Cri 325 Vice and Drug Education

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Tagum College
Department of Criminal Justice Education

Criminology Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: CDI 325 – VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND

CONTROL
Name of Teacher: Besagas, Amethyst Joanne L., RCrim
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED
USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS
WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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Course Outline: CRI 325 – Vice and Drug Education and Control
Course Coordinator: Amethyst Joanne L. Besagas

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09171448532
Effectivity Date: August 2020
Mode of Delivery: Distance Education
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: CDI 1
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 100% attendance is required at all
scheduled sessions.
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is
designed for distance learning mode of
instructional delivery. The expected number of
hours will be 54 including the supplemented
traditional contact and/or social media platform (if
necessary).
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 rd,

5th, 7th and 9th week of the term. The assessment
paper shall be attached with a cover page
indicating the title of the assessment task (if the
task is performance), the name of the course
coordinator, date of submission and name of the
student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before the
submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time

through the features in the Quipper Learning
Management System, the schedule shall be
arranged ahead of time by the course
coordinator.
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Since this course is included in the criminology
licensure examination, you will be required to take
the Multiple- Choice Question exam inside the
University. This should
be scheduled ahead of time by your course
coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all licensure-
based programs.
Turnitin To ensure honesty and authenticity, all
Submission (if assessment tasks are required to be submitted
necessary) through Turnitin with a maximum similarity index
of 30% allowed. This means that if your paper
goes beyond 30%, the students will either opt to
redo her/his paper or explain in writing addressed
to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached
more than 30% similarity index, the student may
be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and
Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after
Assignments/Assessme the designated time on the due date, without an
nts approved extension of time, will be reduced by 5%
of the possible maximum score for that
assessment item for each day or part day that the
assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be
required to present/attach evidences.
Return of Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assignments/ weeks after the submission. This will be returned
Assessments by email or via Quipper portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course

coordinator will require some or few of the students
for online or virtual sessions to ask clarificatory
questions to validate the originality of the
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assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the

course coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised
on the student’s failure to comply with the similarity
index and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g. illness, accidents financial
constraints.
Re-marking of You should request in writing addressed to the

Assessment Papers and program coordinator your intention to appeal or
Appeal contest the score given to an assessment task.
The letter should explicitly explain the
reasons/points to contest the grade. The program
coordinator shall communicate with the students
on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with the original letter of request. The final decision
will come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from Quipper sessions and
traditional contact
Course discussions/exercises
– 30% 1st formative
assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment
– 10% 3rd formative
assessment –10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the
usual University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or
inadequate, use the general practice of the APA
6th Edition.
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Student Communication You are required to create a email account which
is a requirement to access the Quipper portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and
resources of the course. All communication
formats: chat, submission of assessment tasks,
requests etc. shall be through the portal and other
university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in

person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student

email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Gina Fe G. Israel, EdD
Email:[email protected]
Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314
Contact Details of the Jun Mark A. Asis, MSCRIM
Program Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0938 493 1993
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate
with the course coordinator about the nature of his
or her special needs. Depending on the nature of
the need, the course coordinator with the approval
of the program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Globe: 0917 466 709
Smart: 09308920005
Library Contact [email protected]
0927 395 1639
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS
CC’sVoice: Hello there! Good day! Welcome to this course CRI 325: Vice and Drug
Education and Control. As a college student it is essential to study the
Drug Abuse Prevention and Education Program of the government that
includes recognition, nature and extent of drug problems; causes and
influence of drug abuse; origin, identification and classification of
commonly abused drugs, prohibited and regulated drugs and
symptoms of drug abuse. Learning Drug Education and Vice Control
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maybe difficult but rest assured it would be worthy. It talks reality which
everyone may relate. Thus, enjoy while learning this course.
CO As a student of this course you are expected torationalize the legal aspects
of drug education and drug law enforcement; describe fully the adverse
effects of drugs towards the individual and the environment and the public;
evaluate the meaning, scope, and objective of the Dangerous Drug Law
and explain the causes and influences of drug abuse; and Explain the
basic identification, classification and the effects of dangerous drugs,
identify the treatment and rehabilitation approaches against drug abuse
and realize the control of drugs and its related vices.
Let us begin ! Commented [D2]:

Too wide space
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Comprehend the nature and history of drug abuse, Terms and Drugs
abuse jargons, Nature and physiology of drugs and Historical background
of drug abuse.
b. Recognize the Global Drug Scene, Drug trafficking: concepts and
operation, worldwide drug outlook and Drug abuse situation.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa.Comprehend the nature and history of

drug abuse, Terms and Drugs abuse jargons, Nature and
physiology of drugs and Historical background of drug abuse.
Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this
unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding the Drug Education and Vice Control.
 Dangerous Drugs- Include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and
in the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic
Substances.
 Drug – are synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in the making of
medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.
 Drug Abuse – It is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.
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Essential Knowledge
The following are basic concept of drug education and vice control that may
be useful for you to understand this field of expertise. The said concepts might be
confusing or difficult as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great
help for you to understand the nature of its existence. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other
books, research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s
library e.g. ebrary, search. proquest. cometc., and even online tutorial websites.
1. IMPORTANT TERMINILOGIES IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ABUSE:
1.1. ADMINISTER. The act of introducing any dangerous drug into the
body of any person with or without his knowledge.
1.2. CHEMICAL. It is any substance taken into the body that alters the
way and the mind and the body work.
1.3. CHEMICAL ABUSE, it is an instance when the use of chemical has
produced negative or harmful consequences.
1.4. CENTERS, any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug
dependents referred to under section 34, article VII of Republic Act
9165
1.5. CHEMICAL DIVERSION, the sale, distribution, supply or transport
of legitimately imported, in-transit, manufactures or procured controlled
precursors and essential chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in
concentrated form, to any person or entity engaged in the manufacture
of any dangerous drug, and shall include packaging, repacking,
labeling, relabeling or concealment of such transaction through fraud,
destruction of documents, fraudulent use of permits, misdeclaration, use
of front companies or mail fraud.
1.6. CLANDESTINE LABORATORY, any facility used for the illegal
manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.
1.7. CONFIRMATORY TEST, an analytical test using a device, tool or
equipment with a different chemical or physical principle that is more
specific which will validate and confirm the result of the screening test.
1.8. CONTROLLED DELIVERY, the investigative technique of allowing
an unlawful or suspected consignment of any dangerous drug and or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, equipment or
paraphernalia, or property believed to be derived directly or indirectly
from any offense, to pass into, through or out of the country under the
supervision of an authorized officer, with a view of gathering evidence to
identify any person involved in any dangerous drugs related offense, or
to facilitate prosecution of that offense.
1.9. CONTROLLED PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS,
include those listed in tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention Against
Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
1.10. CULTIVATE OR CULTURE, any act of knowingly planting,
growing, raising or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any
plant which is the source of a dangerous drug.
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1.11. DANGEROUS DRUG, include those listed in the Schedules
Annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended
by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules Annexed to the 1971 Single
Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
1.12. DELIVER, any act of knowingly passing a dangerous drug to
another, personally or otherwise, and by any means, with or without
consideration.
1.13. DEN, DIVE, OR RESORT, a place where any dangerous drug and
or controlled precursor and essential chemical is administered,
delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any
form.
1.14. DISPENSE, any act of giving away, selling or distributing medicine
or any dangerous drug with or without the use of prescription.
1.15. DRUG, traditionally, drugs are synthetic chemicals used as
medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and
mind and have potential for abuse.
-in its criminological meaning, refers to substances, other than food and
water that is intended to be taken or administered for the purpose of
altering, sustaining or controlling recipient’s physical, mental or
emotional state.
1.16. DRUG ABUSE, it is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any
drug.
1.17.DRUG ADDICTION, It refers to the state of periodic or chronic
intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug.
1.18. DRUG EXPERIMENTER, one who illegally, wrongfully, or
improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons of curiosity, peer
pressure, or other similar reasons.
1.19. DRUG DEPENDENCE, the World Health Organization defines it
as a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of
variable intensity, In which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high
priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of
compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in controlling
substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of
use.
1.20. DRUG SYNDICATE, any organized group of two (2) or more
persons forming or joining together with the intention of committing any
offense prescribed under Republic Act 9165.
1.21. EMPLOYEE OF DEN, DIVE, OR RESORT, the caretaker, helper,
watchman, lookout, and other persons working in the den, dive or
resort, employed by the maintainer, owner and/or operator where any
dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical is
administered, delivered, distributed, sold or used, with or without
compensation, in connection with the operation thereof.
1.22. FINANCIER, any person who pays for, raises or supplies money
for, or underwrites any of the illegal activities prescribed under Republic
Act 9165.
1.23. ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING, the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery,
administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation,
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distribution, importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous
drug and /or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
1.24.INSTRUMENT, anything that is used in or intended to be used in
any manner in the commission of illegal drug trafficking or related
offenses.
1.25. LABORATORY EQUIPMENT, the paraphernalia, apparatus,
materials or appliances when used, intended for use or designed for use
in the manufacture of any dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical, such as reaction vessel, preparative/purifying
equipment, fermentors, separatory funnel, flask, heating mantle, gas
generator, or their substitute.
1.26. MANUFACTURE, the production, preparation, compounding or
processing of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical, either directly or indirectly or by extraction from
substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical
synthesis.
1.27. MARIJUANA
-Cannabis or “Indian Hemp” or by it’s any other name. embraces every
kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis Sativa L., Cannabis
Americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus, ganjab, and embraces
every kind, class and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and
flowering.
1.28. METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE (MDMA), known as
“ECSTASY”, refers to the drug having such chemical composition,
including any of its isomer or derivatives in any form.
1.29. METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE, shabu, ice, meth,
refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its
isomer or derivatives in any form.
1.30. NARCOTIC DRUG, refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous
drugs which are either prohibited or regulated drugs.
-are a drug that produce sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its
depressant effect on the central nervous system.
-The Term Narcotic comes from the Greek word “narcotikos”
-sometimes known as "opiates”.
1.31. OPIUM, refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy
(Papaver Somniferum L.)
-or any derivatives from opium poppy such as morphine and alkaloid.
1.32. OPIUM POPPY, refers to any part of the plant of the species
Papaver Somniferum L.
-which includes the seeds, straws, branches, leaves or any part thereof,
or substances derived therefrom, even floral, decorative and culinary
purposes.
1.33. PLANTING OF EVIDENCE, the willful act by any person of
maliciously and surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching
directly or indirectly, through any overt or covert act, whatever quantity
of any dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical in the person, house, effects or in the immediate vicinity of an
innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or
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imputing the commission of any violation of RA 9165.
1.34. PROTECTOR/CODDLER, any person who knowingly and willfully
consents to the unlawful acts provided for in this act and uses his/her
influence, power or position in shielding, harboring, screening or
facilitating the escape of any person he/she knows, or has reasonable
grounds to believe on or suspects, has violated the provisions of RA
9165 in order to prevent the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the
violator.
1.35. PUSHER, any person, who sells, trades, administers, dispenses,
delivers, or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or
distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who
acts as a broker in any of such transactions, in violation of RA 9165.
1.36. PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE, an adaptive state caused by
repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of intense physical
symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).
1.37. PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE, an attachment to drug use
which arises from a drug ability to satisfy some emotional or personality
needs of an individual.
1.38. REHABILITATION, it is a dynamic process directed towards the
changes of the health of the person to prepare him from his fullest life
potentials and capabilities, and making him law abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs.
1.39. SCREENING TEST, a rapid test performed to establish
potential/presumptive positive result.
1.40. SELL, any act of giving away any dangerous drug and or
controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any
other consideration.
1.41. TRADING, transactions involving the illegal trafficking of
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals
using electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages,
email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant messengers
and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions
whether for money or any other consideration in violation of RA 9165.
1.42. TOLERANCE, it is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to
maintain the same effect in the body.
1.43. TREATMENT, a medical service rendered to a client for the
effective management of his total condition related to drug abuse.
-it deals with the physiological and psychological complications arising
from drug abuse.
1.44. USE, any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of
consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing,
drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the
body, and of the dangerous drugs.
2. DRUG ABUSE JARGONS

 abandominiums – abandoned row houses where drugs are use
 ampjoint – marijuana cigarette laced with some form of narcotic
 areyouanywhere? – do you use marijuana?
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 aroundtheturn – having gone through withdrawal period.
 artillery – equipment for injecting drugs
 b-40– cigar laced with marijuana and dipped in malt liquor.
 babe – drug use for detoxification.
 babysit – guide someone through first drug experience
 back jack– injecting opium; to inject a drug.
 backtrack – allow blood to flow back into a needle during
injection.
 backup– to prepare a vein for injection
 bad go– bad reaction to a drug.
 bad seed– marijuana combined with peyote; heroin.
 bad bride– crack-smoking prostitute
 bad man– person who transports money; person who supplies
narcotics or others.
 balloon – heroin supplier; a penny balloon that contain
narcotics.
 bammies – a poor quality of marijuana.
 bang – inhalants; to inject a drug
 banging – under the influence of drug
 base crazies – searching on hands and knees for cocaine or
crack.
 batted out – apprehended by law.
 beat artist – person selling bogus drugs
 belted – under the influence of drug
 bite one’s lips – to smoke marijuana
 black hole – the depressant high associated with ketamine
 black mo/black moat – highly potent marijuana
 blasted – under the influence if drugs
 blaxing – smoking marijuana
 blizzard – a white cloud in a pipe used to smoke cocaine
 blow a fix/ blow a shot – injection misses the vein and is
wasted in the skin
 blow coke – to inhale cocaine
 bong – pipe used to smoke marijuana
 . break night – staying up all night on a cocaine binge until
daybreak
 bridge or bring up – ready a vein for injection
 buffer – a woman who performs oral sex in exchange for crack;
crack smoker
 bummertrip – unsetting and threatening experience from PCP
intoxication
 burnthemainline – to inject a drug
 burnedout – collapse of vein from repeated injection;
impairment from drug abuse
 buzz – under the influence of drugs
 cafeteriause – use of various drug simultaneously, sedatives or
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hypnotics
 candyriver – young people who attend raves who wear candy
jewelry
 .candysticks – marijuana cigarettes laced with powdered
cocaine
 chalking – chemically altering the color of cocaine so it looks
white
 .champagne –combination of cocaine and marijuana
 channel – vein into which a drug is injected
 channel swimming – one who injects heroin
 chicken scratch – search on hands and knees for crack
or cocaine
 chiefing – to smoke marijuana
 chillum – an object use to smoke opium, hashish, and
marijuana
 china cat – high potency heroin
 chipping – using drug occasionally
 chocolate chip cookies – MDMA combined with heroin or
methadone
 chucks – hunger following withdrawal from heroin
 clocking paper – profits from selling drugs
 closet baser – user of crack who prefer anonymity
 coco rocks – dark brown crack made by adding chocolate
pudding during production
 cocoa puff – to smoke cocaine and marijuana
 cold turkey – sudden withdrawal from drugs
 come home – end a “trip” from LSD.
 cooker – to inject a drug ; person who manufactures
methamphetamine
 cut decks – heroin mixed with powdered milk
 diamond folds – folded paper used to package drugs
 dime’s worth – amount of heroin to cause death
 dinosaurs – population of heroin users in their forties and fifties
 domestics – locally grown marijuana
 dropping – wrapping methamphetamine in bread and then
consuming it
 drought – decrease in drug ability due to large law enforcement
busts
 dump – to vomit after taking drugs
 easy score – obtaining drugs without difficulties
 emergency gun – instrument used to inject other than a syringe
 factory – place where drugs are packaged, diluted, or
manufactured
 flame cooking – smoke cocaine base by putting the pipe over a
stove flame
 flying – under the influence of drugs
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 fly daddy – cigarette laced with crack; marijuana joint laced with
crack
 fry sticks – marijuana cigarettes dipped in embalming fluid or
sometimes PCP.
 fuel – marijuana mixed with insecticides; PCP
 garbage – inferior quality marijuana; low quality heroin
 get a gift – obtaindrug
 ghostbusting– smoking cocaine
 give wings – inject someone or teach someone to inject heroin
 graduate – completely stop using drugs; progress to stronger
drugs
 greek – combination of marijuana and powdered cocaine
 groundcontrol – the guide or caretaker during a hallucinogenic
experience
 gun – to inject a drug; needle hypodermic needle
 gutter – vein into which a drug is injected
 hand-to-hand – direct deliver and payment
 headshop –store specializing in the sale of drug paraphernalia
 headies – high quality marijuana
 heat – the police or narcotic officer
 hit house – house where users go to shoot up and leave the
owner drugs as payment
 hitthehay – to smoke marijuana
 hitters – people who inject others who have hard to find being in
exchange for drug
 honeymoon – early stages of drug use before addiction or
dependency develops
 hooped up – under the influence of drugs
 hotbox – smoking in a car with the windows up
 hotheroin - heroin poisoned to give to a police information
 jollypop – casual user of heroin
 jolt – strong reaction to drugs; to inject a drug
 jugggle – sell drugs to another addict to support a habit
 juggler – teen-aged street dealer
 laugh and scratch – to inject a drug
 liquor lady – cocaine that is dissolved in water and ingested as
a nasal spray
 mainliner – person who injects into the vein
 make up – need to find more drugs
 meth monster – one who has a violent reaction to
methamphetamine
 mighty white – a form of crack cocaine that is hard, white and
pure
 mix – a term used to refer to cocaine or a drug environment
 mortal combat – high potency heroin
 mouth worker – one who takes drug orally
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 on a mission – search for crack and/or being high on crack
 on a trip – under the influence of drug
 one stop shop – place where more than one drug is solid
 paper bag – container for drugs
 paper chaser – drug dealer trying to come up
 pharming – consuming a mixture of prescription substance
 piggybacking – simultaneous injection of 2 drugs
 pikachu– pills containing PCP and ecstasy
 poor man’s coke – methamphetamine
 premos – marijuana joint laced with crack cocaine
 prescription – marijuana cigarette
 puff the dragon – to smoke marijuana
 rave – all night dance parties designed to enhance a
hallucinogenic experience
 riding the wave – under the influence of drugs
 roach clip – holds partially smoked marijuana
 rock star – female who trades sex for crack or money to buy
crack
 rompums– marijuana with horse tranquilizers
 runners – people who sell drugs for others
 seconds – second inhalation of crack from a pipe
 set – place where drugs are sold
 sextasy – ecstasy used with Viagra
 shoppers – individuals who buy drugs for others
 short down – under the influence o drugs
 skin popping – injecting drugs under the skin; to inject drugs on
any part of the body
 without snot – residue produced from smoking amphetamine
 snotballs – rubber cement rolled into balls, burned and the
fumes are inhaled
 space ship – glass pipe used to smoke crack
 speed back – habitual user of methamphetamine
 spliff – tobacco mixed with marijuana
 sprung – person just starting to use drugs
 stoned – under the influence of drugs
 supper x –combination of methamphetamine and MDMA
 swishers – cigars in which tobacco is replaced with marijuana
 tea party – to smoke marijuana
 five way – heroin +cocaine + methamphetamine + rohypnol
(flunitrazepam) + alcohol
 tie – to inject a drug
 toke up – to smoke marijuana
 tools – equipment used for injecting drugs
 totally spent – hangover feeling that is an adverse effect of
MDMA
 tracks – row of needle marks on a person
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 turned on – introduced to drugs; under the influence
 tweaking – drug induced paranoia; desperately search for crack
 twists – small plastic bags of heroin secured with a twist tie
 up against the stem – addict to smoking marijuana
 water colors – lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
 white cloud – smoke that collects in bottom of crack pipe; crack
smoke
 wigging – odd behavior resulting from the use of mind altering
drugs
 wollie – rocks of crack rolled into a marijuana cigarette or in a
cigar
 works – equipment for injecting drugs
 yen sleep – restless, drowsy state after LSD use
 zay– a mixture of marijuana and other substances within a cigar;
blunts
 zonked – extremely high on drugs
 zoomer – individual who sells fake crack and then flees
DRUG/ ALCOHOL ABUSE JARGONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 amats – describing someone high on drugs or alcohol

 alak – any of the variety group of alcohol
 bangag – high on drugs or alcohol, intoxicated
 bato, batak, shabu, shab– methamphetamine hydrochloride
 big s, sharon, booger – methamphetamine hydrochloride
 tawas, poor man’s cocaine – methamphetamine
hydrochloride
 mj, maryjane, chongki– marijuana/indian hemp
 baguio, gold, damo, ruot– marijuana/indian hemp
 singhot, kapote– solvent or volatile substance
 coke, cola, cookies – cocaine
 lakas tama – description of a hit; kick effect of the drug or
alcohol
 mr. e, xtasy, e_drug– MDMA
 capt.kirit, super e, lovebug– MDMA
 mandax– methaqualone
 double lion – heroin
 red chicken – Chinese heroin
 double trouble, rainbow – barbiturates
 busted – arrest due to drug
 totinkats – refer to a prostitute involved in drug dealing
 toma, banat, tirada, laklak– act of drinking alcohol; drug use
 k, mr. k, 3k – ketamine
 kabayo, richie horse – heroin
 kalamay, panocha– opium or other opium preparation
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3. Nature and Physiology of Drugs:
3.1.Drugs in General
-drugs, are substance or chemicals used as a medicine or in making
medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for
abuse.
- Without an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be
harmful.
Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed from plants and
put into pills, capsules or liquid medicines.
3.2. There are also two forms of drugs;

 Natural Drugs it includes natural plant leaves, flowering tops,
resin, hashish, opium, and marijuana.
 Synthetic or Artificial drugs are produced by clandestine
laboratories -include those drugs that are controlled by law
because they are used in the medical practice.
3.3. Prescriptive Drugs these are drugs requiring written
authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase, they are prescribed
according to the age, weight, and height and should not be taken by
anyone else.
- the physician indicates both when and for how long the medicine
should be taken
-these directions are intended to safeguard the patient from
needlessly treating himself after his illness has been brought under
control.
3.4. Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC), are non-prescription
medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or
drugstore without written authorization from a doctor.
- they are used to treat minor and short term illness and any
persistent condition should be immediately referred to a physician.
- it should be strongly emphasized that “direction” be closely
followed and all precautions necessarily taken to avoid
complications.
OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of
minor ailments. The precautions that must be observed when
dispensing OTCs are the following:
 The correct drug with the correct drug content is given to the
correct patient in the correct dosage form;
 The pharmacist must counsel the patient to make that he/she
takes the drugs correctly; and
 The pharmacist must be aware of and know about the
possible toxicity’s possessed by the OTC drugs to avoid
food/drug incompatibilities and overdose.
OTCs must be used properly in order to:
 Avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified habitual
drug users.
 Avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the buyer
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of the drugs as to the identity of the patient, the patient’s age
and other information such as pregnancy, hypertension, etc.
and
 Counseling the patient so as to avoid the “self-medication”
syndrome by inquiring about the buyer’s source of
information about the drug.
3.5. What is “Self-Medication Syndrome”?
 The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and

would be users of drugs whose source of information are
people or literature other than doctors, pharmacist and health
workers.
 Self-medication may work against the good of the user
because it can lead to intoxication and other adverse reaction
The possible outcomes of self-medication are:

 Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies which
may be mild or severe.
 Possible non-response of the patient to the drug effectively
due to incorrect drug usage.
 Possible drug toxicities, through overdose which may lead to
severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting, rashes, etc.
 Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic use of
the drugs even when such are no longer needed
3.6. The Physiology of Drugs
How Drug Works?

 Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a
cell or in the extra-cellular fluids of the body.
 Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell and
participates in a few steps of the normal sequence of a
cellular process.
 Thus, drugs may later, interfere with or replace chemicals of
normal cellular life, hopefully for the betterment of the
person.
 When two drugs are taken together, within a few hours they
may interact with unexpected results.
 This is one reason a physician should always know the
names of all drugs one is using.
 The doses taken become an extremely important part of drug
abuse.
The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:
 Minimal dose, the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic
effect.
 Maximal dose, the largest amount of a drug that will produce
a desired therapeutic effect, without any accompanying
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symptoms of toxicity.
 Toxic dose, the amount of drug that produces untoward
effects symptoms of poisoning
 Abusive dose, the amount needed to produce the side
effects and action desired by an individual who improperly
uses it.
 Lethal dose, the amount of drug that will cause death.
How Drug are Administered?

The common methods of drug administration are as
follows:
 Oral, this is the safest most convenient and economical route
whenever possible.
 Injection, this form of drug administration offers a faster
response than the oral method.
-It makes use of a needle or other device to deliver the drugs
directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.
 Topical, this refers to the application of drugs directly to a
body site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.
 Inhalation, this route makes use of gaseous and volatile
drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the
mucous of the respiratory tract.
 Iontophoresis, the introduction of drugs into the deeper
layers of the skin by the use of special type of electric current
for local effect.
3.7. Concept of Toxicology
Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poison, their

effects and antidotes.
Drugs dangerous effects because of any of the following:

 Overdose when too much of a drug is taken into the
physiological system of the human body, there may be an over
extension of its effects.
 Allergy some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to
allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood
pressure, suffocation and death.
 Idiosyncrasy it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food,
etc. for unexplained reasons.
- Morphine for example, which sedates all men, stimulates and
renders some women maniacal behavior.
 Poisonous Property drugs are chemicals and some of them
have the property of being general protoplasmic poisons.
 Side Effects some drugs are not receptors for one organ but
receptors of other organ as well.
- The effect in the other organs may constitute a side effect,
which are most of the time unwanted.
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3.8. Use and Importance of Drugs
Drugs are medicines and the best use of medicine depends upon
the physician, the user or patient, and the pharmacist.
This idea was subscribed to by both Metro Manila Physicians (PNC

Health Education Survey, 1979) and the Pharmaceutical
Manufacturer’s Association of Washington, D.C. (U.P., MEC, DDB
1979).
Their common agreements on the intelligent use of drugs are

as follows:
 Take medicines on doctor’s advice.
 When taking prescribed medicines, remember carefully the
dosage, manner of administration, frequency and time when to
take it.
 If patient goes to more than one doctor, each one of them must
know about all the drugs being taken.
 Avoid self-medication.
 Report any untoward effects of medicine to the physician.
 Patient should not take additional drugs without asking his
physician.
 See whether the medicine has expired or not.
 Be sure that the label stays on a prescription container until all is
used.
 Store medicine in a safe, cool and dry place and out of reach of
children.
 Some people just purchase and use common drugs without
knowing their functions and contradictions.
3.9. Some Medical Uses of Drugs
The following are some of the many medical uses of drugs:
 Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain

 Antibiotics are drugs that combat or control infectious
organisms.
 Antipyretics those that can lower body temperature or fever due
to infection.
 Antihistamines those that control or combat allergic reactions
 Contraceptives drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell
and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.
 Decongestant those that relieve congestion of the nasal
passages.
 Expectorants those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and
phlegm from the lungs and the throat.
 Laxatives those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel
movement.
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 Sedatives and Tranquilizers are those that can calm and quiet
the nerves and relieve anxiety without causing depression and
clouding of the mind.
 Vitamins those substances necessary for normal growth and
development and proper functioning of the body.
4. The history of drug abuse
4.1 General history of drug abuse.
• The history of drug abuse is as old human progression, from its

ancient experiences to the present modern world, man has to
live thru his basic needs, especially the need of food to survive.
The use of psychoactive drugs can be traced from practice of
man in finding out what is audible as food and the discovery of
medicine.
• Historians credited that marijuana (CANNABIS SATIVA) as the

world’s oldest cultivated plants as source of fiber and intoxicant.
Archeologist has found, originated in central and southern Asia,
started by the Incas of Peru. Peruvian and Mexican Incas have
also the common practice to use the coca leaves during
religious offering ceremonies. It was also known that marijuana
was a ‘SACRED TREE’ in the belief of the Assyrians being used
during religious rituals some 9,000 years B.C.
• Knowledge on the opium poppy plant (PAPAVER

SOMNIFERUM) goes back about 7000 years B.C cultivated and
prepared by the Sumerians. Even the ancient Greek physician
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, prescribe the juice of the
white poppy plant as early as 5,000 B.C in the belief that It can
cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use. The
plant was first harvested in Mesopotamia and its use spread
throughout the neighboring Mediterranean areas then to Asian.
From there, it was introduced to Persia, India and china by the
Arad camel caravans (dungo, 1988)
• It was in 1806 that a German pharmacist in the name of

Friedrich w. serturner discover morphine, the first derivative of
opium. He called this new drug as “MORPHIUM” and later
changed to morphine after the after the Greek god of dream,
Morpheus. This was the first attempt to cure opium addiction.
Morphine addiction became known as “SOLDIERS DISEASE”
• The second attempt of treating opium and morphine addiction

started in 1896 when heroin (
DIACETYLMORPHINE),synthesized from the drug morphine,
was discovered by a Britishi chemist in the name of Albert
Page 20 of
Wright. It was called the “miracle drug” because it is believed
that it can cure both opium and morphine addiction.
4.2 DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE: A HISTORICAL TIME LINE
Important Dates Situational Description of Events

12,000 B.C hemp was first use as paper and
medicine in china.
10,000 B.C the earliest record of man’s use of
marijuana.
9000 B.C Assyrian started the use of marijuana as
part of rituals by burning dried leaves
during religious ceremonies.
6000 B.C cannabis seeds were introduced as food

in china.
5000 B.C the Sumerians started to use opium.

Opium plants was then called HUL GIL
meaning “plant of joy”
3000 B.C Incas of Peru started smoking marijuana
and became part of they culture.
3500 B.C the Egyptians started productions of

alcohol.
2900 B.C the emperor Fu his (father of chines

civilization) introduced ma (chines for
cannabis) nothing that cannabis is
powerful medicine that possessed both
yin and yang.
2700 B.C the emperor ShenNung (father of chines

medicine) discovered marijuana’s healing
power.
2500 B.C earliest historical evidence of the eating
of opium poppy seeds in switzerland.
1500 B.C Scythians cultivate cannabis and use it to
weave fine hemp cloth.
1200 B.C cannabis is mentioned in the Hindu
sacred text atharvaveda (Science of
Charms) as “SACRED GRASS”, one of
the five sacred plants of India. It is used
to by medicinally and ritually as an
offering to Shiva.
700/600 B.C the Zoroastrian Zend-Avesta's, an
ancient Persian religious text to several
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hundred volumes, and said to have been
written by Zarathustra refers to bhang as
Zoroaster's “good narcotic”.
371 B.C Theophrastus, Greek naturalist and
philosopher, recorded the earliest
undisputed reference to the use of poppy
juice.
0-100 A.D construction of Samaritan gold and glass
paste stash box for storing hashish,
coriander, or salt, buried in Siberian
tomb.
450 A.D A Babylonian Talmud who stated that wine
is at the head of all medicine; where
wine is lacking, drugs are necessary.”
1000 Opium is widely used in China and the far

East.
1494 Christopher Columbus discovered the New
World – America where he met friendly
Indians who offered him a
valuable gift-tobacco.
1525 Paracelsus (1490-1541) introduces
laudanum, or tincture of opium, into the
practice of medicine.
1552 The Catholic Church’s First Council of
Lima denounces the use of the coca leaf,
commonly chewed by the Indians of the
Andes for its stimulant properties.
1588 The Catholic Church leaders in Lima
attempted to impose the world’s first
smoking ban.
1600 Tobacco use became widespread in
England
1604 England’s King James I, Objected to his
growing smoking habit and published
England’s A counterblast to Tobacco.
1613 John Rolf, the husband of the Indian
Princess Pocahontas, sends the first
shipment of Virginia tobacco from
Jamestown to England
1650 Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire
decrees the death penalty for smoking
tobacco.
1690 The “Act for the Encouraging of the
Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from
Corn” is enacted in England.
1691 in Luneburg, Germany, the penalty for
smoking (TABACCO) is death.
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1792 the first prohibitory laws against opium in
china are promulgated. The punishment
decreed for keepers of opium shops is
strangulation.
1800 napoleons army, returning from Egypt,
introduces cannabis (HASHISH
MARIJUANA) into France.
1803 morphine, the principal ingredient in
. opium, was extracted from opium resin.
1805 friedrich Wilhelm Adam serturner, a

German chemist, isolates and describes
morphine.
1841 Dr. Jacques joseph moreau uses hashish

in treatment of mental patients at the
Bicetre.
1844 cocaine is isolated in its pure form.
1856 the second opium war. The British with

help from the French, extend their powers
to distribute opium in china
1865 Adolf von Baeyer, discovered the
. molecular structure of benzene,
synthesizes barbituric acid, the first
barbiturate.
1898 diacetylmorphine (heroin) is synthesized
in Germany.
1912 the first international opium convection

meets at the Hague, and recommends
various measures for the international
control of the trade opium. Subsequent
opium conventions are held in 1931 and
1941.
1924 the manufacture of heroin is prohibited in
the united states
1938 Dr. Albert Hoffman, a chemist,
synthesizes LSD.
1941 Chiang Kai-shek orders the complete

suppression of the poppy; laws are
enacted providing the death penalty for
anyone guilty of cultivating poppy,
manufacturing opium, or offering it for
sale.
Page 23 of
1955. the shah of Iran prohibits the cultivation
and use of opium which led to the illicit
opium trade
1961 the united nations “single convention on
narcotic drugs” was ratified.
4.3. HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The intoxicants and stimulants used by the early Filipinos were

fermented alcoholic beverages and the natural preparations
known as “nga-nga” in vernacular. Narcotics, including
marijuana, were not in the list of vices in the country at that time.
• In 1908, the total ban of opium took effect. The campaign

continued until the Japanese occupation in 1946, at which point
all supplies of opium were cut off from the country and during
that period the number of opium addicts was probably the lowest
in Asia.
• In 1953, Republic Act no. 953 was enacted witch provided for
the registration of collection, and the imposition of fixed ad
special taxes upon all persons who produce, import,
manufacture, compound, deal-in, dispense, sell, distribute, or
give away opium, marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or
any synthetic drugs which may declared as habit forming.
• President Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic Act.no.

6425 known as the “dangerous drug act of 1972” on March
30, 1972.this law which was amended by President Decree
no.44, dated November 9, 1972 placed under control not only
narcotics by also psychotropic substances.
• On November 15, 1972, the Dangerous Drug Board was

organized to provide leadership, direction and coordination in
the effective implementation of R.A 6425. By early 1974,
addiction to opiates and barbiturates had almost disappeared
among the native population
• In an annual report from the United Nations Office of Drugs

and Crime (UNOC), opium use was first reported in the
Philippines in the 17th century.
• By 1906, after the United States banned opium use, there were
no legal opium dens, although this did not stop the smuggling
operations from china.
• By 1960s, in manila, heroin laboratories began operation

producing small amounts of heroin for the local market. During
Page 24 of 155
the 1970s production of heroin increased but local demand
remained small with consumption of heroin estimated it be inly
9 to 10 kilogram per month in manila.
• By the late 1980’s methamphetamines and ephedrine

hydrochloride entered the country, mainly via Hong Kong, and
became known as shabu.
• According to the UNODC annual report on its research finding,

the Philippines is a major for many year. It is grown throughout
the country but the largest areas of cultivation are found
primarily in the mountain areas of Northern Luzon, Central
Visayas, Southern and Western Mindanao.
• The Philippines Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was created

under REPUBLIC ACT NO.9165 on June 7, 2002 creating
distinct and separate agency geared towards the realization of a
drug-free Philippines.
• The Re-organization of the Philippines Drug Enforcement

System, Republic Act No, 9165 assigned the new Dangerous
Drugs Board (DDB) as the policy and strategy formulating
body.
• The Board is composed of various government agencies that

can play a vital role in solving the drug problem in the country
just as they can help in the rehabilitation of drug users.
• The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency serves as its

primary implementing arm in realizing the vision of a drug-free
country.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
Manwong, R.K. (2013). Instructional Materials inthe
understand Drug Education and Vice Control
lesson
(3rd Ed.).
Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Guevara, D.R. (2013). Dangerous Drugs and Vice Control.Quezon City, Philippines:
Wiseman’s Bookds Trading, Inc.
Special Needs and Drug Education.Taylor and Francis.Retrieved from

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10872537.
Page 25 of
Siner, M. (2014). New Drugs on the Street: Changing inner city patterns of illicit
consumption. Taylor and Frnacis.Retrieved from
Fischer-Tine, H. (2014). Routledge Studies in the modern History of Asia: History of

Alcohol and Drugs in modern South Asia: Intoxicating Affairs. Routledge.Retrieved
from.
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/doDetail.action?docID=10826055.
Let’s Check
Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.
Activity1.Identification.In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the
followingstatements: (One point each)
1. It is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.

2. A medicine or chemical used in the making of medicine.
3. The state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the
repeated consumption of a drug.
4. Any person, who sell, administer, deliver or give away to
another,distribute, transport any dangerous drug.
5. It is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to maintain the
same effect in the body.
6. Street slang for stimulants.
7. An MJ Cigar.
8. An opiate addict.
9. Act of injecting a drug in the veins.
10. The withdrawal effects or symptoms.
Activity2.True or False.In the space provided, write T if the givenstatement is true

and F if false. (One point each).
1. Total ban of opium in the Philippines took effect during the Japanese
occupation.
2. Opium use in China stemmed out from Columbia and Peru.
3. Friedrich Serturner discovered the drug opium as an analgesis drug.
4. The drug codeine was derived from herion through chemical process.
5. The morphine drug was first called “Morpheus”.
6. In 1906, Chinese addicts in the Philippines were allowed to smoke opium in
their homes for a fee of five pesos.
Page 26 of
7. President Ferdinand Marcos approved Republic Act No. 953 into law in
1953.
8. Barbiturates and herion drugs were absent in the Philippines before the
1960’s.
9. The first marijuana raid in the Philippines was conducted in Pasay City in
1959.
10.The Dangerous Drugs Board was created under the Dangerous Drug Act
in November 14, 1972.
Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding about
the topics of this unit.
At this juncture, you will be required to ELABORATE your answer about the following
questions:
1. Illustrate, draw or describe the general history of drug use to drug abuse.
2. Describe the Opium War. How did it start?
Page 27 of
3. What do you think was the main purpose of the enactment of Republic Act No.
9165?
Page 28 of
4. Why did they call morphine addiction as “soldier’s disease”?
5. Discuss the present trends of narcotic addiction in the Philippines.
Page 29 of
In a Nutshell
In this part you are going to jot down what you have learned in this unit. The
said statement of yours could be in a form of concluding statements, arguments, or
perspective you have drawn from this lesson. The first two items is done for you.
1. The historical events of drug use help us in educating the society because it
keeps us abreast on the old to the new development of measures of drug
control. The past events inn drug misuse have also led us to our current laws
that have generally regulated the use of drugs.
2. Drug abuse starts from a compulsion state followed by tolerance until the
person is hooked to the drug use, that is, he will be physically addicted to the
drug being used then later on psychological dependent to it.
Now it’s your turn!

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Page 30 of
10. .
Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may
indicate your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your
question is being raised and clarified. You can write your questions below.
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Natural Drugs Prescriptive Drugs PSYCHOLOGICAL

DEPENDENCE,
ADMINISTER, DRUG ADDICTION TOLERANCE
CENTERS DRUG SYNDICATE, self-medication”
syndrome
CHEMICAL DRUG DEPENDENCE, Over-the-Counter
ABUSE Drugs (OTC
CHEMICAL ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING Minimal dose
DIVERSION
Page 31 of
CHEMICAL. DRUG EXPERIMENTER TREATMENT
CLANDESTINE MARIJUANA Toxic dose
LABORATORY
CONFIRMATORY METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE Abusive dose
TEST, (MDMA), known as “ECSTASY
CONTROLLED MANUFACTURE Maximal dose
DELIVERY
CONTROLLED PLANTING OF EVIDENCE
PRECURSORS
AND ESSENTIAL
CHEMICALS, Toxicology
CULTIVATE OR METHAMPHETAMINE
CULTURE HYDROCHLORIDE, shabu, ice, meth, Lethal dose
OPIUM PUSHER Overdose
OPIUM PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE Allergy
Synthetic or DRUG ABUSE REHABILITATION
Artificial drugs
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Recognize the Global Drug Scene, Drug
trafficking: concepts and operation, worldwide drug outlook and
Drug Abuse situation.
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to have an understanding of the
following terms below. Please note that you will also be required to refer to the previous
definitions found in ULOasection.
1. Drug Trafficking. It is also known as illegal Drug Trade. It is a global black

market activity consisting of production, distribution, packing and sale of illegal
psychoactive substances.
2. Mule. It is lower-echelon criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to cross
a border carrying drugs, or sometimes an unknowing person in whose bag or
vehicle the drugs are planted, for the purpose of retrieving them elsewhere.
3. Drug Syndicate. It is a group of organized and professional criminals with a
formal hierarchy of organization set in illicit drug trade. It is also otherwise known as
“a drug cartel”
Page 32 of 155
Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed further with the study of global drug scene, it is

exceptionally imperative that we pay tribute to the exact foundations of drug
education. You ought to have a commendable grasp of these pillars in the study of
drug education.
1. DRUG TRAFFICKING: THE ILLICIT DRUG TRADE
The illegal drug trade is a global black market, dedicated to cultivation,

manufacturing, distribution, and sale of drugs, which are subject to drug
prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of
many types of drugs by drug prohibition laws
1.1. Drug trafficking is also known as illegal dug trade. It is a global black
market a activity consisting of production, distribution, packaging and sale of
illegal psychoactive substances.
1.2. The following are some techniques used by drug traders when
crossing borders:
• Borders checks, such as by small ships, small aircraft, and through

overland smuggling routes.
• Border checks with the drugs hidden in vehicle other merchandise
In luggage in or under clothes, inside the body.
• Off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail luggage, to avoid
boarder checks.
1.3. Mule is a lower-echelon criminal recruited by smuggling organization to
cross a border carrying drug, or sometimes an unknowing person in whose
bag or vehicle the drugs are planted, for the purpose of retrieving them
elsewhere.
1.4. There are two primary means of distribution:
• A hierarchy and a hub-and spoke layout. A hierarchical

arrangement includes the manufacturer to uses his own men to
smuggle.
• A hub-and spoke layout.it takes an vantage of local gangs and
other localized criminal organization.
1.5. Drug syndicate is a group of people who have a common goal in
purchasing and distributing drugs. Syndicates are usually well organized in
what and how they do business, with a formal hierarchy of organization set in
illicit drug trade. It is also known as a drug cartel. It is perhaps one of the
most important reasons why international drug trafficking is hardly to control
because of their involvement In the illicit drug trade.
1.6. One of the known worlds notorious drug syndicate is the Columbian
Medellin cartel, founded during the 1980s by Columbian drug lord Pablo
Page 33 of 155
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses, Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and
top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa brothers.
1.7. The Columbian government with the aid of United States succeeded
in containing the medellin cartel, which resulted in the date, surrender, and
arrest of the people behind the organization. This further resulted to the
disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.
1.8. The Cali Cartel was another drug cartel base in south part of Columbia
around the city of Cali. According to some estimates at its height the Cali
Cartel controlled 80% cocaine export from Columbia to United States.
1.9. Gelberto Rodriguez Orejuela founded the Cali Cartel in the 1970s with
his brother Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose Santa cruz Londono and
Helmer “Pacho”Herera.
1.10. The Norte Del Cali cartel, or North Valley Cartel, is a drug cartel
which operated principally in the North of the Valley del Cauca region of
Columbia. It rose to prominence during the second half of the 1900’s, after
the Cali Cartel and the Medellin Cartel fragmented, and became known as
one of the most powerful organizations involved in the illegal drugs
trade.
1.11. The leading drug lords of the Norte del Valle cartel included Diego
Leon Montoya Sanchez, alias “Don Diego”, Wilber Varela, alias “Jabon”
(“Soap”) and Hernando Gomez Bustamante, alias “Rasguño” (“Scratch”).
DeigoMontaya was part of the list containing the FBI’s ten most wanted
fugitives.
2. Illicit Drug Routes
2.1 First Important Drug Traffic Route
Middle East
Discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest
Turkey
Preparation for distribution
Europe
Manufacture, synthesis, refine
Page 34 of 155
United States
• Marketing, distribution
The first important drug traffic route as illustrated above shows how illicit
drugs are distributed from its discovery, preparation up to marketing in the
illicit market. It is noted that plants such as the opium poppy, as sources of
dangerous drugs are cultivated and harvested mostly in the areas of Middle
East while Europe became the center for drug manufacture and synthesis.
United States became the overall center for drug marketing.
2.2 The Second Major Drug Traffic Route is also illustrated below:
Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle
Thailand
Laos Myanmar
In Southeast Asia- the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of

opium in the world and 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the
officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Herion. Herion is produced
in the Golden Triangle and passes through nearby countries in relatively small
quantities through air transport while in transit to the United States and the
European countries.
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Drugs that originates from Golden Crescent
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Iran
India
In Southwest Asia- the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy,
MJ and Heroin products in the western part Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90%
of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
3. WORLD WIDE PERSPECTIVE
3.1.MIDDLE EAST, The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest

producer of cannabis in the Middle East.
3.2.Lebanon is also become the transit country for cocaine from South America
toEuropean illicit drug markets.
3.3. SPAIN is known as the major transshipment point for international drug
traffickers in Europe, became the paradise of drug users in Europe.
3.4. SOUTH AMERICA - Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the principal
sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to robust production of the coca
plants (source of the cocaine drug)
3.5. MOROCCO is known as the world’s number one producer of marijuana.
(2006 UNDCP report) however, Mexico still remains as major producer of
marijuana too.
3.6. PHILIPPINES second to Morocco as to the production of marijuana, became
the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs
particularly Shabu and Cocaine from Taiwan and South America, it is also noted
that today it is known as the drug paradise of drug abuser in Asia.
3.7. INDIA is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among
its people.
3.8. INDONESIA- Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis
growing area in Indonesia.
Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and
New Zealand
3.9. SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA, and THAILAND-is the most favorite sites of drug
distribution from “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.
3.10. CHINA-is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong
Kong., It also the country where the “epedra” plant is cultivated (source of the drug
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ephedrine), the principal chemical for producing the drug shabu.
3.11. HONG KONG- Is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
3.12. JAPAN- became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United
States and Europe.
4. The Modus Operandi
4.1. Shipment and concealment methods varies from: swallowing of drugs in

latex material; false compartment of luggages; body straps; concealed in laptops;
shoes; bolt nuts; etc,; shabu in water form solution inside gas tanks of cars;
hidden in food packages, mails, carpets, figurines or parcels and many others.
5. Drug Abuse in the Philippines
Philippines Health estimates that there are 1o,000 Infected Drug Abusers ( IDUs),
In 1997, the cumulative total for HIV was 958 ( five of these were IDU)
5.1Methamphetamine Hydrochloride “ SHABU” is one of the common drug of

choice in our country that was imported from China, Hong kong and Taiwan.
5.1 Philippines is a major producer and exporter of “marijuana” and it is a
popular drugs.
5.3 Cebu City has been identified community of IDUs and most popular drugs for
injecting is the pharmaceutical analgesic “ Nubain” ( it is a drugs that injected in
the skin by the use of needles and syringe that flow through the veins)
5.4 On 17th century “ Opium was first reported in the Philippines and increase on
18th century .
5.5 In 1960’s , Heroin laboratories begun operating small amounts produce in the
Local Market and estimated to be 9 to 10 kilograms per month on the year of
70’s.
5.6. In 1980’s , Methamphetamine Hydrochloride and Ephedrine
hydrochloride entry in the country via Hongkong as transit route.
5.7. At present in the Philippines, Large Cultivation of Marijuana found in the
mountain areas of northern Luzon , Central and central Visayas , and
Southern and western Mindanao that usually transported to Malaysia , Taiwan
,Australia, Japan , United States, and Europe
5.8. “ (Green Triangle)” of marijuana in the Philippines are the Benguet,
KalingaApayao, and the Mountain Province.
5.9. As a result of strategic location close to the “Golden Triangle (Burma, Laos ,
Thailand)” and the major illegal drug markets such as Japan ,Australia, United
States and Taiwan, the Philippines is still likely a place for Drug Smuggling and a
Transshipment Point fro illicit drug trafficking.
5.10. The preferred way of taking Methamphetamine is by inhaling the fumes.
5.11. In 2000,a study in Cebu that sharing of needles and syringe was
widespread even among IDU’s who understood that the practice was risky.
5.12. In same year also,2000, the Philippine Drug Law Enforcement
community revised the figures and estimated the total number of drug users is
closer to 1 million nationwide.
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5.13. In constructing a profile of Drug users from treatment centers,on 1997 to
1999 age of 26 to 27 are usually drug users.
5.14. In 1999, most drug users are at the age between 20 to 34 years old ( 66%)
,and in same year also age of 15 to 19 years old ( 43%) starting using of
drugs.
5.15. According to Dangerous Drugs Board ( DDB), in 1999, they illustrates that
57% of Drug users are “Single”, and 26% were High School” and 28% had
been to college.
5.16. In 2000, a study in Cebu, that among a group of IDU’s , 99% injected
Nubain, 84% inhaled Shabu, 23% drank Cough Syrup and 18% smoked Marijuna.
5.17. In 1999, it was reported that the Philippines lacked of resources , finances
and training to mount the scale investigations and actions into dismantling and
eradicating local drug networks.
5.18. The Dangerous Drug Act ( DDA ) of 1972 covers a broad range of drugs
including the narcotics , stimulants , hallucinogens ,barbiturates ,hypnotics, and
volatile substances. This law also provides for compulsory submission to
treatment and rehabilitation and the following discharge, prosecution for the
criminal offense.
lesson
(3rd Ed.).


from.
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Let’s Check
following statements: (One point each)
1. What is said to be the clear and present global danger?

2. Generally, what group is said to be the playmate of the law
enforcement agencies dealing with the illicit drug trade?
3. What is the other term which refers to the act of drug
trafficking?
4. What is activity consisting of production, distribution,
packaging and sale illegal psychoactive substances.
5. What is the other term for a drug syndicate?
6. Who is known to be the founder of the Columbian Medellin
Cartel?
7. What is the drug cartel based in the south part of Columbia?
8. During the height of the Medellin Cartel, who was called
Gaviria’s nemesis?
9. What is the principal drug cartel operating in the northern part
of Columbia?
10.A lower-echelon criminal recruited by smuggling organization
to cross a border carrying drug, or sometimes an
unknowing person in whose bag or vehicle the drugs
are planted, for the purpose of retrieving them elsewhere.
Activity2. True or False: Analyze the following statements then determine if they are true or
not. Write T if the statement is correct and F is wrong. (One point each).
1. In a general perspective, the United States is considered the most

important scene for drug marketing and distribution.
2. Cultivation of plants as sources of phohibited drugs is, by origin, started in
the middle east.
3. Philippines is part of the so called Golden Triangle of South East Asia.
4. Myanmar is the biggest producer of opiate in the world as per UNODC
reports on drug 2006.
5. In Southwest Asia – the Golden Crescent id the major supplier of opium
poppy, MJ, Heroin products in the western part of Asia.
6. The biggest heroin production is Asia originates in the Golden Triangle.
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7. The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of
cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also became the transit country for cocaine
from South America to European illicit drug markets.
8. Spain is known still as the major transshipment point for international drug
traffickers in Europe and “the Paradise of drug users in Europe.
9. Europe is the biggest supplier of Cocaine in the world.
10. Morocco is the known world’s biggest producer of cannabis products.
Let’s Analyze
questions:
1. Explain the first illicit drug traffic route.
2. What is the contribution of the Philippines in the worldwide drug menace.
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3. Discuss the involvement of the Cali Cartel in worldwide cocaine distribution.
4. Identify the countries having involvement in the worldwide drug problem.
5. What part of the Europe is said to be the “drug paradise”? why?
Page 41 of
In a Nutshel
Unauthorized substance use may lead one down the path of drug addiction,
and should therefore be treated as a serious matter. In this portion of the unit, you
will be required to state your arguments or synthesis relevant to the topics
presented. I will supply the first three items and you will continue the rest.
1. Drug trafficking charges can be applied to small-scale street dealers or large

drug cartels.
2. Drug trafficking affects all parts of the world as either source, transit or
destination regions
3. Trafficking routes can also be used by criminal networks to transport other illicit
products.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page 43 of
Keywords Index
Columbian Becka Valley of Lebanon Dangerous Drug
Medellin cartel, Act ( DDA ) of 1972
Columbian drug Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, Jose The Norte Del Cali
lord Pablo SantacruzLondono and Helmer “Pacho” cartel
Herera
Jose Gonzalo Mule Golden Triangle
Rodriguez Gacha
Gelberto Methamphetamine Hydrochloride “ Green Triangle
Rodriguez SHABU”
Orejuela
Golden Crescent marijuana Nubain
Big Picture
a. Recognize the Narcotic identities, influences, causes and effects.

b. Classify the Approaches to the drugs problem.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Recognize the Narcotic identities, influences, causes and effects.
Metalanguage
difficulty in understanding the dangerous drugs, cause and effect of drug abuse and
its influences.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first
lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
From the earliest of times, people identified and used indigenous plants and
other substances that would alter their health and their state of consciousness. You
need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be lain down in
the succeeding pages especially the reasons why people use and abuse drugs, the
influences of narcotic drugs. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer
to the resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and
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other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
1. THE DANGEROUS DRUGS IDENTITIES

1.1. Dangerous drugs refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled
substances. Controlled substances are generally grouped according to
pharmalogical classifications, effects and as to their legal criteria.
Under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Law of 2002 in the Philippines
(R.A 9165), dangerous drugs includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the
1961 Single Convection on Narcotics Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and
the schedules annexed to the 1971Single Convention on Psychotropic
Substances(Art. 1, Sec. 3).
1.2. GENERAL DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
According to effects, the dangerous drugs are classified as:
o Depressants- are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the Central
nervous system.
o Stimulants- are group having the effect of stimulating the Central nervous
system.
o Hallucinogens- refer to the group of drugs that are considered to be mind
altering drugs and give the general mood distortion.
1.3. According to Medical Pharmacology, dangerous drugs are classified

as:
 Depressant-is a drug or endogenous compound that
lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or
reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain. Depressants are
also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal
when taken. Stimulants or "uppers" increase mental and/or physical function
are the functional opposites of depressants.
 Narcotics- originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with
any sleep-inducing properties. In the US it has since become associated
with opioids, commonly morphine and heroin and their derivatives, such
as hydrocodone. The term is, today, imprecisely defined and typically has
negative connotations. When used in a legal context in the U.S.,
a narcotic drug is simply one that is totally prohibited, or one that is used in
violation of strict governmental regulation, such as heroin or morphine.
Tranquilizers- are two classifications:
 Minor tranquilizers-is a drug or other intervention that inhibits anxiety. This
effect is in contrast to anxiogenic agents, which increase anxiety. Together
these categories of psychoactive compounds or interventions may be referred
to as anxiotropic compounds/agents. Some recreational drugs like alcoholic
beverages (which contain ethanol) induce anxiolysis.
Anxiolytic medications have been used for the treatment of anxiety and its
Page 45 of
related psychological and physical symptoms. Anxiolytics have been shown to
be useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Bright light therapy and other
interventions have also been found to have an anxiolytic effect.
 Major tranquilizers- are a class of psychiatric medication primarily used to
manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, or disordered thought),
particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and is increasingly being
used in the management of non-psychotic disorders (ATC code N05A). The
word neuroleptic originates from the Greek word lepsis ("seizure" or "fit").
 Stimulants-are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in
either mental or physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of effects
may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others.
Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, stimulants are also
occasionally referred to as "uppers".
 Hallucinogens- are a general group of pharmacological agents that can be
divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociative, and deliriums.
These classes of psychoactive drugs have in common that they can cause
subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness. Unlike
other psychoactive drugs, such as stimulants and opioids, these drugs do not
merely amplify familiar states of mind, but rather induce experiences that are
qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. These experiences
are often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such
as trance, meditation, dreams, or insanity.
 Solvents/Inhalants- is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically
different liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid
but can also be a solid or a gas. The maximum quantity of solute that can
dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Common uses
for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g., tetrachloroethylene), as paint
thinners (e.g., toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and glue solvents
(acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g., hexane, petrol
ether), in detergents (citrus terpenes), in perfumes (ethanol), nail polish and in
chemical synthesis. The use of inorganic solvents (other than water) is typically
limited to research chemistry and some technological processes.
1.4. According to Legal Categories:
R. A. 6425(Dangerous Drug Act of 1972)the dangerous are classified as:
a. Prohibited drugs
• Narcotics- refers to the group of the drug opium and it derivatives,
morphine, heroin, codeine, etc. including synthetic opiates.
• Stimulants- refers to the group of the drug cocaine, Alpha and Beta
Eucaine, etc.
• Hallucinogens- refers to the group of drugs like Marijuana,
LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, etc.
b.R egulated drugs
 Barbiturates- refers to the group of depressant drugs known as
“Veronal” like Luminal, Amytal, Nembutal, Surital, Butisol, Penthontal,
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Seconal, etc.
 Hypnotics- are group of drugs such as Mandrax, Quaalude, Fadomir,
and others.
 Amphetamines- are group of stimulant drugs like Benzedrine,
Dexedrine, Methedrine, Preludin, etc.
c. Volatile Substances ( P.D 1619 )
The group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of
releasing toxic vapors of fumes which when sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduced
into the physiological system of the body produces or induces a condition of
intoxication, excitement or dulling, of these drugs are Glue, Gasoline, Kerosene,
Ether, Paint, Thinner, Lacquer, etc.
2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

2.1. THE DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS). These are drugs which suppress vital
body functions especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the
resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular coordination.
They dull the minds, slow down the body reactions to such an extent that
accident deaths and/or suicides usually happen.
 Narcotics- are drugs which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or
stupor when introduced to the body. Medically they are potent
painkillers, cough depressant and as an active component of anti-
diarrhea preparations. Opium and its derivatives like morphine,
codeine, and heroin, as well as the synthetic opiates, meperidine, and
methadone, are classified as narcotics.
 Opium- is the dried latex obtained from the opium
poppy (Papaversomniferum). Opium contains approximately
12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to
produce heroin for the illegal drug trade and for legal medicinal use in
some countries. The latex also includes the alkaloid codeine and its
similarly structured cousin the baine. It also contains non-
analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional,
labor-intensive, method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the
immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a
sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off, and dehydrated. The
word "meconium" (derived from the Greek for "opium-like", but now
used to refer to infant stools) historically referred to related, weaker
preparations made from other parts of the poppy or different species of
poppies.
- A plant that can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height originally in
Mesopotamia. Its active ingredient is the “meconic” acid – the
analgesic property.
 Morphine- is a potent opiate analgesic drug that is used to relieve

severe pain. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, which is
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generally believed to be the first ever isolation of a natural
plant alkaloid in history. It was first distributed by him in 1817; and first
commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single
small chemists' shop. It was more widely used after the invention of
the hypodermic needle in 1857. Sertürner originally named the
substance morphium after the Greek god of
dreams Morpheus (Greek: Μορφεύς) for its tendency to cause sleep.
 Heroin- is an opioid analgesic synthesized by C.R. Alder Wright in
1874 by adding two acetyl groups to the molecule morphine, found in
the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. Heroin itself is
an active drug, but it is also converted into morphine in the body. When
used in medicine, it is typically used to treat severe pain, such as that
resulting from a heart attack or a severe injury. The name "heroin" is
usually only used when being discussed in its illegal form. When it is
used in a medical environment, it is referred to as diamorphine.
 Codeine is an opiate used for
its analgesic, antitussive,antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, anxiolytic, anti
depressant, sedative and hypnotic properties. It is also used to
suppress premature labor contractions, myocardial infarction, and has
many other potential and indicated uses. It is often sold as a salt in the
form of either codeine sulfate or codeine phosphate. Codeine is the
second-most predominant alkaloid in opium, at up to three percent.
Although codeine can be extracted from natural sources, a semi-
synthetic process is the primary source of codeine for pharmaceutical
use. It is considered the prototype of the weak to
midrange opioids (tramadol, dextropropoxyphene, dihydrocodeine, hyd
rocodone, oxycodone).
 Paregoric- or camphorated tincture of opium, also known
as tincturaopiicamphorata, is a medication known for its anti-diarrheal,
anti tussive, and analgesic properties.
 Demerol and Methadone- Pethidine was the first synthetic opioid
synthesized in 1932 as a potential antispasmodic agent by the chemist
Otto Eislib. Its analgesic properties were first recognized by Otto
Schaumann working for IG Farben, Germany. Methadone is a
synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a
maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by
patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937,
mainly because Germany required a reliable internal source of opiates.
Because it is an acyclic analog of morphine or heroin, methadone acts
on the same opioid receptors as these drugs, and thus has many of the
same effects.
 Barbiturates- are drugs that act as central nervous
system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of
effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective
as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates also have
analgesic effects; however, these effects are somewhat weak,
preventing barbiturates from being used in surgery in the absence of
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other analgesics. They have addiction potential, both physical and
psychological.
 Seconal- Secobarbital was widely misused in the 1960s and 1970s,
and accidental overdose was associated with the drug. It was linked
with the death of Judy Garland where the postmortem found that her
blood contained the equivalent of ten 1.5-grain (97 mg) Seconal
capsules. Consequently, prescription of Seconal decreased greatly
beginning in the early 1980s, by which time benzodiazepines had
become increasingly common.
 Tranquilizers- are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety.
They are used in the treatment of nervous states and some mental
disorders without producing sleep. Minor tranquilizers is a drug or other
intervention that inhibits anxiety. Major tranquilizers are a class
of psychiatric medication primarily used to manage
psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, or disordered thought),
particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and is increasingly
being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders .
 Volatile Solvents- Solvents can be broadly classified into two
categories: polar and non-polar. Generally, the dielectric constant of
the solvent provides a rough measure of a solvent's polarity. The
strong polarity of water is indicated, at 0 °C, by a dielectric constant of
88. Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are generally
considered to be nonpolar. Technically, the dielectric constant
measures the solvent's ability to reduce the field strength of the electric
field surrounding a charged particle immersed in it. This reduction is
then compared to the field strength of the charged particle in a
vacuum. In layperson's terms, dielectric constant of a solvent can be
thought of as its ability to reduce the solute's effective internal charge.
 Alcohol- is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional
group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center
should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms. An
important class of alcohols is the simple acyclic alcohols, the general
formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of these ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages; in common speech the
word alcohol refers to ethanol.
2.2. THE STIMULANTS(UPPERS)

They produce effects opposite to that of depressants. Instead of
bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness,
wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of wellbeing. Their medical
users include narcolepsy- a condition characterized by an overwhelming
desire to sleep. Abrupt withdrawal of the drug from the heavy abuser can
result in a deep and suicidal depression.
 AMPHETAMINES are a chemical class of stimulants, entactogens,
hallucinogens, and other drugs. They feature aphenethylamine core
with a methyl group attached to the alpha carbon resulting
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in amphetamine, along with additional substitutions. Examples of
amphetamines
are amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone,
MDMA("Ecstasy"), and DOM ("STP").
 COCAINE is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the
leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" and the
alkaloid suffix "-ine", forming "cocaine". It is a stimulant, an appetite
suppressant, and a nonspecific voltage gated sodium
channel blocker, which in turn causes it to produce anaesthesia at
low doses. Biologically, cocaine acts as a serotonin– norepinephrine–
dopamine reuptake inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor
(TRI).
 CAFFEINE is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid and
a stimulant drug. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the
seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural
pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the
plants, as well as enhancing the reward memory of pollinators. It is
most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from
the seed of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well
as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from
the kola nut. Other sources include yerba
maté, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly.
 SHABU is neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of
the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to
treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity.
Methamphetamine exists as
two enantiomers, dextrorotary and levorotary.Dextromethamphetam
ine is a stronger central nervous system (CNS) stimulant
than levomethamphetamine; however, both are addictive and
produce the same toxicity symptoms at high doses.
 Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid found in
the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) and a stimulant drug.
It is anicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is made in the roots
and accumulates in the leaves of the plants. It constitutes
approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present
in the range of 2–7 µg/kg of various edible plants.
2.3 THE HALLUCINOGENS (Psychedelic)
These are group of drugs that consist of a variety of mind-altering
drugs which distort reality, thinking and perceptions of time, sound, space and
sensation. The user experiences hallucinations(false perception)which at
times can be strange. His “trips” may be exhilarating or terrifying good or bad.
They may dislocate his consciousness and change his mood, thinking and
concept of self.
 MARIJUANA it is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the
Philippines because it can be grown extensively in the country many
users choose to smoke marijuana for relaxation in the same way
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people drink beer or cocktail at the end of the day. The effects of
marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce the
opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.
 LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD). This drug id the most

powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a fungus that attacks
rye kernels. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from
ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain
fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form "LSD" comes from its
early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German
"Lysergsäure-diethylamid" followed by a sequential number.
 PEYOTE is derived from the surface part of the small gray brown
cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor and it suffers from nausea.
This drug causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal
symptoms; although in some cases psychological dependence has
been noted.
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 MESCALINE it is alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote
cactus and can also be synthesized in the laboratory. It produces less
nausea than peyote and shows effect resembling those of LSD
although milder in nature. Peyote has been used for at least 5700
years by Native Americans in Mexico. Europeans noted use of peyote
in Native American religious ceremonies upon early contact, notably by
the Huichols in Mexico. Other mescaline-containing cacti such as the
San Pedro have a long history of use in South America, from Peru to
Ecuador.
 STP it is a take-off of the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative

of mescaline claimed to produce more violent and longer effects than
mescaline dose. Its effects are similar to the nerve gas used in
chemical warfare. It is less potent than LSD although their effects are
similar to those of psychedelics.
 PSILOCYBIN – this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican

mushrooms are used by Mexican Indians today. These mushrooms
induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with visions of
bright colors and shapes, and other hallucinations. These effects may
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last for four to five hours and later may be followed by depressions,
laziness and complete loss time and space perceptions.
 Morning glory – The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical
morning glory are used to produce hallucinations. The seeds are
ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained though a cloth
and drunk. They are sold under the names of ‘heavenly blues’, ‘flying
dancers’, and pearly gates’. The active ingredient in the seed is similar
to LSD although less potent. The reactions are likened to those
resulting from LSD. Prolonged psychosis is also one of its effects.
2.4. THE COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their
pharmacological effects may be generally classified into:
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1. Sedatives – are depressant drugs, which reduce anxiety and
excitement such as barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers
and alcohol.
2. Stimulants- are drugs, which increase alertness and activity such as
amphetamines, cocaine, and caffeine.
3. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics- drugs which affect sensation,
thinking, self -awareness and emotion such as LSD, mescaline and
marijuana.
4. Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep such as
the opiates, morphine codeine and heroin.
5. Solvents – or the volatile substances which are found to be the
most commonly abused by children lured into the drug habit.
2.5 PLANTS AS SOURCES OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
In the world of drug abuse and addiction, certain plants are popular to
drug users as resources of drugs such as the following:
 MARIJUANA PLANT The term marijuana is a Spanish-Mexican term
used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is a plant that grows in tropical
region and attains an approximate height of 15 to 20 feet. Scientifically
named as Cannabis Sativa Lima and a member of the Cannabinaceae
family of plants (separate male/female plant), the female plant is known
as the Pistillate (shorter but long-lived) while the male plant is called
the Staminate (taller but short-lived). Its leaves formed a fingerlike look-
odd in numbers 3 up to 13 fingerlike leaves. The stalk of the plant can
attain a height of 3 to 16 feet while roots can attain a length of
approximately 8 inches. The resin called “hashish” can be found on the
most top portion of the female plant. The active ingredient or alkaloid of
the plant is called cannabin (the one that produces of the plant called
cannabin the one that produces the physiological effect) or the
Tetrahydrocannabinnol (THC) – the concentrated alkaloid which is 5 to
20 times stronger that the plain marijuana plant. The means of using
the drug varies from ingestion to smoking.
 OPIUM POPPY PLANT The opium poppy plant is scientifically known
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as Papaver Somniferum. The word papaver is a Greek term which
means poppy while the word Somniferum is a latin term which means
dream/induces sleep. The plant can grow from 3 to 6 feet in height
originally in Mesopotamia. The Summerians called it “Hul Gil” which
means, “plant of joy” due to its jouful effect when administered. Its
active ingredient is the Mesonic acid- the analgesic property. The
dangerous drugs that can be derived from the plant are morphine,
herion, and codeine.
 COCA BUSH PLANT

The coca bush plant is scientifically known as Eryhroxylon Coca
common is South America. The plant grows in mountainous and
tropical climate areas, on clay like soil. A fullu-grown cultivated coca
plant attains a height of 6 to 8 feet and can be harvested 3 to 4 times a
year. The dangerous drug that can be produced from this is the drug
Cocaine – the most powerful natural stimulant known as cocaine
hydrochloride.
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 EPEDRA PLANT known to the Chinese as “Ma Huang”, the Epedra
plant (Ephedra Vulgaris) is a psychoactive plant that contains
psychotropic properties one of which is the alkaloid Ephedrine and
pseudoephedrine, an active ingredient of anti-asthma drugs. It is an
essential chemical precursor in the preparation of drugs such as
Methamphetamine or Amphetamines. Methamphetamine
Hydrochloride commonly known as “shabu” is a product derived from
this plant through chemical processes.
 PEYOTE CACTUS It is known as “Narcotic Cactus”. It is commonly

found in Mexico and its borders. It is the source of the hallucinogen
drug known as Mescaline. One to two hours after the drug is taken,
delusions begin to occur. Optical hallucinations follow one upon
another in rapid succession.
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3. CAUSES AND INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE
3.1. Drug Abuse most often refers to the use of drug with such
frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or
impairs social functioning.
- referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law, regardless of
whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of
Marijuana, for example, even if it occurred only a once in a while,
would constitute abuse, while the same level of alcohol
consumption would not.
- Commonly associated with substances that may be purchased
legally with prescription for medical use. Other substances that may
be purchased legally without prescription and are commonly
abused include alcohol and the nicotine contained in tobacco
cigarettes (Groiler, 1995).
3.2. Drug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence.

Drug dependence, which sometimes called drug addiction, is
defined by three basic characteristics (Groiler, 1995).
 The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of
time.
 The users find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem
powerless to quit the drug use. Users take extraordinary and
often harmful measures to continue using the drug. They will
drop out of school, steal, leave their families, go to jail and lose
their job to keep using drug.
 The users stop taking their drug-only if their supply of the drug is
cut off, or if they are forced to quit for any reason-they will
undergo painful physical or mental distress. The experience of
withdrawal distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure
sign that a drug is dependency-producing and that the user is
dependent on the drug. Drug dependence may lead to drug
abuse- especially the illegal drugs.
3.3. Drug Addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost
the power of self-control in respect of a drug. He consumes the drug
repeatedly leaving aside all values of life. In other words a drug
addict will resort to crime even, to satisfy his repeated craving for the
drug. The effects of addiction are mainly deteriorative personality
changes. They include insomnia, instability, and lack of self-
confidence especially when not under the influence of drug. The
addicts cannot concentrate on any work. He avoids social contacts.
Slowly, mentally, physically, and morally he becomes from bad to
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worse and a burden to the society.
3.4. Characteristics of Drug Addiction
Once or more of the following attributes characterizes drug
addiction:
 Uncontrollable Craving- the addict feels a compulsive
craving to take drug repeatedly and tries to procure the same
by any means.
 Tolerance- it is the tendency to increase the dose of the
drug to produce the same effect as to that the original effect.
 Addiction- the addict is powerless to quit drug use.
 Physical Dependence- the addict’s physiological functioning
is altered. The body becomes sick, inactive and incapable of
carrying out useful activity in the absence of the drug. The
withdrawal syndromes will occur once the drug use is
stopped.
 Psychological Dependence-Emotional and mental
discomfort exist to the individual. The drug addict feels he
cannot do without the drug, consequently if he does not take
the drug his mental processes are affected. He cannot carry
out his work efficiently.
 Withdrawal Syndrome- The addict becomes nervous and
restless when he does not get the drug. After about 12
hours, he starts sweating. His nose and eyes become watery
and continue doing so increasingly for another 12 hours. It is
followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep.
Respiration, blood pressure and body temperature also rises.
This will continue up to three days. After which, the trouble
starts subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s
time. Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.
3.5. The drug habit is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association- the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer
groups where he feels being wanted and accepted.
2. Experimentation- the tendency of a person to try and explore
the effects of drugs, and the relief of pain or emotional dose.
3. Inexperienced- the tendency of doctors and physicians to
unnecessarily prescribe drugs.
Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:
1. Habituation- repetitious engagement of drug use which is
closely related to the experience of the euphoric effect of
drugs, and the relief of pain or emotional discomfort.
2. Toleration- refers to the necessity to increase the dose to
obtain an effect equivalent to the original dose.
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3. Dependence- the altered physiological state brought about by
the repeated administration of the drug, which necessitates the
continued use of the drug to avoid withdrawal syndrome.
4. UNDERLYING INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
4.1. Drug addict or abuser - is generally an emotionally
unstable person before he acquires the habit.
4.2. Drug abuse – is a multi-faced problem that exists in our
locality and countryside; three is usually more than one reason
why this problem occurs. Any of the following factors may
influence people to abuse drugs.
4.3. Biological Factors
There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological
abnormalities of chemicals, physiological or structural in
nature that induced a person to take drugs. The following are
some to consider:
 Individual’s general health- there are several diseases that
easily make a person become a drug abuser. Examples are
fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, and discomfort.
 It is believe that drug has the special power to prevent or to
increase sexual capacity.
 One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an
inherited defect in the production of endorphin, similar to
morphine. A deficiency of the substance leads to bodily
discomfort. With the use of the morphine, this feeling is
induced or disappeared.
According to theory, a person who uses morphine has the
physiological abnormality where endorphin production is less.
The drugs when we use the body cells work actively.
4.4. Factors in Youthful Drug Abuse
(Psychological, Mental health, Family conditions)
 Motives and Attitudes- Psychologically speaking, in terms
of motives and function of drugs use, some of which may not
be recognized by users themselves. The more a drug is
used, the more it tends to satisfy more than one motive or
need.
 Personality and Pathology- This psychology has been
described as follows: Chronic , low-grade depression,
smoldering, tense and restlessness, a sense of not being
taken seriously, narcissism or egocentricity, preoccupation
with issues or identity, autonomy, and freedom of
expression, repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects,
and the difficulty in international relations.
 Family Background- the kinds of personality disturbances
found in some young addicts and heads cannot, in the
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current state of knowledge, be identified as brain damage or
schizophrenia. It is more in the manner of character disorder.
And the behavior may be the result of inadequate
socialization, condition of child rearing and family interaction.
The few available facts about families of young abuser lend
credence to this area. In high addiction areas, the families
of adolescent narcotics users showed the following
characteristics;
1. Absent or weak father
2. Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother
3. Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack of definition of limits
4. Hostility or conflict between parents
5. Unrealistic aspiration for children
6. Modeling, if parents or key influence are drug users, young
people often tend to model the behavior they are at home.
The family therefore is a strong influence to drug abuse.
Common factors are: children of broken home easily join peer
groups as substitutes to their lost family solidarity, to strike and
over protectiveness of parents, to assert their independence,
and to rebel from parental authority.
 Other Psycho-Social Factors- Drug abuse is a
manifestation of an underlying character of personality
disorder. Thus majority of the drug users are fundamentally
immature; emotionally childish, insecure or are suffering from
problems of adolescence.
It is also a sign or symptom of family problem involving
parent and child relationship, peer pressures, unethical values.
Some of these sociological factors are as follows:
1. Availability of over-the counter and prescription drugs variety
available for different ailments.
2. Influence of media-advertisement message that all ailments
can be cured through the use of chemical substances toward
messages and help to create the acceptance of drugs.
3. Impact of affluent lifestyle and effect of increased travel and
exposure to different culture and social values.
4. The collapse of religious values
5. Lower value on academic achievement
6. They believe that drug can give deeper insights
7. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems and
the easy access to drug or various sorts in an affluent
society.
8. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs.
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9. The beliefs that they are just taking it like alcohol.
10. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to
seed easily solution with chemicals.
11. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of
drugs.
12. Slum condition- are most critical is that the slum dwellers
are often deprived of emotional support.
4.5. The Primary Causes of Drug Abuse
Any of the seven deadly sins could be the primary cause whypeople
tend to abuse drugs despite knowledge of the dangerous effects of
drugs.
 Pride- excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense
of self-importance.
 Anger – unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself,
his family, his friends or the society in general.
 Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to
drug abuse.
 Gluttony- “food trip” in the lingo of junkies
 Greed- wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people
under pressure in their work of art, such as musicians,
actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse.
 Envy- to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest
envy is a major cause of drug abuse.
 Laziness – “I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve- the
breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom coupled with poor
self-image.
4.6. GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS
In order to understand the groups of people who abuse drugs,
the group classification of drug addiction are presented as:
 Situational Users- those who use drugs to keep them awake
or for additional energy to perform an important work. Such
individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
 Spree Users- school age users who take drugs for “kicks’,
an adventurous daring experience, or a as a means of fun.
There may be some degree of psychological dependence but
little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.
 Hard Core Addicts- those, whose activities revolve almost
entirely around the drug experience and securing supplies,
they show strong psychological dependence on the drug.
 Hippies- those who are addicted to drugs believing that drugs
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is an integral part of life.
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4.7. IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS
A drug abuser will do everything possible to conceal his habit.
To be able to recognize the outward signs and symptoms, it is
equally important to realize that the drug problem is so complex.
The following markers can help in identifying drug abusers:
 Change in interest- they lose interest in their studies and in
their work. They fail in school , shift from one course to
another , transfer of school of lower standard until eventually
drop out.
 Frequent shifting of mood- they are euphoric, elated and
sometimes even ecstatic when under the influences of drugs.
They would be indifferent, irritable and even hostile when the
effect of drug is waning from the system.
 Changes in Behavior – they usually spend a lot. They are
usually in the company of known drug users in the
community. They come home late; they become
disrespectful and would sell personal or family valuables.
 Changes in physical appearance- if they can be seen while
still under the influence of drugs the following can be noted:
Detecting a drug user is not an easy task. The signs and

symptoms of drug abuse, especially in the beginning stages can
be identical to those produced by conditions having nothing
whatsoever to do with drugs.
5. Considerations in Detecting Abusers
It is always necessary to exercise certain prudence before

drawing conclusions. Some judgments may only hurt the individual, if he is
innocent and one may lose his love and trust. Only after observing calmly and
patiently his behavior, appearance and associations, may one pass judgment
and act.
To detect a drug abuser one should observe the following:
 Neglect of personal appearance, diminished drive, lack of
ambition, reduced attention span, poor quality of school
work, and impaired communication skills, less care for the
feeling of others, lessening of accustomed family warmth,
pale face, red eyes, dilation or constricted pupils, and
wearing sunglasses at wrong places, secretive about money,
disappearance of money and other valuables from the
house.
 Smell or marijuana, sweetish odor, like a burned rope in the
clothes or room, etc., knowledge on the lingo of drug
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abusers,
 Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular
aches, insomnia and convulsions, etc., and the
 Presence of but from marijuana joint, holders pockets or
lining, rolling paper, pipes, cough syrup bottles, capsules,
syringes, etc., devices for hiding drugs like trash cans, soft
drinks bottles, other pill like valium, and other tranquilizers,
physician’s prescription pad in blank form, linear scar in the
arms, forearms and abdomen.
6. PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS
The following data reflect the general profile of drug abusers in the
Phil., based from the PDEA Annual Report 2010.
Users Referred for Rehabilitation

Average Age: 29 years old
Majority Age Group: 23-29 years old
Drugs of Choice: Shabu and Marijuana
Ratio of Male Users to Female 3:1
Civil Status: 53% are single
Employment Status: 74% - Unemployed
21% - Underemployed
53% - High School
Educational Attainment: 53% - High School
29% - College
Profile of Arrested Drug Users

Average Age: 31 years old
Majority Age Group: 22-29 years old
Drugs of Choice: Shabu and Marijuana
Ratio of Male Users to Female 9:1
Employment Status: 21% - Unemployed
58% - Underemployed
Educational Attainment: 53% - High School
29% - College
7. PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSER

7.1. The detection of drug abusers involves five processes
namely:
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Observations of the signs and symptoms of drug abuse may take
relatively a long period of time. Good sensory equipment and a high degree
objectivity are two requirements for a good observer should not let his own
personal judgments and reactions affect his observations. He should exercise
care in his observation such that he suspected drug abuser is not made
aware of being observed.
 Collateral Information- (Interview with information)- They best

information is from the patient himself, but collateral information is
necessary. Ideally, a parent or close relative or a close friend
should be present to furnish useful details as to the different
changes observed in the patient that made them suspect the
subject is abusing drugs. These changes may be in his
appearance, behavior, mood, or interest.
 Interview with Patient- Inquire regarding the drugs being abused,
onset of his drug taking activity, reason for abusing drug, how he
supports his vice, etc.
7.2. Laboratory Examination
Accurate laboratory examinations cannot be performed by any
ordinary chemist since detection of dangerous drugs requires sophisticated
equipment and apparatus, special chemical reagents and the most of all, the
specialized technical know-how.
7.3. Psychological Examination
This phase of drug detection requires the expertise of trained
psychologist. Teachers therefore are not in a position to administer
psychological examination findings will correspond to the general findings of a
drug prone individual: drowsy or lethargic alcohol breath, tendency to giggle
excessively at things which others don’t consider funny, and over-active and
over talkative.
Examples test are:
 Intelligence Test- the test is designed to cover a wide variety of
mental functions with special emphasis or judgment
comprehension and reasoning.
 Personality Test- this type of test is used to evaluate the
character and personality traits of an individual such as his
emotional judgment, interpersonal relation, motivational attitude.
 Aptitude Test- this test is to measure the readiness with which
the individual increases readiness with which knowledge and
improve skills when given the necessary opportunity and
training.
 Interest Test- this is designed to reveal the field interest that a
client will be interested in.
 Psychiatric Evaluation- it is a process whereby a team of
professionals composed of psychiatrists, psychologists,
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psychiatrist social workers conduct an examination to determine
whether or not a patient is suffering from psychiatric disorder.
7.4. Generic Personality Profile of Drug Abusers
1. They are average or above average intelligence
2. They are witty and manipulative
3. They have negative attitude, they demonstrate hostile feelings to
the world or to anybody who does not want to conform to what
they want
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish and demanding.
5. They want immediate gratification or needs and desires.
6. They have low frustration tolerance.
7. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatics, persuasive and
musical field in that order.
8. They are depressed and excessively dependent.
9. They are rebellious and have impulsive behavior.
10. They are pleasure seeker and pathologically liars.
11. They like join anti-social groups/ delinquent groups.
12. They have difficulty in solving problems.
7.5. OTHER INFORMATION ON DRUG ABUSERS
In the course of research, several seemingly unrelated facts
emerged as contributory to cause of drug abuse on Filipino users.
a. In more than 59 percent of users, both parents hold outside jobs.
For the first time since World War II, we have “latch-key” children
who come home from school to an empty house.
b. Parents use television to baby-sit their pre-school children who thus
subjected before they are old enough to walk to advertisements for
beer, pain killers and other over-the-counter (OTC) medications not
to mention sex and violence written by some best minds.
c. Modern mothers have abandoned their God-given gifts and
privilege to breast-feed their children.
d. A child spends an average of 900 hours per year in class and
media influence per year watching television, which speaks for
greater media influence on the young mind compared to either the
parents or school.
e. Television commercial for alcoholic beverages and cigarettes
invariably depict people having an enjoyable time with their friends
while then product prominent displayed, but never depict the health
and economic problems excessive alcohol and cigarettes
consumption an produce, or other degenerative effects.
f. Tobacco companies circumvent the ban on television advertising
their products by sponsoring athletic events that are viewed by both
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children and adults who attend sporting events where large pictures
and logos of cigarette brands are always prominently displayed.
g. Alcohol and tobacco (cigarettes) are “gateway” drugs. No child and
or adolescent ever smoke marijuana without smoke first. Ask ant
drug abuser whether or not they started with alcohol, or cigarette;
the answer is always “YES”
h. It is discovered that 70 percent of elementary school students
abused legal drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, and over-the-counter
(OTC) diet pills. Sleep aids and other they obtained from older
friends of their parents. They began as early age 12 or 13.
i. Medical science is believed to hold a cure for every condition, a “pill
for every ill” so to speak.
8. THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE
THE GENERAL EFFECTS
8.1. As to the Physical Effects
a) MALNUTRITION - the life of an addict revolves around drug use.
He misses even his regular meals .He losses appetite and
eventually develops malnutrition. Likewise, the drug dependent who
has tried on his own to withdraw may suffer from severe
gastrointestinal disturbance that result to severe dehydration.
b) SKIN INFECTION and SKIN RASHES -oftentimes the drug abuser
neglects his personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needles and
syringes that result in skin infections or even ulceration at the sites
of the needle puncture. Skin rashes may even occur as a side effect
or sensitivity reaction to certain drugs of abuse. Infectious diseases,
such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, viral hepatitis,
sequel of drug abuse. Marijuana smoking can produce physical
conditions like chronic bronchitis and asthma. Physically ill persons,
like a tuberculosis individual who has suffered so much from his
illness may resort to drug taking as a temporary measure for relief.
A drug abuser, because of his use of unsterilized paraphernalia,
tends to develop lowered resistance and becomes susceptible to
various infections; among them are viral hepatitis, and HIV
infections/AIDS
8.2. As to the Psychological Effects
The abuse of drugs can bring many psychological
malfunctions such as the following:
a) Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.
b) Impairment of adequate mental function.
c) Loss of drive and ambition.
d) Development of psychosis and depression.
e) Loss of interest to study.
f) Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness.
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g) Irritability, rebellious attitude.
h) Withdrawn forgetfulness.
8.3. As to the Social Effects

The drug abuser may also experience social dysfunction such
as the following:
a) Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of
conflict with authority.
b) Commission of crime.
c) Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work, study and participate
in activities or to face challenges
8.4. As to the Mental Effects
The drug abuser can experience adverse effect on the central

nervous system. Regular use or injection of large doses of a
substances reduces the activity of the brain and depresses the central
nervous system. Another mental effect would be deterioration of the
mind. The dependent is a “mental invalid” in the sense that drugs can
manipulate him, make him lose his power, and prod him to behave
contrary to what he usually think is right. These drugs are essentially
reality modifiers, which create a masked sense of wellbeing by either
dulling or distorting sensory perceptions and providing a temporary
means of escape from personal difficulties, either real or imaginary.
They can reduce or accelerate activity to create indifference,
depressive mood, or carelessness.
As a result, the abuser's mind deteriorates gradually. In other
instances, he abruptly loses interest and motivation in the pursuit of
achievement and constructive goals. Instead of providing him
relaxation and escape from discomfort, drug, alcohol and tranquilizers
may blur his attempts to come to terms with reality. His character
becomes weak and inadequate in coping with his problems.
8.5. As to the Economic Effects
Some economic problems are encountered due to drug abuse

like;
a. Inability to hold stable job.
It is impossible for a drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends
all his time and money on drugs. If he does not have a regular job, he
and his friends steal to raise money. If he has one, he would be unable
to concentrate since he would be either over-stimulated or lazy and
drowsy.
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b. Dependence on family resources.
Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a
dependent becomes an economic burden. Besides depending on the
family for his basic necessities, he also has to rely on the family
resources to provide him money for the support of his expensive habit.
c. Accidents in industry.
In a state of agitation or dullness of the mind as a result of the drug he
has taken, the dependent becomes careless and losses concentration
on his job. Consequently, an accident may occur which may adversely
affect both drug abuser and his co-workers.
9. SYMPTOMS OF DRUGS ABUSE ON THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

9.1. The Depressants
 NARCOTICS - produces lethargy and drowsiness. Inhaling heroin
in powder form leaves traces of white powder around nostrils
causing redness and irritations. Injecting heroin leaves scars,
usually on the inner surface of the arms and elbows although user
may inject drug in the body where needle marks will not be seen
readily. The user often leaves syringes, bent spoons, bottle caps,
eyedroppers, cotton and needles in lockers at school or hidden at
home. The user scratches self frequently, loss of appetite, sniffles,
running nose, red watery eyes, and coughing which disappears
when user gets a “fix”.
 Barbiturates/Tranquilizers- symptoms of alcohol intoxication
without odor or alcohol on breath, staggering or stumbling, falling
asleep unexplainably, drowsiness, may appear disoriented, lack of
interest in school and family activities.
 Volatile Solvents-there is unusual odor of substance on breath and
clothes of the user. Excessive nasal secretions, watering of eyes,
and poor muscular control are also experienced. There is also an
increased preference for being with a group rather than being
alone. Plastic or paper bags or rags, containing dry plastic cement
or other solvent, found at home or in locker at school or at work.
Obvious slurred speech.
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9.2. The Stimulants
Amphetamines/Cocaine/Speed/Uppers-drugs categorized as speed or
upper can give the following symptoms of abuse:
1. Pupils may be dilated
2. Mouth and nose dry, bad breath, licks lips frequently
3. Goes long periods without eating or sleeping; nervous; has difficulty
sitting still.
4. Chain smoking
5. If injecting drug, user may have hidden eye droppers and needles
among possessions.
 Shabu - use of the drug Methamphetamine Hydrochloride can give

the following symptoms of abuse:
1. Produces elevation of mood, heightened alertness and increased
energy.
2. Some individuals may become anxious, irritable or loquacious.
3. Causes decreased appetite and insomnia.
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9.3. The Hallucinogens
 Marijuana -smoking of this kind of drug the user can experience in
the following symptoms:
1. May appear animated with rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter.
2. Sleepy or stuporous
3. Pupils are dilated
4. Odor(similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath
5. Remnants of marijuana, either loose or in partially smoked “joints”
in clothing or possession
9.4 LSD/STP/DMT
1. User usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance-like state.
2. User may become fearful and experience a degree of terror which
makes him attempt to escape from his group.
3. Senses of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted.
4. Mood and behaviour are affected, the manner depending upon
emotional and environmental condition of the user.
10. DANGERS OF ABUSE OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS
10.1. The Depressants
Users of depressant drugs may suffer the following:

a. Death due to respiratory arrest.
b. In large can cause respiratory depression and coma, the combination of
depressant and alcohol can multiply the effect of the drugs, thereby multiplying
the risks.
c. Babies born to mothers who abuse depressants during pregnancy may be
physically dependent on the drug and show withdrawal symptom shortly after
they are born. Birth defects and behavioural problems may also result.
10.2. The Stimulants
Users of stimulants may suffer the following:

a. Death due infections, high blood pressures.
b. Extremely high doses can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss
of coordination, and even physical collapse.
Shabu
a. Overdose leads to chest pains, hypertension, acute psychotic reaction,
convulsions and death due to cardiac arrest.
b. Due to the appetite suppressing effects of shabu, pregnant mother may become
malnourished. This may affect the nutritional needs of the baby.
c. Babies born to shabu-using women show sever emotional disturbances.
10.3. The Hallucinogens

Users of hallucinogens may suffer the following:
a) Can lead to serious mental changes (psychoses)like insanity, suicidal and/or
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homicidal tendencies.
b) Poor impulse control.
c) Damage to chromosomes, hence, affecting potentially the offspring.
d) Death due to paralysis of the respiratory system.
lesson
(3rd Ed.).


from.
Let’s Check
The Depressant 1. What is the rugs that are called analgesics or pain
relievers?
PSILOCYBIN 2. What is the dangerous drug taken from the plant known as
Psylocibin Mexicana?
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 3. What is the dangerous drug taken from the
cereal fungus known as Rye Ergot?
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Cocaine 4. What drug can be extracted from the erythroxylon coca
leaves?
morphine 5. What is the principal derivative of opium?
heroine 6. What is the synthetic drug having similar effect with morphine
and used to treat morphine addiction?
7. What is the drug classification of narcotic drugs as to their
effects?
8. What is the drug called “narcotic cactus”?
9. What is the term used to refer to the group of hallucinogen
drugs?
10. What is the drug that contains the alkaloid “meconic acid”?
1. DMT is a kind of drug classified as depressant.

2. The preparation of 10% opium plus 1 gram of morphine is called paregonic.
3. Codeine is a derivation of Heroin.
4. Psychedelic drugs are depressant drugs.
5.Ibogaine and mescaline are hallucinogen drugs while cocaine is a stimulant.
6. Barbiturates and tranquillizers are the same depressant drugs.
7. Alcohol is classified under the law as a volatile substance and depressant
as to effect.
8. LSD drugs in powder forms are called “Angel Dust”.
9. The term “papaver” is a Latin word meaning sleep or dream.
10. Paregoric is said to be a home remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Let’s Analyze
questions:
1. What are classification of drugs according to effect and medical pharmacology?
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2. What dangerous drug can be extracted from the coca bush plant?
Give its drug classification.
3. Enumerate and discuss the drugs that are grouped under narcotics, depressants,
stimulants and hallucinogens.
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4. Give the scientific names and alkaloid components of the opium poppy plant, coca
bush plant and the marijuana plant.
5. What are the usual effects of stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and narcotics
when administered to the body of a person??
In a Nutshel
People have generally different motivation in life. The young ones are very
much adventurous and some of them have strong attraction in drug-taking. In this
portion of the unit, you will be required to state your arguments or synthesis relevant
to the topics presented. I will supply the first three items and you will continue the
rest.
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1. No matter how great the cultural attitudinal tolerance for addictive practices is,
or how strong individual personality predispositions are, nobody can become
addicted to narcotic drugs without access to them.
2. Harmful substances have devastating effects on the user, many may not take
into consideration other people directly involved how addiction affects the
family.
3. The effects of drug and alcohol addiction can be both short-term and long-
term. Peaceful, living homes can be divided by the strain caused by drug and
alcohol abuse.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Q&A List
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Dangerous Drugs Barbiturates PSILOCYBIN

Depressant- Hypnotics Morning Glory
Stimulants Amphetamines Sedatives
Hallucinogens Prohibited Drugs MARIJUANA PLANT
Narcotics Regulated Drugs OPIUM POPPY PLANT
Minor Tranquilizers Volatile Substances COCA BUSH PLANT
Major Tranquilizers ( P.D 1619 EPEDRA PLANT
Hallucinogens R. A. 6425(Dangerous Uncontrollable Craving
Drug Act Of 1972)
Solvents/Inhalants Codeine Uncontrollable Craving
Paregoric Seconal- Gluttony
Demerol And Greed
Methadone Alcohol
Opium- LYSERGIC ACID Situational Users
DIETHYLAMIDE(LSD
Morphine- MALNUTRITION Gluttony
Heroin- SKIN INFECTION and
SKIN RASHES Hard Core Addicts
M
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Classify the Approaches to the drugs problem.
Page 76 of 155
etalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to have an understanding of the
following terms below. Please note that you will also be required to refer to the
previous definitions found in ULOasection.
1. DDB – Dangerous Drug Board

2. PDEA – Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
3. UNDCP - United Nations International Drug Control Program
4. CICP - the United Nations Centre for International Crime Prevention
5. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed further with the study of the several means of dealing with the
drug abuse problem in the nation, it will also touch on a few international concerns on what the
United Nations is dealing with this global drug problem. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g.
ebrary, search.proquest.cometc., and even online tutorial websites.
1. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH
1.1. GOVERNMENT LAWS AND STRATEGIES
 When R.A 6425, also known as the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972
was promulgated in March 30, 1972, estimated
20,000 Filipino drug users were recorded.
 The execution of LIM SENG in 1972 dried up the supply of heroin
in the streets and from then on, this drug never
recovered its marketability.
 On November 9, 1972,Presidential Decree No. 44 procedurally
amended section 4 of R.A 6425.
 By the year 1980, the number of drug users increased to 250,000
in the country.
 Presidential Decree No. 1675 as supplemented by General
Order No. 65; Presidential Decree No. 1683, an Presidential
Decree No. 1708 which were all procedural in nature were
promulgated to supposedly give more teeth to out drug laws.
 In 1981, despite intensive Drug Law enforcement efforts and the
passage of laws, the rise of drug use continued.
 It was in this year, that foreign drug syndicates used our shores as
a transit point of heroin and cocaine traffic.
 In 1982, BatasangPambansaBilang 179 effected another
procedural amendment to RA 6425. The law itemized prohibited
drugs and its derivatives.
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 In 1983 , there were already 343, 750 drug users and more non-
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government organizations started to assist the government’s
demand reduction programs.
 The smuggling of drugs continued in varying frequencies, types
and quantities with drugs originating from source countries such as
Pakistan, Thailand, and Hong Kong. The Philippines was slowly
emerging as a source in 1984.
 In 1986, drug users commonly practice poly-drug abuse, majority
of them belong to the 15-24 age group. For a period of two years,
the number of drug population increased to 450,000.
 The Philippine Constitution of 1987 abolished death as a penalty
under RA 6425. Coincidentally, the removal of death penalty in
1987 started the rise of the Chinese Syndicate using shabu as
their main trade.
 In 1988, statistics showed that there were 480, 000 drug users in
the Philippines, 70% of which were in Metro Manila.
 In 1989, Shabu emerge as the second most popular drug of abuse
next to MJ.
 In 1990, Shabu abuse continues to rise. There were 500,000 drug
users recorded in 1990
 In 1992, the government continued to pursue vigorous programs of
actions against the drug problem.
 In 1993, there were 800,000 drug users recorded dubbing that
year. RA 6425 was further amended certain activities under illicit
drug trafficking.
 The death penalty was restored on December 13, 1993. The
new law did not really strengthen Ra 6425 but rather made drug
enforcement more difficult, because what is being punish now is
the quantity of drugs seized and no longer the act or intention of
drug pushing.
 In 1994, the drug problem became more pressing despite
sustained implementation of the National Drug Control and
Prevention Strategy of supply reduction and demand reduction.
 For the year 1995, abuse of shabu increased by 75.09%. More buy-
bust operation were launched against merchants of death majority of
whom were Chinese triad members.
 In 1996, more high level Shabu Interdictions were launched.
Various drugs enforcers were agitated to work against the drug
pipelines and the people behind them.
 Despite this effort more people got involved in drug syndicate
members who criss-cross our boundaries and continue to deprive
us of our sense of security, emphasizing the ineffectively of our
weak laws against them.
 Today there are many measures undertaken by both the private
and the government sectors in the fight against drug abuse as a
disease of society. This includes the major approaches as the
Law Enforcement Approach, Treatment and Rehabilitation
Approach, Educational Approach, International Cooperation
against drug abuse.
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 Importantly, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
or Republic Act No. 9165 was enacted to add more teeth on the
government response to the ongoing problem on drug abuse in the
country.
1.2. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165: IMPORTANT FEATURES
R.A. 9165 – COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002

(Approved on June 7, 2002 – Effective July 4, 2002)
 What is Dangerous Drug under this law?

Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the
schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances
(Art. 1, Sec. 3).
Example: MDMA Known as Methylenedioxymethamphetamine commonly called

(ecstasy), Tetrahydrocannabinol (MJ); Mescaline (from the peyote cactus)
 What are the Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals?

Include those listed in Tables 1 and 2 of the 1988 UN Convention against
illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Art. 1, Sec. 3)
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
Acetic Anhydride Acetone
N- Acetyl Anthranilic Acid Ethyl Ether
Epedrine, Ergometrine Hydrochloric Acid
Lysergic Acid Sulfuric Acid
Note: Under RA 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972), Dangerous Drugs

refer s to the Prohibited Drugs, Regulated Drugs and Volatile substances.
 Prohibited drugs – ex. Opium and its derivatives, Cocaine and its derivative,
Hallucinogens drugs like MJ, LSD, and Mescaline
 Regulated Drugs – ex. Barbiturates, Amphetamine, and Tranquillizers.
 Volatile Substances – ex. Rugby, paints, thinner, glue and gasoline.
1.3. What are the Unlawful Acts and Penalties?
Unlawful Acts Penalty

Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
Controlled Percursors and Essential Chemicals from P500,000 to P10 Million
(sec. 4)
Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
delivery, distribution and transportation of from P500,000 to P10 Million
Dangerous drugs and/or Controlled Percursors
and Essential Chemical (sec. 5)
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Maintenance of a Den, dive or resort where Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
dangerous drugs are used and sold in any form from P500,000 to P10 Million
(sec. 6)
Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive or Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to
resort (sec. 7) 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
P500,000.
Manufacture of Dangerous drugs and/or Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals from P500,000 to P10 Million
(sec. 8)
Illegal chemical diversion of controlled Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to
precursors and essential chemicals (sec. 9) 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
P500,000.
Manufacture or delivery of equipment, Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to

instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
for Dangerous drugs and/or controlled P500,000
precursors and essential chemicals (sec. 10)
Possession of dangerous drugs (sec.11) Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
from P500,000 to P10 Million
Possession of equipment, Imprisonment ranging from 6 mos and 1 day to
instrument, apparatus and other 4 yrs and a fine ranging from P10,000 to
paraphernalia of dangerous drugs P50,000.
(sec.12)
Possession of dangerous drugs during parties, The maximum penalties provided for sec. 11
social gatherings, or meetings (sec. 13), and
Possession of equipment, instrument,
apparatus and other paraphernalia for
dangerous drugs during parties , social
gatherings or meetings (sec.14)
Use of dangerous drugs (sec. 15) Minimum 6 mos rehabilitation (1st offense)
Imprisonment ranging from 6 yrs and 1 day to
12 yrs and a fine ranging from P50,000 to
P200,000 (2nd offense)
Note: Section 15 shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her
possession such quantity of any dangerous drug provided in sec. 11, in which case the penalty
provided in sec. 11 shall apply.
Cultivation of plants classified as dangerous Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
drugs or the sources thereof (sec. 16) from P500,000 to P10 Million
Failure to comply the maintenace and keeping Imprisonment ranging from 1 yrs and 1 day to 6
of the original records of transaction on any yrs and a fine ranging from P10,000 to
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors P50,000. Plus revocation of license to practice
and essential chemicals on the part of profession
practitioners , manufacturers, wholesalers,
importers, distributors, dealers, or retailers
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(sec.17)
Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to
(sec.18) 20 yrs and a fine ranging from P100,000 to
P500,000.
Plus revocation of license to practice profession
Unlawful Prescription of dangerous drugs (sec. Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
19) from P500,000 to P10 Million
Note : The Possession of dangerous drugs in the following quantities, regardless of degree of
purity: 10 grams or more opium; morphine; heroin; cocaine; MJ resin; 10 grams or more of
MMDA, LSD and similar dangerous drugs; 50 grams or more of “shabu” Methamphetamine
Hydrochloride; 500 grams or more of Marijuana.
If the quantity involved is less than the foregoing, the penalties shall be
graduated as follows:
1. Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400,000 to P500,000 if “shabu” is

10grams or more but less than 50 grams;
2. Imprisonment of 20 years and 2 day to Life imprisonment and a fine ranging

from P400,000 to P500,000 if the quantities of dangerous drugs are 5 grams or
more but less than 10 grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, mj resin, shabu,
MMDA, and 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams of marijuana
3. Imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging from

P300,000 to P400,000 if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less than 5 grams of
opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, mj resin, shabu, MMDA and less than 300 grams
of marijuana
1.4. The unlawful acts punishable by death penalty (Prior to the abolition of
death penalty)
1. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs using diplomatic

passport or facilities or any means involving his/her official status to facilitate
unlawful entry of the same (sec. 4, art. II)
2. Upon any person who organizes, manages, or acts as “financiers” of any of the
activities involving dangerous drugs (sec. 4,5,6,8 Art. II)
3. Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and transportation
of Dangerous drugs and/or Controlled Percursors and Essential Chemical within
100 meters from the school (sec 5, art. II)
4. Drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers, and messenger or in any other capacity directly connected to the
dangerous drug trade (sec. 5, art II)
5. If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or should
a dangerous drug and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical involvedin
the offense be the proximate cause of death of the victim (sec 5, Art II)
6. When dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed
to use the same in such a place (sec 6, Art II)
7. Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver
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equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs
(sec.10, Art II).
8. Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec
13), and Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia
for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 14).
1.5. WHAT ARE THE UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES?
What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)?

The DDB is the policy-making body and strategy-making body in the planning and
formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. (Under the
Office of the President) (sec. 77, Art IX).
Composition: 17 members (3 as permanent, 12 as ex-officio, 2 regular member)
(Sec.78, Art IX).
3 permanent members: to be appointed by the President, one to be the Chairman.
12 ex officio members:
Secretary of DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, and DepEd,
Chairman of CHED, NYC, and the Dir.Gen of PDEA.
2 regular members: President of the IBP, and the Pres/Chairman of an NGO

involved in a dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President.
The NBI Director the Chief of the PNP- permanent consultant of the Board.
1.6. What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB? (sec. 81, Art IX)
1. Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,
2.Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act.
3. Conduct policy studies and researches,
4. Develop educational programs and info drive,
5. Conduct Continuing seminars and consultations,
6. Design special training,
7. Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
8. Maintain international networking.
1.7. What is the PDEA?

PDEA means Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. It is the
implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for the efficient and effective law
enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drugs and/or precursors and
essential chemicals.
The head is a Director General appointed by the President, assisted by two

Deputies – one for Administration, another for Operations, also appointed by the
President (sec. 82, Art IX).
PDEA Operating Units – It absorbed the NDLE – PCC (created under E.O.
61), NARCOM of the PNP, Narcotics Division of the NBI, and the Customs
Narcotics Interdiction Unit (sec. 86, Art IX).
1.8. What are the Powers and Functions of the PDEA?(sec.84, Art IX).
1. Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control
strategy.
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2. Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
3. Undertake investigation; make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure
and confiscation of dangerous drugs,
4. Establish forensic laboratories,
5. Filing of appropriate drug cases,
6. Conduct eradication programs,
7. Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
8. Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.
1.9. What are the other features of R.A 9165?

1. In the revised law, importation of any illegal drug, regardless of quantity and purity
or any part there from even for floral, decorative and culinary purposes is
punishable with life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10
million.
2. The trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, and transportation
of dangerous drugs is also punishable by life imprisonment to death and a fine
ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.
3. Any person who shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to
another or distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drugs
regardless of quantity and purity shall be punished with life imprisonment to death
and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.
• But if the sale, administration, delivery, distribution or transportation of any of

these illegal drugs transpires within 100 meters from any school, the maximum
penalty shall be imposed.
• Pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers, and messengers or in dangerous drug transaction shall also be meted
with the maximum penalty.
• A penalty of 12 yrs to 20 yrs imprisonment shall be imposed on financiers,
coddlers, and managers of the illegal activity.
4. The law also penalizes anybody found in possession of any item or

paraphernalia used to administer, produce, cultivate, propagate, harvest,
compound, convert, process, pack, store, contain or conceal illegal drugs with an
imprisonment of 12 yrs to 20 yrs and a fine of P100, ooo to P500, 000.
5. Owners of resorts, dives, establishments, and other places where illegal drugs
are administered is deemed liable under this new law, the same shall be
confiscated and escheated in favor of the government.
6. Any person who shall be convicted of violation of this new law, regardless of the
quantity of the drugs and the penalty imposed by the court shall not be allowed to
avail the privilege provisions of the Probation Law (P.D. 968).
(sec. 58, Art VIII) Filing of charges against a drug dependent for confinement
and rehabilitation under voluntary submission program can be made:
1. second commitment to the center

2. upon recommendation of the DDB
3. may be charge for violation of sec. 15
4. if convicted – confinement and rehabilitation.
Parents, spouse or guardian who refuses to cooperate with the Board or

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any concerned agency in the treatment and rehabilitation of a drug dependent may
be cited for Contempt of Court (sec. 73, Art VIII).
1.10. Anti- Drug Drives and Operational Concepts
The following are samples of Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the

drug problem:
 Plan Thunderbolt I -Operation to create an impact to the underworld.
 Oplan Thunderbolt II - Operation used to neutralized suspected illegal drug
laboratories.
 Oplan Thunderbolt III - Operation for the neutralization of big time drug
pusher’s, drug dealers and drug lords
 Oplan Iceberg - Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order
to get rid of illegal drug activities in the area.
 Oplan Hunter - Operations against suspected military and police personnel who
are engaged in illegal drug activities.
 OplanMercurion - Operation against drug stores, which are violating existing
regulations on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH
and BFAD.
 Oplan Tornado - Operation in drug notorious and high profile places.
 OplanGreengold - Nationwide MJ eradication operation in coordination with the

local governments and NGO’s.
 OplanSagip- Yagit - A civic program initiated by NGO”s and local government
officers to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street children as drug
conduit.
 Oplan Banat -An operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay
level in cooperation with barangay officials.
 Oplan Athena - Operation conducted to neutralized the 14k, the bamboo gang
and other local organizes crime group involve in illegal drug trafficking.
 Oplan Cyclops - Operation against Chinese triad members involved in the
illegal drug operation particularly methamphetamine hydrochloride.
In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly

considered:
1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art 2, Phil. Constitution)

2. Respect for right of the people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art 3,
Phil, Constitution)
3. Respect of right of the people against unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2,
Art 3,Phil, Constitution)
4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art.
3Phil, Constitution)
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation
(RA 7438), (Sec. 12, Art 3, Phil, Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation
under RA 7438.
The principles of Drug Operations are:
1. Knowledge on circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art. 11, Chapter

3, RPC)
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2. Knowledge on the statutory provisions on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on
Criminal Procedures)
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S 346)
5. Warrantless Search and Search incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules
on Criminal Procedure).
2. General Rules On Narcotics Operation
2.1. General Rules and Procedures:
 Only specially trained and completed drug enforcement personnel shall conduct
drug enforcement and prevention operation.
 All drug enforcement and prevention operation shall be covered by a pre-

operation report.
 All steps taken before, during and after the conduct of the operation must be
documented and properly.
 Operating units shall promptly submit written a report after the operation.
 No apprehender or seized item shall be released without authorization from the

duly designated authority
 All pieces of evidence confiscated will be deposited with proper Evidence

Custodian for safekeeping and proper handling.
 Each participating element must be given clear and do-able task.
2.2. Coverage of the Rules
The rules governing narcotics operations cover the following anti – narcotics
operations.
 Buy – bust operation
 Search with warrant
 MJ eradication
 Mobile Check point Operations
 Airport/ Seaport Interdiction
 Controlled delivery
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 Undercover operations
 Narcotics investigation
2.3. Stages of Operations:
Phase I – Initial
stage
 Planning and preparations which include surveillance, casing,

reconnaissance and other preliminary activities.
 Conduct the operation
Phase II – Action and post action stage
 Tactical Interrogations (follow-up operation)
 Post operation
 Custodial Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial
 Resolution
2.4. Buy-Bust Operations
Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed by peace officers as an effective way

apprehending criminal in the act of commission of the offense. Entrapment has
received judicial sanction as long as it is carried with due regard to constitutional
and legal safeguards.
Planning and Preparation: the operation must be preceded by an intensive

surveillance, casing or other intelligence must be evidence-based and shall be
supported by documents such as summaries of info, maps, sketches, affidavits and
sworn statements.
2.5. Search for Drug Evidence with Warrant
Concept: A search warrant is an order in writing issued in the same of the People
of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding
him to search for personal property describe therein and bring in before the court.
(Sec. 1, Rule 126, Revised Rules of court)
Planning and Preparation: Prior to the procurement of search warrant, intensive
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intelligence data gathering must be undertaken, evidence-based and supported by
credible documents; Conduct of surveillance, casing and other intelligence
Page 87 of
operations; identification, movement, activities and locations of suspects should be
established; search warrant shall be applied with competent court; conduct of
operation; Submission of reports
.2.6 Marijuana Eradication
Concept: Marijuana eradication involves the location and destruction of marijuana

plantations, including the identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner
or cultivator, and the escheating of the land where the plantation is located.
Planning and Preparation: the planning and operations shall be preceded by

intelligence gathering to verify the existence of marijuana plantation and the
existence to be supported of information, maps, sketches, photographs and others.
A pre-operation order and after casing report must be appropriately documented –
the intelligence gathering.
Conduct of Operation: Briefing, rehearsals and proper formation; exact location of

the plantation must be established; Identify owner of the Land or the cultivators;
Coordination with the other operating units in the area; Barangay SOPs under rules
of operations.
2.7. Mobile checkpoint Operations
Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other than mobile checkpoints are

authorized for drug enforcement and prevention operations. They shall be
established only in conjunction with on-going operations/situation or when there is a
need to arrest a criminal.
Planning and Operations: Intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible

documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing
report.
Conduct of Operations: It shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs of

checkpoint operation.
2.8. Airport and Seaport Interdiction
Concept: airport and seaport interdiction involves the conduct of surveillance,

interception and interdiction of persons and evidence during travel by air or sea
vessels.
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Planning and Operation: intensive intelligence gathering supported by credible
documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or after casing
reports.
Conduct of Operations: Coordination with airport and seaport authorities shall be

made. Operations shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on airport and
seaport check/operations.
2.9. Controlled Delivery
Concept: This is the technique of allowing elicit or suspect consignment of

narcotics drugs, psychotropic substances or substance substituted for them to pass
out of, through or into the territory of one or more countries, with the knowledge and
under the supervision of their competent authorities with a view of identifying
persons involved in the commission of drug related offenses.
Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence gathering and evaluation to

determine the applicability of controlled delivery operations. It must be supported by
credible documents, with proper pre-operations orders and after surveillance or
after casing reports. A committee or board shall be constituted to study the project
proposal for the suitable employment of controlled delivery operation.
Conduct of Operations: Proper formation for accounting of personnel,

coordination with airports, seaports and other traveling agency authorities, and
operations shall be in consonant with the existing SOPs on controlled delivery
operations.
2.10. Undercover Operations
Concept: Undercover operation is an investigative technique in which the

personnel involve assumes different identities in order to obtain necessary
information. This technique may also be considered as a method of surveillance.
Planning and Operation: Proper operations shall be reported to only under

circumstance where evidence can be hardly obtained in an open investigation or
when an open investigation is unsuccessful.
Conduct of Operations: Proper briefing and rehearsal, identification of effective

cover and undercover, buy-bust or search with warrant operations, and operations
shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on undercover operation.
3. The Educational Approach
3.1. Preliminary
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• Drug education in schools may be defined as the educational programs,
policies, procedures and other experiences that contribute to the achievement of
broader health goals of preventing drug use and the adverse consequences of
drug use to individuals and society.
• Drug education should be related to both the formal and informal curricula in
health, the creation of a safe and healthy school environment, the provision of
appropriate health services and the involvement of the family and the wide
community in the planning and delivery of programs.
3.2 Drug Education Guideline for all ages
• This part discusses the role that school-based drug education programs may
play in preventing or reducing drug use and the adverse consequences of drug
use to individuals and society.
• It provides guidelines for selecting content and teaching methods for school
drug education programs, and suggests knowledge, attitude and skill objectives
for drug prevention education at lower, middle and upper class levels.
• The information in this tool was adapted by UNESCO from the following
publication: United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention
(UNODC), 2003. School-based Drug Education: a guide for practitioners and the
wider community. (Vienna: UNODC)
3.3. Drug prevention efforts are commonly consider under three main
headings:
• Demand reduction strategies aim to reduce the desire and preparedness

to obtain and use drugs. These strategies, aimed at preventing, reducing
and/or delaying the uptake of harmful drug use, may include abstinence-
oriented strategies.
• Supply reduction strategies aim to disrupt the producti0n and supply of illicit
drugs as well as limit the access and availability of licit drugs in certain contexts.
In the school setting, this includes measures taken to limit the use, possession
and sale of illicit drugs on school premises, and may also include measures
taken to discourage tobacco use.
• Strategies for the reduction of the adverse consequences of drug use aim
to reduce the impact of drug use and drug-related activities on individuals and
communities.
It is both possible and desirable for schools to undertake efforts in all three
of these areas; however, the major focus should be on demand reduction.
Education authorities should not accept sole responsibility for changing student
health behaviors, including drug use behavior; as such behavior may be
determined by factors beyond the influence of the school. This means that
schools should not make change in drug use behavior the only measure of
success or effectiveness of their drug prevention education programmes.
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4. Content
Knowledge about drugs and drug use is important for informing decisions
and shaping or reinforcing values and attitudes about both personal and social drug
use. The nature of the information, how it is presented, and when, can have a
significant influence on its impact.
4.1 Guidelines for selecting content
1. Information about drugs and drug use should be selected for and evaluated on
its capacity to contribute to drug-related learning outcomes that lead to
reducing drug use and adverse individual and social consequences of drug
use. In relation to achieving learning outcomes, selections and presentation of
information should be considered in terms of:
• What students already know and what they need to know about drugs;
• The values, attitudes and perceptions held by students;
• Skills students already have mastered and Skills that need developing;
• Ensuring a balance of knowledge, values and skill development; and
• Opportunities to link knowledge, attitudes and skills.
2. Decisions about what drugs and drug use information to include in a program
should be based on knowledge drugs that cause most harm to individuals and/or
society, and the drugs that students are likely to encounter at some time in their
lives.
In relation to drug used, selection of information should be considered in terms of:
• The prevalence of drugs in the community indicated by:
- Surveys at local and broader levels
- Information from police, drug counselors or health workers
-. Community consultation
- Student input;
 The personal and social context of the use of particular drugs;
 The age when students start using particular substance;
 The level of use of particular drugs and the level of harm associated with such
use by particular age groups ; and
 Laws, policies and school rules pertaining to the use/misuse of different drugs.
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3. Information about selected drugs should be presented only after consideration of
both the social context in which a particular drug is used by students and the
learning context (the way information will be presented) which is most appropriate.
In relation to the social context, information should be presented that:
• Encourages students reflect on what they have learned and how it can be
applied to their social situations
• Does not increase either use of or harm caused by the drugs being addressed;
• Contributes to the development of an environment that is non-threatening and

non-judgmental of student ideas, opinions and discussions; and
• Is respectful of student’s gender, ethnicity, language, ability, religion and sexual

orientation.
With regard to way information is presented, it is particularly important to choose

content and teaching methods that do not support, encourage or normalize drug use
or experimentation with dangerous substances.
Examples of approaches that may be counterproductive include:
• Glamorizing – presenting drug use/users as sophisticated;
• Strategies that exaggerate and misrepresent the dangers of drug use reduce
the achievement of drug-related learning outcomes – especially for students
who know
, or believe based on their experiences, that the message does not reflect the
whole truth;
• Sensationalizing – using graphic images can portray drug use as dangerous

and exciting;
• Frightening case studies that are too far removed from the reality of young people;
• Emotionally loaded videos and personal anecdotes;
• Romanticizing – using slang or ‘street’ names which highlight a drugs supposed

positive effects;
• Informing students how to obtain, make or use potentially harmful substance,

including detailing the chemical composition of substance;
• Using pictures and images of drug use or the drug user that are appealing or
attractive; and
• Using ‘one-off’ or ‘stand-alone’ activities rather than those that contribute to an

ongoing, comprehensive, developmentally appropriate program.
5. Matching content to learning objectives
A first step in choosing content is definition of the specific learning objectives that
will help your particular group of students develop the knowledge, carry out safe
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and health-promoting decisions related to drug use. Suggested learning objective
are
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provided below for students at lower, intermediate and upper school levels.
5.1. Content for the Lower Level
Schools Students will know…
(KNOWLEDGE)
• Ways of enhancing their own and others confidence and self esteem
• How to share with, and care for, family and friends
• People who can help them when they have questions or concerns
• Physical and emotional differences and be accepting of them
• What medicines are for, their safety rules and the danger of incorrect use
• Ways that substances can get into the body
• Alternatives medicines
• Possible effects of others smoking on their health
Students will articulate… (ATTITUDES AND VALUES)
• Valuing one’s body and recognizing their individuality
• Responsible attitudes towards medicines and health professionals
• Positive attitudes towards the non-use of tobacco
• A responsible attitude towards the social use of alcohol
• Critical responses to advertising presentations of medicines
• Their feelings with confidence
Students will be able to… (SKILLS)
• Demonstrate basic listening and communication skills when interacting with others
• Express feelings constructively and show respect for the feelings of others
• Work effectively in small groups
• Recognize situations where choices can be made and identify the consequences
of their choices
• Set simple goals to keep themselves safe and healthy
• Follow simple safety instructions and know when and how to get help from
adults and others such as police or ambulance.
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5.2 Content for the Middle Level Schools
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Students will know… (KNOWLEDGE)
• School and society rules and laws relating to legal and illegal drugs
• Safe use of products used to maintain health, appropriate health services and
how to access them
• How manufacturers , media and advertisers try to influence decisions about drugs
• Consequences of smoking and of misuse of alcohol, that drugs can alter the y
a person behaves and feels
• The contribution of drug use to lifestyle diseases and associated social ,

emotional, legal and economics costs
• That changing the type of drug, the person(s) involved , or the context and
situation can vary the risk of adverse consequences for individuals and groups.
• How values about drugs are shaped by teachers, family, friends, media and church
• An acceptance of responsibility for their actions and safety
• A positive self-image
• Respect for the right of others to have different attitudes and values
• Realistic attitudes and accurate beliefs about drugs and people who use them.
• Communicate effectively with a wide range of people
• Identify problem or risk situations and make decisions based on firmly held values
• Cope with peer influences , assert their ideas and their decisions
• Use decision-making and assertiveness in drug use situations
• Maintain friendships , give care and get help
• Recognize and deal with arrange of feelings and changes in relationships overtime.
5.3. Content for the Upper Level Schools
Students will know… (KNOWLEDGE)
• The importance of self-esteem , positive self-concept and identity,
• Rights and responsibilities in relationships,
• The concepts of abstinence and alternatives to drug use,
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• The definitions of drugs, drug misuse and abuse , drug independence,
• How different contexts and situations influence personal values , attitudes,

beliefs and behavior in relation to drug use
• Consequences of unlawful and unsanctioned drug use, how drug can affects
a persons ability to perform tasks
• The impact of media messages on the health behavior of individuals and society
• A values stance on drugs and confidence to act on those values, the

significances on beliefs of social cultural influences on beliefs about drugs,
• Empathy and acceptance of a diverse range of people, individual responsibility

for health and universal health protection,
• Personal beliefs about drugs and their effects on decisions to use.
• Communicate constructively with parents, teachers and peers
• Give and get care in a variety of health-related situations , set short and long
term health goals
• Demonstrate conflict , aggression, stress and time management skills
• Identify and assess personal risk and practice universal protection
• Assert themselves and deal with influences from others, work effectively with
others and cope with change, loss and grief.
6. Drug Abuse Prevention Education
Drug abuse prevention education is concern with bringing about changes in the
peoples knowledge, attitudes and practices towards drug abuse. It utilizes a variety
of approaches and methods whereby people go through teaching learning process,
and which maybe planed, implemented and evaluated through the barangay
organized groups and other organization and agencies in the community.
6.1. There are several known strategies in drug abuse prevention, which
are the following:
1. Drug Education- learning situations during seminars a workshop, symposium

and lecture forum, which takes up the value clarification, leadership training,
coping skills and decision making. It is a movement, which utilizes humanistic
techniques in both school-based and community oriented drug abuse prevention
programs.
2. Drug information- it is an activity, which focused on the dissemination of basics

facts of the causes and effects of drug abuse with the objective of creating
awareness and vigilance of the people in the community.
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Drug information includes the following activities:
a. Youth-adult communication as in parent-youth dialogues and family encounters
b. Info-oriented classroom community activities such as contest in the school,

essay, slogans, posters, cartoons, play writing
c. Broadcast media: TV/radio or printed, plugs, films, slides, spot announcement,

music programing, newsletter, comics, leaflets, magazines other publications.
3.Alternatives – this includes a number of ideas for stimulating meaningful

involvement for the youth that can complete successfully with the demands of drugs
and alcohol. Primarily the emphasis should be on service or constructive and
productive pursuits and recreational activities that are usually community based
such as:
a. Voluntary service work
b. Income producing activities
c. Sports, arts development: theater-choral/ dance groups
d. Community fair/ contest
e. Other recreational activities: development of physical, emotional,

interpretational, mental intellectual, social spiritual and all aspects of behavioral;
development.
4. Interventions- this strategy is applied to experiments and potential drug

abusers. Activities like peer or group counseling should be encouraged in every
community. It is applied to the individual
The techniques or activities recommended interventions are:
a. Peer counseling
b. Hot lines
c. Cross age tutoring
d. New peer group creations
7. THE PEER AND CROSS-AGE TUTORING AND COUNSELING
7.1. The peer and cross-age tutoring and counseling enable the person/student to
assume adult and mature roles, to become actively involved in their own learning
and in other’s learning and to take on a “real world” responsibility.
It can provide a meaningful “work” in the school setting to the students who might
otherwise suffer from low-esteem and a general lack of involvement with school or
cross-age tutoring and counseling programs:
The program is focused on:
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Life career planning- the preparation towards a comprehensive career education
helps young people to make the right choices.
Parenting and Family communication- these are activities that can foster better
understanding and wholesome family relationship.
7.2 Effective techniques and Learning Activities
1. Values Formation or Development- the articulation of personal values. Its

process includes choosing from alternatives and repeatedly and consistently
acted upon.
2. Role playing – a technique used to help students identify more closely historical
figures or characters in literature, which will help them at sensing problems and
testing solutions without taking any great risk.
3. Decision making and problem solving-technique using conflict resolution

focused on group problems, to find a way to solve the problem, which help the
student in identifying possible alternatives to solve the problem.
4. Individual contact- the basic principles in working with an individual with

emphasis of making him feel at ease, involving him by asking questions,
supplying with the necessary information and arriving at a decision that will end
to action.
It is carried out by:
a. person-to-person relationship or individual counseling
b. House/ Office visits
c. Telephone calls or by letters
d. Information conversation or dialogue
5. Small group approach- involves contact with a number of people assemble

in isolated group or in one of a series of related groups.
These techniques can be carried out by:
a. Lecture- one ay discussion
b. Small group discussion- mutual interchange of ideas or opinion between the

small group
c. Symposium- group of talks, speeches or lectures presented by several

individuals on various phases of a single subject
d. Panel discussion- discussion before an audience by a selected group of

persons expressing a variety of viewpoints under a moderator
e. The Buzz sessions- the count off procedure
f. Seminars, stimulations games, debate, field trips

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6. Community Approach- this involves working together about their common
problems, identify these and implement the kind of action patterns for the solution of
problems.
This technique can be carried out by:
a. Community assemble and barangay fairs
b. Sport festivals or on test in the community
c. Church related activities
8. THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH
8.1. ASSISTING THE DRUG ABUSER
a. Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective

management of physical and mental conditions related to drug abuse.
The aims of treatment are:
• To prevent death from overdose
• To treat complication following drug dependent
• To make them comfortable during the withdrawal period
• To encourage confirmed drug dependents clients to undergo rehabilitation and

other specialized services
b. Detoxification -it is a medically supervise elimination from any system of any

addicted person.
Methods of detoxification include:
• Cold Turkey- self drug withdrawal
• Substitution- to use of methodex, catapres, haemasin, dextropropoxyphene,

tranquilizer, etc.
• Reduction method- using the same drug to which the patient is dependent.
The process could be gradual or rapid.
c. Rehabilitation- The dynamic process directed towards the physical,

emotional/psychological, vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a
person for the fullest life compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and
render him able to become a law abiding and productive member of the
community without abusing drugs.
Objective of Rehabilitation:
• To restore an individual to a state where he is physically; psychological and

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socially capable of coping with the same problems as others of his age group
and able to avail of the opportunity to live a happy, useful and productive life
without abusing drugs.
Modalities:
• It includes Multi-disciplinary Team Approach; Therapeutic Community Approach;

Primal Scream Therapy; Spiritual Approach; Electric Approach and the 12 Steps
of Alcoholic Anonymous/Addicts Anonymous (AA).
Methods of Rehabilitation
1. Psychotherapeutic Methods
a. Individual Therapy- this involves a one to one relationship whose aim is to

help the patient reduce his drug abusing behaviour and develop insight into his
condition.
b. Group Therapy- this is a form of therapy where the individual is helped

through group process. Each member of helper through receives immediate
feedback from the other members regarding his verbal and other forms of
behavior. Group support and encouragement are given to the subject on the
premise that these are effective devices, which can produce positives results
toward behavioral modification.
c. Unstructured Group therapy - the role of therapist can be assumed by the

entire group or group members. In the therapeutic community used, among
others, through:
• (a) group encounter
• (b) verbal haircut (tongue lashing reprimand)
• (c) group games and
• (d) family encounter
d. The Family Therapy – this form of intervention is based on recognition that

while the family as a primary social unit, can be a source of problem leading to
drug abuse, can also be a powerful factor improving the behavior of the drug
dependent.
2. The spiritual and Religious Means – This is the development of moral and
spiritual values of drug dependent.
3. The Follow-up and after-care – The process of rehabilitation does end upon
the release or discharge, he has to undergo follow-up and after-care services for
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a period of not more 18 offices of the DSWD and the NBI are deputized agents
of the board to handle this.
8.2. THE TRANSFER SUMMARY
A transfer summary of the case from the rehabilitation facility is necessary

and should be forwarded to the entity undertaking the follow-up and after-care
services. The social Worker of the receiving entity assign to then case shall
maintain a close contact with the client, family, the accredited physician
attending to the case, and the police, for the purpose of assisting the client
maintain his progress towards adjusting to his new environment. He shall also
see to it that a regular laboratory examination of the client’s body fluids is made
to ensure that the client remains drug free.
Duration of the Rehabilitation
If the patient is found to be an opiate abuser, the treatment prescribed shall

be for a period of not less than six (6) months.
Criteria of Rehabilitation
• The patient achieves a drug free existence
• He becomes adjusted to his family and peers
• socially integrated to the community
• The client is not involved in socially deviant
behaviors 8.3.DIAGNOSTIC GUIDELINES
A define diagnosis of the dependence should only be made if three or more of

the following have been experience or exhibited at some time during previous
year.
• A strong desire or sense of compulsion to take the substance
• An impaired capacity to control substance-taking behavior in terms of its

onset, termination, or level of use.
• Substance use with the intention of relieving withdrawal symptoms and with
awareness that this strategy is effective.
• A psychological withdrawal state.
• Evidence of tolerance such that increased doses of the substance are

required in order to achieve effects originally produced by lower doses.
• A narrowing of the personal repertoire of patterns of substance use.
• Progressive neglect of alternative pressures or interests in favor of

substance use.
• Persisting with substance use despite clear evidence of overtly harmful

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consequences. (Adverse consequences may be medical as with harm to the
liver through excessive drinking, social as in the case of loss of a job through
drug-related impairment of performance or psychological as in the case of
depressive mood states consequent to periods of heavy substance use).
9. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGAINST DRUG ABUSE
9.1. THE UNODC –United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a
United Nation agency which was founded in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control
and Crime Prevention with the intent to fight drugs and crime on an international
level. This intent is fulfilled through three primary functions: research, lobbying state
government to adopt various crime and drug based laws and treaties and
assistance of said government on the ground level.
The United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the
United Nations Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP) are part of
the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
It is mandated by UN General Assembly with the executive responsibility leadership

for all the United Nation Drug Control activities in order to ensure coherence of
action, coordination, and non – duplication of such activities in the United Nation
System.
The UNDCP assist government in fulfilling their obligation under the existing
regulatory structures so that they can become parties to these conventions.
The UNDCP Resources for Operations- The financial resources come from the
regular budget of the United Nation and voluntary contributions of the U.N
members.
In Asia, UNDCP is created in different field offices in Laos and Burma (Myanmar)
which handle national programs while Thailand handles Regional Programs.
At the UN, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) is the central policy-making
body within the United Nation system dealing with drug-related matters. It
analyses the world drug situation and develops proposal to strengthen the
international drug control system to combat the world drug problem.
In 1991, the UN General Assembly established the Fund of the United Nations
International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and expanded the mandate of the
Commission to enable it to function as the governing body of UNDCP. UNDCP is
administered as part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
9.2. MASTER PLAN APPROACH
This involves encouraging and assisting governments in undertaking a thorough

analysis of drug problems within a country or region, the identification and
assessment of all anti-narcotics intervention undertaken and planned. It also
involves the identification of needsfor new projects and activities.
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Measure Undertaken in SEA includes:
1. Enhancement of Capital Punishment
2. ASIAN DRUG official group meetings/Conventions against Drug Abuse
3. Instant Urine test Machine
4. Denial of Passport of all drug offenders upon released from prison
5. Use of Narcotic Drug Detector
6. ASEAN Cooperation on against Drug trafficking
The drug outlook in the ASEAN Countries shows that:
1. Thailand- as the training center for:
• Undercover operations
• Investigations
• Informant handling
• Surveillance
• Other enforcement techniques
2. Philippines- adopted the Drug Demand Reduction Strategy and Supply

Reduction Strategy. The Drug supply strategy is carried out by the conduct of anti-
narcotics operations (raids on plantations, laboratories,etc.); arrest search and
seizure; surveillance and other intelligence operations; legislative and judicial
measures. The conduct of information and educational drives and the treatment or
rehabilitation of drug addicts carries out the Demand Reduction strategy.
3.Malaysia – as the Asian treatment and rehabilitation training center is sponsored

by the international Labor Unions located in Malaysia. Malaysia then is considered
as the training center for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers in Asia.
4.Singapore – is responsible in the area of research as part of the Asian anti-

narcotic work. The urine test project was adopted with the aim to train chemist from
ASEAN members in the techniques of mass urine screening.
9.3. Other Developments
On demand reduction, the UN demand reduction strategies seek to prevent

the onset of drug use, help drug users break the habit and provide treatment
through rehabilitation and social reintegration. At the 1998 UN General Assembly
special session on the world drug problem, Member States recognized that
reducing the demand for drugs was an essential pillar in the stepped-up global effort
to fight drug abuse and Trafficking. They committed themselves to reduce
significantly both the supply of and demand for drugs by 2008, as expressed in the
Political Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction.
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9.4. SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION
Different sectors of society play vital roles in preventing drug abuse. All should
exert concerted efforts to fight the spreading tentacle of this menace.
 The individual
The primary role of the individual is to improve his personality and develop
traits and characteristics that would help him build-up his self-concept, thereby
making himself confident. He should develop strong spiritual and moral values ,
sharpen his skills in making decisions, and strengthen his will power . He should
improve his physical qualities as well as his mental faculties.
What a person can do to prevent drug abuse?
1. Maintain good physical and mental health.
2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when use under medical advice
3. Self-understanding, acceptance and respect.
4. Develop potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and satisfying activities.
5. Learn to cope with problems and other stresses without the use of drugs. Seek
professional help regarding problems that are hard to cope with
6. Develop strong moral and spiritual values.
 The Family and role of Parents
Parents are looked upon by their children as models. The parents should:
1. Create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the home.
2. Develop effective means of communication with their children.
3. Understand and accept the children for what they are and for what they want
them to be.
4. Listen to their children, respect for their opinions, and guide them in making
decisions.
5. Praise their children for whatever positive achievement they have accomplished
no matter how trivial this may seem.
6. Take time to be with their children no matter how busy they are.
7. Strengthen moral and Spiritual values.
 The Role of the School
Next to the home, the school is the child’s next impressive world. Here, the
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child moves about in a bigger social environment predominantly made up of his
peers and teachers.
As part of a broader social process for behavior influence, it is said that the
school is an extension of the home having the strategic position to control crime
and delinquency. It exercises authority over every child as a consistent.
The teachers are considered second parents having the responsibility to

mold the child to become productive member of the community by devoting
energies to study the child behavior using all available scientific means and
devices in an attempt to provide each child the kind and amount of education
they need.
The school takes the responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity

and rejection of the child which can contribute directly to maladjustment and to
criminality by setting up objectives of developing the child into a well-integrated
and useful, law abiding citizens.
The school has also the role of working closely with the parents and
neighbourhood, and other community agencies and organizations to direct the
child in the most effective and constructive way.
What the Teacher can do to Prevent Drug Abuse?
1. Know their students and be sensitive to their needs and problems.
2. Establish rapport with their students for better communication.
3. Accept their student for what they are help them develop their potentials.
4. Academic achievement and personality development should be given equal

importance.
5. . Encourage student’s participation I co-curricular activities that would further

enhance health and strengthen moral and spiritual values.
What the school Administrators can do to Prevent Drug Abuse?
1. Make available time to plan and initiate awareness sessions for the students
and families about drug problems related to them.
2. Facilitate a general assessment of the drug abuse and initiate educational

programs geared towards prevention of the drug problem.
 The Role of the Church
The church is also committed to fight against drug abuse. Religion is a

positive force for humanitarian task of moral guidance of the youth. It is the
social institution with the primary role to strengthen faith and goodness in the
community, an influence against crime and delinquency
The church influences people behavior with the emphasis on morals

and life’s highest spiritual values, the worth and dignity of the individual, and
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respect for person’s lives and properties, and generate the full power to
oppose crime and delinquency.
Just like that family and the school, the church is also responsible to
cooperate with institutions in the community in dealing with problems of
children, delinquents and criminals as regards to the treatment and
correction of criminal behaviors.
 The Role of the Police
The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in the
modern society. The prime mover of the criminal justice system and the
number one institution in the community with the broad goals of maintaining
peace and order, the protection of life and property, and the enforcement of
the laws. The police are the authority having a better position to draw up
special programs against drug abuse and crime in general because it is the
reason why the police exist. That is to protect the society against lawless
elements since they are the best equipped to detect and identify criminals.
The police are the agency most interested about crime and criminals and
having the most clearly defined legal power authority to take action against
them.
 The Role of Non-Government Organizations
The group of concerned individuals responsible for helping the

government in the pursuit of community development being partners in
providing the common good and welfare of the people through public
service. When the government is inefficient and unable to provide the
necessary goods and services to the people, these non-government
organizations are good helpers in providing the required service, thus
preventing drug abuse.
 The Role of Mass Media
Mass Media being the best institution for information dissemination

thereby giving the public the necessary need to know, and do help shape
everyday views about drug abuse, its control and prevention.
lesson
(3rd Ed.).
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from.
Let’s Check
Activity1.Identification.In the space provided, identify the word or tem being

described, defined or referred to by the following items: (One point each)
1. What is the title of Republic Act No. 9165?

2. What is the title of Republic Act No. 6425?
3. When was Republic Act No. 9165 approved into law?
4. What law is called the Narcotic Law of 1953?
5. How many permanent members shall be appointed by the
President for the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) under the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drug Law?
6. What is known as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Law
of 2002?
7. What year Republic Act 6425 was approved into law?
8. Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the
schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
9. The policy-making body and strategy-making body in the
planning and formulation if policies and programs on drug prevention and control.
10.It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for the
efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drugs
and/ or precursors and essential chemicals.
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1. Teachers, under RA 6425, are considered persons in authority

2. OPLAN thunderbolt I is a PDEA operation purposely to create impact to
drug underworld
3. Preventive education and treatment of drug abusers carry out the Demand
Reduction Strategy.
4. The Dangerous Drug Board is composed of 17 ex – officio members
coming from various government agencies.
5.The PDEA has the authority to regulate the importation, distribution,
manufacture and production of drugs in accordance with law.
Activity 3 – Multiple Choice: Please Underline the answer under each item that
best reflects your thinking.
1. If the patient is found to be opiate user, the treatment prescribes shall be

for a period not less than:
a. 6 years
b. 6 months
c. 12 months
d. 2 years
2. The amount of marijuana resin or hashish oil possess by a person before

he can be penalize by death penalty is:
a. 40 grams or more
b. 50 grams or more
c. 200 grams or more
d. 750grams or more
3. What is the technique in anti – drug operation that is carried out by allowing
suspect consignment of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substance substituted
for them to pass out into one or more country with knowledge of their
competent authorities with a view to identify persons involved in the
commission of drug related offense?
a. Undercover Operation
b. Controlled delivery
c. Airport/Seaport interdiction
d. Buy bust operation
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4. The primary mission of the National Drug Law Enforcement Prevention and
Coordination Center is to:
a. Conduct Drug Investigation
b. Neutralize illegal laboratories
c. Coordinate with the INTERPOL
d. Consolidate Drug enforcement and prevention
5. What country in Asia is responsible in the area of research as part of the
Asian anti – narcotic network?
a. Myanmar
b. Thailand
c. Singapore
d. Indonesia
Let’s Analyze
questions:
1. Under what government office is the PDEA? What do you think is the reason for its
creation?
2. What composed the Dangerous Drug Board under RA 9165?
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3. Identify the government’s strategies in fighting the drug problem.
4. State the mission and vision of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.
5. Describe the operational plans of the PDEA as adopted from its NARCOM
beginning and their concepts.
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In a Nutshel
Addiction is a chronic disease, people can’t simply stop using drugs for a few
days and be cured. Each approach to drug treatment is designed to address certain
aspects of drug addiction and its consequences for the individual, family, and
society.In this portion of the unit, you will be required to state your arguments or
synthesis relevant to the topics presented. I will supply the first two items and you
will continue the rest.
1. The present nature and extent of drug abuse and misuse among youth
constitutes one of the gravest health problems facing the nation and the world
today.
2. Public concern about drug abuse is focused not only on drugs that can be
abuse but also on the individual who misuses them.

3.
4.
5.
6.
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7.
8.
9.
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Keywords Index
Plan Thunderbolt I Demand reduction UNDCP Resources

strategies for Operations
Oplan Thunderbolt II Supply reduction SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG
strategies ABUSE PREVENTION
Oplan Thunderbolt III Strategies for the
reduction of the adverse The Family and role of
consequences of drug use Parents
Big
Oplan Iceberg THE TREATMENT
AND REHABILITATION The Role of the School
APPROACH
Oplan Hunter Detoxification

The Role of the Police
OplanMercurion Cold Turkey
The Role of the Church
Oplan Tornado Substitution The Role of Non-
Government Organizations
OplanGreengold Reduction method- The Role of Non-
Government Organizations
OplanSagip- Yagit Psychotherapeutic Airport and Seaport
Methods Interdiction
Oplan Banat Individual Therapy Airport and Seaport
Interdiction
Oplan Athena Group Therapy
Undercover Operations
Oplan Cyclops The Family Therapy The principles of Drug

Operations
Community Approach The spiritual and Religious General Rules On Narcotics
Means Operation
Small group approach Buy-Bust Operations . Search for Drug Evidence
with Warrant
Picture
a. Appreciate and realize the importance of Nature of narcotic investigation
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa.Nature of Narcotic Investigation.

Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this unit.
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Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter difficulty in
understanding the Nature of Narcotic Investigation.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first lesson is
also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
Narcotic investigation is the laboratory processes of individual narcotics

involved in crimes and as they will be presented in court proceedings as evidences.
The said concepts might be confusing or difficult as a beginner but at the later part of
this unit would be of great help for you to understand the nature of its existence.
Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you
are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources that are
available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.cometc., and even
online tutorial websites.
1. THE NATURE OF NARCOTIC INVESTIGATION

1.1. Narcotic crime
 The rising tends both in drug addiction and crime rates are of major
public concern in any country today. It has been considered that illicit
drug use is once among the reasons of criminal activities.
 General believe hat drugs provide the criminal with courage to commit
crime. This does not appear to be so in most cases. The physiological
action of narcotics is mostly not conducive for the commission of crimes.
But drug addiction does provide a strong motive for crime like the drug
addict needs the drug he can get mostly from illegal sources, the drug
addict needs money for the purchase, which in most of the cases, is
obtained by illegal means: Theft, bribery, embezzlement, robbery,
forgery Cheating, etc.
 Certain narcotic does inhibit the power to discriminate and judgment,

thus the tendency of a person to promote the commission of crime. For
example, alcohol and cannabis make a man desperate and commit a
crime which he would not commit if he were not under the influence of
the said drug.
1.2. Specialized Narcotic Investigation
Since narcotic use has direct link with criminal activities, investigation of this
must be specialized. The following are some reasons why it has to be
investigated in a specialized manner:
 Illicit drug underworld is specialized and syndicated.

 The underworld organization is composed of an operated by selected
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and highly proficient member of the elite.
 Drug addicts are clannish and they represent a rare group of
individuals.
 Drug abusers and or addicts have their own lingo and way of life.
 The illicit drug trade is completely underworld in conception and
operation capable to espionage or subversive operations; it is a
hidden crime where there is rarely a complainant.
1.3. Considerations in Narcotic and Investigation
The Violation
a) Republic act no. 9165 (the comprehensive dangerous drug act of

2002) – under this law, the following are punishable:
 Importation of dangerous drugs and/ or controlled precursors and

essential chemicals;
 Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution
and/ or controlled precursors and essential chemical;
 Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and
transportation of dangerous drugs and/ or controlled precursors and
 Maintenance of a den, Dive or resort where dangerous drugs are
used or sold an any form;
 Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive or resort;
 Manufacture of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and
 Illegal chemical diversion of controlled precursors and essential
chemicals;
 Manufacture or delivery of equipment, instrument, apparatus and
other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors
and essential chemicals; Apparatus and other paraphernalia for
dangerous drugs; possession of dangerous drugs during parties,
social, gathering or meetings;
 Possession of equipment, instrument, apparatus and other
paraphernalia for dangerous drugs during parties, social, gatherings
or meetings;
 Use of dangerous drugs; cultivation of plants classified as dangerous
drugs or are .sources thereof;
 Failure to comply with the maintenance and keeping of the original
records of transaction an any dangerous drugs and/or controlled
precursors and essential chemicals on the part of practitioners,
manufacturers, wholesalers, importers, distributers, dealers or
retailers;
 Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs;
 Unlawful prescription of dangerous drugs
The Violators – Persons of Importance
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a) The ADDICT or USER – A “user “ is one who injects, intravenously or
intramuscularly, or consumes, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating,
swallowing, drinking, or otherwise introducing into the psychological system
of the body, any of the dangerous drugs.
An addict is one who habitually uses dangerous drugs
1. Determine his history.

2. Did the user just use or administer the drug
3. Get urine and if possible, blood samples for analysis within 24 hours
after administration.
4. Is he in possession of the drug? Determine the reason for reason for
possession. Is it for sale or for own consumption.
5. If possession is for reason other than personal use, he must be
accordingly charged under RA 6425.
6. Is he suffering from the signs and symptoms of drug abuse? This will
be guide the investigator to determine whether the violator is an
addict or not.
b) The PUSHERS - “Pusher” refers to any person who sells, administer,
delivers, or gives away to another, on any terms what so ever, or
distributes or dispatches transit or transport any dangerous drug or who
acts as a broker in any such transaction.
1. Ordinarily, he is an addict himself.

2. If not an addict, determine the reason for his possession of the drug.
Is it for sale, for giving away, etc.?
3. If he is selling, determine his clientele. Get their names and other
personal circumstance.
4. Determine, of possible, his source of supply, their names, addresses,
etc.
5. Determine the number of times that he had been arrested and
charged for the same offense.
6. If he is recidivist, state so in the complaint or information to be filed.
1.4. The Narcotic Evidence
These include opium and its active components and derivatives, the
coca leaf and beta eucaine, and the hallucinogenic drugs. It includes all
preparations made from any of the foregoing and other drugs and chemical
preparations; whether natural or synthetics, with the physiological effects of
a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug.
OPIUM AND ITS DERIVATIVES
“OPIUM” refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy and

embraces every kind, character and class of opium whether crude of
prepared; the ashes or refuse of the same; narcotic prepared; the ashes or
refuse the same, narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or
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any alkaloid of opium; preparations in which opium enters as an ingredient;
opium poppy; opium seeds; opium poppy straw; and leaves or wrapping of
opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.
Field test: Burn a Small Quantity of the suspected substance. The odor or
smell is similar to bunt banana leaves or has a sweetish door.
MORPHINE – the drug varies in different forms Such as:

Powder – white odorless granulated powder with a very bitter taste.
Sometimes however, illicit traffickers add color to deceive investigators.
Block – with embossed marks like “999” “555” “AAA” “1A”, etc. with “Lion”,
Elephant”, “Tiger/Dragon” brands.
NOTE: Licit morphine used medical purposes invariably comes in powder

form, tablets, capsules with the brand name of the manufacturer.
Heroin (Dimorphine Hydrochloride/ Diacetylmorphine) is a white, odorless,

crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Heroin is the hydrochloride of an
alkaloid obtainable by the action of acetic anhydride or morphine. The
alkaloid base may be made by treating morphine with acetyl chloride,
washing the product with a dilute alkaline solution and crystallizing from
alcoholic solution.
NOTE: Both heroin and morphine may be sold by pushers in bundle

containing about .03 gram of powder. The price will depend on supply and
demand.
COCAINE (Methyl ecgonine).Cocaine (C12 H 21n O4) is an

alkaloidobtained from the leaves of Erythorxylon coca and the other species
of Erthroxlon
Linne, or by synthesis from ecgonine and its derivatives.
Preparation – it may be made by moisturizing ground coca leaves with a

sodium carbonate solution, percolating with benzene or other solvent such
as petroleum benzene, shaking the liquid with diluted sulfuric acid, and
adding to the separated acid solution and excess of sodium carbonate, the
solution is filtered and the ether distilled off.
The residue is dissolved in methyl alcohol and the solution heated

with sulfuric acid or with alcoholic hydrogen chloride. This treatment splits off
any acids from the ecgonine and esterifies the carbozyl group.
After dilution with water, the organic that have been liberated are
removed with chloroform. The aqueous solution is then concentrated,
neutralized, and cooled with ice, whereupon methyl ecgonine sulfate
crystallizes.
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Upon adding water and sodium hydroxide, methyl benzoyl ecgonine
or cocaine is precipitated. The cocaine is extracted with ether and the
solution concentrated to crystallization. For the purification of cocaine, re-
crystallization from a mixture of acetone and benzene is generally preferred.
SOLUBILITY – 1 gm dissolves in about 600 ml of water, 7 ml of alcohol, 1

ml of chloroform 3.5 ml of ether, and is very soluble in warm alcohol.
Uses- Cocaine was the first local anaesthetic to be discovered. At present, it

is considered too toxic for any anaesthetic procedure requiring injection, but
is still extensively employed for anaesthesia of the nose and throat. For this
purpose, a 10% solution of the hydro – chloride is used.
Cocaine is a central stimulant, but is never employed clinically for this

purpose. Addiction and a certain amount of certain tolerance result from its
use. Because of its properties, the sale of cocaine is prohibited in the
Philippines.
Cocaine also comes in the form of salt crystal known as crack and
usually sold in packets. This is the American counterpart of local “shabu” or
methamphetaminehydrochloride.
Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)
Marijuana is a seasonal plant grown from seed. Depending on soil

and weather condition, it grows approximately 20 feet. The leaves come in
clusters of 3,5,7,9 to 13 leaflets. The leaflets are elongated with the tip
pointed and the sides serrated.
Manicured or grounded leaves and flowering tops – Although dried

and grounded, they will retain their greenish color.
Reefers or cigarettes known as “joints” and other names – these are

hand-rolled in cigarette paper, irregular and slim with both ends tucked in or
twisted.
Hallucinogen Drugs
These are the drugs that are capable of creating hallucinations in the
mind of the taker such as Lysergic acid diethylamide commonly known as
LSD and other drugs failing under this category are DMT, STP, peyote and
morning glory seeds.
Synthetic Drugs
Those having the same physiological action as a narcotic drug, such

as methadone and demerol.
Other Dangerous Drugs

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These include self-inducting sedatives, such as seconbarbital,
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric
acid: and salt, isomer or salt of an isomer, of amphetamine, such as benzedrine or
dexedrine, or any drug which produces a physiological acting similar to
amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as methaqualone, nitrzepamor any other
compound producing similar physiological effects.
BARBITURATES – Manufactured synthetically as salts of barbituric acid. All
names of these drugs are in al, such as pentobarbital, secobarbital (seconal),
amobarbital, phenobarbital, barbital, etc.
Categories according to effects
1. Long acting barbiturates – take effect within 30 to 60 minutes and last up to 8

hours, e.i.Phenobarbital.
2. Intermediate acting barbiturates – take effect within 15 to 30 minutes and
last up to 6 hours, e.iamobarbital and butabarbital.
3. Short acting barbiturates – take effect within 10 to 20 minutes and last up to
6 hours, e.i Pentobarbital and secobarbital.
4. Ultra short barbiturates – take effect within 45 seconds and last up to 30
minutes, e.i. Thiopental sodium.
Slang Terms used for Barbiturates
a. Pentobarbital – “yellow jackets”

b. Secobarbital – “red devils”
c. Amobarbital – “blue devils/ blue birds”
d. Amosbarbital – “rainbow/ double trouble”
The amphetamine – They stimulate the central nervous system and have the
ability to combat fatigue and sleepiness. These are also known at uppers.
CHEMICAL NAMES
a. Amphetamine Sulfate
b. Dextroamphetamine Sulfate
c. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
Amphetamines come in varied forms, colors and shapes. Examples of

amphetamines arebenzedrine or the “bennies”, Dexedrine or the “dexies”, and the
methedrine known as the “meatballs”
Shabu is the most widely known amphetamine in the country today. The
compound (methamphetamine hydrochloride) is also known as “poor man’s
cocaine “.
The Volatile Substances - also called the Inhalants, Solvents or Deliriants. This
are chemicals which when sniffed can produced intoxication effects such as
gasoline, kerosene, thinner, paint, etc. The most popular among them is the
solvent RUGBY. These chemical substances are significant in narcotic
investigation because of their intoxicating symptoms that do not produce alcoholic
breath.
1.5. Handling Narcotic Evidence

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EVIDENCE HANDLING
Physical evidence of various types can do must to augment the inevitable
oral evidence in a prosecution involving drugs. The investigator should be
constantly on alert to obtain physical evidence during an inquiry for presentation in
court.
Drug seizure – one officer, preferably the officer who made the seizure, should be
detailed to take charge of the drug found.
The Following procedure should guide him:
• Identify the seizure in some permanent way using markings or non-removable
labels or wax sealed tie on tag.
• The identification should give detail of the time, date and place of seizure, and
the name of the owner or suspect where an arrest had been made.
• The officer should complete the identification of the seizure by placing his
initial or signature on the identifying label.
• Where a suspect charged demands a sample of the seized drug for

independent analysis, the desired sample should be place in a suitable
container. It should then be sealed in such a way as to prevent tampering
preferably with the signature of the suspect and the officer appearing on
the seal.
• Where another officer later takes the seizure – as in during questioning –

that drug is shown to suspect during questioning – that officer should
continue the chain of identification by placing his initials on the label.
• Few parties as possible should hold the seized drug. A permanent written
record of the movement of the seizure, noting time, dates and signature
or receiving parties should be maintained.
• As soon as after seizure, the drug should be sealed in a container in such a

way as to prevent loss or tampering with. The seal should be affixed in such
a way that it will be impossible to open the container without breaking the
seal. The seal should bear the same identification as the seizure itself.
• The officer in the area designated by his command should retain the
seizure, the security of which will satisfy the scrutiny of the court.
• Where the nature of the seizure requires special storage conditions or

facilities, this should be arranged and the security of the seizure maintained.
• At the first opportunity, the officer should himself deliver the seized drug/s
to the laboratory for examination.
• If the commitments of the officer holding the seized drug/s are such that he
cannot travel to the laboratory, he should hand the same to another officer
who should make the delivery personally.
• If personal delivery is not possible, the seized drug/s should be carefully

packed in a parcel, which is then sealed. This should be adequately addressed
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and
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shipped by certified delivery mail.
PHOTOGRAPHS - A permanent written record should kept relating to

photographs take in the course of an investigation, noting the time, date, and
place of the photograph, its subject the weather condition at the time it was taken.
The technicianmight also note details of film and camera operations.
Several prints of each photograph should be obtained, and on one copy,
these details should be recorded together with the name of the officers who can
“prove” the photograph. The other print copies be retained unmarked for possible
submission to court. Photographs of, for instance, a meeting between two
offenders can adduce valuable corroborative evidence.
DOCUMENTS - Documents that may become evidence in a prosecution should be

retained in their original form. They should be treated in much the same manner as
drug seizures with regard to identification, and it is suggested that all under whose
supervision this is done can later “prove” the original, particularly in cases where
returned to a person for production later in court.
Investigative Records – Records in this particular category include:
1. Information on a suspect of drug movement.

2. Results of background inquiry on a suspect.
3. The log or running sheet kept on investigator and suspect movement during
surveillance or arrest.
4. Investigator’s notebooks and diaries
5. Investigator’s notes of conversations, events or interviews.
2. DRUG INVESTIGATION PROCESS
2.1. ROLE OF THE PDEA
Drug investigation in the Philippines is under the concern of the Philippines

Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) being a newly created and organized. The
agency has one among its powers and functions of the initiation of all investigation
proceedings concerning drug cases, absorbing all drug enforcement unit of the
governmental agencies like the national bureau of investigation, the Philippine
national Police, the Bureau of Customs and other agencies and bureau with drug
investigation division.
As mandate by law and here quoted, the PDEA shall “create and maintain
an efficient special enforcement unit to conduct an investigation and file charges
and transmit evidence to the proper court”.
Overview of the Drug Investigation Process
Proper handling of drug evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum

possible information upon which scientific examination shall be based, and to
prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Drug specimens, which truly represent the
material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in
handling, will provide more and better information upon examination. Legal
requirements make it necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from
the time it is collected until it is presented in court. With these, the following
principles should be observed in handling all types of evidence in narcotic
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investigation:
1.) The evidence should reach the laboratory as much as possible in thesame
condition as when it is found.
2.) The quantity of specimens should be adequate. Even with the best equipment
available, good result cannot be obtain from insufficient specimens.
3.) Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison purpose.
4.) Keep each specimen separate from other so there will be no intermingling or
mixing of known and unknown material. Wrap and seal in individual packages
when necessary.
5.) Mark or label each piece of evidence must be maintain. Account for evidence
from the time it is collected until it is produced in court. Any break in in this chain of
custody may make the material inadmissible as evidence in court.
Generally, the recognition, search, collection, handling, preservation and

documentation of evidence in narcotic investigation rest upon the quality of people
involved in the activity which they follow certain guidelines for investigate success.
Below is an illustration of a basic procedure in narcotic investigation

focused on the crime scene:
First Responder
Receipt/Report Complaint
Security and Protection

 Cordoning
 Safety of Injured
persons, if any
 Prevention of entry by
unauthorized
Conduct of Crime Scene
Investigation
From this point:
Preparation
Approach
Preliminary Survey
Evaluation of Physical evidence
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Documentation of crime scene
Preparation of Narrative
Description
Crime Scene Search
Collection of Physical Evidence Final Survey & Release of Crime
Scene
The illustration shows a general process in the crime scene investigation

can fundamentally base on a scientific crime scene processing.
In the flow of the investigation, it shows that upon receipt or report of a crime, the
desk officer shall record the date and time the report/ complaint was made, identify
persons who made the report, place of incident and a synopsis of the incident then inform
his superior or duty officer regarding the report.
The first responders will properly preserve the crime scene. The security and
protection of the crime scene to get maximum scientific information that will help
successful prosecution of perpetrators. Then the formal investigation may be conducted.
2.2. Procedure at the crime scene upon arrival at the crime scene
a. Record time/ date of arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene, condition of
the whether, condition and type of lighting direction of wind and visibility.
b. Secure the crime scene by installing the crime scene tape or rope(police line)
c. Before touching or moving any object in the crime scene, determine first the status of
the victim, whether he is still alive or already dead .If the victim alive the investigator
should exert effort to gather information from the victim himself regarding the
circumstances of the crime, while a member of the team or someone must call an
ambulance from the nearest hospital.
d. Designate a member of the team or summon other policemen or responsible persons to
stand watch and secure the scene, and permit only those authorized person to enter the
same.
e. Identify and retain for questioning the person who first notified the police, and
other possible witnesses.
2.3. RECORDING
The investigation begins the process of recording pertinent facts and details of the
investigation the moment he arrives at crime scene (He should record the time when he
was initially notified prior to his arrival) He also writes down the identification of person
involved and what he initially saw. He also draws a basic sketch of the crime scene and
takes the initial photographs. This is to ensure that an image of the crime scene is
recorded before any occurrence that disturbs the scene. As a rule, do not touch, alter or
remove anything at the crime scene until the evidence has been processed through notes,
sketches and photographs, with proper measurements.
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2.4.Searching for Evidence
a) Each crime scene is different, according to the physical nature of the scene and the
crime or offense involved. Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with the
prevailing physical characteristics scene and with the need to develop essential
evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A general survey of the scene is always made,
however, to not the location of obvious traces of action, the probable entry and exit points
used by theoffenders(s) and the size and shape of the area involved.
b) In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic search of evidence is

initiated, (In the interest of uniformity, it is recommended that the clockwise movement be
used.) The investigator examines each item encountered on the floor, walls, and ceiling
to locate anything that may be of evidentiary value. He should:
 Give particular attention to fragile evidence that may be destroyed or contaminated

if it is not collected when discovered,
 If any double exists as to the value of an item, treat it as evidence until proven
otherwise,
 Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary value in surfaces conducive to
making casts or molds,
 Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene and treat them as evidence.
 Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the conclusion of the processing of
the scene. The search for evidence is initially completed when, after a thorough
examination of the scene, the rough sketch, necessary photograph and
investigative note have been completed and the investigator has returned to the
point from which the search began.
c) In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area into strips

about four (4) feet wide. The policeman may first search the strip on his
left he faces the scene then the adjoining strip.
d) It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area considered to be immediate

scene of the incident or crime. For example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool
used in the crime was discarded or hidden by the offender somewhere within a square-
mile area near the scene.
e) After completing the search of the scene, the investigator examined the objects or
persons involved.
2.5. Methods of CRIME SCENE SEARCH
As maybe applicable in narcotic investigation, the following methods of search

maybe used:
a) Strip search method
b) Double strip or grid method of search
c) Spiral search method
d) Zone search method
2.6. Collecting Evidence
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This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch finished and
photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as they are found.
2.7. Removal of Evidence
a. The investigation places his initials, the date and the time of discovery on each item of
evidence and the time discovery on each item of evidence for proper identification.
b. Items that could not be marked should be place in a suitable container and sealed.
2.8. TAGGING OF EVIDENCE
Any physical evidence obtained must tagged before its submission to the evidence
custodian.
2.9. Evaluation of Evidence
Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to the evidence , individually and
collectively.
2.10. PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE
It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to

preserve physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered until it is released to the
evidence custodian.
2.11. RELEASING THE SCENE
The scene is not released until all processing has been completed. The release should be
effected at the earliest practicable time, particularly when an activity has been closed or
its operations curtailed.
3. Pointers to Consider in Sketching the Crime Scenes
 To establish admissibility, the investigator must have had a personal observation of

the date in question. In other words, the sketch must be sponsored or verified.
 Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos they are but a supplement to
them.
 Write down all measurements.
 Fill in all the details on your rough sketch in the scene. Final sketch may be
prepared in the office
 Keep the rough sketch even when you have completed the final sketch.
 Indicate the North direction with an arrow.
 Draw the final sketch to scale.
 Indicate the place in the sketch as well as the person who draw it. Use the KEY
capital letters of the alphabet for listing down more or less normal parts of
accessories of the place, and numbers of items of evidence.
 Indicate the position, locations and relationship of objects.
 Methods or systems of locating points (objects) on the sketch.
 Critical measurements, such as skid marks, should be checked by two (2)
investigators.
 Measurements should be harmonized, or in centimetre, inches, yards, meters,
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mixed in one sketch.
 Use standard symbols in the sketch.
 Show which way doors swing.
 Show with an arrow the direction of stairways.
 Recheck the sketch for clarity, accuracy, scale, and title key.
4. ROLE OF SOCO IN NARCOTIC INVESTIGATION
A number of crime incidents committed in the country are unsolved and/or

dismissed by trial courts because of insufficiency of evidence. In cases of narcotic
investigation, it is important that pieces of drug evidence that will provide clues on the
suspects/offenders identifies can be found at the crime scene. However, that vital
evidence at the crime scene is either left at the crime scene are critical in the prosecution
of the case in court with the advent of new technologies, they could be analysed
scientifically for their purposes.
The recovery of physical evidence during investigation of the crime scene is the
most important task of current law enforcement. In most cases, the material items of
evidence and descriptive information collected from the scene of the crime make a big
difference in the success and failure of cases in court.
The capability of the Crime Laboratory is provide scientific interpretation and

information depends on the recognition, recovery and documentation of the evidences in
the crime scene. Field investigators work as part of the forensic team as that of laboratory
technician. If evidence collected at the crime scene is not properly accomplished, the work
of the crime laboratory is impeded and even negated. The recovery of physical evidence
during the investigation of a crime scene is the most important task of current law
enforcement. In most cases, the material items of evidence and descriptive information
collected from the scene of the crime make a big difference in the success and failure of
cases in court.
Past experience shows that a well-trained team, coordinated and properly

equipped, can be of great advantage in effectively and efficiently recovering evidences.
Personal knowledge and instinctive actions or institutions are of great help in the solution
of the criminal and drug related cases. However, there is no substitute for the adoption
and practice of scientific investigation.
The idea of enhancing SOCO in narcotic investigation is to assist drug

investigation in terms of scientific approach in investigating criminal cases.
5. Drug Testing and Narcotic Death Investigation
5.1. Drug Testing
Field Test – The test describes in the following pages are designed to give
investigators emergency means of making on-the-spot tentative identification of samples
seized or purchased during the course of investigations. Result obtained should not be
regarded as final identification since a number of such drugs are marketed in combination
with other chemicals from which they must be separated (by laboratory methods) before
true results can be attained.
Care of Apparatus and Reagents – Reagents should be protected from
excessive heat and light. Acid reagents should be stored in glass bottles. Reagent stability
should be
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tested from time to time with drugs of known identify. All apparatus used in making test
should be thoroughly cleaned before reusing. Marquis Test is used for morphine,
codeine, heroin and other opium derivatives.
When brought into contact with morphine, heroin or other opium derivatives, the
reagent develops brilliant colors ranging from blue to reddish purple. There are some other
substances, which also produce colors with this reagent. No confusion, however, should
arise once the operator is familiar with the specific colors given by the opium alkaloids. It is
therefore essential that the test be observed with known samples before any unknown is
tested.
Making the test – In making drug test, the following are considered:
 Allow the reagent to drain one end of the ampul
 Break the ampul between the fingers along the scored line.
 Introduce a small bit of sample into the open end of one half of the sample by
scraping a cube or pinch of powder held between the fingers with a sharp edge.
Tap the closed end so as to shake the sample further into the tube and thus bring it
into contact with the reagent.
 After the test, the ampul should be rinsed with water before discarding.
- DO NOT THROW AMPUL IN WASH BAIN OR SINK -
NOTE: The value of this test lies in the fact that a positive reaction indicates
the presence of an opium derivative. A negative result does not rule out the
possibility of the sample being a prohibited drug since cocaine, methadone,
Demerol, dromoran, etc.do not gives a negative result should be submitted to the
laboratory for examination.
5.2. GENERAL DRUG TESTS
Drug Sample Test Used Color Reaction

Opium Marquis test Purple/Violet
Heroin Nitric acid Yellow-green
Morphine Nitric acid Red orange
Cocaine Cobalt Blue
Thiocyanate
Barbiturates Dille-Kopanyi Violet/Blue
test/Zwikker test
Amphetamines Marquis test Red/Orange-
Brown
LSD Para amino Purple
BenZoic
Acid (PABA)
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Marijuana Duquenois-Levine Red Bottom layer
test/ KN test
Shabu Symone’s Test Purple
Field Test for Methadone

This narcotic drug known also as Amidone, Dolophineand di-6
dimethylamide-4, 4-diphenyl-3-heptanone hydrochloride, can be detected in the
presence of some other drugs by employing the reagent and technique as set forth
below. After solution is effected, filtration of the sample is desirable but not
essential to the success of the method, since insoluble substance such as starch,
talc, etc. are not blue in color.
Reagent: Dissolve 1 gm of cobalt acetate, nitrate or chloride and 1/5 gm of

potassium thiocyanate in 90 ml of water and 10 ml of glacial acetic acid.
Test: Dissolve the sample in a minimum amount of water, Filter. Add 2 or 3

drops of the reagent to the filtrate. Shake for about 1 minute. A blue precipitate
indicates the presence of methadone.
Field test for Cocaine, Demerol and Methadone
This field test for cocaine, Demerol,and methadone was developed by the
U.S. Customs Laboratory, in Baltimore, Maryland in 1961 and has been successful
use since then.
The field test is based on a modification of the well-known cobalt

thiocyanate color test that produces a blue color in the presence of cocaine. The
customs field test is a stable single-solution version of the thiocyante test and is the
most specific cocaine color test available at this time.
The field test is not intended to replace more specific laboratory

determination and should be used only as a preliminary test. Some non-narcotic
substances, such as certain antihistamines, are known to give a color with cobalt
thiocyanate.
The test is simple to perform. The ampul should be broken at the point
where the glass is scored and the powdered sample introduced into the open end
of the half of the ampul should not be shaken. A blue color is indicative of cocaine,
Demerol or methadone give stronger blues than that Demerol. For each of the
three narcotics, the strength of their blue in the ampuls is proportionate to their
active content.
The ampuls contains a dilute acid and should be discarded in a place

where water can be used to delute the acid.
Field test for marijuana
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NOTE: Do not rely on chemical tests alone. Always examine the material with a
microscope or hand lens. Cannabis Sativa, or marijuana, can be quickly and
positively identified by subjecting the sample to the following tests:
Microscopic – using a magnification of 30 diameters, the leaves, twigs, seed

hullsand flowering tops exhibit a characteristics warty appearance due to presence
of non -glandular hairs which contain at their base called spheriodalcystolith of
calcium carbonate. Adding a drop of diluted hydrochloric acid to the slide
and noting the effervescence show the presence of carbonate. Many of the
cystolithic hairs appear in the shape of bear claws. The seed or fruit, deprived
of its hull, under the same magnification, presents a mottled effect and
gives the viewer the impression he is looking at a hulled coconut or
nutmeg. A comparison with an authentic sample is most desirable.
Chemical – the Duquenois-Levine Test has been found to be the only satisfactory
chemical test for the identification of marijuana. The chloroform soluble color
developed in this test is due to the presence of tetrahydrocanabinol (THC) which is
the active principal of marijuana.
Reagents – Duquenois Reagent – Dissolve 5 drops of acetaldehyde and 0.4 gm.

of vanillin in 20 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol. (This reagent may be kept for some time in
glass stoppered bottles in a cool dark place. It should be discarded after it
assumes a deep yellow color).
 Add a pinch of suspected marijuana to a test tube containing about

2 ml (one teaspoon) Duquenois reagent.
 Add an equal amount (2ml) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Stir
with a glass rod or shake the test tube in a circular motion to mix its
contents. CAUTION – do not splash acid contents on body or
clothing. Allow the test tube to stand for 10 minutes, or until a color
develops.
 Decant the liquid into a second test tube. Add 2ml of chloroform.
Stopper and shake. If marijuana is present, a violet or indigo-violet
color will be transferred to the bottom (chloroform) layer.
Seeds – When a sample consists entirely of seeds, their identity alone is

not sufficient to bring them within the purview of the law, which requires them to be
fertile. To establish their fertility a number of the seeds should be placed in a
suitable container with moist paper pulp or wet vermiculite, and place in a warm
dark place until germination takes place. When reporting a sample containing
marijuana seeds alone, their fertility should always be stated.
Field test for Amphetamines
This field test for identifying amphetamines useful inscreening out caffeine,
vitamins, or other substitutes proffered as amphetamines.
Test material – The test material consists of 2 or 3 drops Marquis Reagent (2

drops of 37% formaldehyde in 3ml of concentrated sulfuric acid) in a small glass
ampul.
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Test procedure – Break the ampul at the scored center and place 1 or 2 drops of
the reagent on the sample. This should be done on a glass ashtray, inverted
tumbler, etc. Amphetamines react with the reagent to give a red-orange color,
turning to reddish and dark brown within 1 or 2 minutes. The reagent gives this
characteristics color reaction when applied to white, pink, yellow, peach or
green amphetamine tablets.
The speed within which the color is formed appears to depend upon the
hardness of the tablet. The ore-orange color forms immediately of some tablets
while with others it appears in 10 to 20 second. Therefore, the critical period of
color differentiation for amphetamines is within the first 20 seconds. The peach-
colored caffeine tablet gives a color, which might cause some confusion. The
difference between the color formed by thus tablet by thus tablet and that formed
by a peach-colored amphetamine tablet are crushed before the reagent is applied.
Once the difference is seen, there should be no trouble in distinguishing one from
the other.
Amphetamine powder and tablets – Red – orange onset to reddish brown

to dark brown within a couple of minutes, caffeine powder and tablets – no color
reaction, Methamphetamine and tablets – red - orange onset to reddish brown to
dark brown in 1 to 2 minutes, Phenyl tertiary butylamine HCI – same color change
as amphetamines, Wyamine Sulfate – same color change as amphetamines.
Field test for barbiturates
For the tentative identification of the barbiturates, the Zwikker test is used.
Zwikker test – An anhydrous methanol solution of the barbiturate upon several
drops of cobalt chloride in methanol solution gives a bluish color which changes to
dark blue upon being alkalized. The Atkinson Laboratory, 33031 Fierro Street, Los
Angeles California, manufactures a compact kit that utilized the Zwikker test.
Test Material – Zwikker test kit consists of a small plastic bag containing three
solutions in plastics dropping bottles and small porcelain spot plate. Solution # 1 –
Anhydours methanol, Solution #2 – cobalt chloride dissolved in methanol, Solution
#3 – 5% isopropylamine in methanol.
Caution: The above solutions are volatile and inflammable. They should be kept
sealed.
Test Procedure –The following shall be considered:
1. Place part of sample into spot-tester, (enough to cover letter “o” on a typewriter
key).
2. Put two drops of solution #1 on sample in spot-tester. (Sample should dissolve).
3. Add two drops of solution #2 (This may produce a violet or a blue color).
4. Add tow drops of solution #3. (if color deepens to a darker violet of blue,
this indicates presumption presence of barbiturates). The solution will
become contaminated. Wash and dry spot – test plat after use.
6. Narcotic Death Investigation

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A common occurrence in the drug culture is the death of a user.
Investigation of a narcotic death is divided into three (3) phases: the SCENE
investigation, the MEDICAL investigation, and the TOXICOLOGICAL
investigation. An officer involved in such a case should determine the
manner of death, that is, whether homicide, suicide or accidental. All of
the factors and elements of the scene must be accurately and completely recorded.
This will assist the medical examiner in determining the cause of
death.
6.1. The ingestion of narcotics or dangerous drugs poisons the body. This is
poisoning effect will leads to a paralysis of the respiratory center or cause heart
failure. This, the, will deny the body a sufficient amount of oxygen. Evident
or visible signs, which remain after death, often accompany the effects of
a particular drug on the human body for the trained observe. These signs
are result of symptoms experienced by the victim prior to death.
Following is a partial listing of the more dangerous drugs, the minimum
lethal dose, symptoms and cause of death:
POISON SYMPTOMS/CAUSE OF DEATH

Codeine Nausea, dizziness, Constipation,
Respiratory failure
Heroin & Morphine Sweating, loss of appetite, nausea
(Vomiting), Constipation, itching, thirst,
cyanosis, respiratory failure
Barbiturates Lower body temperature, cyanosis, cold
extremities skin rash, constipation,
respiratory arrest of pneumonia
Cocaine Nausea, vomiting, chills, sweating, thirst,
convulsions, circulatory and respiratory
failure
Amphetamine Chills, sweating, diarrhea, constipation,
nausea, vomiting, cramps, thirst,
convulsions, petechial hemorrhages
6.2. The scene of death
During investigation of the scene, recognize and relate seemingly items or

material, which would justify a conclusion of narcotic involvement. The following
are some of such items:
 Paraphernalia – tools or implements used in administering

narcotics. These may include the obvious syringe and needle,
tourniquet, spoon or bottle top “cookies” and tinfoil packet. Also
included are small balls of cotton, capsules, and envelopes, and a
book of matches.
 Narcotic Medication -laudanum, paregoric, codeine cough syrup,
all utilized as “carryovers” until the next fix.
 Maalox –milk of magnesia – medication used torelieve nausea,
vomiting, constipation, cramps or diarrhea.
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 Absence of nutritional food – loss of appetite isa symptom of
poisoning. Presence of candy or soft drinks indicates low insulin
count.
 Body fluids – presence of urine, feces, mucus orvomitus on the
scene may be evidence of the body attempting to rid itself of
poisoned substance.
 Clothing or bed linens – sweat stained or soaking wet fromthe
victim having hot and cold flashes should be collected and analyzed.
 Lack of ordinary cleanliness – dependent user is not concerned in
most cases with the environment or health, and this is shown by a
neglect of both.
 Wet body – evidence of body being immersed intub or shower, or
having ice cubes placed in underclothes or in private parts. It is a
common mistake uses make in thinking this helps in overdose
cases, Salt water may also be injected into the victim. Hospitals use
Narcan as antidote.
 Nylon stocking – stretched over a hanger used as sieve.
 Playing card – with the powder, may have been used to “smack”
(cut) heroin. The card is usually on top of a record album or similar.
 Merchandise – small items which are easily carried and disposed of
after, being stolenRadios, watches, portable TV’s, radios, etc.
The body signs

 Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the face and/or fingernails due to
insufficient oxygenation of the blood cause by increase in carbon
dioxide in the body.
 Petechial hemorrhages – pinpoint spots ofdiscoloration resulting
from capability ruptures due to pressure and generally observed in
the eyes, eyelids, behind the ears and internally.
 Form or froth – observed in mouth and nose, may be white or
pinkish and caused by fluids entering the air passages.
 Hematoma – a localized swelling on any part to the body caused by
bleeding beneath the surface of the skin. This is caused by ‘skin
popping’ rather that vein injections.
 Needle mark/tracks – visual evidence of repeated intravenous
injections. The tracks will follow a vein (exception “skin popping”)
and result in a dark discoloration and eventual collapse of the vein.
 Scar – skin imperfection caused by the victim in removing needle
mark scabs, added to uncleanness of the victim.
 Rash/scratched skin – external body signs of morphine or heroin
poisoning.
 Asphyxia – it is often accomplished by external body changes.
These changes, visible to the naked eye, are not restricted to
narcotic related deaths and may be found in other asphyxia deaths,
such as heart attack, drowning, hanging, etc. it must be noted,
photographed and reported to the pathologist during the pre-autopsy
interview.
Victim’s history
Historical date on the victim would include hiscriminal record (local,

national and international); medical record (of a privatedoctor, hospitals,
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clinics, etc. and any mental treatment or attempts at suicide); social
(relatives, friends, neighbors, co-workers); marital (past or present); and
financial records.
When interviewing users or person possibly involved in narcotics

traffic, you should use straight language rather than attempt street talk
because slang constantly changes. You must determined the extent of
decedent’s addiction, his familiarity with other drugs, whether he had a
steady source of drugs or shopped around, and other matters relatives to
his personal history.
Medical phase
This is most important stage of the narcotics death investigation.

Since the pathologist will rarely be able to examine the body at the death
scene, you should note every detail, which may be of medico-legal
importance and make complete report on this.
You should attend the autopsy yourself. Make sure that the following
specimens are submitted for narcotics, alcohol or other foreign matter.
Heroin quickly change to morphine after entering the body, and clears blood
approximately ½ hour remains in the urine about 24 hours and in bile for ¾
days.
understand
Manwong, R.K. (2013). Instructional Materials inthe lesson
Drug Education and Vice Control
(3rd Ed.).


from.
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Let’s Check
1. It is consists of a small plastic bag containing three solutions in

plastics dropping bottles and small porcelain spot plate.
2.Any physical evidence obtained must tagged before its submission to

the evidence custodian.
3. “rainbow/ double trouble”
4. Those having the same physiological action as a narcotic
drug, such as methadone and demerol.
5. These are the drugs that are capable of creating
hallucinations in the mind of the taker such as Lysergic acid diethylamide commonly
known as LSD and other drugs failing under this category are DMT, STP, peyote and
morning glory seeds
6. A white, odorless, crystalline powder with a bitter taste.
7. One who injects, intravenously or intramuscularly, or
consumes, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking, or
otherwise introducing into the psychological system of the body, any of the
dangerous drugs.
8. An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythorxylon coca and
the other species of ErthroxlonLinne, or by synthesis from ecgoine and its
derivatives.
9. Take effect within 10 to 20 minutes and last up to 6 hours, e.i
Pentobarbital and secobarbital.
10. The compound (methamphetamine hydrochloride) is also known
as “poor man’s cocaine “.
1. Pentobabitals are known to the “yellow jackets”.

2. Pentobarbitals are short acting barbiturates.
3. Barbiturates are regulatory drugs.
4. Amphetamines are prohibited drugs.
5. Marijuana can be tested by the Nitric Acid test.
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1. What law is called the “Narcotic Law of 1953”?
a. PD 44
b. RA 7659
c. RA 6425
d. RA 953
2. When drug evidence is transferred from one investigator to another, the process
of evidence transfer is called:
a. Chain of evidence transfer
b. Evidence gathering
c. Chain of custody
d. Evidence protection
3. What kind of drug examination is made during the initial investigation conducted
by the first responding officer?
a. Field testing
b. Laboratory Analysis
c. Color Reaction Testing
d. All of these
4. What color reaction test is used to identify a substance as cocaine?
a. Marquis test
b. Nitric acid test
c. PABA
d. Cobalt Thiocyanate
5. Duquenois-Levine test is for marijuana; Symone’s test if for:
a. Shabu
b. Cocaine
c. Opium derivatives
d. Barbiturates
Let’s Analyze
questions:
1. What are the laws that serve as legal basis in narcotic control and investigation?
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2. State the reasons why drug investigation is a specialized police activity?
3. What is the significance of understanding the users and pushers in drug control
and investigation?
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4. Explain the importance of field and laboratory instrumentation in handling drug
evidences.
5. What are the drugs and their respective drug test used? Give the possible color
reactions.
In a Nutshel
People have generally different motivation in life. The young ones are very
much adventurous and some of them have strong attraction in drug-taking. In this
to the topics presented. I will supply the first item and you will continue the rest.
1. Effective control of illegal drugs requires certain attributes of the drug

operatives such as capability for observation, objective, perception and
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extensive knowledge of criminal jurisprudence.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Q&A List
1.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Barbiturates Marijuana Symone’s Test
Opium derivatives Amphetamines Duquenois-Levine test/ KN
test
Cocaine prohibited drugs Para amino
Shabu regulatory drugs BenZoic
Cobalt Thiocyanate Barbiturates Marquis test
Barbiturates Pentobarbitals Dille-Kopanyi test/Zwikker
test
Opium derivatives Narcotic Medication Cobalt Thiocyanate
Intermediate acting Paraphernalia Marquis test
barbiturates
Long acting barbiturates Maalox –milk of Strip search method
magnesia
Short acting barbiturates Collecting Evidence Double strip or grid
method of search
Ultra short barbiturates Removal of Evidence Zone search method
Secobarbital TAGGING OF Spiral search method
EVIDENCE
Amobarbital Evaluation of Evidence DOCUMENTS
Amosbarbital PRESERVATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS
EVIDENCE
Big Picture
a. Recognize Substance Abuse and Vice Control.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Substance abuse and vice conPtargoel.137

of 155
Metalanguage
difficulty in understanding the Substance Abuse and vice control.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first lesson is
also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
In reality, alcohol is the world’s number one drug problem. From a public health
perspective, the global burden related to alcohol consumption, both in terms of morbidity and
mortality, is considerable in most parts of the world. The said concepts might be confusing
or difficult as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great help for you
to understand the nature of its existence. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g.
ebrary, search.proquest.cometc., and even online tutorial websites.
1. SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND VICE CONTROL
1.1. ALCOHOL
Importance
Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Ever since there has been a
continuous effort, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its devastating
effects of human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban with little
success.
The crime involving alcohol, directly or indirectly is increasing at a terrific rate. The
police and the judiciary should, therefore, understand the mechanics of alcohol, its nature,
effects, detection and estimation, to deal effectively with crimes involving liquors.
Nature and Property
Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degree celsius. It has a
pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like
many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in
combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not a stimulant.
There are two kinds of Alcohol

 Methyl alcohol – is a very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is use in some
industries.
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 Ethyl alcohol – is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by breweries.
The fermentation occurs when germs called yeast act on sugars in food to produce
alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits contain different amounts of
alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in
different countries.
The Common Alcoholic Drinks
1. Beers – they contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, e.i beer, ale, stout.

2. Wines – they contain about 10 percent alcohol, e.i.champange, hock.
3. Fortified Wines – liquors that contains 10 to 20 percent alcohol, e.i. port-sherry,
others.
4. Spirits – liquors that contain 40 to 60 percent alcohol, e.i. Whiskey, brandy, rum, gins.
Types of Drinkers
1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy,

take only a few drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a
week or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release
inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinkers – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from
cultural background where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the
food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally
but drinker may not become alcoholic.
4. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his
life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in general.
Usual Motives for Drinking
1. Traditional – social and religious functions.

2. Status – symbol of success and prestige.
3. Dietary – dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today's way of “gracious
living”.
4. Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another's
company.
5. Shorcut to Adulthood – user unsure of maturity, so he drinks to prove himself.
6. Ritual – forters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for good
health.
7. Path of least Resistance – doesn't want to drink but doesn't want to abstain so goes
along with everyone else.
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRINKER
General Effect of the Body
Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system. Likewise,
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the following are the general effects of the alcohol as to proper order.
1. Euphoria – feeling of well-being, increased confidence, temporary relief from fatigue,

pain or depression.
2. Muscular in coordination – depression of motor functions and causes greater dulling
of the brain that controls inhibitions. The person may become hilarious, morose,
irritable or excitable without proper cause. He may suffer from slurred speech and
staggering gait.
3. Respiratory Paralysis – if more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the respiratory
centers sets in. The person may suffer from complete in coordination of muscles,
breathing. Sleep, come, and death.
However, these effects vary from person to person and depending on the factors of
absorption, tolerance, concentration of alcohol, and the number of hours of drinking. Other
general effects include:
Fatal Dose – the fatal dose of liquor of an ordinary person is about 200 to 500 ml of
absolute alcohol (for adults) and about 50 ml onward for children.
Fatal Period – the fatal effects of alcohol may appear with in 10 to 24 hours. But in some
cases, death may take place even after a number of days.
Alcoholic Allergy – some persons are allergic to alcoholic drinks. The drinks may cause
them to be mad and they behave like maniacs under the influence of liquor.
Effects on Brain and the Central Nervous System
The nerves are like telephone wires coming out of the control system in the brain
and spinal cord. They send and receive messages from all parts of the body. Alcohol
slows down the work of the brain cells and stops proper messages being sent to the rest
of the body. Alcohol stops people behaving correctly to other people. They may do
whatever comes first into their minds. They may say things that do not make sense or
behave rudely to others. They may also have feelings of increased personal or social
power. After heavy drinking, and when the pain killing effects of the alcohol are removed,
the person may suffer from a hangover. A hangover is the word used to describe the
terrible pain and horrible effects, which follow a period of heavy drinking.
Effects on the Stomach and Intestines
Alcohol damages the stomach and intestines and makes them sore. This can
cause a burning sensation, nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there is bleeding.
Effects on the Liver
The first thing the liver does is to turn part of the alcohol into fat. Some of this goes
into the blood, but a lot builds up in the liver cells. After drinking six medium-sized glasses
of beer every day for a few days fat is formed in the liver, the liver becomes larger. As the
liver enlarges, it changes the way other drugs and medicines work in the body. Si it can
be dangerous to take medicines with alcohol.
Effects on the Heart and Muscles
Alcohol affects the heart and other muscles so that they become weaker and less
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effective. This makes people tired and breathless.
Effects in the blood
The activity of the liver trying to get rid of the alcohol results in many changes to the
blood – for example – blood sugar is lowered and blood fats are increased.
Effects on the Kidneys
Alcohol decreased the ability of the kidneys to get rid of some waste products.
Effects on Sexual Functions
After the excessive use of alcohol, the ability to have satisfactory sexual activity is
decreased.
Effects on General Health
Malnutrition: The illness that occurs when a person doesn't have enough food to eat or
eats the wrong kind of food. The person who drinks alcohol may suffer from malnutrition
because he spends his time, money and energy in drinking. He may not eat the proper
foods. Drinking alcohol decreases a person's desire to eat. Alcohol burs the stomach and
bowel so that the food eaten is not use well by the body. If the liver is damaged, some
important vitamins are not produced.
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE ON THE COMMUNITY
Because drinking affects people’s behaviour, it has effects on the community as a

whole.
Home: heavy drinkers take money needed for food, clothes and furniture. This causes
debts. Husbands and wife fight and accuse each other of being unfaithful. There will be
often be sexual problems. Children are badly treated and badly fed. And drinking makes
people lazy and they may not go to work. Women may have to steal food to feed their
families.
Friends: the heavy drinker will often fight with his friend and may even kill people.
Work: the heavy drinker often does not go to work because he feels sick. He sometimes
works badly and hurts himself or others.
Play: heavy drinkers have a bad effect on sportsmen. Because alcohol effects the brain,
the drinker cannot control his arms and legs well. A sportsman who has been drinking
cannot play well, as he should.
Roads: the drinker has lost his judgement; he is careless and takes risks. Accidents
result. A person who is drunk may walk onto the road and be killed by a motor vehicle.
Crime: excessive drinking is the biggest cause of crime. People become aggressive, fight,
break into houses and steal.
Economy and the Nation: the economy is badly affected when people do not go to work
and production falls. Heavy demands are made on health services, the police force and
correctional institutions. Alcoholism is burden to the government.
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ALCOHOL DEPENDENCY
The use of alcohol has created major social, economic and health problem
nationwide – anironic consequence of ineffective government controls.
Many Filipinos have developed alcohol dependence or abuse, a pattern of

continuous drinking that may lead to addiction and almost always causes severe
problems.
Alcohol abuse or dependence is commonly referred to as Alcoholism, alcoholism is

also called problem drinking. The stage when a person has the difficulty of quitting from
the habit of alcohol drinking. This means he cannot live without it. If he tries to stop
drinking, he will have the shivers and shakes and feels very bad symptoms. He may also
experience acute anxiety or fear, delirium and hallucinations.
Alcohol Abuse Control
With the aforementioned devastating effects of alcohol, therefore, it must be

controlled. Solely treating people with medications cannot control problem drinking and
alcoholism. Treatment should be coupled with proper education both in the schools and in
the adult community to develop the nation habits of moderation in the use of alcoholic
beverages. It requires investigation and testing of social policies on the control of the
distribution of alcohol as well as the effective implementation of these prevention policies.
Legal Control
Intoxication
Under the law is an Alternative Circumstance. Alternative Circumstances are those

which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating circumstances
according to the nature and effects of the crime and the other conditions attending of the
crime and the other conditions attending its commission.
The intoxication of the offender is taken into consideration as a mitigating

circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the
same is not habitual or subsequent to the plan to commit said felony. On the other hand,
when intoxication is habitual or intentional or subsequent to commit the felony, it shall be
considered as an aggravating circumstance. (Art 15. Revised Penal Code)
Liquor as a Volatile Substance
Under P.D. 1619, sale and offer to sell to minors of liquors or beverages with alcoholic
content of 30% or above is punishable by 6 months and one day to 4 years imprisonment
and a fine of P600.00 pesos to P4000.00 pesos.
Social Control
Social control of alcoholism comes varied means like education and awareness,
community activities, and individual or group therapies. Today, one of the numerous
programs for alcoholics is the religious means of Alcoholics Anonymous.
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Alcohol Anonymous
It is practical approach to the problem of alcoholism which has met a considerable

success. It is an organization that operates in a nonprofessional-counseling program in
which both person-to-person and group relationships are emphasized. It accepts both
teenagers and adults with drinking problem, has no fees or dues, does not keep records or
case histories, does not participate in political causes, and is not affiliated with any
religious sect, although spiritual development is the key aspect of its treatment approach.
To ensure the anonymity of the alcoholic, only first names are used. Meetings are
devoted partly to social activities, but consist mainly on discussion of the participant’s
problems with alcohol, often with testimonials from those who have recovered from
alcoholism and how did they face it.
Medical Control
Alcoholism can be treated through biological measures ranging from detoxification

procedures to brain surgery. However, it is more practical for alcoholis to undergo medical
measures of detoxification.
Detoxification
It is the elimination of alcoholic substances from he individual’s body; treatment of

the withdrawal symptoms; and on medical regimen for physical rehabilitation. These can
be handled in a hospital or clinic, where drugs such as Chlordiazepoxide, have largely
revolutionized the treatment withdrawal symptoms. Likewise, the drug Disulfiram
(Antabuse) can create uncomfortable effects when followed by alcohol and may be
administered to prevent an immediate return to drinking (Coleman, 1980)
Alcohol Investigation
Illicit Liquors
Thorough search of the premises especially cattle sheds, unfrequented places,

ravine and jungles is necessary to locate unauthorized stills and storages. Collection of
evidences includes the collection of the paraphernalia, fingerprints and tool marks.
Evidence of Intoxication
Intoxication may have to be established is cases of deaths, in offenses against

person, in motor vehicle accidents and in cases where diminish responsibility is claimed as
a defense. Evidences of intoxication require the collection of samples of bloods, urine,
saliva or breath each whenever possible, and other body fluids for laboratory
examinations.
Examination for Intoxication
Intoxication is identified through various means like physical test, alcohol analysis,
and medical examination. In medical examination, the investigator should consider
smell of breath, state of clothing, general demeanor, speech, eyes, walk, memory,
breathing, and tremors of the extremities.
1.2.TOBACCO (Smoking Vice)
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The tobacco plant, scientifically known as NicotianaTabacum, is a plant grown for
its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. Tobacco is
considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical Nicotine. Sniffing and
chewing tobacco originated in North America and Europe. It was Christopher Columbus
who introduced tobacco into Europe. It became then popular with the Portuguese,
Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians.
Tobacco Smoking
The use of tobacco is one the foremost public health problems in the world today.
Tobacco had for centuries been used all over the world as a way of increasing the
enjoyment of life or as an aid in coping with some of its problem.
The World Health Organization estimates that around the world one person dies
every 13 seconds from tobacco-related diseases.
Doctor’s cite 50,000 scientific studies from various independent bodies that have
proved beyond doubt that smoking is responsible for around 90% of all cases of lung
cancer, 95% of all cases of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and 25% of heart
conditions in men 65 years of age.
The World Health Organization advisory Panel on Smoking and Health estimates
that at least two million of 30 million Filipinos under 20 years of age today will eventually
be killed by smoking. Smoking threatens not only the adults, but also children-born and
unborn.
The Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society noted that premature in

infants of mothers who smoke in three times more common than in mothers. Spontaneous
abortion is likewise more common in smoking mothers.
Too often, the smoking habit begins in the early teens or even earlier. Becoming a
smoker may have the immediate value to some teenagers of being accepted by their
peers, feeling more mature because smoking is an adult behavior to the child providing
level of psychological stimulation and pleasure and might even serve the function of an act
of defiance to authority figures.
Tobacco Chemical
The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette smoke are:
a. Nicotine – it is the most important active ingredient in controlled doses. It is an

extremely toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1-2 mg of nicotine. When smoked,
less than 1mg from each cigarette is filtered or not depending on the characteristics of the
filter, the depth and frequency of inhalation and the length of the butt.
b. Carbon Monoxide – a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a
car’s exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate amounts of
oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the shortness of breath among
smokers.
c. Tar - The brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer - causing

component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth, and tongue of the smoker.
Along with other noxious substances in cigarette smoking, it can lead to lung cancer,
Page 144 of
emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
The other chemicals found in tobacco are Acetone, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrogen Cyanide, Methane, and Benzopyrene.
Effects of Tobacco Smoking
The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily of ill health and of human
suffering. Necessarily, the productivity of the work force, the need for medical care and
other variables are affected. Thus, smoking impairs society’s total well-being and poses
substantial economic loss to the nation.
Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Increases in heart attack risk with amount smoke; Increases heart rates 15-25
beats with one to two cigarette; constricts small arteries causing higher blood pressure;
increases chance of developing peripheral, vascular diseases; causes carbon monoxide
from smoke to rob oxygen carrying potential of blood; causes increase of free fatty acids in
blood which may be related to heart attack.
Effects on the Respiratory System
Increases risks of developing lung cancer ten-fold for the average of one pack a
day smoker; increases lung cancer risk with amount, with length of time smoked and early
age starting; major factor identified in the development of lung cancer; only one in twenty
lung cancer victims is saved from death per year; lung cancer deaths slightly exceed traffic
deaths per year.
Smoking is also a major cause of chronic bronchitis; increases risk of dying of

chronic bronchitis and emphysema about six fold; tends to paralyze bronchial cilia and
stimulate production of mucus; eventually destroys ciliary structure cleansing system
predisposing to respiratory infections; increases in abnormal cell growth in bronchial tube
walls with increase in basal cell layers and thickening; causes closing of the bronchi, and
reduce effective breathing space.
Effects on the Reproductive System
Women who smoke during pregnancy increase the risk of still birth and prenatal
mortality, and the child physical and intellectual is delayed; women who smoke causes
menopause in early age than in normal; male smokers, penile arteries become
constricted bringing about slower erection time, impotence in 1 in 4 heavy smokers versus
1 in 12 non-smokers.
Smoking fathers may beget children who may suffer from brain tumor, leukemia
and other abnormalities due to decreased number of spermatozoa.
Effects to Mortality and Morbidity
Due to the increase cancer of the larynx, the mouth, bladder and the esophagus;
increase in ulcer deaths, death from cirrhosis; increase in kidney problems; greater
incident of infant pre-maturity and mortality; life expectancy is expected to reduce by about
Page 145 of
14 minutes per cigarette smoked.
Signs/Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal
Withdrawal symptoms begin as soon as 4 hours once decides to quit smoking or

after the last cigarette, generally peak in intensity at three to five days, and disappear
within two weeks. Symptoms start with headache, anxiety, irritability, tremors, poor
concentration, and hunger pains. Other signs and symptoms include insomnia and
depression, sweating, constipation and diarrhea.
Benefits of quitting Tobacco Smoking
Chronologically, the following are benefits that one can derive from quitting or not
smoking tobacco cigarettes.
1. Within 20 minutes, the blood pressure and pulse rate drop to normal,
the body temperature of the hands and feet returns to normal.
2. Within 8 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the blood drops to normal
and the oxygen level in the blood increases to normal.
3. Within 24 hours, the risk of sudden heart attack decreases.
4. Within 48 hours, the nerve ending begin to regenerate and a person’s
ability to smell and taste begin to return to normal.
5. Within 2 weeks to 3 weeks, blood circulation improves and lung function
increases to 30 percent.
6. Within 1 to 9 months, over all energy increases – signs and symptoms
of coughing, nasal congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are
markedly reduced. Natural cleansing mechanism of the respiratory tract
returns to normal so that the body is able to handle mucus, clean the
respiratory tract, and prevent respiratory tract, and prevent respiratory
infections.
7. Within 1 year, risk coronary heart disease is reduced by 50 percent.
8. Within 5 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer is reduced by 50
percent.
9. Within 10 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer, stroke and heart
attack is same as that of a non-smoker.
Other goodness in quitting smoking includes having fresh-smelling hair and

clothes, saving money, and most of all setting a good example to your children and
friends.
Measures to Reduce Smoking
Government support of anti-smoking campaign demonstrates commitment to

the eradication of health problems related to smoking and public influences and
attitudes to smoking.
Successful programs to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use by young people

need a combination of legislative measures and health education including:
1. Prohibition of sales in minor

2. Prohibition of smoking in schools and other places frequented by the
young.
3. Restriction on advertising and promotion of tobacco products
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especially those aimed at young people
Page 147 of
4. Health education at both primary and secondary levels of schools
5. Use of fiscal policies to increase the price of tobacco products.
6. Health warnings on cigarette packets
7. Collaboration with the media to deglamorize the image of the smoker.
Tips to Stop Tobacco Smoking
Even through tobacco is very addictive, millions of smokers have broken

free from the chain of smoking. Here are some tips to stop smoking:
1. Get ready to break – decide what you want to be free from smoking.
2. Prepare physically – be like an athlete in training.
3. Prepare mentally – mentally rehearse how you will act when you stopped
smoking.
4. Prepare socially – politely avoid smoking and drinking friends, family members
or office parties.
5. Prepare spiritually – think the goodness of sitting examples to others.
6. Keep a record – during the next 24 to 48 hours, keep all cigarettes away from
you and you can do it in the next 48 hours and so on.
7. Set the break free date – have a celebration by throwing away cigarettes,
ashtrays, lighters and anything else you have associated with smoking.
8. Prepare for a slip or Relapse – review all the benefits of a smoke free life
style, better health, money saved, more social activities, etc.
9. Plan for the big victory - affirm you self-respect and awareness by calculating
money you saved and spend it on something meaningful to you.
10. Ensure long term success – help others to stop smoking because it will
reinforce your desire.
1.3. The Gambling Vice
Gambling is usually defined as wagering on games or events in which chance

largely determines the outcomes.
Gambling
It is a vice that is difficult to control. Although the behavior pattern known as

pathological or compulsive gambling does not involve chemically addictive substance, still
is considered as an addictive behavior because of the personality and the similar
treatment problems involved. It also involves behavior maintained by short-term gains
despite long-term disruption of the individual’s life.
What behind Gambling as a vice?
A pathological gambler continues to play vividly despite the awareness that the
odds are against the, and despite the fact that they are rarely or never repeat their early
success. To stake their gambling they often dissipate their savings, neglect their families,
default on bills, and borrow money from friends and even loan. Eventually they resort to
writing bad checks, embezzlement, corruption and other illegal means of obtaining
money, feeling sure that their luck will change and that they will be able to repay what
they have taken. Whereas others view their gambling as unethical and disruptive, they
are likely to see themselves as taking calculated risks to build a lucrative business. Often
they feel alone and resentful that others do not understand their activities (Coleman,
Page 148 of
1980)
Page 149 of
Reasons for Controlling Gambling
Gambling should be controlled for the following reasons:
1. It is a crime, against public morals.

2. It promotes broken family and bad neighborhood.
3. It causes poverty, dishonesty fraud and deceit to man.
4. It strengthens organized crimes.
5. To prevent, reduce or control crimes connected with it.
Gambling Controls
At all cost, gambling must be controlled in order to minimize the number of the
group of people tended to be rebellious and unconventional who do not seem to fully
understand the ethical norms of the society.
Legal Control
The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines punishes gambling. Article 195 of this
law penalize any person who, in any manner shall directly or indirectly take part of any
game of scheme, the result of which depend wholly or chiefly upon chance with money or
articles of monetary value at stake. Likewise, the law also punishes any person who
knowingly permitting any form of gambling to be carried out in any place, building or
vessel or other means of transportation owned or controlled by the accused. Furthermore,
the law punishes maintainers, conductors, or bankers in the game of jueteng or any
similar game.\
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy in gambling is an approach based on some findings that

pathological gambler’s marital relationship is generally chaotic and turbulent, with the
spouse frequently showing seriously maladaptive patterns also.
Pathological gamblers who want to change may find help through membership in
Gamblers Anonymous, which is modeled through the Alcoholics Anonymous.
lesson
(3rd Ed.).

Page 150 of

from.
Let’s Check
following statements: (One point each)
1. What kind of alcohol that cannot use as a

component/substance in the making of alcoholic beverages but are useful in other
industries?
2. What type of drinker are those who drink in a consistent or
daily basis?
3. What is the most important active ingredient of tobacco that
promotes smoking addiction?
4. What do you call the state of physical and psychological
dependence on the use of tobacco through smoking?
5. It refers to the pattern of continuous alcohol drinking that
leads to alcohol dependency or addiction.
1. Alcohol is narcotic.
2. The intoxication of an offender is taken into consideration as a mitigating
circumstance when the offer has committed felony in a state of intoxication but not
habitual and not subsequent to commit said felony.
3. The game of “jueteng” is punishable as an act of gambling under Philippine
law.
4. Gambling is a crime of against property.
Page 151 of
5. According to health experts, the withdrawal symptoms of tobacco smoking
usually occur within 4 hours of non-smoking.
1. Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Alcohol is a colorless,

tasteless clear liquid. Its boiling point is:
a. 82.4 degrees Celsius
b. 78.4 degrees Celsius
c. 180 degrees Celsius
d. 88.2 degrees Celsius
2. Alcohol has a pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth,
esophagus and stomach. As to effects, alcohol is a drug classified as:
a. Stimulant
b. Depressant
c. Hypnotic
d. Inhalant
3. The poisonous substance of alcohol which cannot be mixed with alcoholic
beverages but usually used in some industries is:
a. Methyl Alcohol
b. Ethyl Alcohol
c. Brewery
d. Ethylene
4. What kind of alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks?
a. Methyl Alcohol
b. Ethyl Alcohol
c. Brewery
d. Ethylene
5. Spirits are known alcoholic beverages, which contains how may percent of
alcohol?
a. 2 to 6 percent alcohol
b. 10 to 20 percent alcohol
c. 40 to 60 percent alcohol
d. 80 to 90 percent alcohol
6. Champagne and hock are alcohol drinks called wines; Whiskeys are:
a. Beers
b. Spirits
c. Fortified wines
d. Gins
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7. A person who has lost control over the use of alcohol and he assumes alcohol use
is the primary goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interest of
family and society in general is considered as:
a. Alcohol dependent
b. Alcoholic
c. Frequent drinker
d. Irregular drunkard
8. When a person drinks alcoholic drinks as a symbol of success and prestige, the
motive of drinking is:
a. Traditional
b. Social
c. Status
d. Rituals
9. The first general effect of alcohol when taken into the physiological system of the
body is the feeling of well being which is commonly known as:
a. Release of fatigue
b. Euphoria
c. Muscular tension
d. Stomach cramps
10. When more liquor is consumed, the physical body may suffer from complete in
coordination of muscles, stertorous breathing, sleep and coma. We call this alcoholic
effect as:
a. Brain paralysis
b. Respiratory paralysis
c. Stomach cramps
d. Alcoholic allergy
Let’s Analyze
questions:
1. Is gambling addictive? Why?
Page 151 of
2. What are the benefits of quitting smoking?
3. Who are the usual alcohol drinkers? What are their common motives?
4. What are the reasons of controlling gambling?
Page 152 of
5. What are the signs and symptoms of withdrawal in tobacco use?
In a Nutshel
There is increasing evidence that besides volume of alcohol, the of drinking is

relevant for the health outcomes and gambling fever now seems to affect nearly
everyone as more and more country try to legalize various forms of gambling. In this
to the topics presented. I will supply the first three items and you will continue the
rest.
1. Alcohol intoxication may affect drinkers after many years of heavy use, alcohol
contributes to traumatic outcomes that kill or disable at a relatively young age,
resulting in the loss of many years of life due to death or disability.
2. In the case of the smoking vice, tobacco use continues to be one among the
leading causes of deaths. Tobacco had for centuries been used all over the
Page 153 of
world as a way of increasing the enjoyment of life or as an aid in coping with
some of its problem.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Q&A List
1.
2.
Page 154 of
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Alcoholic Allergy Alcohol Investigation Nicotine
Fatal Period Detoxification Carbon Monoxide
Fatal Dose Medical Control Tar
Respiratory Paralysis Alcohol Anonymous Tobacco
Muscular in coordination Social Control Methyl alcohol
Euphoria Traditional Ethyl alcohol
Alcohol Dependent Status Beers
Path of least Resistance Dietary Wines
Alcoholic Social Fortified Wines
Frequent Drinker Shorcut to Adulthood Spirits
Regular Drinkers Ritual Occasional Drinker
Page 155 of

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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

Department of Criminal Justice Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CDI 325 – VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND

Name of Teacher: Besagas, Amethyst Joanne L., RCrim

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Course Coordinator: Amethyst Joanne L. Besagas

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 rd,

If the assessment task is done in real time

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

However, if the late submission of assessment

For group assessment tasks, the course

Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the

Re-marking of You should request in writing addressed to the

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

You can also meet the course coordinator in

For students who have not created their student

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

Let us begin ! Commented [D2]:

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa.Comprehend the nature and history of

1. IMPORTANT TERMINILOGIES IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ABUSE:

2. DRUG ABUSE JARGONS

DRUG/ ALCOHOL ABUSE JARGONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 amats – describing someone high on drugs or alcohol

3.2. There are also two forms of drugs;

 The “self-medication” syndrome is found in users and

The possible outcomes of self-medication are:

How Drug Works?

How Drug are Administered?

Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poison, their

Drugs dangerous effects because of any of the following:

This idea was subscribed to by both Metro Manila Physicians (PNC

Their common agreements on the intelligent use of drugs are

3.9. Some Medical Uses of Drugs

The following are some of the many medical uses of drugs:

 Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain

4. The history of drug abuse

4.1 General history of drug abuse.

• The history of drug abuse is as old human progression, from its

• Historians credited that marijuana (CANNABIS SATIVA) as the

• Knowledge on the opium poppy plant (PAPAVER

• It was in 1806 that a German pharmacist in the name of

• The second attempt of treating opium and morphine addiction

4.2 DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE: A HISTORICAL TIME LINE

Important Dates Situational Description of Events

6000 B.C cannabis seeds were introduced as food

5000 B.C the Sumerians started to use opium.

3500 B.C the Egyptians started productions of

2900 B.C the emperor Fu his (father of chines

2700 B.C the emperor ShenNung (father of chines

1000 Opium is widely used in China and the far

1805 friedrich Wilhelm Adam serturner, a

1841 Dr. Jacques joseph moreau uses hashish

1844 cocaine is isolated in its pure form.

1856 the second opium war. The British with

1912 the first international opium convection