Module 1.

1
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
STS
The idea of science revolution claimed to have started in the
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe

Science is old as the world itself.

There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where

science began.

From genesis of time science has existed.

It always interwoven with the society.

HOW CAN SCIENCE BE DEFINE

Science as an Idea It includes ideas, theories, and all

Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of
available systematic explanations
human beings, transformation of the society, and in the
and
formulation of scientific ideas.
observations about the natural and
physical world.
 It significantly improved the conduct of scientific
Science as an It encompasses a systematic and investigations, experiments, and observations.
intellectual activity practical study of the
natural and physical world.  The scientific revolution also led to the creation of
new research fields in science and prompted the
This process of study involves establishment of a strong foundation for modern
systematic observation and science.
experimentation.
 In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the
Science as a body of It is a subject or a discipline, a field natural world and the world of ideas.
knowledge of study, or a body of
knowledge that deals with the SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR
process of learning about the REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
natural and physical world.
To further understand what exactly happened during the
Science as a This explains that science is both scientific revolution, it is important to examine the different
personal and social knowledge and individuals whose ideas have shaken and contested the
activity activities done by human beings to dominant theories and ideas during this period-the truths of
develop better understanding of the their time.
world around them.
Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their
It is a means to improve life and to curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the
survive in life. physical and natural world. Their love for science is
driven by their deep passion to know and to discover.
It is interwoven with people’s lives.

Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment

when the developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed
the views of society about nature.

Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity.

NAME 1
They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things.  He created a method called psychoanalysis to study
people's inner thoughts, which had a big impact on
Some scientists were never appreciated during their science.
times, some were sentenced to death, while others
were condemned by the Church during their time. This method helped understand the human mind and mental
illnesses.
In spite of all the predicaments and challenges they
experienced, they never stopped experimenting, Freud wasn't a usual thinker. He used psychoanalysis to
theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas. understand issues that medicine couldn't at the time.

In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists are  His approach focused on topics like human sexuality
discussed. and the darker aspects of human nature, which was
challenging for many.
 For sure, there were many scientists who worked
before and after these individuals.  Some found his ideas difficult to accept, especially his
explanations of human sexuality.
 However, it is important to note that these men,
particularly through their ideas, had shaken the world. Freud's influence goes beyond psychology.

He affected art, literature, philosophy, politics, and therapy.

Charles Darwin
Sigmund Freud People might debate if he was more of a psychologist or
Nicolaus Copernicus scientist, but his ideas still inspire the scientific study of
human behavior and mind.
(NICOLAUS COPERNICUS)
(CHARLES DARWIN)
Nicolaus Copernicus was a significant figure during the
Renaissance, especially in the field of science. He challenged Charles Darwin is known for his theory
ancient beliefs about the universe that had remained of evolution, which changed how we
unchanged for centuries. understand the world's creation and
development.
Copernicus didn't conduct extensive
observations or experiments like He came from a smart and wealthy
modern scientists. Instead, he used family.
"thought experiments" to develop
his ideas.  Even though he struggled in some subjects, his
curiosity for nature grew during his time at
 He was inspired by a book Shrewsbury School.
by Johannes Müeller that
discussed observations of He explored, collected specimens, and read a lot. Later, he
the heavens. went on a significant voyage to Galapagos Islands.

By 1510, Copernicus had developed a model of the universe. In 1859, Darwin published a book called "The Origin of
In his view, the Sun was at the center, and the Earth and other Species." This book is very important in science.
planets orbited around it.
 He collected a lot of proof to show how species
 This was a big shift from the earlier belief that change over time, with different traits and
everything revolved around the Earth. adjustments.

In 1543, Copernicus published his book "On the Revolutions  His observations weren't just about animals and
of the Heavenly Spheres," which marked the start of the plants; he applied them to humans too.
scientific revolution.
He wrote "The Descent of Man," which caused arguments as
 His model explained the motion of planets and their it suggested that humans, like all life, developed through
orbits around the Sun. He organized the planets by evolution instead of being specially created by God.
their distance from the Sun, determining the length of
their orbits CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

However, Copernicus faced challenges. His model  Mesoamerica

conflicted with the prevailing beliefs of the time and was
seen as heretical by the Catholic Church. Despite this, his  Asia
ideas paved the way for modern astronomy and a new
understanding of the universe.  Middle East

(SIGMUND FREUD)  Africa

Sigmund Freud is a famous person in psychology. He was also

a skilled communicator who raised awareness about DEVELOPMENT OF
psychological matters. SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA

NAME 2
 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
Mesoamerica covers Central America from Southern Mexico to prepare them for planting season;
South America's border.
5. the first suspension bridge;
 Before Europeans came, this region was full of culture
and knowledge. 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret; and artistic
MAYA CIVILIZATION
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized
The Maya civilization, lasting about 2,000 years, is famous. achievements.
They were experts in astronomy, using it in their temples.
AZTEC CEVILIZATION
 For example, Chichén Itzá's pyramid in Mexico aligns
with the Sun during equinoxes. Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also
made substantial contributions to science and technology and
Mayans were ahead in astronomy, predicting eclipses and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the
using astrology for farming. They used two complex calendars following:
for planning, rituals, and celebrations.
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education;
Mayans also excelled in growing crops and building cities. that is why their children are mandated to get education
They created hydraulic systems to provide water to various regardless
communities, using simple tools. of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of
universal or inclusive education.
Furthermore, they used various tools and adapt themselves to
innovations especially in the field of arts. 2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate
during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as
 The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made
devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a it as part of their tribute to their gods.
mineral called mica.
3.Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of
They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms
rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
patent in 1844.
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural
The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas
advanced societies in Mesoamerica. and surrounded by canals.

 They are also famous as one of the world's first 5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities,
civilizations to use a writing system known as the rituals, and planting season.
Mayan hieroglyphics.
6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for
 They were also skilled in mathematics and created a traveling in water systems.
number system based on the numeral 20.

 Moreover, they independently developed the concept

of zero and positional value, even before the Romans
did.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

INCA CIVILIZATION
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of
many ancient civilizations.
The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas
 It is a host to many cultural, economic,
made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as
scientific, and political activities of all ages.
an old civilization. The following were scientific ideas and tools
that they developed to help them in everyday life:
In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great
civilizations have stood out:
1. roads paved with stones;
 India Civilization
2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
 China Civilization
disasters;
 Middle East civilizations.
3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their
These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their
crops to grow in all types of land;
contributions to the development of knowledge during their
time.

NAME 3
INDIA  Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the
Chinese civilization were compass, paper making,
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water gunpowder, and printing tools that became known in
and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. the West only by the end of the Middle Ages.

The Indians creatively developed various ideas and  They also invented other tools like iron plough,
technologies useful in their everyday lives. wheelbarrow and propeller, among others.

1. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical  They also developed a design of different models of
works. bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and
developed a dry dock facility.
 Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held
with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. 3. Chinese also made significant records and supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
2. India is famous in medicine. recorded and preserved to better understand the heavenly
bodies and their effects on our world.
 Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still 4. Chinese are also known in seismology.
practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
 This made them more prepared in times of
3. Ancient India is also notable in the field of natural calamities
astronomy.

 They developed theories and the configuration of

the universe, the spherical self -supporting Earth and
the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days
each.

4. Ancient India is also known for their mathematics.

 The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the

Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley
Civilization.

 The people of this civilization, tried to standardized

measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-
Daro ruler.

5. Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, in

his Aryabhatiya introduced a number of trigonometric
functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

Middle East Countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims.

With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a

CHINA period of Muslim scholarship or what is called the Golden Age
of Islam lasted until the 13th century.
China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial
contributions in many areas of life like medicine,  The common language of Arabic, access to Greek
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and texts from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity
music, among others. to India were contributory to intellectualization
of the Muslims and provided their scholars
Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its knowledge to create innovations and develop new
neighboring countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, ideas.
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that
belong to the old Silk Road. Contributions

1. Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of 1. Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics,
centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of
light.
 They discovered various medical properties and uses
of different plants and animals to cure human illness. 2. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to
concept the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-
 An example is the practice of acupuncture. jabr¸the beginning of the title of one of his publications.

2. In terms of technology, Chinese are known to develop many  What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System
tools. originally came from India but Muslim mathematicians

NAME 4
 did make several refinements to the number system,
such as the introduction of decimal point notation.  They invented metal tools used in their homes, in
agriculture, and in building their magnificent
3. Jabir ibn Hayyan – considered to be the Father of architectures.
Chemistry.
5. Mathematics was also known to be prominent in
4. Ibn Sina – pioneered the science of experimental medicine the life of early people in the African continent.
and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.
 The Lebomo Bone from the mountains between
 His most notable works in medicine, “the Book of Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a
Healing” and the “Canon of Medicine”, were used as tool for multiplication, division, and simple
standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar
in Europe during the 17th century. calendar, is considered to be the oldest known
mathematical artifact dated from 35, 000 BCE/
 Among his many contributions are the discovery of
the contagious nature of infectious disease and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science

also emerged in this part of the planet long before the
Europeans colonized it.

 The history of science and mathematics show that

similar to other ancient civilizations, the early
civilizations in Africa are knowledge procedures too.

Contributions

1. The Ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed

immensely and made significant advances in the fields of
astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.

 For example, the development of geometry was a

product of necessity to preserve the layout and
ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along
the Nile River.

2. Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is

known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.

 They tried to study human anatomy and

pharmacology, and applied important components
such as examination, diagnosis, treatment and
prognosis for the treatment of the diseases.

 These components displayed strong parallels to

the basic empirical method of studying science

3. Astronomy was also famous in African region.

 for instance, documents show that Africans used

three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar or
combination of the three.

4. Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during

the ancient times.

NAME 5