Chapter 7: Solutions and Colloids

CHAPTER OUTLINE
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 7.4 Solution Concentrations 7.7 Solution Properties
7.2 Solubility 7.5 Solution Preparation 7.8 Colloids
7.3 The Solution Process 7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 7.9 Dialysis

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Classify mixtures as solutions or nonsolutions based on their appearance. (Section 7.1; Exercise 7.4)
2. Demonstrate your understanding of terms related to the solubility of solutes in solution. (Section 7.2;
Exercises 7.6 and 7.12)
3. Predict in a general way the solubilities of solutes in solvents on the basis of molecular polarity.
(Section 7.3; Exercise 7.16)
4. Calculate solution concentrations in units of molarity, weight/weight percent, weight/volume
percent, and volume/volume percent. (Section 7.4; Exercises 7.22 b, 7.30 c, 7.34 a, and 7.38 c)
5. Describe how to prepare solutions of specific concentration using pure solutes and solvent, or
solutions of greater concentration than the one desired. (Section 7.5; Exercises 7.46 and 7.48 b)
6. Do stoichiometric calculations based on solution concentrations. (Section 7.6; Exercise 7.56)
7. Do calculations based on the colligative solution properties of boiling point, freezing point, and
osmotic pressure. (Section 7.7; Exercises 7.64 a & c and 7.74)
8. Describe the characteristics of colloids. (Section 7.8; Exercise 7.82)
9. Describe the process of dialysis, and compare it to the process of osmosis. (Section 7.9; Exercise 7.84)

LECTURE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. The solubility of sugar, cooking oil and rubbing alcohol in water can be demonstrated. The difference
between the terms soluble, insoluble and miscible should be illustrated. Explain the general
statement ʺlike dissolves likeʺ and explain in terms of chemical structure and the attractive forces
between molecules.
2. The Tyndall effect can be demonstrated by passing a narrow beam of light through a solution and
then various colloidal suspensions in a darkened room. The broadening of the beam of light by the
colloidal suspension is easily visualized. Students can conduct similar studies using a flashlight on a
foggy day or a fish tank (clean & dirty).
3. Demonstrate how soap will emulsify a mixture of oil and water and how hard water interferes with
the function of a soap or detergent. A mixture of oil and water is placed in a sealed flask. Upon
shaking an emulsion will form which will settle back to two layers upon standing. The addition of a
few soap shavings will produce a more stable emulsion. The addition of a few pellets of calcium
chloride (hard water) to the water‐oil‐soap mixture will break down the emulsion.

SOLUTIONS FOR THE END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES

PHYSICAL STATES OF SOLUTIONS (SECTION 7.1)
7.1 Solvent Solutes
a. Antiseptic mouthwash: alcohol 25%, thymol, water alcohol, thymol, eucalyptol,
eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, menthol, methyl salicylate, menthol,
benzoic acid, boric acid benzoic acid, boric acid
b. Paregoric: alcohol 45%, opium 0.4% water alcohol, opium

143
144 Chapter 7
c. Baby oil: mineral oil, lanolin (there happens mineral lanolin
to be no water in this solution—why?)* oil
d. Distilled vinegar: acetic acid 5% water acetic acid
* Mineral oil is nonpolar; therefore, polar water will not mix with mineral oil.

7.2 Solvent Solutes

a. Liquid laundry bleach: sodium hypochlorite water sodium hypochlorite
5.25%, inert ingredients 94.75%
b. Rubbing alcohol: isopropyl alcohol 70% isopropyl water
alcohol
c. Hydrogen peroxide: 3% hydrogen peroxide water hydrogen peroxide
d. After‐shave: SD alcohol, water, glycerin, SD water, glycerin, fragrance,
fragrance, menthol, benzophenone‐1, coloring alcohol menthol, benzophenone‐1,
coloring

7.3 Classification Solvent Solutes

a. Maple syrup solution water sugar, other dissolved
components
b. Milk not a solution
(cannot see through it)
c. Eye drops solution water dissolved ions, other
dissolved components
d. Tomato juice not a solution
(cannot see through it)
e. Tap water solution water dissolved ions, other
dissolved components

;7.4 Classification Solvent Solutes

a. Foggy air not a solution
(cannot see through it)
b. Tears solution water sodium chloride, other ions
c. Freshly squeezed not a solution
orange juice (cannot see through it)
d. Strained tea solution water extractions from tea leaves
(color, caffeine, flavor)
e. Creamy hand not a solution
lotion (cannot see through it)

SOLUBILITY (SECTION 7.2)

7.5 a. 25 mL of water and 1 g of salt—the resulting mixture is clear and
colorless. soluble
b. 25 mL of water and 1 g of solid silver chloride—the resulting
mixture is cloudy and solid settles out. insoluble
c. 25 mL of water and 5 mL of mineral oil—the resulting mixture is
cloudy and gradually separates into two layers. immiscible

;7.6 a. 25 mL of cooking oil and 25 mL of vinegar – the resulting mixture is

cloudy and gradually separates into two layers. immiscible
b. 25 mL of water and 10 mL of rubbing alcohol – the resulting
mixture is clear and colorless soluble
 Solutions and Colloids 145
c. 25 mL of chloroform and 1 g of roofing tar – the resulting mixture is
clear but dark brown in color soluble

7.7 Miscible is a term used to describe liquids have unlimited solubility in each other.

7.8 a. A solution to which a small piece of solute is added, and it dissolves. unsaturated
b. A solution to which a small piece of solute is added, and much more
solute comes out of solution. supersaturated
c. The final solution resulting from the process in part (b). saturated

7.9 If 35.8 g of ammonium sulfate were mixed with 100 g of water at 0°C, an unsaturated solution
would form because the solubility of ammonium sulfate with 100 g of water at 0°C is 70.6 g.

7.10 This solution could become supersaturated by slowly lowering the temperature of the
solution or by allowing some of the solvent to evaporate. The solution must be handled very
gently as a supersaturated solution is unstable.

7.11 a. boric acid, H3BO3 (6.35 g at 30°C) soluble

b. calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 (5.35 g at 30°C) soluble
c. antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3 (1.75 x 10‐4 g at 18°C) insoluble
d. copper(II) chloride, CuCl2 (70.6 g at 0°C) very soluble
e. iron(II) bromide, FeBr2 (109 g at 10°C) very soluble

;7.12 a. barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2 (8.7 g at 20°C) soluble

b. aluminum oxide, Al2O3 (9.8 x 10‐5 g at 29°C) insoluble
c. calcium sulfate, CaSO4 (0.21 g at 30°C) slightly soluble
d. manganese chloride, MnCl2 (72.3 g at 25°C) very soluble
e. lead bromide, PbBr2 (0.46 g at 0°C) slightly soluble

THE SOLUTION PROCESS (SECTION 7.3)

7.13 The hydrated ion is surrounded by water molecules. For the Cl‐ ion, the hydrogen atoms in
the water molecule will be oriented toward the Cl‐ ion. A nonhydrated ion is not surrounded
by water molecules. See Figure 7.4 in the text for an example of what the sketch should look
like.

7.14 I would add water to the sample, stir the mixture, and filter out the solid from the
heterogeneous mixture. The barium sulfate is insoluble in water and would be the solid
(residue) from the filtration of the heterogeneous mixture. Barium chloride is very soluble
and would dissolve in the water.

7.15 Ground‐up limestone (CaCO3) is a better choice as a gentle abrasive in some powdered
cleansers than ground‐up soda ash (Na2CO3) because CaCO3 is not soluble in water, while
Na2CO3 is soluble in water. That means that the CaCO3 can act like an abrasive in a paste,
while the Na2CO3 cannot.
146 Chapter 7
;7.16 a. H

C (tetrahedral) soluble in benzene

H
H
H
b. Ne soluble in benzene
c. N
H (triangular‐based pyramid) soluble in water
H
H
d. F

(flat triangle) soluble in benzene

B
F F

7.17 a. H S
soluble in water
H
b. HCl soluble in water
c. O O
soluble in water
H H
d. N≡N soluble in benzene

7.18 F F
This molecule is mostly nonpolar and grease is nonpolar. Like
Cl C C Cl dissolves like; therefore, Freon‐114 will dissolve grease.

F F

7.19 A solid would dissolve faster (1) at a higher temperature; (2) if the solid were crushed into
smaller particles; or (3) if the solution were stirred.

SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS (SECTION 7.4)

7.20 a. 1.50 L of solution contains 0.294 mol of solute 0.294 mol
= 0.196 M
1.50 L
b. 200 mL of solution contains 0.151 mol of solute 200 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) = 0.200 L
moles 0.151 mol
M= ⇒ = 0.755 M
L 0.200 L
or
0.151 mol
= 0.755 M
200 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
c. 0.335 mol of solute is put into a container and
enough distilled water is added to give 500 mL of
500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) = 0.500 L
moles 0.335 mol
solution M= ⇒ = 0.670 M
L 0.500 L
or
0.335 mol
= 0.670 M
500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
 Solutions and Colloids 147

7.21 a. 2.00 L of solution that contains 0.860 mol of solute 0.860 mol
= 0.430 M
2.00 L
b. 500 mL of solution that contains 0.304 mol of solute 500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) = 0.500 L
moles 0.304 mol
M= ⇒ = 0.608 M
L 0.500 L
or
0.304 mol
= 0.608 M
500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
c. 0.115 mol of solute is put into a container and
enough distilled water is added to give 250 mL of
250 mL ( 1L
1000 mL ) = 0.250 L
moles 0.115 mol
solution M= ⇒ = 0.460 M
L 0.250 L
or
0.115 mol
= 0.460 M
250 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
7.22 a. A sample of solid NaOH weighing 4.00 g is put in
enough distilled water to give 100 mL of solution.
4.00 g (
) = 0.100 mol
1 mole
40.0 g

100 mL ( ) = 0.100 L
1L
1000 mL

mole 0.100 mol

M= ⇒ = 1.00 M
L 0.100 L
or
4.00 g( 1 mole
40.0 g ) = 1.00 M
100 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL

; b. A 20.2 g sample of solid CuCl2 is dissolved in

enough water to give 1.00 L of solution.
20.2 g ( 1 mole
135 g ) = 0.150 moles
moles 0.150 mol
M= ⇒ = 0.150 M
L 1.00 L
or
20.2 g ( 1 mole
135 g ) = 0.150 M
1.00 L

c. A 10.0‐mL sample of solution is evaporated to

dryness and leaves 0.51 g of solid residue that is
0.51 g ( ) = 0.0050 moles
1 mole
101 g

10.0 mL ( ) = 0.0100 L
1L
identified as KNO3. 1000 mL

moles 0.0050 mol

M= ⇒ = 0.50 M
L 0.0100 L
or

(
0.51 g
1 mole
101 g ) = 0.50 M
10.0 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL
148 Chapter 7
7.23 a. A sample of solid Na2SO4 weighing 0.140 g is
dissolved in enough water to make 10.0 mL of
0.140 g (
) = 9.86 × 10 mol
1 mole
142 g
−4

10.0 mL ( ) = 0.0100 L
1L
solution. 1000 mL

mole 9.86 × 10 −4 mol

M= ⇒ = 0.0986 M
L 0.0100 L
or
0.140 g( 1 mole
142 g ) = 0.0986 M
10.0 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL

b. A 4.50‐g sample of glucose (C6H12O6) is

dissolved in enough water to give 150 mL of
4.50 g (
) = 0.0250 moles
1 mole
180 g

150 mL ( ) = 0.150 L
1L
solution. 1000 mL

moles 0.0250 mol

M= ⇒ = 0.167 M
L 0.150 L
or

(
4.50 g
1 mole
180 g ) = 0.167 M
150 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL

c. A 43.5‐g sample of K2SO4 is dissolved in a

quantity of water, and the solution is stirred
2.18 g ( ) = 0.0125287 moles
1 mole
174 g

25.0 mL ( ) = 0.0250 L
1L
well. A 25.0‐mL sample of the resulting 1000 mL

solution is evaporated to dryness and leaves moles 0.0125287 mol

behind 2.18 g of solid K2SO4. M= ⇒ = 0.501 M
L 0.0250 L
or

(
2.18 g
1 mole
174 g ) = 0.501 M
25.0 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL

7.24 a. How many moles of solute are ⎛ 0.225 moles ⎞

contained in 1.50 L of 0.225 M 1.50 L ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.338 moles
⎝ 1L ⎠
solution?
b. How many moles of solute are ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.185 moles ⎞
contained in 200 mL of 0.185 M 200 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0370 moles
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠
solution?
c. How many mL of 0.452 M solution ⎛ 1L ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
contains 0.200 mol of solute? 0.200 mol ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 442 mL
⎝ 0.452 moles ⎠ ⎝ 1 L ⎠

7.25 a. How many moles of solute are ⎛ 0.350 moles ⎞

contained in 1.25 L of a 0.350 M 1.25 L ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.438 moles
⎝ 1L ⎠
solution?
b. How many moles of solute are ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.750 moles ⎞
contained in 200 mL of a 0.750 M 200 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.150 moles
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠
solution?
c. What volume of a 0.415 M solution ⎛ 1L ⎞
contains 0.500 mol of solute? 0.500 mol ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.20 L
⎝ 0.415 moles ⎠
 Solutions and Colloids 149
7.26 a. How many grams of solid ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.550 moles ⎞ ⎛ 74.6 g ⎞
would be left behind if 20.0 20.0 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.821 g
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1L ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole ⎠
mL of 0.550 M KCl solution
was evaporated to dryness?
b. How many liters of 0.315 M HNO3 ⎛ 1L ⎞
solution is needed to provide 0.0410 0.0410 mol ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.130 L
⎝ 0.315 moles ⎠
mol of HNO3?
c. How many mL of 1.21 M ⎛ 1 mole ⎞ ⎛ 1L ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
NH4NO3 solution contains 50.0 g ⎜ 80.0 g ⎟ ⎜ 1.21 moles ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 L ⎟⎟ = 517 mL
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
50.0 g of solute?

7.27 a. How many grams of solid ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.200 moles ⎞⎛ 170 g ⎞

AgNO3 will be needed to 200 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 mole ⎟⎟ = 6.80 g
⎟⎜
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1L ⎠⎝ ⎠
prepare 200 mL of a 0.200 M
solution?
b. How many grams of vitamin ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 1.00 moles ⎞ ⎛ 176 g ⎞
C (C6H8O6) would be 25.0 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.40 g
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole ⎠
contained in 25.0 mL of a
1.00 M solution?
c. How many moles of HCl are ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 6.0 moles ⎞
contained in 250 mL of a 6.0 250 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.5 moles
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1L ⎠
M solution?

7.28 a. 6.5 g of sugar and 100 ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞

mL of water
100 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 100 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
solution mass = 6.5 g sugar + 100 g water = 106.5 g (without SF)
solute mass 6.5 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 6.1%(w / w)
solution mass 106.5 g
or
6.5 g sugar
× 100 = 6.1%(w / w)
6.5 g sugar + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
b. 6.5 g of any solute and ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞
100 mL of water
100 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 100 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
solution mass = 6.5 g solute + 100 g water = 106.5 g (without SF)
solute mass 6.5 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 6.1%(w / w)
solution mass 106.5 g
or
6.5 g solute
× 100 = 6.1%(w / w)
6.5 g solute + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
c. 6.5 g of any solute and 6.5 g solute
× 100 = 6.1%(w / w)
100 g of any solvent 6.5 g solute + 100 g solvent
150 Chapter 7
7.29 a. 7.5 g of table salt and ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞
100 mL of water
100 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 100 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
solution mass = 7.5 g table salt + 100 g water = 107.5 g (without SF)
solute mass 7.5 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 7.0%(w / w)
solution mass 107.5 g
or
7.5 g table salt
× 100 = 7.0%(w / w)
7.5 g table salt + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
b. 7.5 g of any solute ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞
and 100 mL of water
100 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 100 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
solution mass = 7.5 g solute + 100 g water = 107.5 g (without SF)
solute mass 7.5 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 7.0%(w / w)
solution mass 107.5 g
or
7.5 g solute
× 100 = 7.0%(w / w)
7.5 g solute + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
c. 7.5 g of any solute 7.5 g solute
× 100 = 7.0%(w / w)
and 100 g of any 7.5 g solute + 100 g solvent
solvent

7.30 a. 20.0 g of salt is dissolved ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞

in 250 mL of water.
250 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 250 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
solution mass = 20.0 g salt + 250 g water = 270.0 g (without SF)
solute mass 20.0 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 7.41%(w / w)
solution mass 270.0 g
or
20.0 g salt
× 100 = 7.41%(w / w)
20.0 g salt + 250 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
b. 0.100 mol of solid mass solute = 0.100 mol( 180 g
1 mole ) = 18.0 g
glucose (C6H12O6) is
mass of water = 100 mL ( ) = 100 g
1.00 g
dissolved in 100 mL 1 mL

of water. mass of solution = 18.0 g + 100 g = 118.0 g

mass of solute 18.0 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 15.3%(w / w)
mass of solution 118.0 g
or
0.100 mol ( 180 g
1 mole ) × 100 = 15.3%(w / w)
0.100 mol ( 180 g
1 mole ) + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
 Solutions and Colloids 151
; c. 120 g of solid is mass of water = 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL ) = 100 g
dissolved in 100 mL
mass of solution = 120 g solute + 100 g water = 220 g (without SF)
of water.
mass solute 120 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 54.5%(w / w)
mass solution 220 g
or
120 g solute
× 100 = 54.5%(w / w)
120 g solute + 100 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
d. 10.0 mL of
ethyl alcohol
mass of ethyl alcohol = 10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) = 7.89 g
(density = mass of water = 10.0 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL ) = 10.0 g
0.789 g/mL) mass of solution = 7.89 g ethyl alcohol + 10.0 g water = 17.89 g (without SF)
is mixed mass of solute 7.89 g
with 10.0 mL %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 44.1%(w / w)
mass of solution 17.89 g
of water.
or
10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) × 100 = 44.1%(w / w)
10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) + 10.0 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
7.31 a. 5.20 g of ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞
CaCl2 is
125 mL water ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 125 g water
⎝ 1 mL ⎠
dissolved
solution mass = 5.20 g CaCl 2 + 125 g water = 130.20 g (without SF)
in 125 mL
solute mass 5.20 g
of water. %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 3.99%(w / w)
solution mass 130.20 g
or
5.20 g CaCl 2
× 100 = 3.99%(w / w)
5.20 g CaCl 2 + 125 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
b. 0.200 mol
of solid
(
mass solute = 0.200 mol
119 g
1 mole ) = 23.8 g
mass of water = 200 mL ( ) = 200 g
1.00 g
KBr is 1 mL

dissolved mass of solution = 23.8 g + 100 g = 223.8 g

in 200 mL mass of solute 23.8 g
of water. %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 10.6%(w / w)
mass of solution 223.8 g
or
0.200 mol ( 119 g
1 mole ) × 100 = 10.6%(w / w)
0.200 mol ( 119 g
1 mole ) + 200 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
152 Chapter 7
c. 50.0 g of mass of water = 250 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL ) = 250 g
solid is
mass of solution = 50.0 g solute + 250 g water = 300 g
dissolved
mass solute 50.0 g
in 250 mL %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 16.7%(w / w)
of water. mass solution 300 g
or
50.0 g solute
× 100 = 16.7%(w / w)
50.0 g solute + 250 mL water ( 1.00 g
1 mL )
d. 10.0 mL mass of ethyl alcohol = 10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ) = 7.89 g ( 0.789 g
1 mL
of ethyl
mass of ethylene glycol = 10.0 mL ethylene glycol ( ) = 11.1 g 1.11 g
alcohol 1 mL

(density = mass of solution = 7.89 g ethyl alcohol + 11.1 g ethylene glycol = 18.99 g (without SF)
0.789 mass of solute 7.89 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 41.5%(w / w)
g/mL) is mass of solution 18.99 g
mixed or
with 10.0
mL of
10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) × 100 = 41.5%(w / w)
ethylene 10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) + 10.0 mL ethylene glycol ( 1.11 g
1 mL )
glycol
(density
1.11
g/mL).

7.32 a. 20.0 g of solute is

dissolved in enough
mass of solution = 150 mL solution ( 1.20 g
1 mL ) = 180 g
mass of solute 20.0 g
water to give 150 mL of %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 11.1%(w / w)
solution. The density of mass of solution 180 g
the resulting solution is or
1.20 g/mL. 20.0 g solute
× 100 = 11.1%(w / w)
150 mL solution ( 1.20 g
1 mL )
b. A 10.0‐mL solution
sample with a density of
mass of solution = 10.0 mL solution ( 1.10 g
1 mL ) = 11.0 g
mass of solute 1.18 g
1.10 g/mL leaves 1.18 g of %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 10.7%(w / w)
solid residue when mass of solution 11.0 g
evaporated. or
1.18 g solute
× 100 = 10.7%(w / w)
10.0 mL solution ( 1.10 g
1 mL )
c. A 25.0‐g sample of solution on evaporation 1.87 g MgCl 2
× 100 = 7.48%(w / w)
leaves a 1.87 g residue of MgCl2. 25.0 g solution
 Solutions and Colloids 153
7.33 a. 424 g of solute is
dissolved in
mass of solution = 1.00 L solution ( ) ( ) = 1180 g
1 mL
10 −3 L
1.18 g
1 mL

enough water to mass of solute 424 g

%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 35.9%(w / w)
give 1.00 L of mass of solution 1180 g
solution. The or
density of the 424 g solute
× 100 = 35.9%(w / w)
resulting solution
is 1.18 g/mL.
1.00 L solution ( 1 mL
10 −3
L )( 1.18 g
1 mL )
b. A 50.0‐mL solution
sample with a
mass of solution = 50.0 mL solution ( 0.898 g
1 mL ) = 44.9 g
mass of solute 12.6 g
density of 0.898 %(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 28.1%(w / w)
g/mL leaves 12.6 g mass of solution 44.9 g
of solid residue or
when evaporated. 12.6 g solute
× 100 = 28.1%(w / w)
50.0 mL solution ( 0.898 g
1 mL )
c. A 25.0‐g sample of solution on 2.32 g NH 4 Cl
× 100 = 9.28%(w / w)
evaporation leaves a 2.32 g residue 25.0 g solution
of NH4Cl.

7.34 ;a. 200 mL of solution contains 15 mL of 15 mL alcohol

× 100 = 7.5%(v / v)
alcohol. 200 mL solution

b. 200 mL of solution contains 15 mL of any 15 mL solute

× 100 = 7.5%(v / v)
soluble liquid solute. 200 mL solution

c. 8.0 fluid ounces of oil is added to 8.0 fluid ounces oil

× 100
2.0 gallons (256 fluid ounces) of 8.0 fluid ounces oil + 256 fluid ounces gasoline
gasoline. = 3.0%(v / v)

d. A solution of alcohol and water is 85.9 mL alcohol

× 100 = 43.0%(v / v)
separated by distillation. A 200‐mL 200 mL solution
solution sample gives 85.9 mL of alcohol.

7.35 a. 250 mL of solution contains 20 mL of 20 mL alcohol

× 100 = 8.0%(v / v)
acetone. 250 mL solution

b. 250 mL of solution contains 20 mL of any 20 mL solute

× 100 = 8.0%(v / v)
soluble liquid solute. 250 mL solution

c. 1.0 quart of acetic acid is put into a 1.0 quart acetic acid
× 100 = 5%(v / v)
5‐gallon container, and enough ⎛ 4 quarts ⎞
water is added to fill the container. 5 gallons ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 gallon ⎠
154 Chapter 7
d. A solution of acetone and water is 109 mL alcohol
× 100 = 36.3%(v / v)
separated by distillation. A 300‐mL 300 mL solution
solution sample gives 109 mL of acetone.

7.36 ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
( 5.0 L ) ( 0.50% ( v / v ) ) = ( 5.0 L ) ( 0.0050 ) = 0.025 L ⎜⎜
⎟⎟ = 25 mL
⎝ 1L ⎠
Note: This number may seem small when compared with the volume of a shot of alcohol.
(Typically, 1 shot is 1.5 fl. oz. or 44 mL.) This question assumed that the drink was pure
ethanol and that it was completely absorbed into the bloodstream. These assumptions do not
take into account that most alcoholic beverages are not pure ethanol (many spirits are
approximately 40% alcohol by volume) and that the alcohol is distributed throughout the
body (not just the bloodstream).

7.37 1.8 mg ⎛ 10 −3 g ⎞⎛ 1 mL ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100 = 0.0023%(v / v)
100 mL ⎜⎝ 1 mg ⎟⎜⎠⎝ 0.79 g ⎠

7.38 a. 200 mL of solution contains 8.00g of 8.00 g Na 2 SO 4

× 100 = 4.00%(w / v)
dissolved solid Na2SO4. 200 mL solution

b. 200 mL of solution contains 8.00 g of any 8.00 g solute

× 100 = 4.00%(w / v)
dissolved solid solute. 200 mL solution

; c. 750 mL of solution contains 58.7 g of 58.7 g solute

× 100 = 7.83%(w / v)
dissolved solid solute. 750 mL solution

7.39 a. 28.0 g of solute is dissolved 28.0 g solute

× 100 = 13.5%(w / v)
in 200 mL of water to give a ⎛ ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1 mL ⎞
⎜ 28.0 g + 200 mL water ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
solution with a density of ⎜
⎝ ⎝ 1 mL ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ 1.10 g ⎠
1.10 g/mL.

b. A 25.0 mL solution sample 0.38 g solute

× 100 = 1.5%(w / v)
on evaporation leaves a 25.0 mL solution
solid residue of 0.38 g.

c. On analysis for total 1.02 g solute

× 100 = 6.80%(w / v)
protein, a blood serum 15.0 mL solution
sample of 15.0 mL is found
to contain 1.02 g of total
protein.

7.40 65 g KBr
× 100 = 39%(w / w)
65 g KBr + 100 g H 2 O

7.41 65 g KBr
× 100 = 46%(w / v)
⎛ 1 mL ⎞
( 65 g KBr + 100 g H2 O ) ⎜ 1.18 g ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 Solutions and Colloids 155
SOLUTION PREPARATION (SECTION 7.5)
7.42 a. ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.250 moles Na 2 SO4 ⎞ ⎛ 142.1 g Na 2 SO4 ⎞
100 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.55 g Na 2 SO 4
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L solution ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole Na 2 SO 4 ⎠
I would weigh 3.55 g Na2SO4 and add it to a 100 mL volumetric flask. I would add
enough water to dissolve the Na2SO4, then add water up to the mark on the volumetric
flask, cap, and shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.

b. ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.100 moles Zn(NO 3 )2 ⎞⎛ 189 g Zn(NO 3 )2 ⎞

500 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 mole Zn(NO ) ⎟⎟ = 9.45 g Zn(NO 3 )2
⎟⎜
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L solution ⎠⎝ 3 2 ⎠

I would weigh 9.45 g Zn(NO3)2 and add it to a 500 mL volumetric flask. I would add
enough water to dissolve the Zn(NO3)2, then add water up to the mark on the volumetric
flask, cap, and shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.

c. 250 g × 2.50%(w / w) = 250 g × 0.0250 = 6.25 g NaCl

250 g − 6.25 g = 243.75 g H 2 O ( 1 mL
1.00 g H2 O ) = 243.75 mL H O ≈ 244 mL H O
2 2

I would weigh 6.25 g NaCl and add it to a 400 mL Erlenmeyer flask. I would measure
244 mL of water and add enough of it to the Erlenmeyer flask to dissolve the salt, then I
would add the rest of the water and swirl the flask to ensure that the solution is
homogeneous.

d. 100 mL × 0.55%(w / v) = 0.55 g KCl

I would add 0.55 g KCl to a 100 mL volumetric flask. I would add enough water to
dissolve the KCl, then dilute the mixture to the mark on the volumetric flask. I would
then cap the flask and shake it to ensure the solution is homogeneous.

7.43 a. ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 2.00 moles NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 40.0 g NaOH ⎞

500 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 40.0 g NaOH
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L solution ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole NaOH ⎠
I would weigh 40.0 g NaOH and add it to a 500 mL volumetric flask. I would add
enough water to dissolve the NaOH, then add water up to the mark on the volumetric
flask, cap, and shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.

b. ⎛ 40.0 mL alcohol ⎞
250 mL solution ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 100 mL alcohol
⎝ 100 mL solution ⎠
I would pipette 100 mL of alcohol and add it to a 250 mL volumetric flask. I would add
water up to the mark on the volumetric flask, cap, and shake to ensure the solution is
homogeneous.

c. ⎛ 10.0 g glycerol ⎞
100 mL solution ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10.0 g glycerol
⎝ 100 mL solution ⎠
⎛ 10.0 g glycerol ⎞⎛ 1 mL glycerol ⎞
100 mL solution ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 7.94 mL glycerol
⎝ 100 mL solution ⎠⎝ 1.26 g glycerol ⎠
I would either weigh 10.0 g glycerol on a balance or pipette 7.94 mL glycerol into a 100
mL volumetric flask. I would add water up to the mark on the volumetric flask, cap, and
shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.
156 Chapter 7
d. ⎛ 1 g solution ⎞ ⎛ 0.89 g NaCl ⎞
100 mL solution ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.89 g NaCl
⎝ 1 mL solution ⎠ ⎝ 100 g solution ⎠
(Note: The assumption made in the calculation is that the density of the 0.89%(w/w)
solution is approximately 1 g/mL.)
I would add 0.89 g NaCl to a 250 mL beaker. I would add enough water to make
approximately 100 mL of solution. I would stir the mixture to dissolve the NaCl and
ensure the solution is homogeneous.

7.44 mass of solution = 15.0 g ethyl alcohol + 45.0 g water = 60.0 g

mass of solute 15.0 g
%(w / w) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 25.0%(w / w)
mass of solution 60.0 g
or
15.0 g ethyl alcohol
× 100 = 25.0%(w / w)
15.0 g ethyl alcohol + 45.0 g water
mass of solution 60.0g
volume of solution = ⇒ g
= 63.025 mL (without SF)
density of solution 0.952 mL
mass of solute 15.0 g
%(w / v) = × 100 ⇒ × 100 = 23.8%(w / v)
volume of solution 63.025 mL
or
15.0 g ethyl alcohol
× 100 = 23.8%(w / v)
(15.0 g ethyl alcohol + 45.0 g water ) ( 0.952
1 mL
g)

7.45 a. ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.400 moles NaI ⎞

50.0 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0200 moles NaI
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L solution ⎠

b. ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.720 moles KBr ⎞⎛ 119 g KBr ⎞

120 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10.3 g KBr
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L solution ⎠⎝ 1 mole KBr ⎠

c. 20.0 mL × 1.20%(w / v) = 20.0 mL × 0.0120 = 0.240 g

d. 250 mL × 20.0%(v / v) = 250 mL × 0.200 = 50.0 mL

;7.46 a. ⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 2.50 moles Li 2 CO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 73.9 g Li 2 CO 3 ⎞

500 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 92.4 g Li 2 CO3
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L solution ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole Li 2 CO 3 ⎠

b. ⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 6.00 moles NH 3 ⎞
100 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.600 moles NH 3
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L solution ⎠

c. 200 mL × 10.8%(v / v) = 200 mL × 0.108 = 21.6 mL

d. 20.0 mL × 3.15%(w / v) = 20.0 mL × 0.0315 = 0.630 g CaCl 2

7.47 a. ( 0.500 M )( 200 mL ) = ( 6.00 M ) ( Vc )

Vc = 16.7 mL
 Solutions and Colloids 157
I would add 150 mL of water to a 200 mL volumetric flask, then add 16.7 mL of 6.0 M HCl
to the flask, let it cool, and dilute to the mark with water. (Always add acid to water, not
the reverse!)

b. ( 2.00 M )( 50 mL ) = ( 6.00 M ) ( Vc )
Vc = 16.7 mL
I would add 30 mL of water to a 50 mL volumetric flask, then add 16.7 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4
to the flask, let it cool, and dilute to the mark with water. (Always add acid to water, not
the reverse!)

c. ( 0.89% ( w / v ) ) (100 mL ) = ( 5.0% ( w / v ) ) ( Vc )

Vc = 17.8 mL
I would add 17.8 mL of 5.0%(w/v) NaCl to a 100 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the
mark with water. I would be sure to shake well.

d. ( 5.0% ( v / v ) ) ( 250 mL ) = ( 20.5% ( v / v ) ) ( Vc )

Vc = 61 mL
I would add 61 mL of 20.5%(v/v) acetone to a 250 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the
mark with water. I would be sure to shake well.

7.48 a. ( 6.00 M )( 5.00 L ) = (18.0 M ) ( Vc )

Vc = 1.67 L
I would add 3.00 L of water to a 5.00 L volumetric flask, then add 1.67 L of 18.0 M H2SO4
to the flask, let it cool, and dilute to the mark with water. (Always add acid to water, not
the reverse!)

;b. ( 0.500 M )( 250 mL ) = ( 3.00 M ) ( Vc )

Vc = 41.7 mL
I would add 41.7 mL of 3.00 M CaCl2 to a 250 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the mark
with water. I would be sure to shake well.

c. (1.50% ( w / v ) ) ( 200 mL ) = (10.0% ( w / v ) ) ( Vc )

Vc = 30.0 mL
I would add 30.0 mL of 10.0%(w/v) KBr to a 200 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the
mark with water. I would be sure to shake well.

d. (10.0% ( v / v ) ) ( 500 mL ) = ( 50.0% ( v / v ) ) ( Vc )

Vc = 100 mL
I would add 100 mL of 50.0%(v/v) alcohol to a 500 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the
mark with water. I would be sure to shake well.

7.49 a. 50.0 mL ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = ( 50.0 mL ) ( Cd )

Cd = 0.206 M
b. 120 mL ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = (120 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0858 M
158 Chapter 7
c. 1.50 L ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = (1.50 L ) ( 10001 LmL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.00687 M
d. 475 mL ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = ( 475 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0217 M

7.50 a. 1.50 L ( 50.0 mL )( 0.195 M ) = (1.50 L ) ( 10001 LmL ) ( Cd )

Cd = 0.00650 M
b. 200 mL ( 50.0 mL )( 0.195 M ) = ( 200 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0488 M
c. 500 mL ( 50.0 mL )( 0.195 M ) = ( 500 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0195 M
d. 700 mL ( 50.0 mL )( 0.195 M ) = ( 700 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0139 M

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY (SECTION 7.6)

7.51 HCl (aq) + NaOH (s) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞⎛ 1 mole HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 L HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL HCl ⎞
20.0 g NaOH ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 mole NaOH ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 6.00 moles HCl ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 40.0 g NaOH ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠
= 83.3 mL HCl

7.52 Na2CO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 1.25 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole Na 2 CO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 106 g Na 2 CO3 ⎞
250 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 moles HCl ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 moles Na CO ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ 2 3 ⎠

= 16.6 g Na 2 CO 3

7.53 NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
⎛ 1 mole NaHCO 3 ⎞⎛ 1 mole HCl ⎞⎛ 1 L HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL HCl ⎞
10.5 g NaHCO 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 mole NaHCO ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 0.250 moles HCl ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 84.0 g NaHCO 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠
= 500 mL HCl

7.54 NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl (s)

⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.200 moles NaCl ⎞⎛ 1 mole AgNO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 L AgNO3 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
25.0 mL NaCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 mole NaCl ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L NaCl ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0.250 moles ⎠ ⎝ 1 L AgNO3 ⎠
= 20.0 mL AgNO 3

7.55 2 AgNO3 (aq) + Na2S (aq) → Ag2S (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.150 moles AgNO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole Na 2 S ⎞ ⎛ 1 L Na 2 S ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
35.0 mL AgNO3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L AgNO 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 moles AgNO 3 ⎠ ⎝ 0.115 moles ⎠ ⎝ 1 L Na 2 S ⎠
= 22.8 mL Na 2 S
 Solutions and Colloids 159
;7.56 2 NH3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.109 moles H 2 SO 4 ⎞⎛ 2 moles NH 3 ⎞⎛ 1 L NH 3 ⎞⎛ 1000 mL NH 3 ⎞
30.5 mL H 2 SO 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 mole H SO ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 0.150 moles NH ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 L NH ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L H 2 SO 4 ⎠⎝ 2 4 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
= 44.3 mL NH 3

7.57 3 NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.210 moles H 3 PO 4 ⎞ ⎛ 3 moles NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1 L NaOH ⎞⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
25.0 mL H 3 PO 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 L ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L H 3 PO4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole H 3 PO 4 ⎠ ⎝ 0.124 moles NaOH ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 127 mL NaOH

7.58 NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.210 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole NaOH ⎞⎛ 1 L NaOH ⎞⎛ 1000 mL NaOH ⎞
25.0 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 1 mole HCl ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ 0.124 moles NaOH ⎠⎝ 1 L NaOH ⎠
= 42.3 mL NaOH

7.59 2 NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.210 moles H 2 SO 4 ⎞⎛ 2 moles NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1 L NaOH ⎞ ⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
25.0 mL H 2 SO 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L H 2 SO 4 ⎠⎝ 1 mole H2 SO4 ⎠ ⎝ 0.124 moles NaOH ⎠⎝ 1 L ⎠
= 84.7 mL NaOH

7.60 CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CO2 (g) + CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.10 moles HCl ⎞⎛ 1 mole CaCO 3 ⎞ ⎛ 100 g CaCO 3 ⎞
250 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 2 moles HCl ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole CaCO3 ⎠
= 1.25 g CaCO3 ≈ 1.3 g CaCO 3

7.61 Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.10 moles HCl ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole Mg(OH)2 ⎞ ⎛ 58.3 g Mg(OH)2 ⎞
250 mL HCl ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠ ⎝ 2 moles HCl ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole Mg(OH)2 ⎠
= 0.73 g Mg(OH)2

SOLUTION PROPERTIES (SECTION 7.7)

7.62 As solutes are added to a solvent, the freezing point of the solution is depressed when
compared to the freezing point of the pure solvent. The ice cream mixture contains several
solutes dissolved in water and the freezing point is less than the freezing point of water. By
adding salt to the ice and water, the freezing point of this solution is also decreased. This
allows the ice cream mixture to transfer heat to the salt and ice water mixture, and eventually,
freeze. Ice by itself will not work because its temperature is above the freezing point of the ice
cream.

7.63 The boiling point of an aqueous solution is higher than that of pure water. The freezing point
of an aqueous solution is lower than that of pure water. Thus, the ethylene glycol‐water
solution prevents radiator freezing and radiator boiling, because the freezing point is lower
than pure water and its boiling point is higher than pure water.
160 Chapter 7
7.64 ;a. KCl, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + ( 2 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.50 M) = 101.6°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 2 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (1.50 M) = − 5.58°C
b. glycerol, a nonelectrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + ( 1) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.50 M) = 100.78°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 1) ( 1.86 °MC ) (1.50 M) = − 2.79°C

;c. (NH4)2SO4, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

= 100.00°C + ( 3 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.50 M) = 102.3°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 3 ) ( 1.86 °MC ) (1.50 M) = − 8.37°C

d. Al(NO3)3, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

= 100.00°C + ( 4 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.50 M) = 103.1°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 4 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (1.50 M) = − 11.2°C

7.65 a. KBr, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

= 100.00°C + ( 2 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.25 M) = 101.3°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 2 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (1.25 M) = − 4.65°C
b. ethylene glycol, a nonelectrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + ( 1) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.25 M) = 100.65°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 1) ( 1.86 °MC ) (1.25 M) = − 2.33°C

c. (NH4)2CO3, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

= 100.00°C + ( 3 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.25 M) = 102.0°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 3 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (1.25 M) = − 6.98°C

d. Al2(SO4)3, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

= 100.00°C + ( 5 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (1.25 M) = 103.3°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 5 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (1.25 M) = − 11.6°C

7.66 a. A 0.50 M solution of urea, a BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

nonelectrolyte = 100.00°C + ( 1) ( 0.52 °MC ) (0.50 M) = 100.26°C
 Solutions and Colloids 161
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 1) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (0.50 M) = − 0.93°C

b. A 0.250 M solution of CaCl2, a BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M

strong electrolyte = 100.00°C + ( 3 ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (0.250 M) = 100.39°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = n K f M
= 0.00°C − ( 3 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (0.250 M) = − 1.40°C

c. A solution containing 100 g of ⎛ 1 mole C2 H6 O2 ⎞

ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) per 250 100 g C 2 H6 O 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 62.08 g C 2 H6 O 2 ⎠ = 6.44329896907 M
mL of solution
⎛ 1L ⎞
250 mL ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠
BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + ( 1) ( 0.52 °MC ) (6.44329896907 M)
= 103.35°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 1) ( 1.86 °MC ) (6.44329896907 M)
= − 12.0°C

7.67 a. A solution containing 50.0 g of ⎛ 1 mole H 2 SO 4 ⎞

H2SO4, a strong electrolyte (both 50.0 g H 2 SO 4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 98.1 g H 2 SO 4 ⎠ = 2.03873598 M
Hs dissociate), per 250 mL
⎛ 1L ⎞
250 mL ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠
BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + 3 ( 0.52 °MC ) (2.03873598 M)
= 103.18°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 0.00°C − ( 3 ) ( 1.86 °C
M ) (2.03873598 M)
= − 11.4°C

b. A solution containing 200 g of ⎛ 1 mole C12 H 22 O11 ⎞

table sugar (C12H22O11), a 200 g C12 H 22 O11 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 342 g C12 H 22 O11 ⎠ = 2.33918 M
nonelectrolyte, per 250 mL
⎛ 1L ⎞
250 mL ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠
BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 100.00°C + ( 1) ( 0.52 °MC ) (2.33918 M)
= 101.22°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = n K f M
= 0.00°C − ( 1) ( 1.86 °MC ) (2.33918 M)
= − 4.35°C
162 Chapter 7
c. A solution containing 75.0 g of ⎛ 1 mole C8 H16 O 2 ⎞
octanoic acid (C8H16O2), a 75.0 g C8 H16 O 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 144 g C8 H16 O 2 ⎠ = 2.0833 M
nonelectrolyte, in enough bezene
⎛ 1L ⎞
to give 250 mL of solution 250 mL ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠
BPsolution = BPsolvent + Δtb Δtb = nKb M
= 80.1°C + ( 1) ( 2.53 °MC ) (2.0833 M)
= 85.4°C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
= 5.5°C − ( 1) ( 4.90 °C
M ) (2.0833 M)
= − 4.7°C

7.68 a. A 0.15 M solution of glycerol, a osmolarity = nM = ( 1) ( 0.15 M ) = 0.15 osmol

L
nonelectrolyte
b. A 0.15 M solution of (NH4)2SO4, a strong osmolarity = nM = ( 3 ) ( 0.15 M ) = 0.45 osmol
L
electrolyte
c. A solution containing ⎛ ⎛ 1 mole LiCl ⎞ ⎞
25.3 g of LiCl (a strong ⎜ 25.3 g LiCl ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎝ 42.4 g LiCl ⎠ ⎟ = 1.19
electrolyte) per liter osmolarity = nM = ( 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
osmol
L
1L
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

7.69 a. A 0.25 M solution osmolarity = nM = ( 2 ) ( 0.25 M ) = 0.50 osmol

L
of KCl, a strong
electrolyte
b. A solution ⎛ ⎛ 1 mole CH 4 N 2 O ⎞ ⎞
containing 15.0 g ⎜ 15.0 g CH4 N 2 O ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎝ 60.0 g CH4 N 2 O ⎠ ⎟
of urea (CH4N2O), osmolarity = nM = ( 1) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.500
osmol
⎛ 1L ⎞
L

a nonelectrolyte, ⎜ 500 mL ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
per 500 mL ⎝ ⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎠
c. A solution ⎛ ⎛ 1.11 g ⎞ ⎛ 1 mole C2 H6 O2 ⎞⎞
containing 50.0 ⎜ 50.0 mL ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎝ 1 mL ⎠ ⎝ 62.1 g C2 H6 O 2 ⎠ ⎟ = 3.57
mL of ethylene osmolarity = nM = ( 1) ⎜ ⎟
osmol
⎛ 1L ⎞
L

glycol (C2H6O2), a ⎜ 250 mL ⎜ ⎟ ⎟

⎜ ⎟
nonelectrolyte ⎝ ⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎠
with a density of
1.11 g/mL, per
250 mL

7.70 Π = nMRT = ( 0.250 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 6.12 atm

L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= ( 0.250 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.65 × 10 torr
moles L⋅atm 3
L ⎜ 1 atm
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= ( 0.250 moles
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.65 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ 1 atm ⎠
 Solutions and Colloids 163
7.71 Π = nMRT = ( 3 ) ( 0.125 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 9.17 atm
L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= ( 3 ) ( 0.125 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.97 × 10 torr
L ⋅atm 3
⎜
moles
L
⎝ 1 atm ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= ( 3 ) ( 0.125 moles
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L ⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.97 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.72 Π = nMRT = 3 ( 0.200 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 14.7 atm

L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 3 ( 0.200 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.12 × 10 torr
moles L⋅atm 4
L ⎜ 1 atm
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 3 ( 0.200 moles
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.12 × 10 mmHg
4

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.73 Π = nMRT = 1 ( 0.300 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 7.34 atm

L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 1 ( 0.300 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 5.58 × 10 torr
L⋅atm 3

⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 1 ( 0.300 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 5.58 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ ⎠

;7.74 (
35.0g
1 mole
60.0 g ) = 5.83333 M
100 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL

Π = nMRT = 1 ( 5.83333 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 143 atm

L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 1 ( 5.83333 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 1.08 × 10 torr
L⋅atm 5

⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 1 ( 5.83333 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 1.08 × 10 mmHg
5

⎝ ⎠

7.75 1.20 mole

= 0.800 M
1500 mL ( 1L
1000 mL )
Π = nMRT = 3 ( 0.800 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 58.7 atm
L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 3 ( 0.800 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 4.46 × 10 torr
L⋅atm 4

⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 3 ( 0.800 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 4.46 × 10 mmHg
4

⎝ ⎠

7.76 The solvent is assumed to be water.

FPsolution = FPsolvent − Δt f Δt f = nK f M
−0.35°C = 0.00°C − nM ( 1.86 °MC )
nM = 0.188172 M
164 Chapter 7
Π = nMRT = ( 0.188172 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 4.6 atm
L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= ( 0.188172 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.5 × 10 torr
L⋅atm 3
⎜
moles
L
⎝ 1 atm ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= ( 0.188172 moles
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.5 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.77 Δtb = nKb M

0.19°C = ( n ) ( 0.52 °MC ) (0.122 M)
n=3
Π = nMRT = 3 ( 0.122 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 8.95 atm
L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 3 ( 0.122 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.81 × 10 torr
moles L⋅atm 3
L ⎜ 1 atm
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 3 ( 0.122 moles
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.81 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.78 ⎛ 5.30 g NaCl 1 mole NaCl ⎞

nM = 2 ⎜
58.5 g NaCl (
⎟ + 2⎜ )
⎛ 8.20 g KCl 1 mole KCl ⎞
74.6 g KCl (
⎟ = 0.534714 ) osmol
⎜
⎝
1L
750 mL 1000 mL ( ⎟
⎠
⎜
⎝ ) 1L
750 mL 1000 mL ⎟
⎠ ( ) L

Π = nMRT = ( 0.534714 L )( 0.0821 mol⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 13.1 atm

osmol L⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= ( 0.534714 )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 9.94 × 10 torr
osmol L ⋅atm 3
L ⎜ 1 atm
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= ( 0.534714 osmol
L )( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L ⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 9.94 × 10 mmHg
3

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.79 ⎛ 245.0 g C 2 H6 O 2 162.1

⎜ (
mole C H O
gC H O
⎞ 2
2
6

⎟ = 3.945 M
6
2
2
)
⎜ 1L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Π = nMRT = 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 96.5 atm
L ⋅atm

⎛ 760 torr ⎞
= 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟ = 7.34 × 10 torr
L⋅atm 4

⎝ ⎠
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞
= 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) ⎜
L⋅atm
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 7.34 × 10 mmHg
4

⎝ 1 atm ⎠

7.80 The water will flow from the 5.00% sugar solution into the 10.0% sugar solution because the
5.00% sugar solution contains more solvent (water) than the 10.0% sugar solution does. The
10.0% sugar solution will become diluted as osmosis takes place. Allowed enough time, the
two solutions will eventually have the same concentration.

COLLOIDS (SECTIONS 7.8)

7.81 A dispersing medium is similar to the solvent of a solution. A dispersed phase is similar to
the solute of a solution. A colloidal emulsifying agent is used to reduce the size of dispersed
phase particles, making a more stable colloid.
 Solutions and Colloids 165
;7.82 Detergents or soaps are needed if water is to be used as a solvent for cleaning clothes and
dishes because oil and grease are nonpolar substances that will repel water alone. The
detergent or soap molecules have both polar and nonpolar regions; therefore, the oil and
grease can be dissolved by the nonpolar portion of the detergent or soap molecules, which
form a micelle around the oil or grease. The outer portion of the micelle consists of the
outward‐facing polar portions of the soap molecules, which are attracted to the polar water
molecules; therefore, the entire micelle becomes suspended in the water and can be washed
away.

DIALYSIS (SECTIONS 7.9)

7.83 With osmosis, pore size is smaller than other small molecules so only water would migrate
into the bag. With dialysis, pore size is larger than the other small molecules so both the
water and the other small molecules would migrate out of the bag.

;7.84 a. The hydrated sodium and chloride ions will pass through the dialyzing membrane, but
the starch (colloid) will not.
b. The urea will pass through the dialyzing membrane because it is a small organic
molecule, but the starch (colloid) will not.
c. The hydrated potassium and chloride ions as well as the glucose molecules will pass
through the dialyzing membrane, but the albumin (colloid) will not.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
7.85 When 5.0 mL of water is mixed with 5.0 mL of rubbing alcohol, the total volume is 9.7 mL, not
10.0 mL, because volumes are not additive. In this case, a viable explanation is that there is a
large attraction between the molecules, causing them to be pulled closer together, which
reduces the total volume. The spaces between the particles in the final solution are smaller
than in the individual liquids before mixing takes place.

7.86 7.00 g sodium chloride

7.00%(w / v) = × 100
100 mL solution
volume solution = volume of water
⎛ 1.00 g ⎞
7.00 g NaCl + 100 mL H2 O ⎜ ⎟
Density =
mass solution
= ⎝ 1 mL ⎠ = 1.07 g
mL
volume of solution 100 mL

7.87 If ethylene glycol is added until the concentration is 70% (v/v), the freezing point will increase
since ethylene glycol is now the solvent and the solution is now approximately a 30% (v/v)
water in ethylene glycol solution. The minimum freezing point for an ethylene glycol‐water
solution occurs at the 50% (v/v) concentration. All other concentration ratios will have a
higher freezing point.

7.88 Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

⎛ 1 mole Zn ⎞ ⎛ 2 moles HCl ⎞⎛ 1 L HCl ⎞⎛ 1000 mL HCl ⎞
0.500 g Zn ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10.2 mL HCl
⎝ 65.4 g Zn ⎠ ⎝ 1 mole Zn ⎠⎝ 1.50 moles HCl ⎠⎝ 1 L HCl ⎠

7.89 Ethyl alcohol has a higher vapor pressure than water. When a 50% (v/v) solution of water
and ethyl alcohol is brought to a boil and the first vapors given off are collected and
166 Chapter 7
condensed to a liquid, the percentage of alcohol in the condensed liquid will be greater than
the percentage of alcohol in the original 50% solution because the alcohol has a higher vapor
pressure; therefore, more of the alcohol would vaporize at the boiling point. One would
expect a higher percentage of alcohol to be in the vapor and subsequent condensed liquid.

ALLIED HEALTH EXAM CONNECTION

7.90 If salt is added to water, (a) the boiling point will increase and the freezing point will
decrease.

7.91 A cell is in a solution in which the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than
outside the cell. The cell will likely (a) swell up and possibly burst.

7.92 If a semipermeable membrane is placed between two different concentrations of a NaCl

solution, then (c) the solvent will move toward the higher concentration of solute.

7.93 Given a sample of C6H12O6 (aq), (d) glucose is the solute and water is the solvent.

7.94 (b) NH3 is a nonelectrolyte when dissolved in water.

7.95 An example of a strong electrolyte is (b) calcium chloride.

7.96 A solution that contains all the solute it can normally dissolve at a given temperature must be
(c) saturated.

7.97 Oil and water are immiscible (do not mix) because (b) oil is nonpolar and water is polar.

7.98 Cells that contain more dissolved salts and sugars than the surrounding solution are called (b)
hypertonic.

7.99 To make a 250 mL of a 0.200 M NaOH solution, (c) 2.00g of NaOH would be needed.
⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.200 moles NaOH ⎞⎛ 40.00 g NaOH ⎞
250 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 mole NaOH ⎟⎟ = 2.00 g NaOH
⎟⎜
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠⎝ ⎠

7.100 Ice can be melted most effectively by (b) calcium chloride if 1 mole is used.

7.101 To make 30 mL of a 1.2 M solution, (b) 2 mL of 12 M sulfuric acid should be put into a
graduated cylinder.
⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 1.2 moles ⎞⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
20 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.0 mL
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠⎝ 12 moles ⎠⎝ 1 L ⎠

7.102 (b) 25 g of sugar are needed to make 500 mL of a 5% (weight/volume) solution of sugar.
⎛ 5 g sugar ⎞
500 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 25 g sugar
⎝ 100 mL solution ⎠

7.103 As water is evaporated from a solution, the concentration of the solute in the solution will (a)
increase.

7.104 In a dilute solution of sodium chloride in water, the sodium chloride is the (b) solute.
 Solutions and Colloids 167
7.105 If a salt solution has a molarity of 1.5 M, then (c) 3.0 moles of salt are present in 2.0 L of the
solution.
⎛ 1.5 moles ⎞
2.0 L ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.0 moles
⎝ 1L ⎠

7.106 If 58.5 g of NaCl (1 mole of NaCl) are dissolved in enough water to make 0.500 L of solution,
the molarity of this solution is (a) 2.0 M.
1 mole
= 2.0 M
0.500 L

7.107 To prepare 100 mL of a 0.20 M NaCl solution from a stock solution of 1.00 M NaCl, one
should mix (a) 20 mL of stock solution with 80 mL of water.
⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛ 0.2 moles ⎞ ⎛ 1L ⎞⎛ 1000 mL ⎞
100 mL ⎜⎜
1000 mL
⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1 L
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
1.00 moles ⎟⎜ 1 L ⎟⎟ = 20 mL
⎟⎜
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

7.108 If a 2.0 M solution is diluted to 0.5 M, and the final volume is 100 mL, the original volume was
(d) 25 mL.
Cc Vc = Cd Vd
( 2.0 M ) Vc = ( 0.5 M )(100 mL )
Vc = 25 mL

7.109 The number of moles of NaCl in 250 mL of a 0.300 M solution of NaCl is (a) 0.0750.
⎛ 1 L ⎞ ⎛ 0.300 moles ⎞
250 mL ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0750 moles
⎝ 1000 mL ⎠ ⎝ 1L ⎠

7.110 The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 29.2 g of NaCl in water is (a) 0.5 M.
29.2 g NaCl ( 1 mole NaCl
58.4 g NaCl ) = 0.5 M NaCl
1 L solution

7.111 If a red blood cell is placed in sea water, it will be in a (c) hypertonic solution.

7.112 When placed in distilled water, a human red blood cell (d) swells to a larger size.

7.113 The movement of substances from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration is called (c)
active transport.

7.114 The primary intermolecular interactions between a K cation and H2O molecules are (c) ion‐
dipole interactions.

7.115 (c) Density is not a colligative property of solutions.

CHEMISTRY FOR THOUGHT

7.116 Dialysis tubing is not submerged in pure water because more water would flow into the
blood, while more of the solutes would flow out of the dialysis tubing than desired. The
dialyzing membranes allow both solvent (water) molecules and small solute (Na+, Cl‐, K+,
‐
HCO3 , and glucose) ions and molecules to flow through the membrane. Passing the tubing
168 Chapter 7
through a bath that contains a small amount of sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate
ions as well as glucose, allows the blood to be cleaned without stripping it of too many of the
needed ions and small molecules in the blood.

7.117 The terms saturated and supersaturated cannot be used to describe solutions made of liquids
that are soluble in all proportions because the solubility does not have a limit that can be
reached or exceeded.

7.118 Fish sometimes die when the temperature of the water in which they live increases because
the solubility of salts increases and the solubility of gases (like oxygen) decrease with an
increase in temperature. If the concentration of the salts in the water becomes too high or the
concentration of gases becomes too low, the fish are unable to survive.

7.119 As water evaporates from the salt water, the solution becomes saturated. Continuing
evaporation causes salt to crystallize out of the solution, which coats the object with salt
crystals.

7.120 Sugar dissolves faster in hot tea than in iced tea. The solubility of sugar is higher in hot tea
than in iced tea (see Figure 7.3).

7.121 Initially, the two liquids are at the same level. The vapor pressure of the water is higher than
that of the solution. There will be a net evaporation of water from the pure water sample and
a net condensation of water into the solution. The level of the pure water will lower and the
level of the solution will rise. This net evaporation‐condensation will continue until both
solutions are the same concentrations, which means that all of the water will evaporate from
the pure water.

Were this experiment repeated with a 0.20 M copper sulfate solution and a 2.0 M copper
sulfate solution, then initially, the two solutions are at the same level. The vapor pressure of
the dilute solution is higher than that of the concentrated solution. There will be a net
evaporation of water from the dilute solution and a net condensation of water into the more
concentrated solution. The level of the dilute solution will lower and the level of the
concentrated solution will rise. This net evaporation‐condensation will continue until both
solutions are the same concentrations.

Initial Appearance Appearance after

0.20 M CuSO4 on left, Some Time
2.0 M CuSO4 on right 0.20 M CuSO4 on left,
2.0 M CuSO4 on right

7.122 Strips of fresh meat can be dried by coating them with table salt and then exposing them to air
because the salt will draw out the water from the meat (the concentration of salt on the
surface of the meat is greater than the concentration of salt inside the meat; therefore, the
water will flow by osmosis out of the meat into the salt layer) and then the water will
evaporate from the salt layer (assuming the meat is being dried in an environment that is not
 Solutions and Colloids 169
too humid or a closed container in which equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases
will be established), leaving the meat dry.

EXAM QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A solution is made by dissolving a small amount of salt in a beaker of water. The water is referred to
as the:
a. precipitate. b. filtrate. c. solvent. d. solute.
Answer: C

2. Which of the following statements relating to a solution is NOT correct?

a. A solution may contain more than one solute.
b. A solution may contain only one solute.
c. Water is always the solvent in a solution.
d. More than one correct response given.
Answer: C

3. Suppose a solution contains 200 grams of water and 15 grams of sugar. Which of the following
statements is true?
a. Sugar would be classified as the solvent.
b. Water would be classified as the solvent.
c. Either component could be classified as the solvent.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: B

4. Which of the following pairs can produce a homogeneous mixture?

a. water and sand c. vinegar and glucose
b. oil and vinegar d. calcium carbonate and water
Answer: C

5. A salt sample is placed into some water and nearly all of it dissolves without heating. The resulting
solution is:
a. saturated. c. unsaturated.
b. supersaturated. d. canʹt tell from the data given
Answer: A

6. A solution is produced in which water is the solvent and there are four solutes. Which of the solutes
can dissolve better if the solution is heated?
a. oxygen c. argon
b. sodium bicarbonate d. more than one correct response is given
Answer: B

7. A 100 mL sample of a saturated CaSO4 solution is evaporated to dryness. The water solvent all
evaporates and leaves behind a solid residue of CaSO4 that weighs 0.23 g. The CaSO4 would be
classified as:
a. insoluble in water. c. soluble in water.
b. slightly soluble in water. d. very soluble in water.
Answer: B
170 Chapter 7
8. You want to remove as much CO2 gas as possible from a water solution. Which of the following
treatments would be most effective?
a. cool the solution c. boil the solution
b. filter the solution d. aerate the solution
Answer: C

9. When will carbon dioxide in a carbonated soft drink dissolve best?

a. after shaking the container c. after cooling the container
b. after heating the container d. after releasing the pressure
Answer: C

10. Iodine, I2, is very slightly soluble in water, a polar solvent, but quite soluble in toluene, a nonpolar
solvent. What can be inferred about the nature of the I2 molecule?
a. It is ionic. c. It is nonpolar.
b. It is polar. d. Nothing can be inferred
Answer: C

11. Which compound is most soluble in water?

a. silver nitrate c. silver carbonate
b. silver chloride d. all are of equal solubility
Answer: A

12. When solid NaOH is dissolved in water, the solution becomes hot. The solution process is:
a. exothermic. c. neither exothermic nor endothermic.
b. endothermic. d. canʹt be classified
Answer: A

13. As NH4NO3 dissolves in water, the resulting solution becomes colder. Which of the following
expressions is most correct?

a. NH4NO3→NH + NO + heat c. NH4NO3→NH + NO

b. heat + NH4NO3→NH + NO d. NH4NO3 + heat→NH + NO + heat

Answer: B

14. A solution is made by dissolving 5.85 grams of NaCl in enough distilled water to give a final volume
of 1.00 L. What is the molarity of the solution?
a. 0.100 b. 1.00 c. 0.0250 d. 0.400
Answer: A

15. How many moles of Na2CO3 would be needed to react with 750 mL of 0.250 M H2SO4 solution?
Na2CO3 + H2SO4→Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
a. 3.00 × 103 b. 0.333 c. 1.33 d. 0.188
Answer: D

16. What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.325 moles of solute in 250 mL of solution?
a. 1.30 × 10‐3 b. 1.30 c. 0.769 d. 8.13 × 10‐2

Answer: B
 Solutions and Colloids 171
17. A solution is made by combining 4.00 g of sugar and 100 mL of water (density = 1.00 g/mL). What is
the concentration in % (w/w)?
a. 26.0 b. 4.00 c. 0.0400 d. 3.85
Answer: D

18. What volume of a 10.00% (w/v) solution of sugar is needed to provide 2.00 g of sugar?
a. 0.200 liter b. 1.00 mL c. 20.0 mL d. 5.00 mL
Answer: C

19. A solution is made by dissolving 15.0 mL of oil in enough gasoline to give 50.0 mL of solution. What
is the % (v/v) of oil in the solution?
a. 30.0 b. 23.1 c. 42.9 d. 3.33
Answer: A

20. How many grams of solid KCl are needed to prepare 250 mL of 0.235 M solution?
a. 9.32 b. 31.3 c. 15.6 d. 4.38
Answer: D

21. How many mL of 6.00 M HCl are needed to prepare 1500 mL of 0.200 M HCl solution?
a. 1.80 104 b. 125 c. 2.00 × 10‐3 d. 50.0
Answer: D

22. Calculate the number of moles of ZnCl2 in 100 mL of 0.300 M solution.

a. 3.00 × 10‐2 b. 0.300 c. 30.0 d. 3.00
Answer: A

23. A solution is prepared by adding 25.0 mL of 1.30 M AlCl3 solution to a flask, and then adding enough
water to give a final volume of 200.0 mL. What is the molarity of the solution?
a. 0.260 b. 0.163 c. 6.50 d. 1.24
Answer: B

24. An isotonic salt solution is 0.90% (w/w) NaCl in water. How many grams of NaCl are contained in
1.00 kg of such a solution?
a. 0.090 b. 0.90 c. 9.0 d. 90
Answer: C

25. What volume of ethyl alcohol is contained in 35 mL (1 oz.) of 86 proof liquor, which is 43% (v/v)
alcohol?
a. 30 mL b. 43 mL c. 15 mL d. 37 mL
Answer: C

26. The boiling point of a solution of sugar water is:

a. higher than that of pure solvent. c. lower than that of pure solvent.
b. the same as that of pure solvent. d. impossible to determine.
Answer: A
172 Chapter 7
27. The vapor pressure of a pure solvent is:
a. higher than that of a solution. c. the same as that of a solution.
b. impossible to determine. d. lower than that of a solution.
Answer: A

28. If two solutions with concentrations of 2% sugar and 4% sugar, respectively, are separated by a
semipermeable membrane. During osmosis, there is a net flow of:
a. sugar molecules from the 4% to the 2% solution.
b. sugar molecules from the 2% to the 4% solution.
c. water molecules from the 4% to the 2% solution.
d. water molecules from the 2% to the 4% solution.
Answer: D

29. Compared to pure water, a salt water solution will have a:

a. lower vapor pressure, freezing point and boiling point.
b. higher vapor pressure, freezing point and boiling point.
c. lower vapor pressure and freezing point and a higher boiling point.
d. higher freezing point and a lower vapor pressure and boiling point.
Answer: C

30. A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.66 g of KCl in enough distilled water to give 250 mL of
solution. KCl is a strong electrolyte. How will the freezing point of the solution be different from that
of pure water? Note: Kf for water is 1.86˚C/M.
a. The solution will be 0.930˚C lower than water.
b. The solution will be 0.475˚C lower than pure water.
c. The solution will be 0.930˚C higher than pure water.
d. The solution will be 0.475˚C higher than pure water.
Answer: A

31. What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.050 M solution of AlCl3 in water that is at 0.00˚C? Consider AlCl3
to be a strong electrolyte.
a. 8.5 × 102 torr b. 1.1 atm c. 2.2 atm d. 3.4 × 103 torr
Answer: D

32. Which of the following pairs correctly represent similar functions for a solution component and a
colloid component?
a. solvent/dispersed phase c. solvent/dispersion medium
b. solute/dispersion medium d. more than one response is correct
Answer: C

33. In the colloid known as mayonnaise, the dispersed phase is:

a. a gas. b. a liquid. c. a solid. d. unknown.
Answer: B
 Solutions and Colloids 173
34. Which of the following tend to stabilize colloids and prevent suspended particles from settling?
a. presence of emulsifying agents
b. absorption of charges by colloid particles
c. absence of ionic salts
d. more than one response is correct
Answer: D

35. Which of the following pass through both osmotic and dialysis membranes?
a. solvent molecules
b. large molecules
c. small molecules that are larger than solvent molecules
d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A

36. A 0.9% NaCl (w/w) solution in water is:

a. produced by mixing 0.9 moles of NaCl in a 100 moles of water.
b. produced and has the same final volume as a 0.9% (w/w) ethyl alcohol‐water solution.
c. a solution that boils at or above 100˚C.
d. all of these responses are correct
Answer: C

37. Changes in boiling point, freezing point, and vapor pressure are:
a. the same for 2 M NaCl as they are for 2 M CaCl2.
b. the same for 50 mL of 2 M NaCl as they are for 250 mL of 1 M NaCl.
c. the same for 75 mL of 2 M NaCl as they are for 50 mL of 2 M NaOH.
d. the same at 1 atm as at 1.55 atm.
Answer: C

38. The spores from many molds produce an allergic reaction in many individuals. If mold spores in the
air were to be considered a colloid, which technique would remove the spores best from a functioning
air conditioner duct?
a. Place a filter made from woven fiberglass fibers in the duct.
b. Install an electrical device with both positive and negative poles.
c. Install an ultraviolet light producing device in the duct.
d. All of these responses work to the same extent.
Answer: B

39. What is the underlying principle involved in dialysis?

a. Mixtures are homogenous.
b. Osmosis is due to a difference in solution concentrations.
c. Pressure is applied to the blood squeezing out the impurities.
d. An electrical potential separates the blood from the impurities.
Answer: B

40. You have a patient who is suffering from the “bends”, what gas is in excess in the blood?
a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. helium d. all of these
Answer: A
174 Chapter 7
41. Express the following concentration of solution in terms of molarity: 3.00 L of solution contains 1.75
mol of solute.
a. 5.25 M c. 1.71 M
b. 0.583 M d. too little information to know
Answer: B

42. Which of the following is not considered a colligative property?

a. vapor pressure b. boiling point c. conductivity d. freezing point
Answer: C

43. Which of the following would be considered a strong electrolyte?

a. salt c. acetic acid
b. sugar d. all of the above
Answer: A

44. The ability to see the scattering of light when passed through a colloid is known as:
a. the dispersing effect. c. an emulsifying agent.
b. a scattering ratio. d. the Tyndall effect.

Answer: D
45. An ion in solution that is surrounded by water is a(n) ________ ion.
a. hydrated c. saturated
b. osmotic d. colloid
Answer: A

46. A colligative property:

a. will only occur for aqueous solutions.
b. depends only on the number of species added to a solution.
c. results from increasing vapor pressure as a solute is added to a solvent.
d. All of the above.
Answer: B

47. One test to determine if a mixture is a true solution or a colloid is ______,

a. physical state of the mixture c. light scattering
b. boiling point elevation d. color
Answer: C

TRUE‐FALSE
1. Polar substances tend to dissolve in non‐polar solvents.
Answer: F

2. All ionic compounds are soluble in water.

Answer: F

3. Attractive forces between solute and solvent molecules are an important factor in solution formation.
Answer: T

4. Oil should be a good solvent for polar compounds.

Answer: F
 Solutions and Colloids 175
5. Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in non‐polar solvents.
Answer: T

6. Rock candy (large table sugar crystals) can be produced by allowing a hot, saturated solution of sugar
in water to cool off.
Answer: T

7. The solubility of a substance can be measured in grams substance dissolved per liter of water. This is
the same as expressing solubility in moles per liter.
Answer: F

8. The more soluble a substance is, the faster it will dissolve.

Answer: F

9. Weight/volume percentage solutions must be made in 100 mL increments.

Answer: F

10. There is a 12 M aqueous HCl solution in the stock room, but a 6 M solution is required for an
experiment. Doubling the volume of a 12 M sample with water will produce a 6 M solution.
Answer: T

11. Light scattering is an effective way to distinguish between true solutions and colloidal dispersions.
Answer: T

12. Colloids can be stabilized by emulsifying agents.

Answer: T

13. Colloids are considered to be homogenous mixtures.

Answer: T

14. A mixture of sand and water would be an example of a colloidal suspension.

Answer: F

15. Putting a celery stick in distilled water results in the uptake of water by the celery.
Answer: T

16. Solvents and hydrated ions can usually pass though dialyzing membranes
Answer: T

17. Dialysis can be used to separate solutions from colloids.

Answer: T

18. Dialysis and osmosis are used for the same purposes.
Answer: F

19. The solubility of gases in water increases with increasing temperature.

Answer: F

20. Emulsifying agents are also known as stabilizing agents.

Answer: T