Abdu Gusau Polytechnic - JJJJJJJJJJ

ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC, TALATA MAFARA
ZAMAFARA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE
HND II ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

GROUP ASSIGNMENT
ON
PLANT PATHOLOGY - STB 415
BY
GROUP A
S/NO NAMES REG NO.
1 KAMALU DANKULU 2107161001
2 PATIENCE SILAS 2107161005
3 IDRIS BARAKAT OZIOHU 2107161015
4 AFINKI BITRUS 2107161013
Question:
1. What is prophylactic measures of plant disease control?
2. Write short notes on the following measures of disease control
(a) Quarantine (b) Eradication of alternate host (c) crop rotation
(d) sanitation
SUBMITTED TO:
MAL. HUSSAINI LAWAL
1
QUESTION ONE
INTRODUCTION: Prophylactic measures in plant disease control refer to preventive
strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of plant diseases. These measures are
crucial for maintaining the health and productivity of crops. Here are some common
prophylactic measures:
1. Crop Rotation: Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a particular
field in successive seasons. This practice helps break the life cycle of
pathogens that are specific to certain crops, reducing the risk of disease
buildup. For example, rotating with non-host crops can be effective in
managing soil-borne diseases.
2. Resistant Varieties: Planting resistant varieties is an effective way to control
diseases. Plant breeders develop and promote crop varieties that possess
natural resistance to specific pathogens. This method reduces the need for
chemical interventions and promotes sustainable agriculture.
3. Sanitation Practices: Implementing good sanitation practices, such as
removing and destroying infected plant material, helps prevent the spread of
diseases. This includes the proper disposal of crop residues and thorough
cleaning of equipment to avoid contamination.
4. Proper Irrigation Management: Proper irrigation practices can help control
certain diseases. For instance, overhead irrigation can promote the
development of foliar diseases, so switching to drip irrigation or other methods
that minimize leaf wetness can be beneficial.
5. Soil Health Management: Maintaining optimal soil health promotes the vigor
of plants, making them less susceptible to diseases. Practices such as adding
organic matter, balancing soil nutrients, and improving soil structure contribute
to a healthier plant environment.
6. Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents: The use of biopesticides and
biocontrol agents involves the application of beneficial microorganisms or
natural enemies to control plant diseases. Examples include using beneficial
nematodes, predatory insects, or microbial biopesticides.
7. Proper Plant Spacing: Adequate plant spacing allows for better air
circulation and reduces humidity around plants, which can discourage the
development and spread of foliar diseases.
2
QUESTION TWO:
1. Quarantine:
 Definition: Quarantine is a preventive measure involving the restriction and
isolation of plants or plant products suspected of carrying diseases. The goal
is to control the introduction and spread of pests and pathogens to new areas.
 Importance: It is critical for preventing the establishment and spread of exotic
or emerging diseases that can have severe economic and environmental
consequences.
 Implementation: Quarantine measures include inspection, testing, and
regulation of the movement of plant material across borders. This is often
enforced through international agreements and national plant protection
organizations.
2. Eradication of alternate host:
 Definition: Eradication involves the complete elimination of a disease or its
causal agent from a defined area. This can include the destruction of infected
plants, vectors, or reservoirs to prevent further transmission.
 Importance: Eradication is crucial for managing outbreaks of new or invasive
diseases and preventing their establishment in a given region.
 Challenges: Complete eradication is often challenging and may require
coordinated efforts, surveillance, and rapid response to new outbreaks.
3. Crop Rotation:
 Definition: Crop rotation involves the systematic planting of different crops in
a specific sequence on the same piece of land over time. It disrupts the life
cycles of pathogens and pests associated with specific crops.
 Benefits: Crop rotation helps control soil-borne diseases, improves soil
structure, nutrient cycling, and reduces the need for chemical inputs.
 Implementation: Farmers plan rotations based on the susceptibility of crops
to diseases, taking into account the specific pathogens affecting each crop.
4. Sanitation:
 Definition: Sanitation practices involve maintaining cleanliness in the
agricultural environment. This includes the proper disposal of crop residues,
cleaning of equipment, and overall hygiene measures.
 Purpose: Sanitation helps reduce the inoculum of pathogens, breaking the
disease cycle and preventing the build-up of disease pressure.
3
 Implementation: Farmers should remove and destroy infected plant material,
use disease-free seeds, and regularly clean tools and equipment to minimize
disease spread.
These measures play crucial roles in integrated pest management and sustainable
agriculture by addressing different aspects of disease prevention, control, and
management. The provided references offer more in-depth information on the
principles and applications of these disease control measures.
4
REFERENCE:
EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). (2019). "EPPO
standards: Specific quarantine requirements." Retrieved from
https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/standards/pm1_specific_q
uarantine_requirements
Agrios, G. N. (2005). "Plant Pathology" (5th ed.). Academic Press.
Compendium of Ornamental Foliage Plant Diseases. (1997). APS Press.
Datnoff, L. E., Elmer, W. H., & Huber, D. M. (2007). "Mineral Nutrition and Plant
Disease" (Ed. 2). APS Press.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (1996). "Eradication
of exotic plant pests: A review." Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/3/v4350e/v4350e.pdf
Cook, R. J. (2003). "Take-all of wheat." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,
62(2), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-5765(03)00049-7
Cook, R. J., & Veseth, R. J. (1991). "Wheat Health Management." APS Press.

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ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC, TALATA MAFARA

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE

HND II ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

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