2.column Design

3.
0 DESIGN OF COLUMNS
3.1 Structural forms
Columns are the structural members that are essentially longitudinal or post like in form and
supported at one or both ends.
Loads: Predominant actions are axial load in tension or compression.
Failure modes: The failure mode of column due to compression is in two forms: -
i. Crushing failure that occurs in short column due to material failure
ii. Buckling failure that occurs in slender (long column) due to load eccentricities and
structural instability
3.2 Types of Column

Based on structural stability columns can be classified as short or slender. A short column is the
one that fails without buckling. A slender column fails by buckling.
According to BS 8110 part 1 (Clause 3.8.1.3) a column may be considered short if the slenderness
𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑦
ratios and are less than 10 (for unbraced column) and (15 for braced column). Otherwise it
ℎ 𝑏
should be considered as slender.
Braced column: Is the one which lateral stability is provided by walls etc. otherwise the column is
considered as unbraced (BS 8110 part 1; Clause 3.8.1.5)
3.3 Load Bearing Capacity of Short Column

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Recall; Stress = ===> Force = Stress x Area
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
The total load imposed by a column N is carried by concrete (fc X Ac) and steel (fy x Asc). The
Ultimate Strength of concrete & steel carry ultimate load Nu as follows:
Nu = fc Ac + fsAs ………………………………………………..2.1
Where;
Nu = applied axial force
fc = compressive stress in the concrete
fs = compressive stress in the reinforcement
Ac = cross sectional area of concrete
Asc = cross-sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement
For design purpose and by considering safety factors ϒm = 1.5 for concrete and ϒm =1.15 for steel
0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
fc = = = 0.45fcu
ϒm 1.5
………………………..……2.2
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
fs = = = 0.87fy
ϒm 1.15
Hence
Nd = 0.45fcuAc + 0.87fyAsc…………………………………………….2.3
According to BS 8110 equation 39 columns that support approximate arrangement of beams are
designed by formula:
Nd = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67fyAsc ……………………………………………2.4
3.4 Considerations for design details (BS 8110 part 1: Clauses 3.12.5 and 3.12.6)
❖ Longitudinal bars for column should not be less than 12 mm.
❖ Links diameter should be ≥1/4 x Ø of the largest longitudinal bar diameter and a
maximum link spacing should be ≤ 12 Ø of the smallest bar diameter.
❖ Total area of steel Asc should be not less than 0.4% of total concrete area.
❖ The longitudinal bar area Asc should not exceed 6% of gross cross-sectional area of
concrete for vertically cast columns.
❖ Minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for rectangular, 6 for circular columns
❖ All longitudinal bars should be enclosed by links
Example:
Design an R.C braced column using Concrete Grade 30 and high-tension bars of strength fy = 460
N/mm2. The column carries a characteristic dead load GK = 1000 kN and imposed load QK = 500
kN for a column section 400/400 mm and 4 m high.
Solution;
Step 1: Loading
Nd = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
= 1.4 x 1000 + 1.6 x 500
= 2200 kN
Design load Nd = 2200 kN
Step 2: Check slenderness ratios
The effective height le = 0.85lo = 0.85 x 4 = 3.4 m
𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑦 3.40
= = = 8.5 < 15; Short column.
ℎ 𝑏 0.40
Step 3: Reinforcement
Nd = 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fy Asc
Given;
Nd = 2200 kN
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N /mm2
A = 160,000 mm2
Ac = (A – Asc)
We need to determine Area of reinforcement Asc

Nd = 0.35fcu (A – Asc) + 0.67fy Asc
= 0.35fcuA + (0.67fy − 0.35fcu)Asc
𝑁𝑑 −0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴
Asc =
0.67𝑓𝑦 −0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢
2200 𝑥 103 −0.35 𝑥 30 𝑥 400𝑥 400

= = 1746.72 mm2
0.67 𝑥 460−0.35 𝑥 30
Asc = 1746.72 mm2

From BS 8110 Table 1; Provide 4Y 25 (A = 1960 mm2) or 6Y 20 (A = 1890 mm2)
Rings:
≥ ¼ x diameter of larger bar or 6 mm

¼ x 20 mm = 5 mm
Provide R6 mm
Spacing of rings:
≤ 12Ø, < 12 x 20 = 240 mm
Provide R6 – 200 mm c/c
Check for Minimum and Maximum reinforcement
100𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐
0.4 ≤ ≤6 or 0.4% ≤ ≤ 6%
𝐴 𝐴
100×1960
0.4 ≤ ≤ 6 = 0.4 ≤ 1.2 ≤ 6 OK! The reinforcement is within the accepted range.
400×400
Step 4: Detailing
Example
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for the cross section shown below for N = 1800 kN and l =
3m. Use concrete grade 25 and high-tension bars fy = 460 N/mm2. Assume a braced column.
Solution;
Given;
Nd = 1800 kN
fcu = 25 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
A = 300 x 400 = 120,000 mm2
lo =3m
Design load Nd = 1800 kN
Check slenderness ratios:
𝑙𝑒𝑥 0.85 𝑥 3
= = 6.375 < 15
ℎ 0.4
𝑙𝑒𝑦 0.85 𝑥 3
= = 8.5 < 15 This is short column
𝑏 0.3
Reinforcement:
Nd = 0.35fcu Ac + 0.67fy Asc
Nd = 0.35fcu (A – Asc) + 0.67fy Asc
Nd = 0.35fcuA + (0.67fy − 0.35fcu)Asc
𝑁𝑑 −0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴
Asc =
0.67𝑓𝑦 −0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢
1800 𝑥 103 −0.35 𝑥 25 𝑥 120000

=
0.67 𝑥 460−0.35 𝑥 25
Asc = 2504.6 mm2

From Tables provide;
4Y 25 (1960 mm2) + 2Y 20 (628 mm2) = 2588 mm2
or 6Y 25 (2950 mm2)
or 8Y 20 (2510 mm2)
Rings:
≥ ¼ x diameter of larger bar or 6 mm
¼ x 20 mm = 5 mm
Provide R6 mm
Spacing of rings:
≤ 12Ø, < 12 x 20 = 240 mm
Provide R6 – 200 mm c/c
Check for Minimum and Maximum reinforcement

100𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐
0.4 ≤ ≤6 or 0.4% ≤ ≤ 6%
𝐴 𝐴
100×2950
0.4 ≤ ≤ 6 = 0.4 ≤ 2.46 ≤ 6 OK! The reinforcement is within the accepted range.
300×400
EXERCISE
1. Design a column with size 300 x 300 mm and 3m high, using concrete of strength fcu =
30N/mm2, reinforcement of strength fy = 410 N/mm2. The characteristics dead load is 800
kN and the characteristic imposed load is 350 kN.
2. What is the permissible design load to the carried by a column with the following?
Concrete strength fcu = 30 N/mm2
Reinforcement: high tension bars 4Y 20
Column section 350/350 mm and height 2.5 m
TUTORIAL
1. Given a braced column; Section area 250/250 mm, reinforcements = 20 mm Ø. Concrete
Grade = 25, mild steel reinforcement fy = 250 kN. Find the steel ultimate axial load and links
diameter.
2. A short-braced column has to carry an ultimate axial load of 917.0 kN, column size =
250/250. Find the steel area and links given that Grade 25 concrete and mild steel.
3. Calculate the longitudinal reinforcement for a braced column of cross section of 230 × 230
mm carrying and axial force of magnitude 850 kN, given that grade of concrete 25 and steel
of strength 410 N/mm2.

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3.

3.2 Types of Column

3.3 Load Bearing Capacity of Short Column

We need to determine Area of reinforcement Asc

2200 𝑥 103 −0.35 𝑥 30 𝑥 400𝑥 400

Asc = 1746.72 mm2

≥ ¼ x diameter of larger bar or 6 mm

1800 𝑥 103 −0.35 𝑥 25 𝑥 120000

Asc = 2504.6 mm2

≥ ¼ x diameter of larger bar or 6 mm

Check for Minimum and Maximum reinforcement

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