Catalogue of Promising Policy Solutions

PROMISING
PRACTICES FOR
GENDER EQUALITY
A catalogue of practical solutions learned
from the COVID-19 global response
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FOREWORD
Achim Steiner Sima Bahous

Administrator, United Nations Under-Secretary-General
Development Programme (UNDP) and UN Women Executive Director
We are living in a time of unprecedented measures taken by governments to pro-actively

challenges, from a cost-of-living crisis that is prevent and respond to violence against women,
tipping millions of people into poverty to the support their economic security, and reduce and
current climate emergency to violent conflicts at redistribute unpaid care work. For example, the
their highest levels since 1945. Such cascading Pakistan Ehsaas programme combined cash
global crises have highlighted and exacerbated transfers with a financial inclusion approach,
existing gender inequalities and rolled back benefitting 4.5 million women. This is amongst
hard-won progress on women’s rights. We see the promising policy measures extracted from
this in disrupted progress towards the targets of the UNDP-UN Women COVID-19 Global Gender
Sustainable Development Goal 5 and jeopardized Response Tracker, which analysed 5,000 COVID-19
achievement of the 2030 Agenda as a whole. measures taken in 226 countries and territories.
Remarkably, of these measures analysed, only
In this pressing context, there is a need for political
1,605 of them were identified as gender sensitive.
leadership and a comprehensive set of policy
reforms to dismantle systemic barriers to gender This new publication is a companion to the 2022 UN
equality.1 It will require all of us to challenge Women-UNDP report, Government responses to
structural discrimination and harmful social norms COVID-19: Lessons on gender equality for a world in
whilst advancing bold new ideas to create a more turmoil, which highlighted a range of illuminating
equal world that responds to the rights and needs findings, including the fact that countries with
of women and girls. That is the objective behind robust public services and gender-responsive
this publication by the United Nations Development social protection systems were in a better position
Programme (UNDP) and UN Women. It highlights a to respond to COVID-19. In sum, the evidence here
catalogue of 37 practical and innovative gender- presented urges governments to boost gender-
responsive solutions learned from the global responsive policy making in quieter times to ensure
response to the COVID-19 pandemic. That includes adequate coverage and support for all during
Promising Practices for Gender Equality: A catalogue of practical solutions learned from the COVID-19 global response 3
emergencies. It is now imperative for countries and free from violence for everyone. This is a proven
communities to heed the lessons of this devastating way for countries to be better prepared for the
pandemic to build resilience to future shocks next pandemic and the next crisis. Gender equality
and ensure that gender equality is at the heart remains the most powerful means to tackle the
of future responses to crisis and recovery efforts: scourge of global challenges like poverty and build
everything from ensuring economic security for the foundations for a peaceful, prosperous, and
all to expanding care systems to securing a life sustainable world.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This catalogue was prepared through analysis of the COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker. It is
a joint effort of UNDP and UN Women. Publication of the catalogue took place under the leadership
of Raquel Lagunas, Head of Gender at UNDP. The catalogue was authored by Brianna Howell with
substantive contributions and oversight from Joanna Hill, Tanni Mukhopadhyay, Carolina Rivera-Vazquez,
Aroa Santiago, Silke Staab, and Constanza Tabbush. The catalogue also drew on UNDP and UN Women’s
report Government responses to COVID-19: Lessons on gender equality for a world in turmoil for which
research, coordination and production support were provided by colleagues across UNDP and UN
Women, including Temilola Adeoye, Camila Arza, Maria-Teresa Britos-Rodriguez, Anduriña Espinoza-
Wasil, Daniela de los Santos, Sitara Kumbale, Ihrar Muhammadi, Gergana Tsvetanova, Judith Varona,
Loui Williams and Makeda Leikun Yeshaneh. The catalogue was designed by Rec Design.
The COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker online dashboard is maintained by the UNDP SDG
Integration Team, under supervision of Babatunde Abidoye and Joanna Hill. The dashboard was
developed by Mustafa Saifee with support and design inputs from Temilola Adeoye, Brianna Howell,
Elodie Lordinot, Carolina Rivera-Vazquez and Leona Verdadero.
UNDP and UN Women are grateful to the following colleagues from across the UN system for contributing
their expert insights and comments to the catalogue and data: Marta Alvarez Gonzalez, Carolina
Cornejo, Umutai Dauletova, Esuna Dugarova, Sebastian Essayag, Maria Jose de Leon Pellecer, Ilaria
Mariotti, Guillermina Martin, Koh Miyaoi, Marie Claire Nishimwe, Gaukhar Nursha, Juncal Plazaola
Castano, Cleopatra Phiri-Hurungo, Andrea Quesada Aguilar, Raphaelle Rafin, Daniela de los Santos,
and Rania Tarazi.
UNDP and UN Women are also grateful to the team of UN Online Volunteers who support the Tracker,
with special thanks to those that served as lead research assistants for the catalogue: Carmen Cárdenas
Elvira, Emilie Meyer and Claire Pamerleau.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 7
1.1 Overview 7
1.2 Methodology 8
1.3 How to use the catalogue 9
2. Summary: What are these practices telling us? 10

3. Promising practices addressing violence against women 12
3.1 Expanding and ensuring justice and service access 13
3.2 Tackling harmful gender social norms 17
4. Promising practices supporting women’s economic security 20

4.1 Supporting basic needs 21
4.2 Promoting a more inclusive labour market 27
4.3 Gender inclusive business support 30
5. Promising practices addressing unpaid care work 32

5.1 Expanding access to unpaid leave 33
5.2 Developing care infrastructure and services 35
Appendix 1 39
Appendix 2 40
Endnotes and references 48
1. INTRODUCTION
This catalogue provides a directory of promising and innovative measures that can support women
and girls during emergency response and recovery. These measures come from the UNDP-UN Women
COVID-19 Global Response Tracker2 which identified 1,605 gender-sensitive measures adopted by
governments in response to the pandemic between March 2020 and August 2021. These measures were
comprehensively analyzed in the report Government responses to COVID-19: Lessons on gender equality
for a world in turmoil. The measures presented here are a selection of promising practices that go beyond
the COVID-19 context. They can provide gender-sensitive policy examples for the ongoing socio-economic
recovery and can support policymaking in future crises to help build more gender-equitable societies in
pursuit of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.
1.1 Overview
More than two years since the onset of COVID-19, the pandemic remains one of many large and
overlapping global challenges. Global political volatility, the erosion of democratic norms, armed conflicts
and environmental crises are all exacerbating existing inequalities and rolling back hard-won progress
on gender equality. These challenges compound those made worse by COVID-19, such as increased rates
of violence against women and girls, an economic recession where women lost the bulk of jobs, and the
closure of schools and care services. The last resulted in intensified demands for domestic care work,
which already overwhelmingly falls on women’s shoulders. Further, inequalities among groups of women
— based on race, disability, income, age and other characteristics — have grown.3 Policymaking must now
rise to these challenges, putting women and girls at the centre and ensuring that no one is left behind.
The UNDP-UN Women COVID-19 Global Response Tracker4 analyzes nearly 5,000 pandemic-related
measures adopted by governments across 226 countries and territories between March 2020 and
August 2021. A total of just 1,605 measures in 196 countries and territories qualified as gender-sensitive.5
Over half (853) focused on stepping up action to address violence against women and girls. Measures
to strengthen women’s economic security (526) and support unpaid care work (226) were less common
(Figure 1). Although largely gender blind, the COVID-19 policy response did offer important examples of
policy innovation, diffusion and learning that responded to the needs of women and those left furthest
behind due to intersecting vulnerabilities. Some countries made progress on long-standing priorities
to achieve gender equality, such as extending social protection programmes to informal workers and
enlarging care economy infrastructure.
What good practices in gender-sensitive emergency policymaking can we learn from the COVID-19
response? What measures already taken can be scaled up, adapted and implemented to promote
inclusive recovery and improve future crisis preparedness?
This catalogue sheds light on answers to these questions by documenting select interventions from the
COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker that either prioritized women or girls by design or more
broadly may have had a meaningful impact on their well-being, livelihoods and empowerment.6 These
measures aimed to provide women with stability in uncertain times or to instigate structural changes
in socioeconomic systems or power relations. Highlighting them helps to promote global knowledge-
sharing around innovation to support women and girls during emergency responses and recovery and,
more broadly, to advance gender equality.
FIGURE 1.
Data structure and classification of measures in the COVID-19 Global Gender Response
Tracker and Promising Practices Catalogue
Measures by Gender-sensitive measures Promising

policy category 1,605 practices
Social
198 Address
protection
measures
unpaid care 10
226
2,223
250 28
Labour Target or
prioritize women
market or female-
measures 130 dominated Address
All 876 occupations women’s
measures 380 economic 15
4,968 Business Target security
support female- 526
measures dominated
sectors
1,016 146
Violence Address
against violence
women and against women 10
girls measures and girls
853 853
Source: UN Women and UNDP 2022. Government Responses to COVID-19: Lessons on Gender Equality for a World in Turmoil.
Note: The tracker captures measures in four distinct policy areas: economic and business support, social protection, labour
market, and violence against women and girls. The figure displays the number of measures in each category.
The catalogue documents how different countries and territories took various measures to tackle
particular development challenges, the partnerships that enabled them, and some obstacles that such
practices might encounter. The lessons learned are not exclusive to COVID-19. Promising gender-sensitive
initiatives can be part of ongoing socioeconomic recovery and policymaking to build resilience to future
crises while also helping to shape more gender-equitable societies in pursuit of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. These good practices should now be used to promote further policy learning
and diffusion, expand the evidence base for gender-sensitive policymaking, and create conditions for
such policy innovations to stick and shape a sustainable, transformative, inclusive and gender-just future.
1.2 Methodology
The gender-sensitive practices presented in this catalogue come from a review of all 1,605 gender-sensitive
measures in the COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker. A team of gender specialists examined the
measures for their potentially transformative impact on gender equality through interventions in three
areas: violence against women, women’s economic security or unpaid care work (see Appendix 1:
Methodological note for more details).
It is important to note that policies were assessed based on the quality of their gender-sensitive design
and potential rather than observed impact because evidence to demonstrate results is not yet available
in most cases. Experience from gender programming insights and learning, however, suggests that
these measures hold potential for meeting women’s practical needs as well as strategically advancing
their empowerment during recovery and altering their relationship with existing power structures in the
private and public spheres.
Measures identified here were evaluated on an individual basis rather than part of broader policy
response packages or existing support systems. These should not be viewed as an exhaustive list or
necessarily the most significant gender-sensitive measures taken globally. They should instead be seen
as examples that demonstrate the possibility for gender mainstreaming in crisis response and recovery
across all regions, economic and political contexts, and key development areas.
1.3 How to use the catalogue

This catalogue is a companion to the 2022 UN Women-UNDP report, Government responses to COVID-19:
Lessons on gender equality for a world in turmoil,7 which identified key lessons about the scope and
enablers of a more gender-sensitive pandemic response. This catalogue offers a practical resource for
gender equality policy advocates inside and outside of government, whether they are decision makers
looking for policy examples, civil society organizations seeking to engage with development partners, or
researchers delving into the impact of pandemic policymaking. Highlighted measures provide solutions
that can be replicated and adapted to the needs of individual governments across diverse contexts.
It can strengthen locally relevant dialogues and partnerships for policy change and promote gender
mainstreaming and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
The following sections present the context and key findings in the three areas reviewed in the COVID-19
Global Gender Response Tracker. Short introductions of each gender-sensitive policy area are followed
by summaries of specific government practices, assessments of why each is a promising solution and
potential challenges that might arise from their implementation. This information is proposed as a starting
point for policy dialogue. We hope that policy makers will document the impacts and the challenges faced
on the ground when policies are rolled out and use this to build evidence of effective policy responses.
Readers are encouraged to visit online interactive dashboard for additional examples and view Appendix
2 for further reading on each of the policies highlighted here.
2. SUMMARY: WHAT ARE THESE
PRACTICES TELLING US?
Learning from the COVID-19 policy response and the most promising practices contributing to gender
equality highlighted in this publication shows that:
WE CAN DESIGN POLICIES THAT DRIVE TRUE CHANGE: IT IS A MATTER OF CHOICE.

• Every country can design gender-sensitive policies. Even when facing a crisis and in low-income
countries, we found positive examples of measures that identify and address gender issues and
women’s economic security and recovery.
WHEN CRISES COME, COUNTRIES WITH GENDER EQUALITY CAPACITIES ARE BETTER
PREPARED TO RESPOND.
• All these good practices started with a genuine concern around women´s needs. This concern was
accompanied with the capacities to conduct the necessary assessments and ask relevant questions:
Who are those that will not be reached by regular social protection? How are existing gender
inequalities, like those in the uneven distribution of care, affecting women and men differently? How
can digital technologies help respond to gender-based violence? Only with the capacities to ask and
address the right questions can we reach a well-informed response.
A STRONG NETWORK OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS FACILITATES AN EFFECTIVE

RESPONSE TO CRISIS, AS WELL AS AN EFFECTIVE DELIVERY.
• Half of the promising practices relied on existing civil society networks to implement measures, so
governments that were already in contact with such networks were ready to implement straight away.
In the overall global response, we see that countries with strong civil society participation developed
gender-sensitive measures 5.4 more times than those with weak civic spaces. Adequate support and
funding for civil society organisations is needed, however, as too much reliance on civil society may
lead to overburdening women’s organizations.
INCREMENTAL INNOVATION CAN LEAD TO SHIFTING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

STRUCTURES THAT GENERATE INEQUALITIES.
• Moments of crisis make governments take measures on-the-run, whether these are tested or not.
This blossoming of innovative solutions demonstrated that we can only get different results if we
start applying different solutions. For example, Peru piloted in-home elderly care that enabled non-
institutionalized services to be tested, and led to the consolidation of care systems more responsive
to people’s needs.
FOR ANY POLICY: THINK FUTURE, THINK DIGITAL.

• Many of the measures included digitalization, and some of the most promising solutions aimed
to accelerate the green and digital transition for all, moving towards a better future. For example,
countries like Morocco, Turkey and Argentina included the digitalization of their businesses and
markets, and prioritizing the green transition, as part of women´s economic security and recovery
measures. When cash transfers or payments moved to digital, people relied on phones. Women are
less likely to have a phone, and even when they did, they often did not have control of the money. For
this transition to be inclusive of women, we need to close persistent gender access gaps and eliminate
the digital gender divide.
CARE AT THE CENTER, AS A HUMAN NEED.

• New forms of providing care were tested and proved to be viable. The unpaid care structure that
sustains societies and economies became visible to billions of people. Millions of women had to leave
their employment to carry out care responsibilities. This demonstrated that we cannot take the unpaid
work of women for granted anymore. Some good practices arose: for example, economic support
to unpaid care providers; flexible working arrangements; or massive social norms interventions to
redistribute care within households.
TARGET INDIVIDUALS RATHER THAN HOUSEHOLDS.

• If those benefits are provided at household level, there is no guarantee that women and girls will
benefit. When transfers are provided to households, the income is often controlled by men. When
governments aimed at ensuring economic livelihoods for their citizens, many of them explicitly
prioritized women as individuals, identified the bottlenecks for women to effectively access and use
these funds, and took action to address them.
LINK MEASURES FOR A COORDINATED POLICY RESPONSE.

• Because many of the measures were developed in an emergency situation, they were at first
disconnected from the rest of the activities that other ministries were undertaking. This ran the risk of
being ineffective. For example, launching support to survivors of violence without having the social
protection infrastructure such as centers and personnel to deliver these services, or when cash transfer
programs are not coupled with financial and digital inclusion initiatives, women may not have access
to them. After the first months of the pandemic, some countries developed national action plans for a
more coordinated response, and integrated care, gender-based violence and women’s empowerment
at the center of the economic recovery.
ACCURATE ADMINISTRATIVE DATA IS PARAMOUNT TO WOMEN’S ECONOMIC

SECURITY IN TIMES OF ECONOMIC CRISIS.
• Social registries and other administrative databases proved to be essential to women’s economic
security. Public registries were used to determine the list of beneficiaries of cash transfers, where
women are less likely to be included. Sometimes citizens had to register online to receive the benefits,
making it more difficult for women and excluded groups. Countries with sex disaggregated data on
who has access to what, and institutionalized social registries were in a better position to expand
their reach.
While the measures contained in this volume show that much can be done to respond to an emergency, it is
critical that these are now sustained over time. They underline the importance of combating discriminatory
social norms, fostering political commitment, and strengthening institutional mechanisms for gender
equality in ‘normal times’ to ensure adequate representation during emergency response and recovery.
3. PROMISING PRACTICES ADDRESSING
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Based on demonstrated experiences in prior conflicts and crises, women’s rights organizations across
the world mobilized quickly and effectively in the early days of COVID-19, drawing attention to increasing
rates of violence against women and girls. Economic insecurity, growing inequalities, quarantines and
lockdowns, and limited access to judicial, social, and life-saving services raised the rates of violence
against women while limiting women’s ability to escape and hold perpetrators to account.8 The COVID-19
Global Gender Response Tracker recorded 853 measures taken by 163 countries and territories to tackle
violence against women and girls, an encouraging response.
All types of crises can exacerbate violence against women and girls, such as natural disasters, conflicts, and
economic instability and uncertainty. Holistically addressing the issue in emergency response plans is essential
to limit risks, meet new demands and ensure continued access to services and support, even during difficult
circumstances. It requires the comprehensive integration of diverse measures that may incorporate legal
reform, evidence-based research and data, economic empowerment programmes, and coordinated support
services for survivors across the health, justice, and social service sectors. Robust prevention strategies must
be in place, including work with men and boys to transform longstanding harmful gender norms that enable
or excuse gender-based violence and discriminatory attitudes towards women and girls.9 Special efforts
should be made to ensure service access for people facing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination.
The following section outlines some promising strategies taken during the pandemic to respond to
increased violence against women and girls by addressing harmful gender social norms and expanding
access to justice and services.
FIGURE 2.
Summary of measures targeting violence against women and girls in the COVID-19 Global
Gender Response Tracker
163
COUNTRIES/ 56
53
853
TERRITORIES 52
adopted Continued access to services
Awareness-raising campaigns
MEASURES Data collection and use
to address violence 146
10
546 Integration of VAWG into
against women
COVID-19 response plans
and girls
Other measures
MEASURES
identified as
promising
policies
Source: Author’s elaboration based on the COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker.
Note: VAWG stands for violence against women and girls.
Promising practices addressing violence against women 12

3.1 Expanding and ensuring justice and service access
Gender-based Violence Emergency Response Group

Fiji
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Addressing violence against women and girls in Expanding and ensuring justice and service access
COVID-19 response plans
WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?
DESCRIPTION • Swift action was enabled by activating existing
Fiji, which has one of the highest rates of gender-based emergency networks that had been previously created
violence (GBV) in the world, embraced a comprehensive to address violence against women in other crises,
response to the prospect of increased GBV during the including extreme weather events
pandemic. Extensive and effective activism by women’s • Emergency response group coordinated a
organizations pre-pandemic led to legislative and comprehensive policy response on gender-based
institutional frameworks that enabled rapid response in violence across all critical areas
early 2020. The Ministry of Women, Children and Poverty
• Real-time data collection on gender-based violence
Alleviation, the Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre and UN Women
ensured response was adapted to pandemic demand
played an important coordinating role, including by
convening the GBV Emergency Response Group. This WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
group meets regularly during normal times but scales up Ministry of Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation, the
its efforts during emergencies, historically natural disasters Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre and UN Women, coordinated
and climate events. The group was activated to roll-out through the GBV Emergency Response Group
and adapt support services in the face of the pandemic. As
a result, Fiji registered 14 pandemic-related measures to POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
address violence against women spanning all of the critical • Service provision and programming for gender-based
areas of response. This included actions to strengthen violence relies heavily on donor funding which may
hotlines for survivors, support crisis centers and shelters, constrain long-term sustainability
ensure ongoing justice proceedings for survivors, update
• Traditional gender social norms that enable or excuse
referral pathways for frontline service providers, and collect
gender-based violence require long term and sustained
real-time data on GBV rates to ensure that response could
efforts to change
meet demand.

Expanding legal framework for prosecuting gender-based violence
Canada
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN coordinated approach that will improve the capacity of
Addressing violence against women and girls in organizations that provide support to these populations,
COVID-19 response plans with a specific focus on addressing root causes of violence
in these communities. An additional 539.3 million CAD was
DESCRIPTION committed to continuing these efforts as part of the 2022
The 2021 Federal Budget committed 601.3 million CAD over Federal Budget.
five years to develop a national action plan to end gender-
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
based violence (GBV). The resulting plan features five
comprehensive pillars to respond to gender based violence: Ensuring and expanding access to justice and services
1) supporting survivors and their families; 2) prevention; 3)
responsive justice system; 4) implementing Indigenous-
• Comprehensive plan that addresses both institutional
led approaches; and 5) social infrastructure and enabling
and social issues related to violence against women
environment. Efforts to reach out to underrepresented
and girls
communities are important parts of Pillars 1 and 4. For
DURING THE FIRST 1.5 YEARS OF THE PANDEMIC

example, under Pillar 1, support is provided to enhance the
capacity of organizations that provide support services for
• Recognizes the importance of supporting organizations
working within Indigenous and LGBT+ communities
women, girls, gender non-binary, LGBT+ and two-spirit to identify specific barriers and solutions to gender-
persons (2SLGBTQI+) experiencing violence. The plan
10 based violence
23%
emphasizes the importance of supporting organizations of women said that household conflicts became
WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
that have experience working in these communities more tofrequent
identify specific barriers faced and solutions needed. Women and Gender Equality Canada
48%
Under Pillar 4, the plan recognizes that Indigenous women, of women reported experiencing violence or
POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
knowing
girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people are more likely to experience a woman who has
• Developing long-term and high-trust relationships with
violence, including homicide, than women who are not
part of this community. Thus, the plan commits to working
54%reported feeling more supporting
organizations unsafe walking alone
under-served populations on
at night the ground
with Indigenous-led organizations and coordinating
approaches across the Government to embrace a • Creating sustainable funding support for long-term
planning efforts to tackle gender-based violence
FEMINIST MOBILIZATION WAS CRITICAL IN PROMOTING

MORE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN POLICIES
In the first year of the Countries with
pandemic, women staged STRONG FEMINIST
2,711 PROTESTS
MOVEMENTS adopted on average
3 more MEASURES
ADDRESSING VAWG
to demand action on VAWG
across 100 COUNTRIES than those with weak feminist movements.
Source: Authors’ elaboration, based on ACLED 2021; UNDP and UN Women 2021a; Forester et al. 2020.

Virtual access to justice for survivors
Guatemala
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Police and justice responses to address impunity • Virtual judicial processes through internet and telephone
services enabled continuity in women´s access to
DESCRIPTION
justice for gender-based violence cases and promote
In April 2020, the Supreme Court ordered courts that process interconnections of specialized and localized courts
domestic violence to remain open during the pandemic to
• Virtual hearings make it easier for users to attend, save
ensure access to the judicial system. This decision was made
time and travel costs, avoid contact between parties
in recognition that decreasing reports of gender-based
involved, and strengthen security measures for people
violence (GBV) during the first months of the pandemic
in vulnerable conditions
were likely due to the lack of reporting mechanisms. Several
additional measures were taken to improve access to justice WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
for survivors during the pandemic in the face of widespread Supreme Court of Justice
lockdowns, including the automatic extension of protection
measures, virtual hearings on GBV cases, processing POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
complaints via telephone without the need for physical • Ensuring that survivors of gender-based violence have
presence and the creation of telephone hotlines to receive access to telephone or internet for reporting and access
complaints from children. to justice mechanisms
PROBLEM ADDRESSED • Adapting technological systems may cause resistance

or logistical difficulties amongst users within the courts
Tackling harmful gender social norms
and government bureaucracy
Expanding the legal framework for prosecuting gender-based violence

Liberia

Police and justice responses to address impunity Ensuring and expanding access to justice and services
DESCRIPTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

To respond to increasing gender-based violence (GBV) • Expands legal framework necessary for providing justice
cases during the early stages of the pandemic – and a large to survivors of gender-based violence
feminist social movement raising the issue – the Government
took several measures to reduce the prevalence of GBV and
prosecute perpetrators. As recommended from a national Government of Liberia
roadmap developed by a National Conference made of
relevant stakeholders, the government declared rape
• Legal frameworks and protections must be accompanied
a national emergency, appointed a special prosecutor,
by advocacy campaigns to transform social norms to
created a sex offender registry, and established a national
prevent the acceptance and prevalence of gender-
task force to address the issue. Also included as part of a
based violence
comprehensive response is commitment to end female
genital mutilation, in agreement with traditional leaders.
A budget of 1.7 million EUR was allocated towards these
commitments.

The first government-led crisis center
Kyrgyzstan

Continued functioning and expansion of shelters Ensuring and expanding access to justice and services for
survivors of violence against women and girls
DESCRIPTION
As part of efforts to address rising cases of gender-based WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?
violence during the pandemic, Kyrgyzstan opened the first • Builds new government-led infrastructure to support
government-led crisis center for individuals experiencing survivors of gender-based violence
gender-based violence. The center will provide temporary • Embraces an integrated approach incorporating
shelters for 60 mothers and children along with psychological, psychological, medical, legal services and social
legal and medical assistance. The center also aims to work norms work
with international donors and experts from non-governmental
• Aims to coordinate work with non-governmental
organizations to provide livelihood support to survivors, as
crisis centers
well as improve service access, outreach and efficiency. To
supplement services provided to survivors, the Government WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
is also prioritizing work to transform social norms that Ministry of Health and Social Development
enable gender-based violence and implement correctional
programmes for perpetrators. These efforts complement POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
the comprehensive approach to addressing GBV that • Ensuring effective and efficient cooperation between
the Government took during the pandemic, with policies pre-existing service providers
addressing all critical areas of response such as strengthening
• Meeting demands for service support in less
of hotlines, awareness raising campaigns and data collection.
central locations
Sejiwa Psychiatric Health Services

Indonesia
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Continued provision of psychosocial support • New services for psychosocial support to survivors of
domestic violence increases access to such services
DESCRIPTION
• Recognizes the importance of providing mental health
To ensure access to services for survivors of gender-based
support during the pandemic
violence (GBV), the Ministry of Women Empowerment and
Child Protection worked with partners to adjust protocols for WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
dealing with GBV cases during the pandemic and launched President’s Office and Ministry of Women Empowerment
a new programme to provide additional support. This new and Child Protection, with support from the Integrated
programme, Sejiwa Psychiatric Health Services, aims to Services Center of Women and Children Empowerment
provide psychosocial support to survivors of domestic (P2TP2A) and UN Population Fund
violence, as well as other groups facing threats to their
mental health during the pandemic – specifically women POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
migrant workers, women with disabilities and children • Ensuring support services to people without telephone
requiring special attention. Psychological consultations access
can be conducted through dialing the National COVID-19 • Coupling psychosocial support with financial or in-kind
hotline to connect with volunteer psychologists from the support to ensure basic needs are met
Indonesian Psychology Association.
• Reliance on volunteer psychologists may be unsustainable
PROBLEM ADDRESSED for long-term service provision
Ensuring and expanding access to justice and services
3.2 Tackling harmful gender social norms
National Football League “Men against Violence” campaign

Cabo Verde
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Awareness raising campaigns Tackling harmful gender social norms

The Cabo Verde Institute for Gender Equality and The Blue • Engaged men as crucial allies to transform harmful
Sharks national football team launched a campaign called gender norms and masculinities
“Men against Violence.” The campaign started in the context • Developed as a relatively low-cost intervention with
of the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence potential for a wide-spread impact
but was extended for a year given the increase of violence
that came with the pandemic. The campaign promoted the WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
message from the team captain stating, “We men have the Cabo Verde Institute for Gender Equality (ICIEG) and the
responsibility today and every day to make sure that women Blue Sharks national football team, in partnership with the
are free from any violence, not denied the right to life. This Government and the International Labor Organization,
is what the world needs: more love from all of us towards UNDP, UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and UN Children’s
others.” This initiative intends to reinforce the promotion Fund (UNICEF)
of gender equality and the culture of non-violence. It
mobilizes and engages men and boys to be ambassadors POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
of gender equality in Cabo Verde, helps mainstream gender • Long-term engagement of a critical mass of male
into sports and spread messages that promote positive athletes who are allies on gender-equality to create
masculinities that fight against gender stereotypes. widespread norms change
• Impacting norms change requires long-term efforts and
commitments
ACCORDING TO THE GENDER SOCIAL NORMS INDEX

Roughly 90% of men and women show at least
one clear bias against gender equality.
53% of men think that men make better political

leaders than women
50% of men think men should have more right

to a job than women
Source: UNDP 2022.

“It doesn’t stop until you do something” campaign
Netherlands
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PROBLEM ADDRESSED


In response to increased reporting of gender-based • Media campaign used television, radio, and online
violence (GBV) and difficulty reporting cases due to advertising to reach a wide audience to raise awareness
lockdown restrictions during early days of the pandemic, against gender-based violence
the Government launched an awareness raising campaign • Official website provides guidance on different types of
over television, radio, and online advertising. The campaign domestic violence, including elder abuse, child abuse,
embraced the motto “it doesn’t stop until you do something” forced marriage and abandonment
and focused on facilitating interventions between survivors,
bystanders, and authorities. The campaign has an official WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
website titled “I Suspect Domestic Violence” which provides Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and the Ministry of
information to define, recognize, respond to, and report Justice and Security
several types of domestic violence, including child abuse,
elder abuse, partner abuse, forced marriage, female POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
genital mutilation, and abandonment. • Providing long-term financial and psycho-social support
for those experiencing violence
• Creating sustained norm changes that prevent gender-
based violence from happening
“Aurora accompanies you” campaign

Peru
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Awareness raising campaigns • Messaging was conducted through free radio
programmes, providing a low-cost and high-reach
DESCRIPTION
outreach mechanism to prevent gender-based violence
The Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations
• Created opportunities to increase local capacities for
launched the radio program: “Aurora accompanies you”
violence prevention and reduce tolerance of violence
in the Lambayeque region as part of efforts to prevent and
amongst target audience
address gender-based violence (GBV). The programme
aired regularly on Wednesdays at 11am for 30 minutes on • Intervention with local governments enabled more
one of the most popular radio stations in the area. The goal stable interventions in a crisis context
was to cover a series of important topics relating to GBV WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
and social norms, such as preventing GBV, self-esteem,
Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations
economic empowerment, new masculinities, and available
services for survivors. This is part of Government actions POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
to coordinate efforts to reduce violence against women • Expanding the outreach campaign to more regions
across public and private institutions and embracing mass
• Ensuring the radio programme airs during popular times
messaging through media.
to reach wide audience, particularly men, without losing
PROBLEM ADDRESSED listenership
Tackling harmful gender social norms

Training on gender-based violence prevention
Somalia


As part of the European Union (EU) project “EU response • Community-level training helped create local awareness
to health and socio-economic impact of COVID-19 in of gender-based violence
Mogadishu,” the Benadir Regional Administration (BRA), • Training demonstrated how violence against women
Directorate of Health and Human Services, with UN-Habitat programming can be integrated into broader
support and EU funding, held a training on the prevention crisis contexts
and response to gender-based violence (GBV). Thirty
• Targeted outreach embraced an intersectional lens
participants attended the training, including health workers
through the inclusion of internally displaced persons
and community surveillance teams from the region. The
training was set up in response to high levels of reported WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
GBV cases in 2020, particularly in at risk communities, with Benadir Regional Administration (BRA), Directorate of
one organization reporting that 65 percent of cases were Health and Human Services, with UN-Habitat and funding
girls who were out of school due to public health measures. through the European Union
The training emphasized community awareness on GBV
prevention and reporting. After the training, community POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
surveillance teams and frontline health workers created • Small scale intervention with regional impact could be
awareness messaging to influence societal norms, used scaled up to reach more people and regions
referral mechanisms and public health channels to
• Traditional gender norms require long-term efforts
address GBV cases, and worked to provide livelihood
to change
support for at-risk women and households with internally
displaced persons.
DURING THE FIRST 1.5 YEARS OF THE PANDEMIC
23% of women said that household conflicts became

more frequent
48% of women reported experiencing violence or

knowing a woman who has
54% reported feeling more unsafe walking alone

at night
Source: UN Women 2021b.
FEMINIST MOBILIZATION WAS CRITICAL IN PROMOTING19 Promising practices addressing violence against women
MORE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN POLICIES

4. PROMISING PRACTICES SUPPORTING
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC SECURITY
The COVID-19 pandemic unleashed the largest economic recession since the Second World War. The
global workforce suffered as non-essential workers were ordered to stay home. Employees often saw
reduced wages, hours, long-term layoffs and lost jobs as businesses tried to cope with the economic
uncertainty. Most affected were those who were already left furthest behind. Almost two-thirds of the
global workforce pre-pandemic was in informal employment, including 740 million women.11 Less than
half the global population had even a single benefit provided by their national social protection systems. 12
In many countries, women faced particularly significant job losses in informal employment or heavily
impacted service-based sectors of the economy, namely tourism, hospitality, and restaurant services.
FIGURE 3.
Summary of measures targeting women’s economic security in the COVID-19 Global
Gender Response Tracker
social
Out of protection,
MOST COMMON MEASURES
4,115 labour market
and economic
support
12
MEASURES
Cash transfers directed at women 139
measures Equity injections to women-owned

identified as businesses or female-dominated sectors
76
promising
policies
Activation and training for women 59
Wage subsidies and income

53
only support for women workers
13% Food or in-kind support

directed at women
46
supported
women’s economic
security Social protection Economic and Labour market
business support
Source: Author´s elaboration based on UNDP-UN Women COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker.
To respond to disruptive economic conditions, national governments took 4,115 measures targeting social
protection systems, the labour market, and economic and business support. Just 13 per cent of these supported
women’s economic security, however, with the most common options involving social protection schemes,
such as cash transfers or food aid. These measures assisted those facing job losses or immediate hardships
to meet basic needs. Women also benefitted from labour market and business support measures that aided
women-owned businesses, helped women gain new skills or provided economic assistance to female-
dominated sectors of the economy. Despite the low overall rate of gender-sensitive policymaking supporting
women’s economic security, promising and innovative approaches took place all over the globe.
The following section first highlights promising social protection measures to meet essential needs of
women and girls. It then presents innovative labour market measures to assist women workers and
entrepreneurs in gaining new skills, and finally introduces economic and business support measures that
incorporate gender into business financing.
Promising practices supporting women’s economic security 20

4.1 Supporting basic needs
Minimum Living Income

Spain
SOCIAL PROTECTION PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Cash transfers Supporting basic needs

In 2020 the Decree-Law 20/2020 of 29 May established the • Directly supports the most vulnerable, people on
Minimum Living Income (Ingréso Mínimo Vital) at national social benefits
level in Spain. • Mitigates the risk of poverty and social exclusion, whilst
This living income gives a guaranteed benefit for the promoting opportunities for social and employment
most vulnerable people on a monthly basis. All individuals integration.
between 23 and 65 years are entitled to the allowance, and • Strengthens broader social protection system and has
includes all types of family units, and adult women who are become permanent measure by law
victims of gender based violence, or human trafficking and • Supports women experiencing gender-based violence
sexual exploitation. Partners were involved in the design
of the measure, especially trade unions. Whilst established WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
in the context of COVID-19, what is particularly impactful Social Security, National government of Spain
is that the temporary measure has become a permanent
measure by law, guaranteeing a minimum income to all,
thus ensuring economic security and reducing poverty. • Need to ensure broad coverage of potential beneficiaries,
It has special measures for female headed households, thus administratively challenging
victims of GBV and people with dependents. • Documentation required is complex

Ehsaas emergency cash programme
Pakistan
SOCIAL PROTECTION the Ehsaas Kafaalat “One Woman, One Account” programme,
Cash transfers which provided 4.5 million women with financial support and
helped them gain access to financial services and increase
DESCRIPTION women’s control over household resources. It is estimated
To provide emergency financial assistance in the early days that more than half of the beneficiaries were women.
of the pandemic, the Government of Pakistan launched the
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
Ehsaas one-time cash transfer programme. Through the
programme, roughly 12 million eligible families received PRK Supporting basic needs
12,000 which was intended to help cover basic food costs
for a family for four months. The legacy of this programme,
• Large-scale social protection programme managed
however, is increasing financial inclusion for women and
to reach more than half the population and laid
strengthening overall safety nets, which were built into
groundwork for deeper financial inclusion in the future
its design. Households that wanted to receive the benefit
and reinforced the value of the banking system
would apply and confirm eligibility using mobile phones
and national identification numbers. Payments were • Expanded on existing social protection frameworks to
then accessible through commercial banks, retail agents enable a rapid roll out
or ATMs with biometric verification systems. Emergency
cash disbursements take place through Limited Mandate
Accounts allowing the government to make cash transfers Poverty and Alleviation and Social Safety Net Division
without requiring beneficiaries to own a phone. This is of Pakistan
important because mobile phone ownership is not universal POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
particularly among women in Pakistan. To enable rapid roll
• Providing access to enrollment to beneficiaries without
out, the Government expanded on existing social protection
mobile phones and national identification
frameworks to reach economically disadvantaged groups
who had previously received social benefits. Women • Ensuring women have equal access to mobile phone
recipients were directly targeted through prior registration in services to enable benefit access
Social Insurance
Chile

Unemployment benefit Supporting a more inclusive labour market

In Chile the Employment Protection Law (Law no. 21,227) • Prevents job losses and protects vulnerable workers
established measures to protect the stability of income • Supports the inclusion of domestic workers, a heavily
and jobs for workers who cannot provide services or feminised occupation
must adjust their working hours due to the COVID-19
virus. Workers received income through unemployment WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
insurance, and the Solidarity Unemployment Fund. The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Chile
company continued to pay workers’ pensions and health
contributions, excluding contributions for work-related POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
accidents. Informal and non-standard workers are less Due to characteristics of domestic work, including that it is
likely to benefit from such programmes. Chile, however, performed in a private household so it is difficult to control,
promulgated a law that led to the inclusion of domestic there is often high job turnover rate and in-kind payments
workers, a heavily feminized occupation, in the national are common
unemployment insurance system. Promising practices supporting women’s economic security 22
Emergency Aid
Brazil


In April 2020, the Government implemented the Emergency • Expands on existing social protection infrastructure to
Aid (Auxílio Emergencial) cash transfer programme to provide additional support informal workers, many of
provide additional support to people in need. It was built whom are women
upon the existing Bolsa Familia cash transfer, automatically • Extra benefits provided to informal workers who were
enrolling these recipients and creating new transfers aimed single mothers
at informal workers. The programme reached more than
68 million individuals with average monthly benefits of WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
USD77 or higher, making it one of the most generous cash Ministry of Development and Social Assistance, Family and
transfer programmes in the region. The programme made Fight against Hunger
special considerations for informal workers who were also
single mothers. Single mothers received double the benefit POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
amount for the first nine months of the programme and a • Ensuring sustained benefit amount over the long term
little extra for the remaining seven months in recognition of
their dual role as caregivers and income providers.
“Overcome” Programme
Dominican Republic


In 2021, the Government converted the social assistance • Built upon existing social assistance infrastructure to
programme “Eating is First” (“Comer es Primero”) to a more expand social protection support
comprehensive support programme called “Overcome” • Cross-cutting measure that addresses women’s economic
(Supérate). With this change, the monthly cash transfer empowerment, care work and gender-based violence
amount was doubled and was expanded to include an
additional 200,000 homes. Beyond this, the programme WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
integrated eight areas of development, including education, Government of Dominican Republic
health and food security during emergencies, care work
and economic inclusion. Within these areas, it emphasizes POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
empowerment and opportunities for groups which have • Such a comprehensive framework to address cross-
traditionally been excluded from national development cutting development challenges requires long-term
systems and specifically targets women-led households. planning and investment
It also includes a gender-specific component called
“Supérate Mujer” coordinated with the Ministry of Women
that aims to promote women’s economic empowerment
and support survivors of gender-based violence.

Income support for garment workers
Lao People’s Democratic Republic


In February 2020, the Government administered one-time • Directly supports workers and employers
cash transfers equivalent to two months of emergency • Strengthens broader social protection system
income support for up to 17,000 garment workers in Lao
• Supports female-dominated sector facing hardship
PDR, 85 per cent of whom are women. The garment sector
during the pandemic
had to scale back and downsize operations during the
pandemic. The programme was incorporated into the WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
existing social protection system with improvements to Lao Social Security Organization, with funding from the
reduce administrative costs and delays, including through German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
piloting new methods of electronic payments through Development and technical support from the International
mobile phones. The programme was developed with Labour Organization
support from the International Labour Organization, as
well as the Association of Lao Garment Industry and the POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
Lao Federation of Trade Unions. • Emergency funds may not be sufficient due to
long-lasting economic and public health effects of
the pandemic
• The use of mobile technology and electronic payments
can exclude certain populations
740 MILLION WOMEN

WORK IN THE
INFORMAL ECONOMY.
By April 2020, informal

workers had lost an
41
countries
estimated
extended social protection
82% OF
THEIR EARNINGS
to different groups of
INFORMAL WORKERS
Source: ILO 2022; ILO 2018; ILO 2020; authors’ elaboration, based on UNDP and UN Women 2021a.
In 2020, WOMEN TO PROMOTE JOB RECOVERY

24
LOST MORE THAN Promising practices supporting women’s economic security
“Household Food Basket” Initiative
Senegal
LABOUR MARKET PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Activation measures and enterprise development Promoting a more inclusive workforce

The Household Food Basket initiative was implemented to • Cross-cutting measure that supports women farmers
provide protection for local food producers, particularly while reducing food insecurity
women and young people, while also providing food and • Targets women, young people, and children, along with
nutrition security to 300,000 people at risk of falling into small-scale farmers in rural areas
poverty during COVID-19. Due to public health safety
• Aims to protect food supply chains which were
measures, small-scale producers, which are essential to
interrupted by COVID-19 pandemic
rural economies and local development, were prevented
from selling their products in the markets. To support WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
these producers and preserve the sustainability of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment, with Food and
local food chains while providing food assistance to at- Agriculture Organization (FAO), UN Women and the United
risk populations, the Household Food Basket Initiative Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
distributed food to around 37,500 households which were
accompanied by cash transfers. Beneficiary households POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
were selected from national and local registers and • Reaching high risk households and farmers in rural areas
community targeting. The initiative supported at least 1,000
• Ensuring local, small-scale crop production levels
women farmers and improved food security for 300,000
are sustainable during intersecting crises, such as
people, mostly women, children and youth.
climate change

Novissi Solidarity Fund
Togo

Cash transfers Supporting basic needs through social protection
740 MILLION WOMEN programmes
DESCRIPTION
WORK IN THE
InINFORMAL
April 2020, Togo launched the Novissi social safety net WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?
ECONOMY.
41
scheme, meaning “solidarity” in the local dialect. The • Developed a new social protection system using mobile
scheme provides a monthly
By April 2020, informal cash transfer to citizens in the phone technology to make it widely accessible and
informal
workers sector
had who had their incomes disrupted during
lost an
COVID-19. All informal workers above age 18 who had a
countries
adapted to the emergency context
estimated • Use of mobile wallets enables access to those without
extended social protection
82%
valid voter identification card could apply for and receive formal banking accounts
benefits through their mobile phones. For the toduration
differentofgroups of
• Targeted beneficiaries in the informal sector where
the emergencyOF period, beneficiaries receivedINFORMAL
payments WORKERS
women are overrepresented
THEIR
every two EARNINGS
weeks into their mobile money account. Women
received a higher cash transfer of FCFA 12,250 per month • Strong cooperation between governments, academia,
while men received FCFA 10,500 per month. The funds and development/humanitarian organizations to meet
were intended to help informal workers meet basic needs urgent needs
such as purchasing food and water, phone time or paying
In 2020, WOMEN
utility bills. Since Togo had no social registryTO
at PROMOTE
the time, JOB RECOVERY
LOST MORE THAN2020 Ministry of Digital Economy, with funding and support from
the February voter registry was used to identify
the World Bank, academia, and humanitarian agencies
beneficiaries because it included over 90 per cent of the
46.6
country’s adults and indicated a person’s location and
30
Million
economic sector. To apply for the benefit, workers could
use cell phones; once eligibility was verified, the transfer
• Difficulties reaching potential beneficiaries without
was automatically credited to mobile money accounts. countries

mobile access
• Large cost required to fund the development and
Digital tools and simplified eligibility enabled 30,000
informal workers to receive payments after twolaunched implementation of the tool
gender-sensitive
days of the
jobs globally, a 3.6% loss, training with
programme’s launch. The programme also partnered and active LABOUR
• Multi-stakeholder initiatives can be difficult to initiate but
compared to 2.9% for men
development agencies to expand funding and MARKET
outreach POLICIES
enable high-quality and targeted outreach
in additional waves. In total through 2021, the programme
benefitted more than 815,000 people, 63 per cent of whom
were women. In a second wave, the Government worked
with academic researchers using artificial intelligence
and big data to identify the most at-risk regions of the
country using satellite imaging and surveys about mobile
phone networks.
Electronically paid cash transfers reached beneficiaries

on average ONE MONTH FASTER than manual or
part-electronic programmes
Source: Gentilini et al. 2022.

4.2 Promoting a more inclusive labour market
Women in STEM Cadetships and Advanced Apprenticeships

Australia

Activation measures and enterprise development Promoting a more inclusive labour market

The Government allocated AUD 25.1 million for new Women • Partnership with government, academia and industry
in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) supports alignment with higher education and the
Cadetships and Advanced Apprenticeships to create STEM STEM workforce
career pathways for up to 600 women through industry- • Addresses barriers in both education and labour market
sponsored apprenticeship-style courses. The aim of the in STEM areas
programme is to740 help MILLION
women upskillWOMEN
in STEM careers,
WORK IN THE
develop stronger pathways between education and STEM
fields and to promote women in STEM jobs. Employers Department of Education
INFORMAL ECONOMY.
41
and universities will collaborate to provide programs that
combine study and work in STEM fields. As of December POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
By two
2022, there have been April 2020,
rounds informal
of applications benefitting • Ensuring programme reaches students and workers in
24 universities, with the second round creating an extra
workers had lost an
267 university placements. Employers in STEM are able to
rural areas
countries
• Monitoring the impact of upskilling efforts to ensure
receive AUD 5,000 estimated
per employee and are encouraged to
extended
women social
are promoted protection
within the STEM fields
82%
provide flexible working arrangements and contribute to
the costs of studies. to different groups of
OF INFORMAL WORKERS
THEIR EARNINGS
In 2020, WOMEN TO PROMOTE JOB RECOVERY

LOST MORE THAN
46.6
Million 30
countries
launched gender-sensitive
jobs globally, a 3.6% loss, training and active LABOUR
compared to 2.9% for men MARKET POLICIES
Source: ILO 2022; authors’ elaboration, based on UNDP and UN Women 2021a.

Employment subsidy
Chile
LABOUR MARKET an online platform between 29 September 2020 and 31

Activation measures and enterprise development December 2021.
DESCRIPTION PROBLEM ADDRESSED

To support the labour market, the Government created Promoting a more inclusive workforce
two subsidy lines. The return (“regresa”) line helped
companies that wished to bring employees back to work,
• Intersectional measure provides additional benefits for
while the hire (“contrata”) line supported the hiring of
the hiring of persons with disabilities, women, youth and
new workers. The return subsidy line provided a benefit
pensioners
of CLP 160,000 per month for male workers between ages
24 and 55, and a benefit of CLP 200,000 per month for • Flexible subsidy scheme supports companies to retain
workers that were women, youth, men over age 55, and or hire new workers
persons with disabilities. The hire line subsidy had a benefit
of 50 percent of monthly gross salary for men ages 24-
55 (with a maximum of CLP 250,000), and a benefit of 65 Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Labour and
percent of monthly gross salary (with a maximum of CLP Social Welfare
290,000) for women, youth, men over age 55, and persons POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
with disabilities. Both lines of the subsidy were available
• Addressing additional barriers that may prevent women,
for companies with less than 200 workers and distributed
pensioners or persons with disabilities from employment,
for up to 10 months. Applications were available through
such as accessibility or care requirements
Youth, Technology and Jobs Project

Jordan


In 2020, the Ministry of Digital Economy and • Specifically targets women, Syrian refugees and youth
Entrepreneurship launched the Youth, Technology and digitalization upskilling and job creation
Jobs project to support development of the information • Broader context of women’s inequality and
and communications technology (ICT) sector. The project underrepresentation in the information, communication
is a five-year, USD 200 million plan to develop a more and technology sector was considered in project
skilled workforce, improve digitalization and make the ICT development
sector more competitive. It seeks to create 10,000 jobs for
youth, Syrian refugees and women. It also aims to train WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
15,000 youth, develop digital skills curriculum in schools, Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship, with
develop technology hubs, support the growth of 250 start- funding from the World Bank
up businesses, and support 6,000 gig-economy workers
to digitalize their services. Gender is mainstreamed across POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
these different aims, for example in promoting women’s • Reaching potential participants in rural areas that lack
mentorship programmes and ensuring that the technology connectivity and access to technology hubs
hubs consider constraints in women’s participation, such
as programme timings, safety and availability of childcare
and transport services. Promising practices supporting women’s economic security 28
COVID-19 Solidarity Fund
Kazakhstan
LABOUR MARKET gender-inclusive online training programs that promote

Activation measures and enterprise development practical learning and identifies new business opportunities
in emerging markets.
DESCRIPTION
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
To support the local labour market, the Government with
the Asian Development Bank, UNDP and the World Bank Promoting a more inclusive labour market
launched the COVID-19 Solidarity Fund for Kazakhstan.
It aims to develop skills, capacities and opportunities in
• Targets women in rural areas and local villages
the local labour market for small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs). One of the main initiatives under the • Promotes learning dialogues with experts that focus on
project is to support the development and implementation localized skills development
of the “one village – one product” (OVOP) programme in
four rural areas. The OVOP programme aims to improve
capacity of local entrepreneurs through promoting Ministry of National Economy and Ministry of Social
learning dialogues that encourage production of local Protection, in partnership with UNDP, Asian Development
goods using available resources, as well as practical Bank and World Bank
training on topics such as promotion, quality control, and POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
product branding. In November 2021, experts from Japan
• Reaching beneficiaries without access to internet-based
and Kyrgyzstan took part in a three-day event where
training programmes
they shared their experiences with 45 local participants.
The project also strengthens women-led SMEs through • Outreach to rural women is limited due to the location
of Centres in big cities
ADS Coopsclub
Morocco


To support women agricultural workers who were impacted • Provides support and training services to women
by COVID-19, the Government worked to develop an entrepreneurs for long-term empowerment
online marketplace, ADS Coopsclub, to enable women’s • E-commerce platform promotes upskilling and income
cooperatives to continue to sell their products. The platform, diversification
which intends to include all women’s cooperatives in
the country, supervises and supports cooperatives and WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
entrepreneurs through providing practical support in Ministry of Solidarity, Social Development, Equality and
terms of logistics, branding, communication, advertising, Family in partnership with the Social Development Agency
product delivery, and distribution. The platform can be and UN Women
used to create a virtual storefront to promote products,
undertake training on essential skills of e-commerce, and POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
access a broad network of national and international • Ensuring members have regular access to online services
partners and clients. to manage virtual storefronts
• Providing on-demand training for members at different
knowledge and capacity levels

4.3 Gender inclusive business support
Gender quotas for COVID-19 benefits

Egypt
ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUPPORT PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Tax cuts, exemptions, or creditst Gender inclusive business support

Egypt’s Financial Regulatory Authority (FRA) incorporated • Gender quota to receive benefit encourages employment
gender equality considerations into its financial incentives of women
for companies wishing to receive certain COVID-19 benefits. • Promotes women’s access to financing and the
Companies and non-banking entities were granted a 50 development of new fiscal tools designed for women’s
per cent reduction in development fees or service charges, needs
according to the percentage of women they employ, which
should not be less than 25 per cent of their workforce. Fees WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
were also directed towards women’s financing to prevent Financial Regulatory Authority of Egypt
gender discrimination among clients when providing
financial services. Along with this, the FRA called for the POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
development of financial products and services that would • Using the quota system to encourage broader promotion
meet the needs of women clients. and professional development of women workers
Sustainability Fund
State of Palestine
LABOUR MARKET seeks to provide career development and training support

Wage subsidy and income replacement for to women entrepreneurs and business leaders.
self-employed
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
DESCRIPTION Gender inclusive business support
The Palestine Monetary Authority launched a low-
cost financing programme, “Estidama,” which means
• Provides financing to women-led businesses or
“sustainability” in Arabic. The programme supports the
businesses that create opportunities for women
sustainability of micro, small and medium sized enterprises
(MSMEs) that had been impacted by the pandemic through • Financing launched as part of broader training
increasing access to financing for banks. One pillar of the programme to support women’s economic empowerment
programme is dedicated to micro-enterprises, with special • Includes special considerations to provide financing or
consideration given to those owned by women, those jobs to youth and other underserved populations
that provide jobs for women and youth, and those that
develop women-led or gender-sensitive products or outlets. WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
Following the roll out, the Government planned to evaluate Palestine Monetary Authority
inclusion challenges faced by women after COVID-19 and
make a roadmap to improve women’s access to finance. This
is part of the broader women’s economic empowerment • Reaching women running informal micro-enterprises
programming within the Palestine Monetary Authority that • Ensuring that women in rural areas can benefit from
the programme

Cooperatives Support Programme (KOOP-DES)
Turkey

Activation measures and enterprise development Gender inclusive business support

The Ministry of Trade announced a grant programme for • Directly targets women’s cooperatives with additional
women cooperatives aiming to alleviate the economic funding
impacts of COVID-19. This grant, launched through • Promotes women’s economic empowerment in rural
the Support Program of Cooperatives, or KOOP-DES, areas
allow cooperatives that are made up of at least 90 per
• Strengthens capacities of women’s cooperatives to
cent women members to apply for up to TL 150,000 in
digitalize operations
funding. The funds are to be used for projects that will
contribute to the production and employment of the WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
cooperatives, ensure efficiency, and improve their digital Ministry of Trade
and technological capacities. Within this scope, the Ministry
encouraged funds to be used to improve the operations and POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
promotions of clubs, childcare centers and kindergartens to • Providing adequate financial support for various projects
strengthen their operations. Additionally, cooperatives were undertaken by cooperatives
encouraged to produce local, natural and environmentally
sensitive goods to create sustainable projects and promote
rural development. The grant provided support to 139
women’s cooperatives in 2020 across 41 provinces and was
extended into 2021.
Debt Relief Finance Scheme

South Africa
ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUPPORT PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Equity injections: public sector subsidies to Gender inclusive business support
businesses
DESCRIPTION • Helped South African businesses impacted by COVID-19
The Debt Relief Finance Scheme was developed to with six months of support
provide relief on existing debts and repayments for small, • Prioritized businesses owned by women, youth, and
micro-, and medium sized enterprises (SMMEs) who people with disabilities
were impacted by COVID-19. For SMMEs to be eligible
for assistance under the scheme, the applicant must have WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
demonstrated a direct or indirect impact or potential impact Department of Small Business Development
of COVID-19 on the business operations, must be owned by
South African citizens and have 70 percent of employees POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
be South Africans. Priority was given to businesses owned • Ensuring that the scheme translates to larger scale
by women, youth, and disabled persons ensuring that impact instead of just temporary relief
businesses owned by these historically excluded groups
had access to financial support.

5. PROMISING PRACTICES ADDRESSING
UNPAID CARE WORK
More than many previous crises, the COVID-19 Mothers of small children, who were less likely to
pandemic revealed the centrality of the care be in the formal labour force before the pandemic,
economy in the day-to-day lives of people reduced their participation by 1.8 percentage
everywhere. Policies on formal and informal points in 2020 compared to 2019, nearly twice
caregiving and parental support were scarce in the decline experienced by fathers.14 Demands
most parts of the globe even before the pandemic. for long-term care services grew as countries
The closure of schools and day care centres implemented public health restrictions to prevent
exacerbated the shortfall.13 Women absorbed the elderly persons and persons with disabilities from
resulting increase in care work, often at the cost contracting the virus.
of their own position in the formal labour market.
FIGURE 4.
Summary of measures targeting unpaid care work in the COVID-19 Global Gender
Response Tracker
MOST COMMON MEASURES

Nearly of countries and
60% territories did not
take any measure
Family, parental and childcare leave 56
Childcare services 52
to support unpaid
care work Cash-for-care 39
Long-term care services 34
Only 7.3% 8
MEASURES
Reduced work time and telework
Other labour market measures 12

16
of all social protection

and labour market identified as Paid sick leave 11
measures addressed promising

Other social protection measures 6
unpaid care work policies
Labour market Social protection
Source: Author´s elaboration based on UNDP-UN Women COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker.
Overwhelmingly, governments did not step up rights organizations have advocated, improving
to burgeoning care requirements. Almost 60 per care infrastructure and transforming gender
cent of 226 countries and territories covered by the social norms around care work remain priority
COVID-19 Global Gender Response Tracker did not issues around the world in terms of achieving
register a single measure related to unpaid care gender equality and sustainable development.15
work. Measures that extended parental or family
The following section highlights policy innovations
leave or promoted flexible working conditions
to support long-term and parental care work, both
were most common but remained insufficient.
paid and unpaid. These encompassed expanding
Among care measures that were taken, policies
access to unpaid leave policies and strengthening
often offered limited coverage, duration and
care services.
benefit size. As feminist movements and women’s
Promising practices addressing unpaid care work 32

5.1 Expanding access to unpaid leave
Expanding protections for informal caregivers

Belgium
SOCIAL PROTECTION measure also provides legal protection against dismissal

Family, parental or childcare leave for caregivers taking leave and adjudication procedures,
if necessary.
DESCRIPTION
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
Leave benefits for informal caregivers were expanded
in Belgium during the pandemic. From September 2020, Expanding leave policies
workers in the private sector and contract staff in the public
sector who serve in informal caregiving roles were able
• Promoted income stability for those taking time off work
to request Caregiver Leave from their employer and the
for care duties
National Employment Office (ONEM). Informal caregivers
include private and public workers with a work contract • Programme was designed to benefit the primary
and state and regional staff. Eligible beneficiaries include caregiver, regardless of their gender
anyone who provides support to someone who is at-risk due
to age or is in a state of ill health or disability, including non-
family or household members. The leave can be taken in the National Employment Office
form of reduction in work by 50 per cent, 80 per cent or full POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
interruption and provides access to a corresponding fixed
• Creation of systems to verify informal caregivers,
interruption allowance for those eligible. The maximum
particularly among non-familial persons
leave period allowed is between three and six months
conditional on the form of work reduction taken. The • Allowing for flexibility in benefits based on care needs
Salary guarantee for employed caregivers

Cuba
SOCIAL PROTECTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Family, parental or childcare leave • Promotes income stability for those taking time off work
for care duties
DESCRIPTION
• Benefits primary caregiver regardless of their gender
The Government of Cuba provided a salary guarantee
for working parents or relatives who have caregiving WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
responsibilities for minors whose school was suspended. Ministry of Labour and Social Security
The benefit covered 100 per cent of wages in the first month
and 60 per cent for the remaining time of school closures. POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
These benefits were extended through the duration of • Caregivers outside of the formal labour market, such as
the school suspensions. Additionally, unpaid leave was informal or domestic care workers, may be overlooked
extended for working mothers on maternity leave and as potential beneficiaries
unable to return to work due to COVID-19 measures. • Identifying if reduced wage amount is enough to sustain
PROBLEM ADDRESSED family’s livelihood in the long term
Expanding leave policies

Compensation for employees with caregiving responsibilities
Lithuania

Family, parental or childcare leave Expanding leave policies

Lithuania issued electronic certificates of incapacity • Eligible beneficiaries of the policy include a wide range
to work for those unable to work during the pandemic of potential caregivers, such as parents, foster-parents,
because of closed schools or nurseries during the grandparents, caretakers, or custodians
emergency quarantine period. The electronic certificate • Streamlines procedures for caregivers to acquire benefits
ensures the National Social Insurance Fund will pay 66
per cent of the recipients’ wage from the first day they WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
are unable to work, up to 60 days. Eligible beneficiaries Minister for Health and the Minister for Social Security
of the benefit are parents, foster parents, grandparents, and Labour
caretakers, or custodians with children up to primary
school age or children with disabilities under the age of POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
21. The benefit was implemented in February 2020 and • Improving administrative infrastructure to enable policy
expired with the end of the emergency period in May implementation, such as systems to authorize and issue
2022. It is estimated that 50,000 people benefitted from electronic certificates
this measure. • Transferring benefit between caregivers may create
logistical challenges
Pandemic leave policy

Trinidad and Tobago

Family, parental or childcare leave Expanding leave policies

The Ministry of Labour introduced a “pandemic leave” • Expanded number and type of employees eligible to
as a new classification of paid leave for public officers, receive leave benefits
including those not typically eligible for sick leave. People • Ensured that parents with caregiving responsibilities are
who have fallen ill and exhausted their sick leave were able granted leave
to proceed on extended sick leave, followed by pandemic
• Protected workers from loss of income or job loss in case
leave. Pandemic leave also applied to those workers who
of extended illness
were not eligible for sick leave. Additionally, the measure
supported working parents without access to a support WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
system to care for their children during the closure of Ministry of Labour
schools. In households with two working parents, one parent
was encouraged to stay at home while the other reports POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
to work. Employers were encouraged to promote remote • Ensuring that employers have adequate staffing and
work and in cases where alternative work arrangements support in light of flexibility considerations
cannot be made, the employee was allowed to stay at home
• Improving administrative infrastructure to enable policy
with their dependents without being penalized by either
implementation
disciplinary action or by non-payment of salary.

5.2 Developing care infrastructure and services
National Campaign for Equal Care

Argentina

Childcare services, including for essential workers Developing care infrastructure and services

As part of the “Campaña Nacional Cuidar en Igualdad: • Promoting stakeholder engagement through knowledge
Necesidad, Derecho y Trabajo (National Campaign for exchange forums
Equal Care: Necessity, Rights and Work),” the Ministry of • Builds care infrastructure through new Interministerial
Women, Gender, and Diversity highlighted care burdens
during COVID-19 to design comprehensive public care
During
Board of Care Policies the
which canpandemic,
promote a national
cross-sectoral agenda on care
Globally,
policies that transform the landscape of care work in the
• Emphasis on understanding care in localized context
MORE THAN
country through engagement with the state, markets,
communities, and homes. The approach aims to promote WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
gender equality in the distribution of care work and expand Multistakeholder group coordinated by the Ministry of
2
care infrastructure nationally with respect to regional Women, Gender, and Diversity, including members from
diversity and needs. A main initiative under the Campaign other ministries and national public bodies
focuses on “Territorial Parliaments for Care” which bring
together stakeholders for the purpose of knowledge POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
MILLION
exchange, including on related topics such as local care
MOTHERS
strategies, collective vision-making, surveying local needs 62% OF
• Developing effective monitoring and evaluation of care
policies for knowledge sharing
compared to
and proposing joint forms of action. To lead the work and
left the labour MOTHERS 22% OF FATH
monitor progress, the Interministerial Board of Care Policies
force in
was created bringing together 15 government agencies to 2020 in OECD countries said they to
drive forward and monitor the progress of the care agenda.
or all of the additional childcar
Before the pandemic,

WOMEN SPENT
MORE THAN
3 times
as many hours as men on unpaid care and domestic work
Source: UN Women and UN DESA 2021.

Building on the 2017 National Care Plan
Cabo Verde
UNPAID CARE WORK the Network of Cape Verdean Women Parliamentarians.

Long-term care for older persons and care for It comprises actions on childcare and long-term care,
persons with disabilities including professional training for caregivers of people
living in poverty, the creation of a national care service
DESCRIPTION network and the promotion of policies to redistribute unpaid
The Government launched a programme targeting care work.
older persons living alone who attend day centres that
PROBLEM ADDRESSED
provide care, meals and opportunities for socializing. As
the pandemic movement restrictions were implemented, Developing care infrastructure and services
the Government shifted these centres towards supporting
home-based care by recruiting social workers, caregivers
• Provides support and services to older persons living
and volunteers. Individuals could receive assistance in
alone with care needs
performing daily tasks, such as cleaning, food preparation,
accessing prescribed medications and personal hygiene. • Strengthens pre-existing care policy and adapts to
The programme aimed to reach over 700 elderly people COVID-19 demands
and was implemented in coordination with municipalities,
civil society and non-governmental organizations. This built
on the 2017 National Care Plan for the implementation of a Government of Cabo Verde
National Care System (Resolution Nº 143/2017). The Ministry POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
of Family and Social Inclusion portfolio had a key role in
• Reaching people who require long-term care who lack
the Plan, in partnership with UN Women Cabo Verde and
access to long-term care facilities
Childcare Assistance Programme

Guyana

Cash for care Developing care infrastructure and services

The Government expanded the Childcare Assistance • Supported families with childcare responsibilities, as well
Programme to provide free childcare to frontline workers as childcare service providers
who are providing key public or essential services during the • Provides funding to improve condition and capacity of
COVID-19 pandemic. The programme made direct payment childcare facilities
for services to childcare facilities. It was piloted to benefit
• Recognized broad categories of essential workers,
frontline workers, including health care professionals, police
including domestic workers and supermarket employees
and security officers, domestic workers, and supermarket
employees with children under age seven. Additionally, WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
funds were provided to childcare facilities to safely reopen Ministry of Human Services and Social Security
and operate and were provided training by the Ministry
of Health. As of December 2020, 124 licensed childcare POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
facilities were each given GYD 50,000 to promote safe • Care workers outside of the formal labour market, such
operations. as informal or domestic care workers, may be overlooked
as potential beneficiaries

Childcare support in the Short-term Economic Recovery Plan (PENJANA)
Malaysia
SOCIAL PROTECTION 5,000 households, 8,000 childcare centers, and 10,000 new
Childcare services, including for essential workers early education practitioners.
DESCRIPTION PROBLEM ADDRESSED

As part of the Short-term Economic Recovery Plan Developing care infrastructure and services
(PENJANA), the Government introduced measures to
support parents and childcare service providers. To ease
• Comprehensive support package provides support
the transition to working-from-home, the Government
to parents and care service providers, and invests in
supported households with working parents with a MYR
increasing number of caregivers
800 e-voucher for childcare and increased the income
tax benefit. At the same time, the Government invested • Integrated care as essential part of economic recovery
in expanding and supporting childcare infrastructure.
Registered childcare service institutions were eligible for
a one-off MYR 5,000 grant, while registered homebased Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development
care providers could access MYR 1,500. Additionally, POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
the Government provided an incentive of MYR 900 to
• Providing childcare support parents without access to
participants of early childcare and education courses to
e-vouchers
promote certification of unregistered service providers and
accelerated the mostly online certification process. In total, • Enabling informal caregivers to participate in the care
the care provisions under the package aimed to support certification process
“For our heroes” benefits for caregivers

Serbia

Childcare services, including for essential workers Developing care infrastructure and services

The Government of Serbia took several measures to • Promoted compensation and recognition for care
provide financial recognition to healthcare workers workers in light of increased demand for services
due to the increased demand for their labour during • Engaged partners in public and private institutions in
COVID-19. In December 2020, the Government created a providing benefits
temporary “For our heroes” Convenience Card to provide
• Provided various types of benefit, many of which were
additional benefits to employees, workers and volunteers
not restricted to one-off use
who supported the COVID-19 response. Card holders
were entitled to discounts for goods, privileged access to WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
public services, pre-school childcare, and day care for Government of Serbia
children. The Government encouraged the widespread
acceptance of the card across local public and private POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
institutions through cooperative partnerships. Additionally, • Ensuring eligibility of cardholder enrollment in the
in April 2020, the Ministry of Finance announced a 10 per benefit programme to prevent corruption
cent salary increase for care workers in recognition of
• Finding partners across public and private sectors that
their performance during the pandemic. Additional cash
will partake in the scheme and provide adequate benefits
transfers were also made available to caregivers and
health providers throughout 2020.

Red Amachay Network
Peru

Long-term care for older persons and care for Developing care infrastructure and services
persons with disabilities
DESCRIPTION • Comprehensive approach to developing long-term care
To improve and expand care infrastructure which placed infrastructure and support for persons with disabilities
increase demands on womens’ labour during the pandemic, • Measure includes cross-cutting dimensions, addressing
the Government of Peru implemented the Support domestic violence, food insecurity and public health care
Network for the Elderly at High Risk and Persons with
• Prioritized intersectional and localized approach
Severe Disabilities, also known as the Amachay Network,
to reach at-risk people across regions, focusing on
to coordinate intersectoral and cross-governmental
protection of the elderly population
response to COVID-19. Working across 152 municipalities,
the Amachay Network coordinates local, regional, and WHO IS IMPLEMENTING THE POLICY?
national response to provide multi-faceted support to at- Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion, in
risk populations. It includes direct outreach through phone coordination with national ministries and agencies, and
calls and home visits to promote access to counselling regional and local governments
and public health services, including vaccination. It also
responds to health and social protection alerts on topics POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
such as abandonment, food need, or violence. The network • Developing comprehensive network multi-sectoral
arose out of necessity during the pandemic but aims to government coordination, monitoring and budgeting
serve as a foundation for longer-term care infrastructure.
• Building strong response mechanisms and adequate
By October 2020, the Government reported that 380,000
staffing required to provide efficient and urgent care
people had benefited from the Network and was predicted
to expand to more than 400,000 beneficiaries. The creation
of the Amachay Network contributed to the Ministry of
Development and Social Inclusion winning the 2020 Good
Practices in Public Management Award.
During the pandemic,

Globally,
MORE THAN
2
MILLION
MOTHERS 62% OF compared to
left the labour MOTHERS 22% OF FATHERS
force in 2020 in OECD countries said they took on most
or all of the additional childcare work
Source: ILO 2022; OECD 2021.

APPENDIX 1:
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
Measures were selected based on their potential to provide women with access to protective services
or offer relief from deprivation, prevent women from falling into economically or socially vulnerable
situations, promote the equal participation of women and girls in all aspects of public life, and transform
unequal power structures as part of COVID-19 recovery.16
Each measure was evaluated with a score of one to five, with five representing the most promising
considering the above criteria as well as overall transformative potential, innovation and scalability. Once
the scoring was completed and peer reviewed, policies with scores of four or five became candidates for
inclusion. This range of criteria ensured that selected policies had the potential to be adapted to various
purposes in social policy formulation, with an eye to individual and collective benefits.17 This group of
measures was further reviewed with intersectionality and regional lenses to ensure representation,
leading to the inclusion of some measures originally assigned a score of three. This resulted in highlighting
measures supporting people facing particularly strong barriers to service access and intersecting forms
of discrimination. All measures included in the final set of promising practices were thoroughly reviewed
and evaluated based on in-depth desk research.
APPENDIX 2: FURTHER READING ON
PROMISING POLICIES
Violence against women

ENSURING AND EXPANDING ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND SERVICES
COUNTRY OR POLICY TITLE REFERENCES

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GENDER INCLUSIVE BUSINESS SUPPORT

TERRITORY
Egypt Gender quotas for • Daily News Egypt. 2020. “Egypt Offers Incentives for Non-
COVID-19 benefits Banking Financial Activities Aimed at Supporting Women.”
29 December.
State of Palestine Sustainability Fund • Alliance for Financial Inclusion. 2022. “Palestine.” Policy
Catalogue: Women-Led MSME Access to Financing.
24 August.
• Palestine Monetary Authority. Undated.
“Sustainability Fund.”
• Palestine Monetary Authority. 2022. “The Palestine
Monetary Authority Holds a Workshop for Female
Entrepreneurs About the Sources of Project
Finance.” 22 June.
Turkey Cooperatives • Anadolu Ajansi. 2021. “Minister Pekcan: Within the Scope
Support Programme of KOOP-DES, Grant Support of up to 150 thousand Liras
(KOOP-DES) to our Women's Cooperatives Will Continue in 2021.”
25 January.
• Ministry of Trade. Undated. “KOOP-DES Support Program
of Cooperatives (KOOP-DES).” Government of Turkey.
• TRT Haber. 2020. “Grant Support up to 150 thousand Liras
to Women’s Cooperatives.” 10 July.
South Africa Debt Relief • Department of Small Business Development. Undated.

Finance Scheme “Debt Relief Finance Scheme.” Government of
South Africa.
• Government of South Africa. Undated. “COVID-19
Support to Business.”
Unpaid care work

EXPANDING ACCESS TO LEAVE POLICIES

TERRITORY
Belgium Expanding protections • Office of National Employment. 2021. “Infosheet T164

for informal caregivers Leave for Informal Caregivers.” 20 August. Government
of Belgium.
Cuba Salary guarantee for • Ministry of Justice. 2020. Official Gazette No. 39
employed caregivers Ordinance of 16 June 2020. Resolution 19/20 (GOC2020-
419-O39). 16 June. Government of Cuba.
TERRITORY
Lithuania Compensation • Eurofound. 2020. “Compensation for Employees

for employees Looking after Children or Disabled Persons while in
with caregiving Quarantine.”EU PolicyWatch. 6 April.
responsibilities
Trinidad and Tobago Pandemic leave policy • Ministry of Labour and Small Enterprise Development.
2020. Opening Remarks by Senator the Honourable
Jennifer Baptiste Primus, Minister of Labour and Small
Enterprise Development. 15 March. Government of
Trinidad and Tobago.
• Loop News. 2020. “Pandemic Leave Being Considered for
Eligible Workers due to COVID-19.” 15 March.
DEVELOPING CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

TERRITORY
Argentina National Campaign for • Government of Argentina. Undated. “Interministerial

Equal Care Board of Care Policies.”
• Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity. Undated.
National Campaign for Equal Care. Government of
Argentina.
• Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity. 2022. “More
Support for Equal Care: State Agencies Highlighted the
Bill.” 12 July. Government of Argentina.
Cabo Verde Building on the 2017 • UN Women. 2021. “Putting Gender Equality at the Centre
National Care Plan of Social Protection Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa:
How Far Have We Come?” Policy Brief No. 24. New
York: UN Women.
• UN Women and UNDP. 2022. “Chapter 4 – Unpaid care:
Fragile Arrangements, Meagre Response.” Government
responses to COVID-19: Lessons on Gender equality for a
World in Turmoil. New York: UN Women and UNDP.
Guyana Childcare • Department of Public Information. 2020. “Licensed

Assistance Programme Childcare Facilities to Benefit from Childcare Subsidy
Programme.” 14 December. Government of Guyana.
Malaysia Childcare support in the • New Straits Times. 2020. “Penjana: 7,000 Childcare
Short-term Economic Operators Nationwide to Receive Grants.” 27 June.
Recovery Plan (PENJANA) • The Star. 2020. “RM5,000 Allocation to Help Nurseries
Carry Out New Healthcare SOP.” 6 June.
• TRP. 2020. “Penjana: Childcare Aid for Working
Parents.” 5 June.
TERRITORY
Serbia “For our heroes” benefits • Government of Serbia. Undated. “Support Program: For
for caregivers our Heroes.”
• Government of the Republic of Serbia. 2020. Conclusion
on the Establishment of a Temporary Project – Benefit
Card ‘For our Heroes’: 146/2020-32. 4 December.
• Kurir. 2020. “This is When the Payment of 750 Euros to
Employees Begins: Healthcare Workers Will Receive an
Increased Salary Today.” 5 May.
Peru Red Amachay Network • Government of Peru. 2020. “Midis Won with the
Amachay Network the Good Practices Award in Public
Management in the Category of Older Adults in the
Social Inclusion Category.” 26 November.
• Government of Peru. 2020. “Midis Launches the Portal
‘Join the Amachay Network’ to Include More Vulnerable
People Who Urgently Need Health Care against
COVID-19.” 25 October.
• Government of Peru. 2023. “Support Network for the
Elderly at High Risk and Persons with Severe Disabilities.”
29 January.
ENDNOTES AND REFERENCES
Endnotes
1 UN General Assembly. 2023. 10 Two-spirit is an English term used to broadly capture a
concept used by some Indigenous cultures to indicate a
2 UNDP and UN Women. 2021a.
person whose sexual orientation or gender or spiritual
3 UN Women. 2020a. identity comprises both male and female spirits. See
4 UN Women and UNDP. 2022. Government of Canada 2022 for more details.
5 UNDP and UN Women. 2021b. 11 ILO. 2018.
6 Measures are evaluated as promising based on the 12 ILO. 2021.

features of their design rather than measured impact. 13 OECD. 2021.
Such impact studies remain a vital area of ongoing
14 ILO. 2022.
research.
15 UN Women. 2021.
7 UN Women and UNDP. 2022.
16 Adapted from Devereux, S. and R. Sabates-Wheeler,
8 UN Women. 2020b.
2004.
9 Just 13 countries registered such a comprehensive
17 These guidelines for assessment are based on
response: Albania, Belgium, Greece, Norway,
insights from the 2015 independent evaluation of
Portugal; Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia,
UNDP’s contribution to gender equality and women’s
Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay; Cambodia, Fiji, Solomon
empowerment as well as the 2016 guidance on the use
Islands, Vanuatu; Kyrgyzstan, Nepal; Côte d’Ivoire,
of the UNDP Gender Marker for tracking investments
Uganda. Non-UN Member States were excluded from
and expenditures. These policy interventions hold
this analysis. See page 39 of UN Women and UNDP
potential to build forward better, with greater resilience
2022 for more information about the framework used
and gender justice, and towards equality.
to define a comprehensive response.
References
ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project). 2021. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2022.
“Political Violence Targeting Women & Demonstrations Human Development Report 2021-2022. Uncertain
Featuring Women” data set, in Curated Data. Times, Unsettled Lives Shaping our Future in a
Transforming World. New York: UNDP.
Devereux, S. and R. Sabates-Wheeler, 2004, “Transformative
Social Protection,” IDS Working Paper 232. UNDP and UN Women. 2021a. “COVID-19 Global Gender
Response Tracker.” Database. November 2021 update.
Forester, S., A. Lusvardi, K. Kelly-Thompson and S.L. Weldon.
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Tracking Feminist Mobilization Worldwide, 1975- Methodological Note.” November.
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Gentilini, U., M. Almenfi, I. Orton and P. Dale. 2022. “Social
Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-
Time Review of Country Measures.” Living Paper
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Government of Canada. 2022. “2SLGBTQI+ Terminology –
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ILO (International Labour Organization). 2018. Women and
Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture.
Third Edition. Geneva: ILO.
. 2020. “Impact of Lockdown Measures on the Informal
Economy. A Summary.” May.
. 2021. World Social Protection Report 2020-2022: Social
Protection at the Crossroads – In Pursuit of a Better
Future. Geneva: ILO.
. 2022. “Over 2 Million Moms Left the Labour Force in
2020 According to New Global Estimates.” 8 March.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development). 2021. “Caregiving in Crisis: Gender
inequality in paid and unpaid work during COVID-19.”
OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). 13
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2023. Progress towards the Sustainable Development
Goals: Towards a Rescue Plan for People and Planet:
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/78/XX -E /2023/XX. (Advance Unedited Version).
. 2020b. “COVID-19 and Violence against Women:
Addressing the Shadow Pandemic.” Policy Brief No. 17.
New York: UN Women.
. 2021a. Beyond COVID-19: A Feminist Plan for
Sustainability and Social Justice. New York: UN Women.
. 2021b. Measuring the Shadow Pandemic: Violence
Against Women During COVID-19. New York: UN
Women.
UN Women and UN DESA (United Nations Department of
Economic and Social Affairs). 2021. Progress on the
Sustainable Development Goals: The Gender Snapshot
2021. New York: UN Women and UN DESA.
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COVID-19: Lessons on Gender Equality for a World in
Turmoil. New York: UN Women and UNDP.

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PROMISING

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

UNDP is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the

UN Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this

Achim Steiner Sima Bahous

We are living in a time of unprecedented measures taken by governments to pro-actively

2. Summary: What are these practices telling us? 10

4. Promising practices supporting women’s economic security 20

5. Promising practices addressing unpaid care work 32

Measures by Gender-sensitive measures Promising

1.3 How to use the catalogue

WE CAN DESIGN POLICIES THAT DRIVE TRUE CHANGE: IT IS A MATTER OF CHOICE.

A STRONG NETWORK OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS FACILITATES AN EFFECTIVE

INCREMENTAL INNOVATION CAN LEAD TO SHIFTING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

FOR ANY POLICY: THINK FUTURE, THINK DIGITAL.

CARE AT THE CENTER, AS A HUMAN NEED.

TARGET INDIVIDUALS RATHER THAN HOUSEHOLDS.

LINK MEASURES FOR A COORDINATED POLICY RESPONSE.

ACCURATE ADMINISTRATIVE DATA IS PARAMOUNT TO WOMEN’S ECONOMIC

Promising practices addressing violence against women 12

Gender-based Violence Emergency Response Group

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Promising practices addressing violence against women 13

DURING THE FIRST 1.5 YEARS OF THE PANDEMIC

FEMINIST MOBILIZATION WAS CRITICAL IN PROMOTING

Promising practices addressing violence against women 14

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

PROBLEM ADDRESSED • Adapting technological systems may cause resistance

Expanding the legal framework for prosecuting gender-based violence

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PROBLEM ADDRESSED

DESCRIPTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Promising practices addressing violence against women 15

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PROBLEM ADDRESSED

Sejiwa Psychiatric Health Services

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

National Football League “Men against Violence” campaign

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PROBLEM ADDRESSED

DESCRIPTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

ACCORDING TO THE GENDER SOCIAL NORMS INDEX

53% of men think that men make better political

50% of men think men should have more right

Source: UNDP 2022.

Promising practices addressing violence against women 17

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS PROBLEM ADDRESSED

DESCRIPTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

“Aurora accompanies you” campaign

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

Promising practices addressing violence against women 18

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PROBLEM ADDRESSED

DESCRIPTION WHY IS IT A PROMISING SOLUTION?

DURING THE FIRST 1.5 YEARS OF THE PANDEMIC

23% of women said that household conflicts became

48% of women reported experiencing violence or

54% reported feeling more unsafe walking alone

Source: UN Women 2021b.

MORE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN POLICIES

measures Equity injections to women-owned

Wage subsidies and income