INTRODUCTION

TO
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION CO NCEPTS, MEA NINGS,
FEATURES, AN D DIMEN SION S
Globalization
Is the process in which people, ideas and goods spread
throughout the world, spurring more interaction and
integration between the world's cultures, governments
and economies.

Is a process of interaction and integration among the

people, companies, and governments of different nations,
a process driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology.

Is about growing worldwide

Example:
People are engaged in buying and
selling from other places in far-away
lands like the famed Silk Road
across Central Asia that connected
China and Europe during the Middle
Age for thousands of years and they
also invested in enterprises in other
countries for centuries.
There were similarities in features of those prevailing wave of globalization
before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 to the current wave.
There is an increase cross border- trade, investment, and migration due to policy
and technical developments in the past few decades.
It is in the area of economic development that observers believe the world has
entered a new phase.
Today’s globalization is farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper in compared to
earlier wave of globalization.
Example:

Since 1950, the volume of world trade

has increased by 20 times and from
1997 to 1999, flows of foreign
investment nearly doubled from $468
billion to $827 domestically
In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades,
many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their
own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and
investment
Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have
established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment.
Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign
factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners.
Technology
Economic life is dramatically transformed by advancement in information
technology.

CONSUMER INVESTOR BUSINESSE

S S S

Which are valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including
faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of
assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners are provided by information technologies.
Globalization is the process of integration of economies across the world through cross-border flow of
factors product and information.

Globalization is an expansion, and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world
time and world space. It is about growing worldwide connectivity.

Globalization is considered a multi-dimensional process involving economic, political, technological,

cultural, religious and ecological dimensions. It suggests a dynamic process of change that results in
either positive or negative development. It leads to the creation of something new; it involves the
multiplication of social connections and various activities that transgress traditional and political,
economic, cultural and geographical lines
Attributes, Qualities
or Characteristics of
Globalization
1. It involves both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional, political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.

Example:

FIBA World Cup: Today’s media combine conventional TV coverage with multiple streaming feeds into
digital devices and networking sites that transcend nationally based services.
2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of social relations, activities, and
connections.

Examples:

 Reaching of financial markets around the globe

 Occurrence of electronic around the clock

 Social stretching.
3. Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities.

Examples:

 The worldwide web relays distant information in real time

 Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of remote events

 Sophisticated social networking by means of facebook or twitter has become routine activity for
more than a billion people around the globe
4. Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level but they also involve the
subjective plane of human consciousness. Without erasing local and national attachments, the
compression of the world into a single place has increasingly made global the frame of reference for
human thought and action.

Globalization involves both the macro-structures of a global community and the micro-structures of
global personhood.
Historical Periods of
Globalization
1. The Prehistoric Period (10000
BCE-3500 BCE)
In this earliest phase of globalization, contacts among hunters and gatherers – who were spread around
the world – were geographically limited. In this period due to absence of advanced forms of
technology, globalization was severely limite
2. The Pre-modern Period (3500
BCE- 1500 CE)
In this period the invention of writing and the wheel were great social and technological boosts that
moved globalization to a new level. The invention of wheel in addition to roads made the
transportation of people and goods more efficient. On the other hand writing facilitated the spread of
ideas and inventions
3. The Early Modern Period (1500-
1750)
It is the period between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance. In this period, European
Enlightenment project tried to achieve a universal form of morality and law. This with the emergence
of European metropolitan centers and unlimited material accumulation which led to the capitalist
world system helped to strengthen globalization.
4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)
Innovations in transportation and communication technology, population explosion, and increase in
migration led to more cultural exchanges and transformation in traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerate
5. The Contemporary Period (from
1970 to present)
The creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide interdependencies occurred in a dramatic way
and it was a kind of leap in the history of globalization.
Dimensions of
Globalization
1. Economic Dimension
This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across the globe as a result of
technology and the enormous flow of capital that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods.

The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap between the rich and the poor countries.

Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries

1. Property rights 4. Stabilization

2. Regulatory institutions 5. Institutions for social influence

3. Institutions for macro-economics 6. Institutions for conflict management

2. Political Dimension
This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political interrelations across the globe.
Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension

1. The principle of state sovereignty

2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental organization

3. Future shapes of regional and global governance

The globalization rendered almost powerless any political efforts to introduce restrictive policies
affecting individual states, with the results that the world in many ways turned into a borderless world.
In the development of supra-national structures
and associations held together by common Example:
concerns and mutually agreed upon norm, the
 Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and
most obvious is political globalization. Singapore are closely connected with one another than
On the part of the involved parties, informal they are to various cities in their own countries.
 European Union, United nations, NATO, The
structures which are considered binding, bring
World Trade Organization
together world power centers due to common
interests.
3. Cultural Dimension
This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows across the globe. Cultural interconnections
are at the foundations of contemporary globalization

Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant cultural characteristics of our age and the
drive for economic success stimulated by the internet and other technological devices circulate much
more easily than they did in earlier periods.

Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a constructive interaction process between global and
local characteristics which is often visible in food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language.

Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of culture. Examples of these are Yahoo,
Google, Microsoft, and Disney.
4. Religious Dimension
Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or
manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity.

Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialist assault by the ungodly West in the rest of
the world.

Coming out of what they consider a pure form of Islam, its disciples seek to destroy all those alien
influences that have been imposed on Muslim people. It applies to those extremely violent strains of
religion that convert the global imaginary into very concrete political agendas and terrorist tactics.
Example: Roman Catholic Teaching of Globazation
1. Commitment to universal human rights
 Bin Ladin understands umma as a single community 2. Commitment to the social nature of the human
of believers professing faith in the one and only God, person
but at the same time committed to destroying not only 3. Commitment to the common good
alien invaders but also corrupt Islamic elites in order 4. Solidarity
to return power to the Muslim masses. 5. Preferential option of the poor
6. Subsidiary
 Since one third of the world’s Muslim population 7. Justice
lives in non-Islamic countries, the restoration of God’s 1. Commutative justice
proper reign must be a global event. Hence, Al-Qaeda 2. Distributive justice
established jihadist cells in various parts of the world. 3. Social justice
8. Integral Humanism
5. Ideological Dimensions
Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms and values among a group of people.

It is often used to legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant power structures.

Ideology connects human actions with some generalized claims

Globalization is a social process of intensifying global interdependence while globalism is an ideology that
gives the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to globalization.
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

3. Nobody is in charge of globalization

4. Globalization benefits everyone

5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world

Activity 1:
Discuss the major ideological claims of advocates of globalism, and express your point of
agreement/disagreement. (5 points each)

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.

4. Globalization benefits everyone.

5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.