel to the touch?
• Climatic adaptability – will it remain stable in this environment?
• Drainability – is it usable after storms?

Provide for Supervision Ease

Proper design can encourage “good” behavior while discouraging “bad” behavior.
For example, a parking lot might be used as two use areas – a picnic area and a
lake used encourage foot traffic from one to the other that bypasses the lot.

Ecotourism Design

• Prominently post an environmental code of conduct.

• Select interior furnishings & equipment to represent local resources.
• Design trail systems to respect travel patterns and wildlife habitat.
• Minimize trail crossing points
• Space buildings to allow for wildlife travel patterns and forest growth.
• Discreetly label plant/tree types around the immediate lodging facilities.
• Limit and control site lighting

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 Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:

Atkin, B. Brooks, A. (2015) Total Facility Management 4th edition retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/reader.action?docID=1895527&query=Facility+management

Edginton, C.R., Lankford, S.V. (2015) Managing Recreation, Parks and Leisure
Services. Illinois USA.

Kathy O. Roper , and Richard Payant (2014) The facility management handbook 4th edition
retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanao-
ebooks/reader.action?docID=1596412&ppg=3

Mill, R.C. (2008). Resorts: management and operation. NY: John Wiley

Mull, R. Beggs, B. Renneisen, M. (2009) Recreation Facility Management: Design,

Development and Utilization. USA

Keywords Index. The following terms, words, phrases and concepts discussed in this
lesson are essential for you to keep in mind. Please study the terms below

Slope Soil Permeability Vegetation

Ravine Natural elements Forces of nature

Terrain Transportation Structures

Use Areas Minor/major structures

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Let’s Check

Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding about the lesson. In the space provided,
write your take away about design principle lesson: You may limit your answer with at least 5
sentences to each of the following area.

Design for people

Establish a substantial experience

Provide for supervision ease

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Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the different terms used in design principles is not
enough, what also counts is you can expound its concepts. Now, I will require you to explain
in detail the following:

1. Now that you have gained knowledge about design principles, should facilities
design be left to the designers alone? Explain the pros and cons.

27
Activity 2. Access the site and the video link below, and search at least 2 tourism,
hospitality or events facilities preferably in the Philippine (you may choose from other
countries) that already complied to the accessible tourism mandate of UNWTO. Compare
and contrast the design of the facilities in terms of design purpose, design features (for
people or users), function and aesthetics, experience and technical requirements. You are
required to put pictures of the facilities.

Accessible tourism link- https://www.unwto.org/accessibility

Example establishment- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0NVShuA-xU&feature=emb_logo

Example:

Tourism facility Hotel 1 Hotel 2

Picture:

Design purpose

Design for people or

user

Function and
aesthetics

Experience

Technical
requirements

Your turn:

Tourism facility:

Picture:

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Design purpose

Design for people or

user

Function and
aesthetics

Experience

Technical
requirements

29
In a Nutshell

Activity 1. Based from the definition of the most essential terms and concepts in the
lesson Design principles and the learning exercises that you have done, please feel
free to write your arguments or lessons learned below. I have indicated my
arguments or lessons learned.

The decisions made in the concept’s design of the facilities can have significant
impact on maintenance and management costs of the facilities thus it will affect the
facility managers’ ability to perform their responsibility efficiently.

Your Turn

2.
.

3.

4.

5.

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Q&A LIST.
This portion, allows you to write your questions and issues relative to the lesson you would
like to raise. You may also raise these questions thru the LMS. You are also the one to write
the answers after questions have been clarified.

Example: Why trail crossing point should be minimize in ecotourism design?

Your Turn
Questions/Issues Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

End of module

Consider it pure joy, my brothers and sisters, whenever you face trials of many kinds, because you
know that the testing of your faith produces perseverance. Let perseverance finish its works so that
you may mature and complete, not lacking anything.

– James 1:2-4

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 God Bless You

COURSE SCHEDULES

This section calendars all the activities and exercises, including readings and lectures, as
well as time for making assignments and doing other requirements, in a programmed
schedule by days and weeks, to help the students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of
delivery (OBD or DED).

Activity Date Where to Submit

Week 1 - 3

Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities May 28, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities May 29, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities May 30, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: QA List May 30, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities June 4, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities June 5, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities June 6, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: QA List June 6, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture C: Let’s Check Activities June 10, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture C: Let’s Analyze Activities June 11, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture C: In a Nutshell Activities June 11, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture C: QA List June 11, 2020 BB’s forum

FIRST EXAM June 12, 2020 BB LMS

Week 4 -5

Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities June 18, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities June 19, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities June 20, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: QA List June 20, 2020 BB’s forum

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Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities June 24, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities June 25, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities June 26, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: QA List June 26, 2020 BB’s forum

SECOND EXAM June 26, 2020 BB LMS

Week 6 - 7

Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities July 2, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities July 3, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities July 4, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: QA List July 4, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities July 8, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities July 9, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities July 10, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: QA List July 10, 2020 BB’s forum

THIRD EXAM July 10, 2020 BB LMS

Week 8 - 9

Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities July 16, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Activities July 17, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities July 18, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture A: QA List July 18, 2020 BB’s forum

Activity Date Where to Submit

Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities July 22, 2020 BB’s LMS quiz feature

Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze Activities July 22, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities July 23, 2020 BB’s forum

Big Picture B: QA List July 23, 2020 BB’s forum

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FINAL EXAM July 23-24, 2020 BB LMS

Course prepared by:

LIWLIWA B. LAGMAN

Course Facilitator/Faculty

Course reviewed by:

AMOR B. JANGAO

Program Head, BSTM

Approved by:

FLORENCE KRISTINA M. JIMENEZ

Dean, CHE

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